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Lesson 11 Four Laws of Ecology (1) ---Barry Commoner
Chunyan Shao (Shandong University)
Introuduction
Organization
The First Law Part I (p. 4-9) The stabilization of the
self-balancing system Part II (p. 10-11) The danger of
collapse Part III (p. 12-16) The rate of its
turnover and the complexity of the system determines the extent it can bear stress.
Part IV (p. 17) The amplification of a small perturbation
P. 1 LPs & Question
In outline---generally speaking Niche---A situation or an activity specially suited
to a person's interests, abilities, or nature Immediate---Close at hand; near
What is this paragraph about? The interaction within the environmental cycle What is a life process composed of? --respiration, nutrition, growth, moving, being
sensitive or responding, excretion, reproduction
P. 2 LPs
Intricate---Having many complexly arranged elements; elaborate.
Pollen--- 花粉 Fungi--- 真菌类 Degrade---To cause (an organic
compound) to undergo degradation Make up---put together, construct /
compose
P. 2 Analysis
Outline the linkage among species
insects blood juice/pollen
mountain lion deer plants bacteria
internal tissue organic waste
fungi
P. 3 LPs & Questions
Explicitly---fully and clearly Cohesive---well-integrated Exemplify---To serve as an example
of
Why is ecology a young science? --a small section of the network --no cohesive, simplifying
generalizations
Ps. 4 & 5 LPs
Population--- All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat.
Multiple--- manifold Act on—have an effect on Picture---describe Cybernetics--- 控制论 The theoretical study of
communication and control processes in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems, especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems.
Owe to--- be indebted to
P. 6 LPs & Questions
Helmsman---A person who steers a ship
Rudder--- 舵 , 方向舵 Veer---To turn aside from a course,
direction, or purpose; swerve Deflect---To turn aside or cause to
turn aside; bend or deviate
What is this paragraph about? How does cybernetics work?
P. 6 Analysis: Cybernetics Ship off-course Needle Interpreted by helmsman
Rudder turned rudder turned too far Ship swung back ship swung excessively Needle in position needle deflected Interpreted by
helmsman rudder turned ship swung back needle in position
P. 7 Aquatic cycle
fish
Organic waste
Bacteria of decay
Inorganic product
algae
P. 7 Aquatic cycle back to balance
Aquatic cycle
Excess in algae
Ease for fish
Reduce algae Increase fish
waste
Inorganic products
Ps. 8 & 9
Unwavering---resolute, not hesitant Agent---A force or substance that
causes a change Oscillate---To swing back and forth
with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm Periodic---Having or marked by
repeated cycles Die off---To undergo a sudden, sharp
decline in population
P. 9 Questions & Analysis
Describe the relation between rabbits and lynx in your own words.
Ten-year fluctuation Many rabbits—lynx prosper—rising population—
increasingly ravage—reducing rabbit—scarce—insufficient food—numerous lynx—die off—less fiercely hunted—increase in number
Oscillation, positively / negatively related
What specific words does the author use to refer to the big and small number of the animal?
Adverb, verb, adjective, phrase, noun
Ps. (4-9): The stabilization of the system by its self-compensating properties
Law: interconnection (p. 4) Example: cybernetics (p. 5-6) Our issue: ecological cycle (p.7) Features of the system: example (p.
8)
Feature (p. 9)
P. 10 Analysis
Under what conditions will the system collapse?
The words to describe the negative effect
Eat all—no longer reproduce—starve—consumed—drop—die off
P. 11 LPs
Eutrophication--n. 富 ( 养 ) 化作用 ; 水体加富过程 a process by which pollution from such sources as
sewage effluent or leachate from fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to become overrich in organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae and cyanobacteria grow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply
Intrinsic-- Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.
Die back-- The gradual dying of plant shoots, starting at the tips, as a result of various diseases or climatic conditions.
Debris--The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; rubble or wreckage
Decay--To break down into component parts; rot
P. 11 Analysis
How does eutrophication lead to aquatic collapse?
Nutrient level in water—rapid growth of algae—algae density / thickness increases—light sharply diminished—strong overgrowth of algae—die back—organic debris great—decay depletes oxygen—bacteria of decay die off—aquatic collapse
Words used to describe the process
P 10: Analysis
The overstress of properties lead to collapse
P. 10: Structure Law: out of balance (S. 1) Example: Lynx eat up rabbits (S. 2) Deduction: no longer reproduce
(S. 3) Analysis: Starve, no
compensation (S. 4) Result: Lynx die off (S. 5) Consequence: The system
collapse (S. 6)
Ps. 12 & 13 Analysis
How does the author express time duration?
Frequency Speed Rate Swings in fractions of a second (V+Prep P) Takes some seconds (V+ Object) Respond over a time of minutes (V+Prep P) The time be some months (NP) A matter of days (be+NP) Reproduce in a few days (V+Prep P)
P. 14 LPs
Turnover-- The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those who have left in a given period of time
Dump-- To release or throw down in a large mass
Exceed—surpass Intrude—enter as an improper
element
P. 14 Analysis: deviation from normal
How is this paragraph organized? What can we learn about writing from
this paragraph? What is the Law (S2)? What is the Specific Rule (S3)? What will happen in Idealized
situation( S4)? What might be the Problem( S5)? How does Reasoning / deduction( S6) work? What Result (S7) will that cause? Then what Conclusion (S8) can be drawn? Why (S9)?
P. 14 Writing assignment
What will happen if someone breaks the law?
P. 15 LPs & Questions
Marine--Of or relating to the sea Shoreline--The edge of a body of water Alfalfa--[ 植 ] 紫花苜蓿
In what ways are ecosystems differ? Which turns over faster, the aquatic or soil
ecosystem? How many times does aquatic ecosystem produce
more organic material than soil ecosystem does? How much more does aquatic ecosystem produce
organic material than soil ecosystem does? Why does the soil cycle turn over more slowly?
P. 16 LPs
Pathway--A course usually followed by a body part or process
Crisscross--To move back and forth through or over
Fabric--A complex underlying structure
Strand-- rope, thread, or yarn Vulnerable--Susceptible to attack
P. 16 Analysis: Writing
What writing strategy can we learn from the paragraph?
Law (Determinant of amount of stress)
Explanation (the more…the more…)
Example (Lynx-rabbit) How does the example Support the
topic?Reality: More complexExample (net-strand)Analogy to our topic (environment-
net)
Ps. 12-16: Rate of turnover and complexity of system determines its capacity to stress.
Feature: Rate of constituents determines the behavior of the system (p. 12-13)
Idealized situation: The slowest rate maintain the whole system (p. 14)
Second feature: Rate differs and points of collapse differ (p. 15):
Another feature: complexity determines the capacity (p. 16)
P. 17 LPs
Amplify-- To make larger or more powerful; increase
Magnitude—greatness in size, extent, etc.
Oxidize– To combine with oxygen; make into an oxide
Incorporate--To cause to merge or combine together into a united whole
Earthworm-- 蚯蚓 Woodcock--[ 鸟 ] 鸟鹬
P. 17 Analysis: Writing strategy
Law: feedback and intensification (topic)
Example: Law: food chain (small-bigger)
Problem (greater amount)
Result (greater demand)
Problem (concentration on top) Result (explain the topic)
P. 18 LP & Analysis
Perturbation--The state of being perturbed; agitation
How is everything connected to everything else?
P. 19: LPs
Indestructible--Impossible to destroy Excrete--To separate and discharge
(waste matter) from the blood, tissues, or organs
Respiratory--Of, relating to, used in, or affecting respiration
Nitrate--[ 化 ] 硝酸盐 , 硝酸钾 Phosphate-- 磷酸盐
P. 20 LPs
Surface--To emerge after concealment Incinerator--One that incinerates, especially an
apparatus, such as a furnace, for burning waste Emit—give or send out matter or energy Stack--A chimney or flue Toxic—poisonous Condense--To become more compact Convert—change or transform Methyl-- 甲基:单价碳氢基 Soluble--That can be dissolved, especially easily
dissolved Deposit--To lay down or leave behind by a natural
process
P. 20 Analysis
Trace the path of the mercury Battery—container of rubbish—incinerator
—vapor—rain/snow—earth—lake—fish—man
What verbs does the author use to describe the process?
Place—collect—take—heat—produce—emit—carry—bring—enter—condense—sink—act on—convert—take up—metabolize—accumulate—catch—eat--deposit
P. 21 LPs
Counteract--To oppose and mitigate the effects of by contrary action; check
Prevalent--Widely or commonly occurring, existing, accepted, or practiced
Extract--To obtain from a substance by chemical or mechanical action, as by pressure, distillation, or evaporation
Discharge--
Conclusion: Writing strategy Definition Analogy Examples Pattern General law Specific rule Example Issue Problem Result Conclusion