Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia (CLL):Definition:
Chronic neoplastic disorder characterized by accumulation of small mature-looking lymphocytes which are immunologically immature in blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes.
• It is of either B- or T-cell type.
• Chronic persistent of lymphocytosis.
• Subtypes of CLL are distinguished by morphology, immunophenotyping and cytogenetics.
Chronic Leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 1
B-cell Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL):Affects people between 60-80 years of age.
• The tumor cell appears to be a relatively mature B cell with weak surface expression of immunoglobulin (Ig)M.
• The cells accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes.
• Tumor cells have long survival with impaired apoptosis.
Chronic Leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 2
Clinical features of B-cell CLL:
1- The disease occurs in older subjects (> 50 years old).2- Most cases are diagnosed when a routine blood test is performed.3- Enlargement of cervical, axillary or inguinal lymph nodes is the most frequent clinical sign (Generalized lymphadenopathy)4- Features of anemia may be present. 5- Bruising or purpura may occur due to thrombocytopenia.6- Splenomegaly and, less commonly, hepatomegaly.7- Immunosuppression is a significant problem.Bacterial infections followed by viral and fungal infections such as herpes zoster are also seen.
Chronic lymphoid leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 3
Clinical features of B-cell CLL
Chronic lymphoid leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 4
Cervical lymphadenopathy Herpes zoster infection
Laboratory findings of B-cell CLL1- Peripheral blood:WBCs: Absolute lymphocytosis (↑↑↑ >100.000) Morphology: - Small mature looking lymphocytes
- Dense chromatin- Small rim of cytoplasm
RBCs: Normocytic normochromic anaemia is present in later stages.Platelets: ↓ .2- Bone marrow: shows lymphocytic replacement of normal marrow elements (> 40%)3- L.N.: Diffuse infiltration by mature looking lymphocytes.4- Immunophenotyping: cells express CD5 (+ve in 90% of cases)
Pan B markers +ve: CD19, CD20, CD225- Cytogenetics.
Chronic lymphoid leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 5
Blood film in B-cell CLL
Chronic lymphoid leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 6
Chronic Myeloid leukemia (CML):Definition:It is a clonal disorder of a stem cell.• Accounts for around 15% of leukemias and may occur at any age.• The main feature is the presence of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) which occurs due to t(9,22) translocation.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 7
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 8
Clinical features
CML most frequently affect people between the ages of 40 and 60 years. However, it may occur in children. Symptoms include:
1- Symptoms related to hyper-metabolism (e.g.weight loss, anorexia-poor appetite- or night sweats).
2- Splenomegaly.3- Features of anemia may include pallor, dyspnoea and tachycardia.4- Gout or renal impairment caused by elevated levels of uric acid
may be a problem.5- Rare symptoms include visual disturbances.6- In up to 50% of cases the diagnosis is made incidentally from a
routine blood count.
Lab findings in CML1- Peripheral blood:
WBCs: - ↑↑↑ >50.000- The levels of neutrophils and myelocytes exceed those of blast cells and promyelocytes- Increased circulating basophils.
RBCs: Normocytic normochromic anaemia.Platelets: ↑↑
2- Bone marrow: Aspirate: Hypercellular with predominance of granulopoiesisBiopsy: No fat spaces & ↑↑ reticulin
3- Cytogenetics: Ph chromosome
4- Serum uric acid is usually high.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 9
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Dr. Rania Alhady 10
CML: peripheral blood film showing various stages of granulopoiesis
