85
CHRISTIANITY text in purple for notes Voorhees
CHRISTIANITY
text in
purple for
notes
Voorhees
The student will apply social science
skills to understand the development
of Christianity by
a) describing the origins, beliefs, traditions,
customs, and spread of Christianity in time
and place;
Era II; Unit 7 WHI.7 CHRISTIANITY
I. The Basics:
A. Monotheism
B. Founder= Jesus Christ
C. Jesus is the Son of God
D. Life after death
Jesus of Nazareth The birth of Jesus
c. 4 B.C. (BCE)
Born during the reign of Herod the Great, the last king of a united Judea
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus is presented at the Temple c. 9 – 13 CE (CE)
Possibly at Jesus’ coming of age ceremony (Bar
Mitzvah)
Jesus of Nazareth The Baptism of Jesus c.
28 - 30 CE (CE)
Precedes Jesus public ministry
John the Baptist is beheaded by Herod Antipas (son of Herod the Great)
John was a vocal critic of Herod
Jesus of Nazareth
The beginning of Jesus’ ministry c. 28 – 30 CE
According to tradition Jesus preceded his ministry with a forty day fast in the desert where he is tempted
Jesus of Nazareth Jesus calls his
Twelve
Disciples
Jesus of Nazareth
The Sermon on the Mount
Considered one of the critical moments for
defining the basic tenets of Christian belief
Jesus of Nazareth Born during the Pax Romana
during the height of Rome’s power
Grew up in a province well known for resisting foreign rule
Although not of aristocratic birth does seem to have been accepted by a wide range of social classes, including some Romans
Jesus of Nazareth The Last Supper c. 30 – 34 B.C.
Jesus and his followers go to Jerusalem for the Passover celebration
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus put on trial by the Sanhedrin at the Temple and the turned over to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate for execution
Jesus of Nazareth
After being beaten and tortured Jesus is marched to Calvary for public execution
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus is crucified on “Good Friday”
Crucifixion a common Roman technique for punishing criminals who are not Roman citizens, particularly if they are seen as a threat to public order
Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus is removed from the cross by his family and followers and is buried in the tomb of Nicodemus, a member of the Sanhedrin
The body of Jesus is interred on the evening of “Good Friday”
Roman allowed the bodies of criminals to be removed but usually only after a bribe was paid
Jesus of Nazareth
According to Christian belied Jesus stays in the tomb on Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath) and rises from the dead on Easter Sunday
His empty tomb is discovered by Mary who leads Peter and the other disciples there later
Jesus of Nazareth According to Christian tradition Jesus ascends to heaven after appearing to his followers
E. Paul the Apostle- 1st missionary c. 35 CE (CE)- Conversion of Paul
45 – 64 CE (CE)– Paul’s ministry to Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Greece
Simon Peter
c. 64 CE (CE)– First persecution of Christians by Nero
Both Paul and Peter were probably executed in Rome at this time
The Gospels
c. 60 – 100 CE (CE) The Writing of the Four Gospels
The Christian Church begins formalizing
c. 180 CE – First version of the Apostle’s creed, the formal adoption of baptism, and the formal organization of bishops
Fourth Century: 301-400 CE
Edict of Milan
313 CE – Constantine gives Christianity formal toleration
Fourth Century: 301-400 CE
325 CE – Council of Nicaea (1st Ecumenical Conference)
325-381 CE – Arian Controversy; defining the nature of the Trinity
374-397 CE – Ambrose, Bishop of Milan established as an advisor to the emperor (One of the “Church Fathers”)
Donatism- a schism and conflict with Rome, as they considered themselves the true Church
The student will apply social science
skills to understand the development
of Christianity by
b) explaining the unifying role of the Church
in Europe after the collapse of Rome;
II. Impact of the Church of Rome in
the late Roman Empire A. The Emperor Constantine converted to
Christianity and made it legal.
B. Christianity later became the official state
religion.
C. The Church became a source of moral
authority.
D. The Church became the main unifying
force of Western Europe.
E. Heresies such as Arianism and Donatism
sometimes divided Christians.
Fifth Century: 401-500 CE
476 CE – “Fall of Rome” 498 CE – Under
leadership of Clovis the Germanic tribes begin converting
Sixth Century 501- 600 CE
• c. 527-565 CE – Byzantine Emperor Justinian attempts to reunify Rome as a Christian Empire
Seventh Century: 601-700 CE 622-732 – Expansion of
Islam
both the Christian Byzantine Empire and Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe feel threatened
Eighth and Ninth Centuries “The Dark Ages”: 701-900 CE 726-843 CE – Iconoclast controversy
Byzantine leaders debate (and fight) over the use of icons in worship
Eighth and Ninth Centuries “The Dark Ages”: 701-900 CE
800 CE – Charlemagne crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” and the “Donation of Constantine” proclaimed
Pope Leo III attempted to shift power and authority away from the Byzantines toward Rome and Charlemagne
Eighth and Ninth Centuries “The Dark Ages”: 701-900 CE
863 CE – Methodius begins conversion of Russia
Russia looks to Eastern “Orthodox” Christian, not Rome for spiritual guidance
Methodius’ brother Cyril is credited with creating the Slavic “Cyrillic” alphabet and translating the Bible into Russian
Tenth Century: 901-1000 CE
962 CE – Otto the Great reforms the Holy Roman Empire; partnership between the emperor and the pope
The student will apply social science
skills to understand the development
of Christianity by
c) sequencing events related to the spread
and influence of Christianity and the
Catholic Church throughout Europe.
III. Influence of the Roman
Catholic Church
Vocabulary:
unifying
secular
monastery
preserve
Greco-Roman
Germanic
anoint
The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined
The Church became the unifying force in Western Europe:
A) Secular authority declined, while church authority grew
UNIFYING FORCE!!
B) monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements
UNIFYING FORCE!!
C) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes
UNIFYING FORCE!!
D) The pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. (C.E.)
UNIFYING FORCE!!
E) Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people
Eleventh Century: 1001-1100 CE
1054 CE – The Great Schism; formal split between Rome and Constantinople
Eleventh Century: 1001-1100 CE 1095-1099 CE – Pope Urban II organized
the First Crusade
Gothic Cathedrals
Reims Cathedral, France – 1200’s Clogne Cathedral, Germany – 1200’-1800’s
Eleventh Century: 1001-1100 CE
1232 CE – The Inquisition established to fight heretics
Heretics
Fourteenth Century: 1301-1400 CE
1309-1377 CE – “Babylonian Captivity”; papacy moves to Avignon, France
c. 1350’s CE – “Black Death” sweeps Europe
1378-1415 CE – “The Great Schism”; multiple men claim to be pope
1384 CE – Lollard Movement (John Wycliffe); early “protestant” movement
It’s a bad time to be pope
Fifteenth Century: 1401-1500 CE
1415 CE – Jan Hus burned at the stake for spreading Lollardism
1453 CE – Ottomans capture Constantinople, Byzantine Empire collapses
1492 CE – Reconquista ends in Spain
Sixteenth Century: 1501-1600 CE
1506 CE – Rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica
1509 CE – Erasmus publishes The Praise of
Folly, calling for reform
1517 CE – Martin Luther posts The Ninety-
Five Theses starting the Protestant
Reformation
1521 CE – Luther is excommunicated
ST. PETER’S BASILICA
•In 1506 CE Pope Julius II commissioned Renaissance
architect Donato Bramante to design the basilica
•Bramante died before completing the church- then
worked on by several architects until Florentine artist
Michelangelo took over the commission in 1546 CE
•Michelangelo simplified and unified the architectural
elements of Bramante’s plan
Sixteenth Century: 1501-1600 CE
c. 1520-1530 CE – Reformation spreads through Northern Europe
1534 CE – Henry VIII breaks with Rome 1545-1547 CE – Council of Trent starts
the Counter Reformation 1555 CE – Peace of Augsburg attempts to
end religious fighting in Germany
Sixteenth Century: 1501-1600 CE
1559 CE – Queen Elizabeth I formally established the Church of England
1589 CE – Moscow becomes center of Orthodox Christianity
1598 CE– Edict of Nantes grants Huguenots toleration
Seventeenth Century: 1601-1700 CE c. 1600 CE - Jesuits
established in Japan, China, and South America
1611 CE – King James Bible
1618-1648 CE – Thirty Years War; last major religious war in Europe
1647 CE – “Society of Friends” (Quakers) founded
Eighteenth Century: 1701-1800 CE
1726 CE – “The Great Awakening”; development of the Methodist Church
1751-1765 CE – Diderot’s Encyclopaedia; criticism of organized religion
1789 CE – U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights establish separation of church and state
Twentieth Century: 1901-2000 CE
1917 CE – Bolshevik Revolution in Russia; beginning of “state atheism”
1929 CE – Mother Teresa begins work with the poor of India
1948 CE – World Council of Churches founded (Ecumenism)
1949 CE – Billy Graham begins his “Crusades”
Twentieth Century: 1901-2000 CE
1958-1963 CE – Pope John XXIII begins reform of Catholic Church and ecumenism
1961 CE – Orthodox Churches join the World Council of Churches
1978 CE – Pope John Paul II Pope Benedict lawsuits Pope Francis 2013
Branches of Christianity
Global Christianity Today North America, South America,
Europe, Central and South Africa,
Australia, Russia
CHRISTIANITY
•The End
REVIEW QUIZ
Now it is time for…
1. Origins of Christianity
a) Had its roots in Judaism
b) Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was
proclaimed the Messiah
c) Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of
Roman Empire
d) All of the above
2. Beliefs, traditions, and
practices of Christianity
a) Polytheism
b) Monotheism
c) Paul as both Son and incarnation of God
d) Reincarnation
3. Beliefs, traditions, and
practices of Christianity
a) Five Pillars
b) Old Testament, exclusively
c) No church councils
d) New Testament and early Christian
writings
4. Beliefs, traditions, and
practices of Christianity
a) Life after death
b) Old Testament, containing accounts of
the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as
writings of early Christians
c) Christian doctrines established by
Islamic priests
d) Sacrificing humans
5. Not how Christianity spread
a) Popularity of the message
b) Early martyrs inspired others
c) Forceful conquest
d) Carried by the Apostles, including Paul,
throughout the Roman Empire
6. Not an Impact of the Church of
Rome in the late Roman Empire
a) From the beginning, emperors were
Christians
b) Christianity later became the official state
religion.
c) The Church became the main unifying
force of Western Europe.
d) Heresies such as Arianism and Donatism
sometimes divided Christians.
7. Impact of the Church of Rome
in the late Roman Empire
a) The Emperor Diocletian converted to
Christianity and made it legal.
b) Judaism later became the official state
religion.
c) The Church became a source of moral
authority.
d) The Church became the main dividing
force of Western Europe.
8. Influence of the Roman
Catholic Church a) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin
alphabet to Germanic tribes.
b) Secular authority grew, while Church
authority declined.
c) Monasteries preserved Chinese cultural
achievements.
d) The Pope anointed Constantine Emperor
in 800 A.D. (C.E.)
9. Influence of the Roman
Catholic Church a) Emperors pushed Christianity out of the
Roman Empire
b) Parish priests served religious and social
needs of the people.
c) Monks were the first missionaries
d) Monks carried pizza and Latin alphabet to
Germanic tribes.
10. Not an Influence of the
Roman Catholic Church a) Secular authority declined, while Church
authority grew.
b) Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman
cultural achievements.
c) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin
alphabet to Germanic tribes.
d) Popes had less and less power
REVIEW QUIZ
Now it is time for…
1. Origins of Christianity
a) Had its roots in Judaism
b) Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was
proclaimed the Messiah
c) Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of
Roman Empire
d) All of the above
2. Beliefs, traditions, and
practices of Christianity
a) Polytheism
b) Monotheism
c) Paul as both Son and incarnation of God
d) Reincarnation
3. Beliefs, traditions, and
practices of Christianity
a) Five Pillars
b) Old Testament, exclusively
c) No church councils
d) New Testament and early Christian
writings
4. Beliefs, traditions, and
practices of Christianity
a) Life after death
b) Old Testament, containing accounts of
the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as
writings of early Christians
c) Christian doctrines established by
Islamic priests
d) Sacrificing humans
5. Not how Christianity spread
a) Popularity of the message
b) Early martyrs inspired others
c) Forceful conquest
d) Carried by the Apostles, including Paul,
throughout the Roman Empire
6. Not an Impact of the Church of
Rome in the late Roman Empire
a) From the beginning, emperors were
Christians
b) Christianity later became the official state
religion.
c) The Church became the main unifying
force of Western Europe.
d) Heresies such as Arianism and Donatism
sometimes divided Christians.
7. Impact of the Church of Rome
in the late Roman Empire
a) The Emperor Diocletian converted to
Christianity and made it legal.
b) Judaism later became the official state
religion.
c) The Church became a source of moral
authority.
d) The Church became the main dividing
force of Western Europe.
8. Influence of the Roman
Catholic Church a) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin
alphabet to Germanic tribes.
b) Secular authority grew, while Church
authority declined.
c) Monasteries preserved Chinese cultural
achievements.
d) The Pope anointed Constantine Emperor
in 800 A.D. (C.E.)
9. Influence of the Roman
Catholic Church a) Emperors pushed Christianity out of the
Roman Empire
b) Parish priests served religious and social
needs of the people.
c) Monks were the first missionaries
d) Monks carried pizza and Latin alphabet to
Germanic tribes.
10. Not an Influence of the
Roman Catholic Church a) Secular authority declined, while Church
authority grew.
b) Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman
cultural achievements.
c) Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin
alphabet to Germanic tribes.
d) Popes had less and less power
