CHRONIC HAEMONCHOSIS IN GOAT and CONTROL MEASURES

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Pratap KafleB. V. Sc & A. H. IAAS, Rampur Campus Rampur, chitwan.

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xPhylumNematoda xClassSecernenta xSub-class- Rhabditia xOrderStrongyla xGenusHaemonchus xSpecies H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898.23 April 2011

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BARBER'S POLE WORM (Haemonchus contortus)

Haemonchus

contortus is a gastric nematode that infects ruminants, particularly sheep and goats. called Stomach worm or Wire worm of ruminants in the abomasum of goats and sheep

Also

Found

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As a nematode, Haemunchus contortus is cylindrical has a cuticle with three main outer layers made of collagen and other compounds. The outer layers are non-cellular and are secreted by the epidermis. The cuticle layer protects the nematodes so they can invade the digestive tracts of animals. Males are 10-20 mm long (Soulbsy,2005) Females are 18-30 mm long. Males have even reddish colour while in the female white ovaries are spirally wound around the red intestine, producing the appearance of a Barbers pole. They possess a small buccal cavity with dorsal lancet or teeth.

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Shape;

They are regular, large, ellipsoidal, slightly flattened at the poles Size;

70 85 m by 41-48 m The eggs which pass into the faeces of the host contain an embryo divided into 16-32 cells.23 April 2011

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Haemonchus contortus contortus ( found in Australia) Haemonchus contortus cayugensis ( found in USA) Haemonchus contortus var. utkalensis ( found in Orissa of India) Haemonchus contortus bangalorensis ( found in India) Haemonchus contortus hispanicus (found in Spain) Haemonchus contortus kentuckiensis (found in Kentucky, USA)23 April 2011

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Goats are born without H. contortus; however, they become infested with the worm when they start grazing. The L3, or infecting larvae, are eaten by the goats during grazing. The L3 larvae then burrow into the internal layer of the goat's abomasums (true stomach) where they develop to a L4, or pre-adult larvae. The L4 molts into L5, the adult form. Adult male and female worms live in the abomasum of goats, where they feed on blood. The worms mate and produce eggs. Adult females deposit from 5,000 to 10,000 eggs per day, which are passed through goat feces to the pasture. Eggs are hatched either in soil or water. When the soil is warm and moist, eggs will hatch into L1 larvae (first stage juveniles). The L1 larvae then develop through stages L2 and L3. Large numbers of juvenile parasite worm (L3) may accumulate on heavily grazed pastures.23 April 2011

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Both the adult and the fourth larval stages suck blood(0.05 ml per parasite/day) Anaemia Parasites moves and leave wounds Haemorrhages into the abomassum.

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Infected

animals lose a large quantity of serum proteins into the gut with the mean daily concentration in fecal material recorded as 210-340 ml per day ( Dargie, 1975).

It

also induces disorders in minerals metabolism leading to reduced calcium , phosphorus and magnesium absorption, which then results in reduced bone growth in young animals ( Reveron et al. 1974: Sykesct et al., 1975).23 April 2011

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Worm egg count (EPG) Est. Worm numbers 100 500 1000 2000 3000 5000 20 100 200 400 600 1000

Est. blood loss ml/day 1 5 10 20 30 50

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Can

be divided into 3 syndromesHYPERACUTE ACUTE CHRONIC

x x x

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Uncommon Seen

when susceptible animals are exposed to a sudden massive infection a rapidly developing severe anemia, dark colored faeces and sudden death from acute blood loss hemorrhagic gastritis23 April 2011

Causes

Severe

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Seen primarily when young susceptible animals become heavily infected Anaemia accompanied by hypoproteinaemia, edema( bottle jaw ) and death occur EPG upto 100,000 Carcass shows generalized edema and anaemia 1000- 10,000 parasites seen in the abomasum23 April 2011

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Adult Haemonchus contortus in abomasum of goat23 April 2011

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Anaemia

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Chronic haemonchosis is the common form of field infection. The syndrome is caused by gradual intake of infective larvae and the course of disease may take 2-6 weeks. It is a chronic gastritis with chronic blood loss and abomasal dysfunction leading to weakness, progressive weight loss, rough hair coat and stunted growth. Chronic haemonchosis is aggravated and often confused with malnutrition.

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Extremely Due

common

to chronic infections with fairly low number of parasites (100-1000) 100% but mortality is low

Morbidity Affected

animals are weak, unthrifty and emaciated and hypoproteinaemia may or may not be severe less than 200023 April 2011

Anaemia

EPG

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At

necropsy, chronic haemonchosis is characterised byx pallor carcass x hyperplastic thickening of the abomasal wall, chronic expansion of the bone marrow x resorption of the cancellous and cortical bones. x In terminal stages the bone marrow reverts to white due to exhaustion.

clinical

pathology of haemonchosis includes23 April 2011

lowered packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte counts and serum iron.20

Vary

depending upon the clinical syndrome of haemonchosis mucus membrane and skin appearance of blood pale internal organs , fluid in the pericardium and

Pale

Watery

Markedly

Hydrothorax

ascites Cachectic

carcass23 April 2011

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Light

brown coloration of liver which is fragile contains reddish brown fluid ingesta and large number of worms is swollen and covered with small red bite marks of the parasites shallow ulcers with parasites firmly attached via their anterior extremities23 April 2011

Abomasum

Mucosa

Occasionally

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due to its ability to survive adverse environmental conditions through arrested development within the host ( Hypobiosis). Genetic make-up of goats makes them highly susceptible Resistance to anthelmintics as a result of excessive usage Frequent anthelmintic treatments per year without a positive fecal sample examination overstocking the pastures Few anthelmintics drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for goat use

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1.

Insufficient dose.

2. Inappropriate route of administration. 3. Ineffective compound. 4. Massive re-exposure.

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Prevalence of Haemonchus contortus was found to be 10.5% in goats of buffer zone of chitwan national park. ( Adhikari B, 2009). The highest prevalence of haemonchosis was recorded in Livestock Farms during the month of July (44.75%), followed by September, October (42.75%) and whereas the lowest prevalence 32.0% was recorded during January . Similarly the highest prevalence of haemonchosis was recorded in Veterinary Hospitals during the month of July (50.5%), followed by June (50.25%) and whereas the lowest prevalence (24.75%) was recorded during November Adult worm burdens were generally low and showed seasonal variation that corresponded with the rainfall pattern ,Haemonchus species attained peak counts together in June(summer)23 April 2011

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From the results it was indicated that environmental conditions during summer were quite favorable for the development and completion of Haemonchus contortus life cycle that corresponded with the rainfall pattern (Qamar et al.,2009). It was recognized that goat below 9 months of age are more susceptible to parasite infection than above 9 months of age, Gamble and Zajac, (1992); Watson et al., (1994); Colditz et al., (1996). This may be due to the fact that with the advancement of age, vigor of the animal become better and they develop resistance against the parasitic diseases (Silverman & Patterson, 1960).23 April 2011

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All

the broad-spectrum ruminant anthelmintics are effective provided that resistance has not developed to that chemical group. protein binding compounds such as closantel, rafoxanide and nitroxynil are useful where resistance to broad spectrum products is a problem.23 April 2011

Plasma

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Name of drug Rafoxanide ( Rafoxin ) Fen endazole/ l endazole Morantel tartarate ( Banminth ) Closantel ( Zenvet ) Levamisole ( Limasol ) Ivermectin ( Edectin )

Dose 7.5 mg/kg B.wt. .5 mg/kg B.Wt. 11.25 mg/kg B.wt. 7.5-10 mg/kg B.wt. 7.5 mg/kg B.wt. 10 mg/ 50 kg B.wt.

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Named for its originator, Dr Francois Faffa Malan Faffa FAffa MAlan CHArt FAffa MAlan CHArt Developed by South African scientists and veterinarians. Method of selective chemotherapy which leads to a large reduction in anthelmintic treatment It utilizes the fact that a high proportion of the total parasitic H cortortus population is found in just a small proportion of individual goat within a flock.23 April 2011

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These will be the most anemic animals and will be shedding the greatest number of eggs onto the pasture. They are identified by comparing the ocular conjunctivae of each animal against a graded color chart.

By confining treatment to these individuals, the general health of the flock is maintained with fewer anthelmintic doses, while pasture contamination is substantially reduced and is largely derived from untreated goat.

This practice will prevent the overuse of anthelmintics and consequently minimize chances of parasite resistance to anthelmintics. The test has an effectiveness of 90 percent compared to the 20-30 percent effectiveness of overused anthelmintics (Maria Lenira, 2009)23 April 2011

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The FAMACHA system

Colour chart with five colour categories Compared with colour of mucous membranes of goat Classification into one of five colour categories: 5 - severely anaemic 1 - non-anaemic nonDecision made on treatment23 April 2011

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Management

practices must be based upon breaking or interrupting the life cycle of the worm by: Use of chemical anthelmintics commercially

available. Improved herd and pasture management practices. Use of plants with anthelmintic properties. Selection of genetically resistant breed.23 April 2011

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Feeding Practices Keep stocking rates low. Provide clean water and minerals. Use gravel or concrete in the feedlot area to break

the worm life cycle and to prevent re-infestation. Provide high-quality hay for goats raised in areas where

forage is not available year-round or when the pasture conditions are poor. contamination by faces.

Hay should be kept off of the ground to avoid

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Pasture Maintenance Incorporate browse plant species when possible. use the pasture for hay cutting after grazing. When possible, alternate the pasture with a short cycle crop, Use clean feeders and continue to practice good hygiene in the pens and pasture. Doe Treatment Provide good nutritional management. Deworm the doe soon after she has kidded. Goat genetics are an important component that will determine an animal's ability to resist H. contortus infestation.

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Use of Plants with Anthelmintic Properties Researchers are exploring the use of plants to control barber pole worm. Forages, such as clover, vetches, chicory, and sericea lespedeza, contain condensed tannins. Condensed tannins reduce the number of stomach worms and egg production. Feeding Sericea lespedeza hay to goats can reduce fecal eggs counts by 80 percent and create a higher packed cell volume.23 April 2011

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An

experimental molecular vaccine based on an H. contortus gut membrane antigen has been shown to reduce fecal egg counts by 90% and worm numbers by 72-80% (Knox et al., 2001 ) lambs can be protected by the passive transfer of colostral antibodies from vaccinated ewes.23 April 2011

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As it is said prevention is better than cure, it holds very ture for haemonchosis as well once resistance develops haemonchosis is hard to cure so appropriate measeures should be followed to prevent the infestation. Appropriate pasture management, Strategic deworming pattern following the regular FEC, Proper feeding practices are helpful. However we should focus on cheap and reliable methods rather than totally depending on expensive chemotherapy.23 April 2011

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Albers, G.A.A., Gray, G.D., Piper, L.R., Barker, J.S.F., Lejambre, L.F. and Barger, I.A., 1987. The genetics of resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus infection. Int. J. Parasitol., 17: 1355-1363 Gordon, H.M., 1948. The epidemiology of parasitic diseases, with special reference to studies with nematode parasites in goat. Aust. Vet. J. 24, 17 45. Presidente, P.J.A., 1985. Methods for detection of resistance to anthelmintics. In: M. Anderson and P.J. Waller (Editors), Resistance in nematodes to anthelmintic drugs. CSIRO, Australian Wool Corporation Technical Publication, Australia Radostits, O.M et al., veterinary medicine; A text book of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th edition. Saunders.Pennsylvania, 2009, pp1549-1551. Soulsby E.J.L., Helminths, Arthopods and protozoas of domesticated animlas. 7th edition. Elsevier, London, pp 231-238. http://login.oaresciences.org/whalecomwww.sciencedirect.com/whaleco m0/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TD7-476TV2M-201&_cdi=5191&_user=5062602&_pii=0304401782901194&_origin=search& _zone=rslt_list_item Assessed date; 9th january 201123 April 2011

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