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SEC

ET

NO FOR

N

DISSEM

KUBARK COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION

July

963

S RE

T

NO :..KEIGN DISSEM

·



KUBARK COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

I.

IN:TRODUCTION

1-3

A. Exp1anation

of

Purpo

se

1 l

·

B.

Exp1anation

oí O rganizat ion

3

U. DEFINITIONS 4-5

III.

LEGAL

AND POLICY

CONSIDERATIONS

6-9

IV.

THEINTERROGATOR

10-14

V. THE INTERROG ATEE 15-29

A. Types of Sources: Inte1ligence

Categories

15-19

B. Types oí Sources:

Personal i ty

Categories

19-28

C. Other

Clues

l 8 2 9

VI.

SCREENING

AND

OTHER

PRELIMINARIES

30-37

A

Screening

30-33

B. Other

Pre l iminary

Procedu:res

33-37

c

Summary

37

VII.

PLANNING THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

INTERROGATION

38-51

A.

The Nature

of

Counterintel l igence

Interrogation

38-42

B.

The

In terrogat ion

Plan

42-44

c

The Specüics

44-51

VIII.

THE NON-COERCIVE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

INTERROGATION 5l-81

s ET



A .

Genera l

Re1n.arks

B .

The

Structure of the Interrogation

1..

The Opening

2 .

The Reconnaissance

3

The

Detailed Questioning

4 .

The Conclusion

c.

Techniques of Non-Goercive

Interrogat ion

oí Resis tant Sources

IX

T ~ COERCIVE

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

INTERROGATION OF RESISTANT SOU RCES

A.

Rest r ic t ions

B .

The

Theo·ry

of Coercion

c.

Arre s t

D.

Detention

E

Deprivat ion oí Sensory Stimuli

F

Threa t s and Fea r

G.

Debil i ty

H.

Pain

I

Heightened

Suggestibili ty and Hypnosis

J.

Narcos is

K.

The

Detection of Malingering

L.

Conclusion

X.

INTERROGATOR S CHECK LIST

XI.

DESCRIPTIVE

BILIOGRAPHY

XII.

INDEX

i i

Pages

52-53

53-65

53-59

59-60

60-64

64-65

65-81

82-104

82

82-85

85-86

.86-87

87-90

90-92

92-93

93-95

95-98

98-100

101-102

103-104

105-109

110-122

123-128

·

·



I. INTRODUC

TION

A.

Explanat ion

of Purpose

This

manua l cannot teach anyone

how

to be o r become

a good in te r roga to r . At best i t can help r eader s to avoid the

charac te r i s t ic mis takes of poor

in te r roga tors .

Its-

purpose i s

to provide guidelines fo r

KUBARK

interr .ogation and part icular ly

the

counterin tel l igence

in terrogat ion of res i s tant

sources .

Designed as an

a id

for

i n t e r roga to rs and others

immedia te ly concerned i t i s

based

la rge ly upon

the

published

resul t s

of

extensive r esea rch

including scientif ic inquirie s conducted by special i s t s in

closely

re la ted

subjects .

There

i s

nothing myster ious

about

i n t e r r o g a t i o ~ I t

consis ts of no m o r e than obtaining needed in fo rmat ion through

responses to quest ions. A s is t rue of a l craf t smen som e

in te r roga tors

are m o r e

able than

others ;

and

some of

the i r

super ior i ty

m a y

be

innate.

But sound in terrogat ion

never the less

res t s upon a

knowledge

of the subject m a t t e r and on cer ta in

broad principies

chiefly

psychological

which

a re not h a rd

to unders tand. The success of

good

in te r roga tors

depends in

- large m e a s u re

upon

the i r use conscious

o r

not

of

these

principies and of processes and techniques

deriving

í r o m them.

Knowledge oí subject mat te r

and

oí the bas ic principies w l l

not of i t se l f c rea te a successful in terrogat ion but i t will mak e

possible

the avoidance oí

mis takes

that

a r e charac te r i s t ic

of

poor in terrogat ion. The purpose then

i s

not to t each the

reade r how to be a good in terrogator but

; rather to

t e l l h im

what he mu s t

l ea rn n a rde r to become a

go.od

in te r roga tor .

· ' · ~ .



s ~ . T

The interrogation

of

a

res is tant

sour,ce

who is

a staff

or

agent

m e m b e r

of an Orbi t intell igence or

securi ty

service o r of

a clandest ine Conununist organization

is one

of

the

most exact ing

of

profes

sional

t a sks .

Ueually

the

odds

sti l l

favor

the

in terrogator

but

they a r e

sharp ly

cut

by the t raining, ~ : . : p e r i a n c a patience

and

toughness of the in terrogatee . In

such

circurristances the

i n t e r roga to r needs al l the

h e ~ p

that J:te can get. .Anda.

principal

source of aid today

is scientif ic

findings.

The

intel l igence

se rvice

which i s able to bring pertinent,

modern

knowledge

to

bear upon i ts

prob lema enjoya

huge

advantages

over a service

which conducta i ta clandest ine business in eighteenth

cen tury

fashion. t

is

t rue that American psychologists have

devoted

somewhat

m o re attention to Communist in terrogat ion technique s

pa r t i cu la r ly

bra inwashing

,

than

to

U.

S.

·pract ices .

Yet

they

have conducted scientif ic inquir ies into many subjects

that

a re

closely re la ted to in terrogat ion:

the

effects of

debil i ty

and

i so lat ion

the polygraph,

react ions to

pain

and fear hypnosis

and heightened suggest ibi l ity ,

narcos i s

etc.

This work

is of

suff ic ient

impor tance

and re levance tha t i t is no longer possible

to discuss in terrogat ion signif icantly without

re ference

to the

psychologica l

r e s ea r ch

conducted in the past decade.

F o r th is

rea son a maja r purpose of th is s tudy

is

to

focus

relevant

scient i f ic

í indings

upon CI

interrogation.

Every

effort

h;as

been

mad e

to repor t and in te rpre t these

findings

in

our

own language,

in place o í the

terminology employed

by the psychologists.

This

study is by

no means confined

to a resume

and

in te rpre ta t ion oí psychological

í indings. The

approach o í the

psychologis ts

i s customari ly

manipulat ive;

that i s they

sugges t methods of imposing controla

or.

al terat ions

upon

the

in te r roga tee

í r o m the outside. Except

within

the

Communis t í r ame of re fe rence

they

have

paid l eas attention.

to

the

crea t ion of

in ternal

con t ro l s - - i .e .

conversion of

the

source so

that

vo lun tary cooperat ion resul ta . Moral

considerat ions as ide

the

i:.mposition

of

external

t e c h ~ : l i q u e s

of manipulat ing people car r ies

with i t

the grave r i sk

of

l a te r

l awsu i t s adverse publici ty, or other attempts to·

s t r ike back.

2

··

..

1



B. Explanat ion

of

Organizat ion

This

study

moves

f rom

the

genera l

topic

of

in te r roga t ion

per

se (Par ta I.

n. m

IV,

V, and

VI)

to

plannihg

the.

counte r

intel l igence

interrogat ion (Part

Vil)

to

the CI

interrogat ion of

res i s tant sources (Par ta VID, IX, and X).

The

defini t ions,

legal

considerat ions ,

and· discuss ions of

interrogators

and

source s , as

well

as

Sect ion

VI on

screening and

other

pre l iminar ies , a re

relevant

to

l l

kinds of interrogat ions.

Once

i t

is establ ished that

the

source

i s

probably

counte r-

intel l igence

t a rge t

(in other

words, is

probably

member

of

foreign intel l igence or

secur i ty service ,

Communis t ,

or

par t of any

other group

engaged

in

e

landestine activity

direc ted

against the

national

security) , the interrogaÜon

is

planned and conducted accordingly. The CI interrogat ion

techniques are discussed in an

order of increa.sing

i n ~ n s i t y

as

the

focus on source resis tanée grows sharper .

The

l as t

section,

on do

s

and dont

s ,

i s re turn to

the

broader

view

of

the opening par ts ; as check- l is t , i t

i s

placed las t sole ly

for

convenience.





in terrogat ion is not

a imed

at causing the in terrogatee to

incr iminate h imsel f as

a

m ean s

of

bringing

h im to t r ia .

Admiss ions

of

compl ic i ty

a re

not,

to

a

CI

serv ice ,

ends

themselves but mere ly

pre ludes te

the

acquisi t ion

of

m o re

informat ion .

5.

Debriefing: obtaining informat ion by questioning

a

control led

and witting

source

who

is normal ly

a willing

one.

6.

Elicit ing:

obtaining informat ion, without revea l ing

intent

o r

exceptional in teres t , through a

ve rba l or

wri t ten

exchange

with

a

p e r s o n

who

may

be willing

o r

unwilling

to

provide

what

i s

sought and who

m a y o r

m a y not

be

controlled.

7. In terrogat ion: obtaining informat ion

by

di rec t

quest ioning

of

a person o r

persona

under

condit ions

which

are e i ther par t ly o r ful ly

contro l led

by the

ques t ioner

o r are

bel ieved

by those

quest ioned to

be subject to his control .

Becau se in terv iewing, debriefing,

and

elici t ing are s impler

methods

of obtaining

informat ion f ro m cooperat ive subjects ,

in te r roga t ion

i s usually

re se rved

for

sources who are

suspect ,

res is tant ,

o r

both.

8.

Intel l igence interview: obtaining

in ior i?at ion , not

cus tomar i ly

under

control led condit ions, by questioning a

p e r s o n w ~ o i s aw are

of the

nature

and perhaps

·of the

signif icance

oí his

an s w ers but who

i s

ordinar i ly unawa:t; e

of

the purposes

and specif ic in te l ligence

affi l ia t ions of the in terviewer .

5



m LEGAL AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS

The

legis la t ion

which founded

KUBARK specifical ly

denied

it any l aw-enforcement o r

police

powers .

·

Yet

detention

in a

control led environ¿nent and perhaps for a

lengthy

per iod

is

f requent ly essent ia l

to a

successful

counter in te l l igence in te r ro

gation

oí

a recalci t rant source. · . · r

_J This necess ity

obviously

should

be determined as ear ly as

posstble.

The legal i ty of detalning

and

quest ioning a person and of

the

methods

employed

Detention

poses

the

most

common oí the legal problema.

KUBARK

has no independent legal

authori ty

to detain anyone against h is will

__ The

bas te

in

which some KUBARK

in terrogat ions

have been conducted has not

always been the product oí impatience. Some

secur i ty

serv ices espec ia l ly

-those

oí the

Sino-Soviet Bloc

m.ay

w ork a t

l e l su re depending

upon t ime

as wel l as their own m ~ t h o s to mel t reca lc i t rance . KUBARK usual ly



cannot. Accordingly, unless it

is

consldered that the prospect lvo

in terrogatee is

coopera t ive and

wlll

r ~ i n so

indefinitely,

the f i r s t

s tep

in

planning

an

interrogat ion

ls

to

determine

how

long

the

source

can

be

held . The choice of methods

dependa in

pa r t upon the an sw er ·. ..,

to

this

quest ion.

The

ha.ndÜng

~

quest ioning

oí defectorrJ a re sub jec t

to

the

p r o v i s i o ~ s

of

Direct ive No. 4 to lt re la ted Chlef /KUBARK

DirecHves , principally. ' _

Book Dlspatch

__ ¡

and to pert inent

Those

c ~ ~ c e r n e d with

the

in terrogat lon

of

defectors ,

escapees , refugees , o r

repa t r i a tes

should

know these re fe rences .

The

kinds

of counterintel l lgence

inforrnation to be

sought in

l

CI in terrogat lon a re s tated general ly in Chlef /KUBARK Dlrectlve '

and

in g r ea t e r dotaU in Book

DirJpa tch[ .

__:_

The in terrogat ion of PBPRIME citU.enrJ poaorJ

speclal problema.

Fi r s t

s.uch in terrogat lons

should not

be cou"ducted

for

rea 5ons

lying

outs ide

the sphere

of

KUBARK

1

5 responsibl l i t ies . F o r example , the

·

S ~ T



but should

not

normally-- -,

become

dl rec t ly

invo. .ved. Clandeatine

act lv l ty conducted

abroad on

behal i

oí

a

fo re ign

power by a prívate PBPRIM E ci t izen

doea

í a l l within

KUBARK

1

a inveat igat ive and interrogative reaponsibi l i t ies . However,

any

invest igat lon,

interrogation, or

interview

oí

a

P P R ~ M E ci t izen

which

ia

conducted

abroad

becauae l t ia known o r suspected tha t

he ia

engaged in

clandeat ine

act lv i t ies directed agains t

PBPRIME secur i ty

in tereata

requi res

the pr io r and personal approval

oí Chieí /KUDEsK or

oí h la

deputy.

Sin

ce

4

Octooer

1961, ext ra te r r i tor ia l

applicat ion

has-

been

glven to

the Eapionage Act,

rnaking

i t henceíorth poaaible to

prosecu te

in

the

Fede ra l Courta

any

PBPRIM E ci t izen who violates

the

s tatu tes oí this

Act

in ío re ign countr iea.

ODENVY

has requea ted tha t it

be

informed,

in

advance ü

t ime

permi ta i í

any

investigati'll'e

s teps a r e undertaken

in

these

cases . Since

KUBARK employees

cannot be witnessea in court ,

each inveat igat ion muat be conducted

in

auch

a

man n er that evidence

bta ined m a y be proper lv introduced i the case comes to

t r ia l .

. __

a

ta tes

policy and procedures fo r

the

conduct

oí invest igat ions

of P BP RIM E

ci t izens

abroad .

In te r rogat ions conducted under compulsion or duress a re especial ly

l ikely

to involv Ulegá.lity and to entai l damaging consequences for KUBARK.

Therefore

pr io r

Headquar te rs

approval a t the KUDOVE level

J:nust

be

obtained for the

in terrogat ion

of any source

agains t his wi l l and

under

any

oí the

following

circuxnstances:

l

I í

bodily harn1 is

to

be

infl icted.

2.

Ií

medica , chemlcal ,

o r

electr ical

methods o r

mate r i a l s

a re

to

he uaed

to induce acquiescence.

3.

8

S

/. E

T

1



S ~ T

The CI in ter rogator

dealing

wlth an uncooperatlve interrogatee

who

has

been wel l -br lefed by

a

host i le

service on the

legal restrlctiC?ns

under

which ODYOKE serv ices operate mus t expect some

effectlve ·

·-.

delaylng tact ics .

The interrogatee

has be

en told

th.at

KUBARK

will

not hold hi.m. long that

he

need only res i s t

for

a while. Nikolay

KHOKHLOV for example repor ted that before he lef t

for

Frankfurt

a m

Main

on

his

assass inat ion

mission. the

following

thoughts

coursed

through h i s

head: f I

should

get

into

the hands

of Western authorit ies

I can

be

come re t icen t s ilent

and

deny m y volunta.ry vls it to

Okolovlch.

I

know

I

wil l not be tortured and that under

the

procedures

of

w e s t e rn law

I

can conduct m y s ~ l boldly. {17

{The footnote

numera l s

n this tex t a r e

keyed

to

the

nu.m.bered bibliography-

a t the

end . /

The

in terrogator

who

encounters

expert reslstance

should

not

gr¿;

f lurr ied

~ press ; i f

he

does he is l ikel ier to commi t Ulegal acts which the

source can l a te r

use

agains t him. Remembering that t ime

is

on

his

side the in ter rogator should ar range

to

get as much

of

i t a s he needs.

S E r E T



IV. THEINTERROGATOR

A

nurnber oí s tudies oí

in ter rogat ion discuss

qualit ies

sa id to

be

des i rab le in an

interrogator .

The

l l s t

seems a lmo s t

endless

-

a pro íess iona l

manner ,

íorceíulness ,

unders tanding and syrnpathy,

bread th

o í

gene.ral knowledge, a re a knowledge, a

prac t ica

knowledge

oí psychology ,

ski l l

in the t r icks o í the t rade, a le r t -

ness , perseverance ,

integri ty,

discret ion,

pat ience, a high L

Q . ,

extens ive

exper ience , f lexibi l i ty ,

etc . , etc.

Some texts

even

discuss the in te r rogato r

1

s

manners and grooming,

and one

p re -

scr ibed

the t ra i t s

considered

desirab le in his secre ta ry .

A

repet i t ion oí this

catalogue would

s e rv e no purpose

here ,

espec ia l ly because a lmos t a l l oí the charac te r i s t i cs mentioned

a r e ala o

des

i rable in case off icers , agents , policemen, sa lesmen ,

lu inber jaéks, and

everybody

e lse . The

sea rch

oí the pert inent

scient if ic l i t e ra tu re disc losed no repor t s oí studies based on co m m o n -

denominator

t ra i t s

oí

auccessful

in te r rogato rs

o r

any

other

control led

inquir ies that would inves t these

l ista wlth any

objective

validi ty.

Perhaps

the í our

qualif ications o í chieí

importance

to the

in ter rogator . ·a re

} enough operat ional t ra ining and

exper ience

to p ermi t quick recognl t ion oí leads; 2} rea l fami l ia r i ty with the

language to

be

used; (3) extens ive background knowledge about the

in terrogatee a

nat ive

country

(and

intell igence

servic e ,

i employed

by one); and

(4)

a

genuine

unders tanding o í the source as a person.

.

Station_s, and even

a íew baseB

can

cal l upon

one

o r

sev e ra

in ter rogato rs

to rsupply

these

prerequ is i tes ,

individually o r a s a team. Whenever a

num be r

oí

in te r rogato rs

lB

avai lab le ,

the percen tage

oí successes ls

increased

by care íu l

matching

oí quest ionera

and

sources and by ensur ing

that

r ig id

pre-

s h e d u l ~ g does not prevent auch matching.

O í

the í our

t ra i t s

Usted,

a genulne

insight lnto the source

1

s

charac te r and motives

is perhaps

10

.



most important but l eas t common. La.ter· port lons of this manual

explore this tapie

in

more detall. One gene.ral observat ion

is

int ro

duced

now,

however,

because

i t

is

considered

ba.sic

to

the

establ ish-

·

ment

of

rapport , upon which

the succesrs of

non-coercive interrogatton··

·

dependa.

The interrogator should remember that he and the interrogatee

a re

often

working a t croas-

purposes not

be cause

the interrogatee is

malevolent ly

withholding or misleading

but

s

imply because what he

wants f rom the si tuat ion

irs

not what

the interrogator wants.

The

interrogator

1

s

goal

la to obtain useful inform.at ion--facts

about

whlch

the interrogatee presumably hars acquired

information.

But a t the

outset of the interrogation, and perhaps for a long time. af terwards ,

the person

being questioned

is not

great ly

concomed wlth comm.uni

cating

his

body

of

specla l ized information to his queationer;

he

is

concerned with putting his bes t foot forward. The question upper

mos t

n his

mind,

a t

the

beginning, irs

not

l ikely to be

11

How can I

help

PBPRIME?

11

but

ra ther

11

What sor t of impress ion

a m I making?

anci a lmos t im.m.edlately tb.ereafter,

11

What irs

going

to happen to m e

now?tt (An exception

is

the penetrat ion agent

or

provocateur

sent

to a

KUBARK

i ield

lnstallat ion

after training

in

withstanding interroga

tion. Such an agent

may

feel confident

enough not to

be

grave ly

concerned about

him.self.

Hirs

pr imary

interest , f rom the beginning,

may

be the

acquisi t ion

of

information about the

interrogator

and

hls

se rvice .

The

_skilled interrogator

can save a great deal of t ime by

under

standing the em.otional needs

of the in terrogatee. Most

people

con

fronted by an off ic la l - -and

dimly

powel ful--representattve of a

foreign

power wil l get down to

cases

much

faster

i made to

feel, f:rom the

s tar t ,

that

they

aro

being t reated as

individuals. So

s imple a

mat te r

as

greet ing an

inte:rrogatee by

his

name a t the opening of the sess ion

establ ishes in his .mind the

comforting

awarenesrs that he is considered

as

a

person,

n o t a

rsqueezable

sponge.

This

is

not

to

say that

egotist lc

· types should be al lowed t bask a t

length

in the warmth of

individual

recognit ion.

But i t is important

to assuage the fea r

o í

denigrat ion

which

aff l ic ts m.any

people when

f i r s t

interrogated by

m.aking i t

c lear

that the indi viduality of the

interrogatee irs

recognized. With thirs

common

unders tanding

established, the

in terrogat ion can

move on to

hnpersonal mat te r s and

wlll not

later

be

thwarted

or in te r rupted--

11



or

a t l eas t

n o t a s often--by i r re levant

answers des igned not to

provide

facts

but

to

prove that the in te r rogatee is a

respectable

m e m b e r

of

the human

race .

Although i t is o f t e ~

necessary

to t r ick people ~ t tel l ing

what

we

n eed to kn.ow, especial ly

in

CI interrogationst ~

init ial

quest ion which the in terrogator asks of hi.m.self

should

be,

How can

I m a k e hi.m.

want

_to tel l

m e what he knows?

11

ra the r

than

11

How can

I

t rap

hi.m.

into disc losing what_he kn.ows?

11

f

the

person

being quest ioned is genuinely

host i le fo r

ideological

reasons ,

techniques of manipula t ion a re in order . But the

assumpt ion

of

hbst i l i ty- -or

a t l eas t the

use

of pres su re . tact ics

a t

the

f i r s t en co u n t e r - -may

make

diff icult

subjec ts even

out of

those

who would re spond to recognit ion of individuali ty

and an

in i t ia l assumpt ion of good will .

Another pre l iminary comm.ent

about

the in te r roga to r is that

norma.lly he

should not

personali .ze.

That

is, h e should

not be

pleased, f la t tered , f rus t ra ted , goaded, or

otherwise

emot ional ly

and persona l ly

aifected

by

the

in terrogat ion.

A calculated display

of fee l ing employed for

a

specif ic purpose is an exception; but

even under these c i rcumstances

the

in terrogator

is

in

ful l control .

The

in terrogat ion

s i tuat ion

is intensely

in ter-personal ;

i t is

there fo re

a l l

the more necessa ry

to s t r ike a counter -ba lance

by

an

at t i tude

which

the

subject

clear ly recognizes

as essent ia l ly fa i r

and object ive. The

kind of

person

who

cannot help

personal iz ing,

who be<:=omes

. emotional ly involved in the in terrogat ion

si tuat ion,

m a y have chance

(and

even spectacular} successes as

an

i .nterrogator

but is a lmos t cer ta in to have a poor batt ing average .

t

is

frequent ly sa id

that

the

in terrogator

should be

11

a good

judge of

h u man

nature .

In fact,

•- (3}

This study s ta tes la ter (page

Grea t at tent ion has be en given to the degree to which persona a re

able

to

mak e

judgements f ro m

casua l

observat ions regard ing

the

personal i ty charac te r i s t ics of another . The consensus of r esea rch

is that with re spec t to man y kinds oí

judgments ,

a t l eas t some judges

p e r fo rm

re l i ab ly

be t te r than chance

Nevertheless , the

level

12



of reUabi l i ty in judgm.ents is so low that r e s ea rch encounters

difficul t ies when

i t seeks

to determine

who

makes

bet te r judgments

(3)

n

brief ,

th e

in terrogator

is

l ikel ier

to

overes t imate h is

ab i l i t j · ,

to judge

others

t E.n

te

n d e r e ~ t i : : : n 2 t e it,

especia l ly

i f he

has

had

Uttle o r

no

t ra in ing in

mo d ern

psychology.

I t follows

that e r ro r s

in

as s e s s men t and

in handling

are Ukelier to resul t f rom snap

judgments_ based upon the assu inpt iqn of

innate

ski l l in judging

others

th n f r o m holding

such

judgments in

abeyance until

enough

facts a r e known.

T h ere has been a good rleal of discussian·

of

in terrogat ion

exper ta va sub jec t -mat te r

experta.

Such facts as a r e

avai lable

sugges t tha t

the

l a t t e r

have

a sl ight

advantage.

.But

for counter-

intel l igence purposes

the debate

is

academic.

I t is sound

prac t i ce

to

asa ign

inexperienced int ,errogators

to

guard

duty

o r

to

other supplementary tasks direct ly related to

inter:rogati.on,

so

tha t they

can

view th e procesa c lose ly befare

taking charge. The u s e of beginning in terrogators

as sc reeners

see

pa r t VI)

is a l so

recolllll lended.

Although there

is

some l iml ted

validlty

in the

view,

f requent ly

ex p res s ed in in terrogat ion primera, that

the

interrogatlon

is

essent ia l ly a bat t le of wlts , the

CI

in terrogator who encounters a

skl l led

and

r e s i s tant in terrogatee should r e m e m b e r that a wlde

*The in te r roga to r

should

be supported whenever

pass ible

by

qualif iod

analys t s

1

rev iew of his daily take

; exper ience has shown

that

such a rev iew

wll l

ra l se questiona to

be

put and

points

to

be

c la r i í i ed and l ead to a thorough coverage

oí the

subjec t in

hand.

13

·.



variety

oí a ids

can be made

avai lable in

the í ield or f rom

Headquar ters . These a re discussed

in

ar t VIII.) The

in tensely

personal

na ture

oí

the

interrogat ion

situation

makes i t

al l

the

more neces sa ry t ~ t the KUBARK quest ioner should a im

not

í o r

personal triu.m.ph but í o r his t rue goal-- the acquisi t ion

oí al l

needed iníormat ion by any author ized means.

14



V. THE INTERROGATEE

A .

Types

f Sources :

Intell igence Categor ies

F r o m the viewpoint oí the intell igence service the

ca tegor ies

oí person 3 who

most

í requent ly provide useíul informat ion

in

r e -

sponse to questioning a re t rave l l e rs ; repa t r i a tes ; de íec to rs escapees

and reíugees; t r ans íe r red sources;

agents , including provoca teurs

double agent

s

and

penet ra t ion agents; and swindler s

and

í abr i cator s •

•

l T rav e l l e r s

a re usually

in terv iewed,

debrieíed

or quer ied

through e l ici t ing techniques. I í they

are in te r rogated the

r ea s o n

is

that they are known

o r

believed to fall into

one

oí the

íol lowing

ca te -

gor ies .

2 . Repat r ia tes a r e

somet i rnes

in terrogated although other

techniques

a r e used

m o r e

often.

The

propr ie ta ry

in te res t s

oí

the

hos t

government

wil l

í requently dictate

in terrogat ion

by

a

l ia ison

se rv ice ra the r than by KUBARK. I í

KUBARK

in te r roga tes the

fol lowing prel i rn inary steps a r e taken:

a .

A records check, including local and

Headquar te r

s

t r aces .

b.

Test ing

oí

bona

í ides .

c . Deterrninat ion oí repa t r i a te

s

kind and leve oí

acces

s

while

outside his

own

country .

d . Prel i rn inary

assess rnen t oí rnotivat ion ( including

poli t ical

orientat ion),

reliabil i ty and capabil i ty as observer

and r epor te r .

e . Deterrninat ion oí all intell igence o r Cornrnunis t

5



re la t ionsh ips ,

whe t he r

with a se rv i ce

or pa r t y of

the

r ep a t r i a t e s

own count ry

count ry

of

detention

1

or ano the r .

Ful l

par t i cu la r

s

a r e

needed .

3 .

D efec to r

s

escap ees , and r e fugees

a re

normal ly in te r roga ted

a t

suf f ic ien t l eng th to p e r m i t a t l ea s t

a

p re l imin a ry

tes t ing

of bona

f ides

.

T he

e xpe r i e nc e

of t he

pos t - wa r

y e a r s has dem ons t r a ted tha t

Sovie t

d efec to r s 1) a lmo s t never

defect sole ly

o r p r imar i ly

because

of i nducement by

a

W e s t e r n se ry i ce

1

2) usual ly leave the

USSR

for

p e r s o n a l

r a t h e r

t han

ideologica l r easo n s

and

3) a r e often

RIS

agents .

Al l ana lyses

of

the de fec tor - re fugee flow have

shown tha t

the Orb i t

s e r v i c e s

a re

w e l l - a w a r e

of the advantages offered

by

this

channe l

a s

a m e a n s oí p lan t ing the i r agents in

t a rg e t

count r i e s .

j

4.

T r a n s í e r r e d

s o u r c e s

r e í e r r e d to KUBAR K

by

another

se rv ice

6



_

for

in terrogat ion

are

usually suffic iently well-know n to

the

t r ans -

fe r r ing se rv ice so that

a

file has been opened. Whenever poss ib le

1

KUBARK

should

secure

a

copy

of

the

f i le

or

i ts full

in formational

equivalen t befare accepting custody.

1

5 Agents are m o re frequently debr iefed

th<l;n in te r roga ted

:...Jas an analyt ic tool .

f

it is tben es tabl ished or

s t rongly

suspected that

the

agent .belongs to one

of the following

c a t e g o r i e s · ~ fu r ther

investigation

and

1

eventually

1

in terrogat ion

usual ly

fol low.

a . Provoca teu r Many provocat ion

agents

a r e walk- ins

posing as escapees

1

refugees

1

or

defectors in

orde r

to

pene-

t r a t e emigre groups

1

ODYOKE

intell igence

1

or

other

ta rge ts

as

s

igned by

hosti l

e s

erv ices .Although denunciat ions by

genuine

refugees

and other evidence of in formation obtained

f r o m docu:rnents

1

local offic ia ls

1

and

l ike sources may

resu l t

in exposure

1

the detect ion

of provocat ion

frequent ly

dependa

upon

skil led

in ter rogat ion A

l a ter

sec t ion

of th i s

manual

deals with

the

pre l iminary

tes t ing

of bona fideS. But

the

r e -

sul ta

of pre l iminary testing a re often

inconclusive,

and

detai led

in terrogat ion

is ú ·equently

essent ia l to

confess ion

and full revela t ion.

Thereaf te r

the

provoca teur may be

qu,estioned for operat ional and posit ive intell igence

as

well

as counter in te l l igence provided that

proper

cognizance is

t aken

of

bis

status during the .questioning and

l a ter

when

r epor t s a re

prepared

h. Double

agent . The

in terrogat ion of DA

1

s

f requent ly

fol lows a determinat ion or s t rong suspic ion that

the

double

is

giving

the

edge

to

the

adversa ry se rv iee

As

is

a l so

t rue

for the in ter rogat ion

of provocateurs

1

thorough p r e -

l iminary

investigation

will pay

handsome

dividends w ~ n

questioning

gets under way. In fact

1

i t is a bas i c princip ie

of in terrogat ion that

the

quest ioner

should

have a t bis d i s -

pos al, befare

querying

s tar t s as much

per t inent

informat ion

as

can

be

gathered v,rithout the knowledge oí

the

prospect ive

17

S ~ T



i n t e r r ogatee .

d .

Swindle r s

and

fabr i ca to rs

a re

usual ly i n t e r roga ted

for

prophylac t i c

r ea s o n s not for counter inte l l igence

infor-

ma t ion .

T he

purpose i s

the

prevent ion

o r nul l i f ica t ion

o í

da m a ge to

KUBARK

to

other

ODYOKE se rv i ces

Swindle r s

and f ab r i ca to r s have

l i t t le oí

CI

s ignif icance to

communica te but a re notor ious ly skil l íul t imewas te rs . In-

t e r ro g a t i o n of t h e m is

u ~ l l y inconclusive

and i f prolonged

8

S

F/



~

unreward ing . The

pro íess iona l

p e ~ d l e r

with

severa l IS

contac ts may prove

an

except ion; but he will usual ly give

the

edge to

a

host

securi_ty

serv ice

because

otherwise he cannot

function

with

impunity.

B . Types of Sources : Personal i ty

Categor ie s

The number oí sys tems devised

í o r

categor iz ing human beings

is

l a rge ,

and mo s t of t he m

a re oí dubious·

val idi ty . Var ious ca t e

gor ica l

sc he m e s a r e

outl ined in t rea t i ses on

in ter rogat ion. The two

typologies mo s t f requent ly advoca ted

a re

psychologic-emot ional and

geographic -cu l tu ra l . Those who

urge

.the

í o r m e r

a rg u e tha t

the bas ic

e m o t i o n l ~ p s y c h o l o g i c l

pa t t e rns

do

not

v a ry signif icantly

with t ime,

place , o r

~ u l t u r e The

la t ter

school

main ta ins the exis tence

oí a

nat ional

charac te r

and sub-nat ional ca tegor ies , and i n t e r roga t ion

guides based

on

t h i s p r inc ip le recommend approaches t a i lo red

to

geographica l

c u l t u r ~ s

It is plainly

t rue

tha t

the

i n t e r roga t ion

source cannot be

under

s tood in

a

vacuurn:, i sola ted f rom soc ia l context . I t is equally

t rue

tha t sorne

of

the m o s t glar ing blunders in in te r rogat ion

and

other

opera t ional

processes have

resu l ted

í r o m

ignor ing t he source • s

background.

Moreover ,

emot iona l -psycholog ica l

schemat iza t ions

som e t i m e s

pre sen ta typ ica l

ex t remes r a t h e r than the ·kinds of

people commonly encounte red by in te r roga to rs . Such typologies

a l so cause d i sag reemen t even among pro íess iona l psych ia t r i s ts

and psychologis ts . In te r rogato rs

who adopt

t he m and

who

note

in

an in te r rogatee one o r two oí the charac te r i s t i cs of

Type

A

may

mistaken ly as s ig n the source to Category

A

and a s s u m e the r e

maining t r a i t s .

n the

other

hand, there a r e

val id

objections to the

adopt ion

of

cu l tu ra l -geograph ic

ca tegor ie s fo r in t e r roga t ion purposes

how-

ever

val id they m a y be as KUCAGE concepts ). The pitfal ls oí

ignorance

of

the dis t inc t ive cul ture

of

the

so u rce

hav:e

9



S ~

T he idea l

solu t ion

would be to avoid al i ca tegor iz ing. Bas ic

al ly , a l l s ch emes for label l ing

people

a re

wrong

per se; applied

a r b i t r a r i l y · t hey a lways produce distor t ions. Every

in te r roga tor

knows tha t a r e a l

unders tanding

of the individual

is

worth fa r

m o r e

than

a t horough

knowledge of th is

or tha t p igeon-hole to which he

h as

been

c o n s i g ~ e d

And fo r in te rroga t ion purposes the

ways

in

which he di f fe r s f rom the ab s t rac t ty pe m a y be m o r e

signif icant

t han the ways in

which

he conforms .

But KUBARK

does not

dispose of

the t ime or pe rsonne l

to

p ro

be

the dep ths of each

source

1

s

individual i ty. In

the opening

p h a s e s

of

i n t e r roga t ion , o r in a quick in ter rogat ion, w e a re

compe l l ed to

m a ke s om e

use

of the

shor thand of

categor iz ing,

des

pi te

dis to r t ions .

Like other in íer rogat ion

aides , a

s c he m e

of

ca t eg o r i e s is

usefu l only i

recognized for what

i t

i s - - a

se t

of l abe ls t h a t

fac i l i ta te

communica t ion but a re not

the

same as

the pe rsons

thus

l abe l l ed .

If an in ter rogatee

l íes

pe rs i s t en t ly , an

i n t e r ro g a t o r

m a y

repor t

and

di smiss him as

a

11

pathological

l iar .

11

Yet such

p erso n s

m a y p o sses s

counter in te l l igence

or other} in

fo rmat ion qui te

equal

in

value

to

tha t

held

by other sources , and

the i n t e r ro g a t o r l ike l ies t to get a t i t

is

the

m a n

who

is

not content

with labe l l ing but

is

as in te res ted in why the

subject

Hes

as

in

what

he l i e s about .

With a l l

of

t hes e

reserva t ions ,

then,

and

with

the

fu r the r

observa t ion tha t

t hose

who find

these

psychological-emotional

ca tegor ies pragmat ica l ly

valuable

should use

them

and those who

do not should l e t t he m a lone , the following nine types a re desc r ibed .

T he ca t eg o r i e s

a re

based

upon

the fact tha t a person

1

s

pas t is

always

re f lec ted ,

how ever d imi ly ,

in h is presen t e th ics

and behavior . Old

dogs can

l e a rn new t r i cks

but

not

new ways

of

learning t h em. People

_do change,

but what

appears

to

be new behavior or

a

new psychological

pat t e rn is usual ly jus t a

var ian t

on

the

old t heme .

l

S E ~

·.



S ~

It is not cla imed tha t the class i f ica t ion sys tem presen ted

he re

is complete; sorne in ter rogatees will not f i t

into

any one of .

the groupings .

And l ike al l other

typologies ,

the

sys tem is

p lagued ··. · .

by

over lap , so that

sorne

interrogatees·

will

show charac te r i s t i cs ··.

of mo re than one group. Above

all ,

the

in te r rogato r

mu s t r e m e m b e r

tha t finding sorne

of the charac ter i s t i cs of

the group

in a

s ingle

source

does

not

warran t an

immedia te

conclusion

tha t

the source belongs

to

the

group,

and

that

even

co r rec t

labelling is

not

the equivalent of

u n d er

s tanding people

but mere l y an aid to understanding.

The

n ~ n e

majo r

groups within

the

psychologica l -emot ional ca te

gory adopted for th is handbook a re the following.

l The order ly -obs t ina te charac te r . People in

th is

ca tegory

a re charac te r i s t i ca l ly f rugal ,

order ly ,

and cold; f requent ly

they

a r e

quite

intel lectual . They a re not impuls ive in behavior . · They

tend to

think

things

through

logical ly and to act

del iberately .

They often

r each

decis ions

v ery s lowly. They a re

fa r l e ss l ikely to

m a ke

rea l

personal sacr i f ices fo r a cause than to use

t hem

as a t emp o ra ry

m e a ns

of obtaining a permanen t personal

gain.

They a re

secre t ive

and di s

inclined to confide

in

anyone

else their plans and plots _. which f requent ly

conce rn the ove r th row

of

sorne fo rm

of

author i ty .

h ~ y a re

a lso s tubborn ,

although

they may

pre tend

cooperation or

even

bel ieve

that

they

a r e

cooperat ing . They nurse grudges.

The order ly -obs t ina te charac ter consi .ders h imse l f super io r

to

other

people .

Somet imes his

sense of

super io r i ty is

in terwoven

with a

kind of

magica l thinking

tha t

includes

al l

sor t s

of

supers t i t ions

and

fantas ies about control l ing his environment . He .rnay

even have

a

sys tem

of

moral i ty that is al l his own. He somet imes

gra t i f ies

bis

feeling of sec re t

super io r i ty

by

provoking

unjus t t rea tment . H e

a lso

t r i e s , character is t ical ly , to keep open a

l ine

of escape by avoiding

any

rea l

commi tment

to

anything.

He i s - -and

a lways has

been- - in

tensely concerned

about

his personal possess ions . H e is

usual ly

a

t ightwad who

saves

every th ing , has a st rong

sense

of propr ie ty , and

is

punctual and t idy . His money and other possess ions

have fo r h im

a personal ized quali ty;

.they a re

par t s

of himse l i

He often ca r r i e s

around shiny

coins

,

keepsakes ,

a bunch of keys, and

other

objects

having for himsel f an ac tua l o r symbol ic

value .

Zl

SE RET



Usuaf ly · the

orde r ly -obs t ina te cha rac te r

has

a h i s t o r y o í

rebel l ion.

in chi ldhood,

oí

persis tent ly

d.oing the exact

oí what

he is to ld to

do. As an

adult

he

m a y

have l ea rn ed

c loak h i s

r e s i s t an ce

and

become

pass ive -aggress ive ,

but

his

to

get

his

own

way is unal tered. He has m e r e l y

how

to

pr oc e e d

indirec t ly i í necessa ry . The profound f ea r

h a t red o í au thor i ty , pers i s t ing

s ince

child.liood, is o f t ~ n wel l

adul thood.

F o r

example , such a p erso n

m a y

confesa

and quick ly

under in te r roga t ion ,

ev en to acts tha t he did not

in o rd e r to th row the i n t e r roga tor off the t r a i l o í

a

s ig

can t d i scovery

(or ,

m o r e

rare ly ,

because

of

fee l ings

oí gui l t .

The i n t e r ro g a to r

who

is deal ing with an orde r ly -obs t ina te

should

avoid

t he

ro l e

of

host i le author i ty .

T h rea t s

and

g es tu res , t ab le-pounding ,

pouncing on evas ions or l íes ,

s i mi l a r l y author i ta t ive

tac t i c s

wil l only

awaken

in such

a

sub jec t his

old

anxie t ie s and habi tua l

deíense

m e c ha n i sm s . To

n rappor t , the in te r rogato r should be í r iendly.

I t wi l l probab ly

reward ing i f

the

r o o m and

the

i n t e r roga tor

look except ional ly

Ord er ly -obs t ina te in te r roga tees

often col lec t

coins

o r othe r

obj ects as

a

hobby;

t i m e

spen t in shar ing the i r i n t e re s t s m a y thaw

sorne oí

the

i ce . Estab l i sh ing rappor t is

ex t r emely

impor tan t when

with th i s

type .

3)

2 .

The

opt imis t i c cha rac te r . This kind of source is a l m os t

cons tan t ly happy-go - lucky , impuls ive , incons is ten t,

and undependable .

e

se e m s

to

enjoy a cont inuing sta te oí

wel l -being .

H e

m a y be generous

to

a

íaul t , giving to othe rs a s he wants to

be

given to . H e

may become

an

alcohol ic

o r

drug addic t . He

is

not able to

withs tand

v e r y

m uc h

p r e s s u r e ;

he

r eac t s to

chal lenge not

by increasing

his ef for ts

but

r a t h e r by running away to avoid conf l ic t . His convic t ions tha t s o m e

thing

wil l

t u rn

up

tha t every th ing

wil l work out

al l r ight , is based

on his need

to

avoid

his own

resp.onsibi l i ty

for

events

and

depend

upon

a

kindly fa te .

Such

a

p erso n h as usua l ly had

a

great dea l { over - indulgence

in

ea r ly l i í e . H e

is

som e t i m e s

the youngest

m e m b e r oí a

l a rg e

í ami ly ,

2 2

S ~ T

·.



the child

oí

a middle-aged woman

(a so-ca l led

11

change

-o f - l i fe baby

11

} .

f

he has met

s

evere frus t rat ions in

l a t e r

chi ldhood, he m a y be

petu

lant

vengeful ,

·and

constan t ly

demanding.

As in te r rogat ion sources

opt imist ic

charac te rs

re spond

bes t

t o a kindly,

paren ta l

approach.

f

withholding, they

~ n

often be handled

effectively by

the

Mut t -and-Je f f technique discussed l a t e r

in

th i s

paper .

P r e s s u r e

tact ics or

host i l i ty will make t he m

r e t r ea t

inside t h emse lv es

whereas r ea s s u ran ce wil l bring

them

out. They tend to seek p ro mi s es

to cas t the

in te r roga to r

in the ro le of pro tec to r and

prob lem-so lver ;

and

i t is

impor tan t

tha t

the

in ter rogato r

avoid making

any

specif ic promises

that cannot be fulf i l led,

because

the opt imist

t u rned

vengefu l

i s

l ike ly to

prove

t roub lesome.

3 .

The greedy demanding éh a rac t e r . This kind of p e r s o n affixes

h imse l f

to

o thers

l ike a

leech and

clings

obsessive ly . Although ex t remely

dependent

and

pass ive he constan t ly

demanda tha t

others take ca re of

him and

gra t i fy his

wishes . If

he

considera himsel f wronged, he does

not seek r ed res s t h rough

his

own

efforts

but

t r i e s

to

p ersu ad e another

to

take

up the cudgels in

his behalf -

11

le t

1

s

you

~ d

h i m

fight.

11

His

loyal t ies a re

l ike ly to

shif t whenever he feels

tha t

the

sponsor

whom

]:le

has

chosen has

le t

h im down. Defectors of th is type fee l

aggr ieved

because

the i r

d es i r e s w e r e not

sat is f ied in

the i r

coüntr ies o f origin,

but they soon

feel

equal ly depr ived

in a second land and t u rn agains t i ts

governmen t o r

represen ta t ives in

t he same way.

The

greedy

and demand-

ing

cha rac te r is

subjec t

to ra ther f requent

d ep res s io n s .

He

m a y

di rec t

a

des i re

for revenge inward , upon

himsel f ;

i n ex t reme cas es

suic ide

m a y

re su l t .

The greedy demanding

charac te r

often suffered

f ro m v e ry

ear ly

depr iva t ion

of af fect ion

or

secur i ty . A s an adul t he cont inues to

seek subst i tu te paren t s

who

wil l

ca re

for

him

as

his

own, he fee l s

did

not .

The

in te r roga to r dealing with a greedy, demanding ch a rac t e r

mu s t be

carefu l

not

to

rebuff him; othe rwise

rappor t

wil l

be des t royed .

On the

other

hand, the in te rrogato r . mu s t

not

accede

to demands

w l\ich

cannot o r should not be met . Adopting the tone of an unde.rs tanding

fa ther o r big bro ther is l ikely to make

the

subject respons ive .

f

he

makes exorb i t an t

r eq u es t s an unimportant favor

may prov ide

a sa t i s -

23



S ~ T

· fac to ry

subs t i tute because

the

demand arisef not f ro m a specific

n eed but as

·an

e:épres s ion

of

the subject ' s

need

for securi ty . He

is

l ikely

to

find

reassur ing any

manifes ta t ion

of

concern for his wel l

being.

In deal ing with th is type- -and

to

a considerable extent in

deal ing with any

of

the

types

here in

l is ted--the in terrogator

mu s t

be

aw are of

the

l imi ts and pitfaÜs of rat ional persuas ion. Ii he

seeks

to

induce

coopera t ion by an appeal to logic, he

should

f i rs t

dete rmine

whether the

source s res i s tance

is

based

on

logic . The appeal

wil l

glance off

ineffectually

he

res i s tance is

to ta l ly

o r chiefly

emot iona l

r a the r than

ra t ional . Emot ional · res is tance

can

be diss ipated only by

emot iona l

manipulat ion .

4.

The anxious,

se l i -cente red charac te r .

Although th is

pe rson

is

fearful , he

is

engaged

in

a constant s t ruggle to conceal his fea rs .

He is f requent ly

a

daredevi l who compensates fo r his anxiety

by

p r e

tending

that the re

is no

such thing as

danger . He ma y be

a

stunt

f l ie r

or c i rcus pe r fo rmer

who

"provea" himsel i

before crowds .

H e

m a y

a l so

·.,

be a

Don Juan. He tends

to

brag

and

often

l íes

through

hunger for approval

or

pra i se . As a soldier or

of i ice r he m ay

have been

decorated

for

bravery;

but i f

so,

his comrades may suspec t that

his exploi ts resul ted

f ro m a

pleasure in

exposing

himsel i to

danger

and

the ant ic ipated ,delights

oi

r e

wards ,

approval ,

and

applause . The anxious,

se l i -cen te red

cha rac te r

is usual ly intensely vain and

equal ly

sensi t ive.

People who show these cha rac te r i s t ics a re actual ly unusual ly

fearful .

The causes

of

in tense

concealed anxiety a:r:e

too complex

and

subt le

to

pe rmi t discuss ion of

the

subject in

this

paper .

Of grea te r

impor tance

to

the

in terrogator

than

the causes

is

the

opportunity provided by concealed anxiety for success fu l manipula t ion

of the

source.

His

des i re

to

impress

will usually be quickly evident .

He

is

l ikely to be

voluble.

Ignoring

or

r idicul ing his bragging,

or

cut t ing h i m

short

with

a

demand tha t

he

get

down

to

cases ,

is

l ikely

to

m a k e

h i m

resen t fu l

and

to stop the flow. Playing

upon

his vanity,

especial ly

by

prais ing

bis courage, will usually be ·a success fu l tact ic

_if employed

skil l iul ly.

An.xious, sel i -centered in terrogatees who

a r e

withholding signif icant facts , such as

contact

with a hosti le service ,

4



S ~ T

a re

l ikel ier

to

divulge ü made to

feel

that the

t ruth

w

i l not be used

to h a r m them

and ü the in terrogator a lso

s t r es ses

the

c:allousness

and stupidi ty

of

the

adve rsa ry

in

sending

so

valiant

person

upon

so

i l l -prepared

miss ion . There

i B l i t t le

to be gained and

m u ch

to

be los t by exposing the nonrelevant

l íes

of_ this

kind

of source . Gross

l ies

about

deeds

of

daring, sexual

prowess ,

or

other proofs

of

courage

and

manl iness a re bes t met with

s i lence

o r with f r iendly

but

noncomm.it tal repl ies unless they

consume

an inordinate

amount

of

t ime. f

operat ional

use

is

contemplated, rec rui tment may s o m e

ti.mes

be

effected

through

such

queries

a.s, wonder ü

you

would

be

willing to under take dangerous mission..

5.

The

guil t - r idden

charac te r . Thl.s kind

of

person

has strong

cruel

unreal is t ic

conscience.

His whole

l lfe

s.eems

devoted to

r e

l iving

his feel ings

of

guilt .

Sometim.es he

seems dete rmined

to

atone;

a t other tinl.es he insis ta tha t wbatever went wrong is

the

faul t of

s o m e

body

else."

n e i ther event he

seeks

conatant ly

some proof

o r

externa

indicat ion that the gull t

of

others

is

greater than his

own.

He

is

often

caught

up complete ly in effor ts to

prove

tha t

he

has been t rea ted u n

just ly .

n

fact, he

m a y

provoke unjust

t rea tment

in order to assuage

'·,

his

conscience through

punishment . Gompulsive gamblers

who

f ind

no

rea l pleasure in winnlng

but do

f ind re l ief

in losing

belong to

this

class.

So do persona

who

fal.sely confesa to c r imes .

Somet imes

such people

actual ly

commit crim.es

in

order

to

confesa

and be punished. Masochis ts

a la

o

belong

in thl.s

category .

The

C21 1B e S

oí

most

gull t complexes a r e r ea l

or

fancied wrongs

done to párentB or others whom

the

subject

felt he ought to ove and

honor . As chi ldren such people

may

have

been frequent ly

scolded

or

punished.

O r

they m a y have been model

chl ldren

Who r e p re s se d al l

na tura l

host i l i t ies .

The gull t - r idden cha rac te r

is

ha rd to in terrogate . He m.ay

confess

to host i le clandes t ine act ivi ty,

or

other

acta of

i n t r ~ t

to

KUBARK, in

which he was

not involved. Accusations

level led a t him

by

the in terrogator a r e l ike ly to t r igger such fal.se confesa ions. O r

he

may rema i n

si lent

when accused ,

enjoying

the punishment . He

is

poor subject fo r LGFLUTTER.

The

complexit ies of

deal ing

with

conscience-r idden in terrogatees

vary

so widely f ro m

case

to case

that it

is

a lmos t

inl.possible to l i s t sound

genera l principies .

Pexhaps



fue bes t advice is

that

fue

in terrogator ,

OJ? Ce

a le r ted

by informat ion

f rom

the screening

procesa

(see Pa r t VI or

by

the subject s ex-

cessive

preoccupation

with moral

judgements, should

t r ea t

as

suspect

and subject ive

any

information provided

by the

in te r roga tee .

about any mat te r that is oí mora l

concern to

him. Persona wlth

intense

guilt

íee l ings

may

ceas e res istance and cooperate i f

punished

in

some

way, b e c ~ s e

oí

the

gratificati.on induced

by

pun

ishment.

6. The

charac te r

wrecked by success

is

closely re la ted

to the gui l t -r idden charac te r . This so r t oí person cannot

tolera te

success and goes through l ife failing a t

cri t ica l

poi.nts. He is

oíten acciden:t-prone. Typical ly he has a long his tory

oí being

promising and

oí

alm.ost

completing

a

si.gnificant

assignm.ent

o r

achievement but not bringing i t off.

The

charac te r

who

cá.nnot

s tand succes s enjoya his

ambit ions as

long

as

they r e m a in fan-

tas ies but somehow

ensures that they

will

not

be fulfilled

in

real i ty .

Acquaintances oíten feel that his

success

is

jus t

around

the

corner , but something always in tervenes .

In actual i ty

this

something

is a sense oí

guilt, oí

the

kind

descr ibed

above. The

person

who avoids success has a

conscience

which forbids

the

pleasures oí accomplishment and

recognit ion.

He

í requent ly

projects

his

guil t

íeel ings and íee ls

that al l of

his fa i lur is

were

someone else

1

s íaul t . He m a y have a strong need

to

suf íer and

m a y seek danger

or

injury.

As interrogatees these people who

11

cannot s tand p r o s -

peri ty pose no special

problem unless the

in terrogat ion

impinges

upon thei r íeelings oí guilt or the reasons

ío r

their pa st fa i lures .

Then subjec t ive

dis tort ions ,

not facts, will resul t . The success -

íul in terrogator will isolate this area oí unre1iability.

7. The schizoid

or s t range charac te r

l ives in a world oí

fantasy m.uch

oí

the t ime. Somet imes

he seems unable to

dis -

t inguish

real i ty

fro.m

the

r ea lm

oí his

own

creat ing.

The

rea l

world seems to

him.

empty

and meaningless , in

cont ras t

with

the myster ious ly significant world that he has made.

He

s

ext remely

intolerant

oí any

f rus t ra t ion

that

occurs in the

outer

world and deals with

it by

withdrawal

into the

in ter ior rea lm.



He

has

no r e a l

at tachnlents to others , although he may a t tach

symboHc and privat·e

meanings o r values to other people.

Chi ld ren r e a r e d in hom e s lacking in ordinary af fect ion

and

at tent ion or in orphanages o r

s ta te - run

communes

may

b e

c om e

adul ta who

belong to

t h i s

category. Rebuffed in ea r ly

efforts

to at tach themse lves- to

ano ther ,

they become

dis t rus t fu l

of

a t tachn len ts and

t u r n

inward. Anyl ink to a

group

o r country

will

be undependable and, as

a

ru le ,

t rans i tory . .At

the same

t i me the

schizoid charac te r needs e x t ~ r n l approval . Though

he r e t r e a t s f r o m

rea l i ty ,

he does not want to feel abandoned.

A s

in

in te r roga tee

the schizoid

charac te r i s

l ike ly

to

l ie readi ly to win

approval . He will

t e l l the

in te r rogato r what

he th inks the i n t e r roga to r wants to

hea r

in o rder to win the award

of see ing

a smi le on

the

in te r roga tor

1

s

face . Because he

is not

always capable

of

dist inguishing between fac t and

fantasy,

he may

be

unaware of ly ing. The des i re for approval provides the in

t e r roga to r

with

a

handle . Whereas accusat ions

of

lying o r other

indicat ions of dise

s t eem wil l provoke

withdra wal f ro m the

situation.

t eas ing the t ru th out of the schizoid

subject

may not

prove di l i icul t

i f he i s convinced tha t he wi l l not

incur

favor

through in i s s ta tements

o r dis favor th rough te l ling the t ru th .

Like the gui l t - r idden

charac te r ,

the schizoid ch a rac t e r

m a y be an

unre l iab le

subject for

tes t ing b y L CF L U T T E R

b e

cau se

his in te rna needs l ead im to confuse fact

with fancy.

He

is also l ike ly to m a k e a n unre l iable agent because

of

his

incapac i ty

to

deal

with facts

and

to

fo rm r ea l

relat ionships .

8.

The

excep t ion

bel ieves tha t the

world

owes

him a great

deal .

He fee l s

tha t

he suffered a gross in just ice , usual ly ear ly

in

l i fe , and

should be repaid .

Somet imes the in just ice was meted

out

impersona l ly ,

by fate ,

a s

a

physical

deformity ,

an

ex t remely

painfu l

i l lness or operat ion in childhood,

o r the

ear ly loss

of

one

p a ren t

o r both. Feel ing tha t

these

mis for tunes :were undeserved,

the except ions r e g a r d

t h em

as in jus t ices that someone o r so me

th ing

m u s t rec t i fy . Therefo re they

c la im as their

r ight privi leges

not pe rm i t ted o the rs . When the

c la im

is ignored

o r

denied, the

except ions b eco me rebel l ious , as adólescents often do. They

are



convinced

that the

jus t i ce

of the c la im i s

plain

for

al l

to

see

and

that

any re fusa l to

gran t i t is

willfully malignant .

V..'hen in te i rogated , the excep t ions a re l ikel y

to

ma k e

demands for money , r e s e t t l e m e n t aid, and o ther f a vo r s - - de m a nds

that

a re comple te ly

out of propor t ion to

the

value

of t he i r

con

t r ibut ions .

Any ambiguous repl ies to such demands will be in

t e rp re ted as acqu iescence . Of al l the t ypes cons idered here , the

exception

is

l ike l ies t to

c a r r y an a l leged in jus t ice dea l t

h im

by

KUBARK

to the

newspapers

or

the

cour ts .

The

best

genera l l ine to

fol low

in handling

those

who·

bel ieve

that

they

a r e

except ions

is

to

l i s t en

at tent ively

(within

r easonable

t ime l imi t s )

to

the i r gr i evances and to make no

c o mmi t me n t s tha t cannot be d i scharged

ful ly .

Defec to r s

f r om

host i le in te l l igence

se rv ices ,

doubles , provoca teur s , and

othe rs

who have had m o r e than pass ing

contac t

with a Sino-Sovie t

se rv ice may ,

i f

they

belong

to th i s ca tegory , prove unusual ly

respons ive

to

sugges t ions f rom the i n t e r r oga to r tha t they have

been t r ea ted

unfai r ly

by the other

se rv ice .

Any

planned

opera t iona l

use

of

such pe r s ons should take in to

account the

fact

that

t h e y

have

no sense of loyal ty to a c o m m o n cause and a r e

l ike ly

to t u rn

aggr ievedl y agains t

supe r i o r

s.

9. The

average

o r normal c ha r a c t e r i s not a pe r son wholly_

lacking in the ch a rac t e r i s t i c s

of the

other

types .

He

ma y ,

in

fact ,

exhibit m os t o r al l of t he m

f r om t ime

to t ime . But no one of t he m

is pers i s t en t ly dominant ; the average man

1

s quali t ies of obst inacy ,

unrea l i s t i c

optimis:z:n,

anxie ty ,

and the

r e s t are

not

ov.erriding o r

imper ious

except for r e la t ive ly shor t in te rva l s .

Moreover , his

react ions to the world around him a re m or e dependent

upon events

1n tha t wor ld and

l e s s

the product o í

r ig id ,

subjec t ive pa t te rns than

1s t rue of

the

other types d iscussed .

C.

Other

Clues

.,



The

t rue

deíec tor (as

dis t inguished í r o m the

host i le

agent

in deíec to r

1

s guise)

is

l ikely to

have

a his to ry oí

opposi t ion

to

author i ty . The sad

í ac t

is that

deíec tors

who

le í t thei r homelands

because they could

not

ge t along with

thei r immediate

o r ulti .mate

super io rs

a re a lso

l ikefy

to

rebe l

agains t author i t ies

in

the

new

envi romnent (a fact which usual ly playa an im.portant

pa r t in r e

deíection). There ío re deíec to rs a re l ikely to

be íound ir the ranks

oí

the order ly -obs t ina te , the greedy and demanding, the schizoids ,

and

the

except ions.

•,

Exper iments and sta. t is t ical analyses per fo rmed a t the

Universi ty

oí Minneso ta concerned the re laÜonships among

anxiety and

aff i l iat ive

tendencies

(des

i re

to

be

with

other

people) ,

on

the one·hand,

and

the

ord ina l posi t ion (ra.nk in

birth, sequence)

on the other . Some

of

the

f indings,

though

necessa r i ly

tenta t ive an d speculat ive,

have som.e

re levance

to

in ter rogat ioñ.

(30). As

is

noted

in

the bibliography,

the

invest igators concluded that i.solation typical ly crea tes anxiety,

tha t

anxiety intensif ies the

des i re

to b e with others who share the s a m e

fear ,

and

that only and

f i r s t -born

chi ldren a r e m o r e anxious and

l es s

v.ill ing

o r

able to withsta.nd pain

than l a t e r -born chi ldren.

Other

appl icable hypotheses a r e tha t fear

increases

the aff i l iat ive needs

oí

f i r s t - b o rn

and only

chi ldren

m.uch

m o re than those

of the

l a t e r -born .

These di f ferences

a r e

m o r e

pronounced

in

persons

í r o m

sma l l

fami l ies

than

in those who

grew up

in l a rge famil ies . Final ly,

only chi ldren

a re mu ch l ike l i e r to hold

t hemse lves

together and pe rs i s t in anxie ty

produc ing s i tuations

than

a re the

í i r s t -born , who

m o r e f requent ly

t ry

to r e t r ea t . n the

other major respec ta

in tens i ty o í

anxiety and

emot ional

n eed

to

affi l ia te no

s

ignif icant

di f ferences between " f i r s t s

and onlies

w ere

dis

covered .

I t ío l lows tha t determining the sub jec t

1

s ordina l pos

it ion

before questioning

begins

may be us efui

to

the in terrogator . But

two caut ions a re

in

o rd e r . The f i r s t

is

tha t the

f indings

are ,

a t

this

s tage, only tenta t ive

hypotheses . The

second

is that

even they preve acCU-

ra te

fo r

l a rge

groups, the

data a re

l ike

those in

ac tuar ia tables;

they

have no specif ic predict ive

value for

individuals .

29



VL

SCREENING

AND

OTHER PRELIMINARIES

A. Screen ing

s om e l a rg e s ta t ions a re

able to conduct

p re l imin a r

y ps

ychologica l sc reen ing

befo re

in -

t e r ro g a t io n s ta r t s .

The

purpose of sc reen ing i s to p rov ide the

i n t e r ro g a to r

in advance with a r ead ing

on

the

type

and

c h a r -

ac t e r i s t i c s

of

the in te r rogatee . I t i s recomm ended tha t sc reen ing

be conducted

whenever

personne l and fac i l i t ies

pe rmi t

unless i t

is r easo n ab ly ce r t a in tha t

the i n t e r roga t ion wil l

be

of

minor -

por tance

o r

t ha t

the

i n t e r ro g a t ee is ful ly coopera t ive .

Screen ing should be conducted

by

i n t e r v i e we r s not

in te r -

ro g a to r s ; o r

a t

l eas t the subjec ts

should not

be

s c r e e n e d

by the

sa m e

KUBARK

pe r sonne l who

will

i n t e r roga te

t he m l a t e r .

Other psycholog ica l t e s t ing aids

a r e

bes t adnünis te red

by

a

t r a ined

psycholog is t . T es t s

conduc ted

on Am e r i c a n P O W s

r e -

tu rned to U. S. j u r i sd ic t ion in Kor e a dur ing

the

Big and

Lit t le

Switch sugges t

tha t

prospec t ive

in te r rogatees

w?o show nor m a l

emot iona l r e sp o n s iv en es s on the Ror sc ha c h

and

re la ted t es t s

a re

l ike l ie r

to

prove coopera t ive

under i n t e r roga t ion than

a re those

whose r e s p o n s e s

indica te tha t they a r e apathet ic and emotional ly

30



withdrawn

o r

b a r r en . E x t reme r es i s te r s , however , share

the

r e s p o n s e

cha rac te r i s t i c s

of

col laborators ;

they

diifer

n

the

natu re

and

in tens i ty of motivat ion rathei" than emotions . ~ 1 . ·,

ana lys i s

of

object ive t e s t

r eco rd s and

biographica l informat ion

is

a sample of 759 Big

Switch

repa t r i a tes revealed.

t ha t men

who

had co l l abora ted di f fe red f rom

m e n who

had

not in the following

ways: ·

the

co l l abora to rs

were

older , had completed mo re y ea r s of

school , s co red h lg h e r

on

intell igence ' t e s t s admin is te red a f te r

re

patr ia t ion ,

had

se rved

l onger

in

the

A:rmy

pr io r to

capture ,

and

s c o re d

higher

on the

Psychopathic Deviate Scale - p d . . . . However,

the

5 pe rcen t of

the noncol l abora to r

sample

who

re s i s t ed act ively -

who

w ere

e i ther decora ted

by

the

A r m y

o r

considered

to

be

1

reac t ionar ies

1

by the

Chinese

- di f fe red f rom

the remain ing

group in prec i se ly the

s a m e

di rec t ion a s the col labora tor group

and could

not

be

dis t inguished

f ro m

th is group on any var iab le except age;

the

r es i s te r s were older

than the co l l ab o ra t o r s .

11

(33)

E v en

a

ro u g h

prel :Uninary est ímate,

i i

valid, can be a

boon to

the i n t e r roga to r because i t will

p ermi t

h:Un to s t a r t

with genera l ly

sound t a c t ic s f rom the

beginning

- tact ics

adapted

to ~ h

personal i ty

of the source . D r . Moloney has ex p res sed the

opinión, which

we

m a y use

as

an example

of

th is ,

that

the AVH was

abÍe

to

get

what i t

wanted f ro m Card i n a l

Mindszenty

because

the

Hungar ian

serv ice

adap ted i t s in te r roga t ion methods to

his perso nal i ty .

T h ere

can

be

no

doubt tha t M indszen ty 's preoccupa t ion with the concept of

becoming

s ecu re and

powerfu l

through the s u r r e ~ e r

of

se l f

to

the

grea tes t

power of t h em a l l -

his God idea

-

pred i sposed him

to

the

response

e l i c i t ed

in

his exper ience

with

the communis t in te l l igence .

F o r

h:Un

the

s u r r e n d e r

of

s e l f - s y s t em to au thor i ta r ian-sys tem was natural ,

as was the v e r y pr inc ip le of martyrdom. (28}

The

t a s k of screening

is made

eas ie r by the

fact tha t the

sc reene r i s i n t e re s t ed

in the

subject ,

not

in

the

informat ion

which

he m a y posse ss .

Most

people - -even

m a ny provocat ion agents who

have

been t r a ined to

reci te

a legend--wil l speak with some

f reedom

about chi ldhood events and

famil ia re la t ionships .

And

even the

p ro v o ca t eu r

who

subst i tu tes a f ict i t ious

person fo r

his rea l father

will

d i sc lo se so me of his feel ings about his

fa ther

in the course

o í

deta i l ing

his s to ry about the

imagina ry

substi tute. f the screener

3



has l ea rned

to put the potent ia l

source

a t eas·e

to feel

his way

along n each

case , the so u rce is

unlik.ely

to cons ider that

a

casual conv ersa t ion about

hi..tnself

dangerouso

The

s c r e e n e r i s in teres ted n

gett ing the subj.ect

to ta lk about

hi..tnself.

Once the flow s tar ts , the s c reen e r should t ry not to

stop

it

by ques t ions ges tu res ,

o r

other in terrupt ions unt i l

sUfficient

i.nform.ation

has been r ev ea l ed to p ermi t

a rough

de te rmina t ion

of

type.

The

subjec t

is l ik .eliest to

talk f ree ly

i the s c r e e n e r

1

s

m a n n e r

is fr iendly

and

pat ien t . His facial express ion should not revea l . spec ia l

in teres t in

any

one

s ta tement ; he

should

jus t

s e e m syrnpathet ic and

unders tanding .

.Within a shor t ti..tne mo s t people who

have

begun

ta lking

about

t hemse lves

go b ack to ea r ly

exper iences ,

so that

me:re ly

by

l i s ten ing and

occasional ly

making a quiet encouraging r e m a r k

the

sc reene r

can

l e a rn a

g re a t

deal.

Routine

quest ions about school

teachers ,

employers , and group l eaders ,

í o r example

wil l l ead

the

subjec t to

revea l a

good deal of how

he

feels about

his

paren ts ,

super io ra , and others o í emotional

consequence

to him

b ecau se oí

associat ive l inks in

his

mind.

I t is

very

help íu l

i the s c r e e n e r can

im.aginat ively place

h i m -

se l f n the sub jec t

1

s posi t ion.

The m o r e

the

s c r e e n e r know·s

about

the

sub jec t

1

s nat ive

a r e a

and cu l tu ra l background

the

less · l i .kely

is

he

to

dis tu rb

the

sub jec t

by

an

incongruous

r e m a rk .

Such

comments

as , That

m u s t ha ve

been

a b a d t ime í o r

you and

your family

o r

Yes

I can see why

you

w ere angry o r

I t

sounds excit ing

a re

suff iciently i.nnocuous not to. dis t rac t the subject yet provide adequate

evidence oí sj :mpathetic

in teres t .

Taking ·the sub jec t

1

s

s ide aga ins t

his enemies s e rv es the s a m e purpose

and

suc h

comments

as That

was unfai:r; they had

no r igh t

to

t r e a t you

tha t

w ay

wil l a id

rappor t

and

sti..tnulate fur ther

reve la t ions .

t is

impor tan t

that g ro s s abnormal i t ies be spot ted dur ing

sc reen ing

process .

P e r s o n s

suffer ing

í r o m s e v e re

mental i l lness

wil l

show

m a j a r dis tort ions , delus

ions

o r

hal lucinat ions

and

wil l

usual ly

give

biza r re

explanatio:ns ío r the i r behavior . Dism is sa l

o r

prompt

r e í e r r a l oí the menta l ly ill to profesa ional special is

ts

w

ill

save t ime and

money.

The second

and re la ted

purpose oí

screen ing

is

to

p e r m i t a n

educated

guess ·about

the

source

1

s

probable

at t i tude

toward the

S

·:

· ....



o

4

36



in te r roga t ion . n e s t ím a te oí whether the i n t e r r oga t e e will be

. coopera t ive

o r r e c a l c i t r a n t

i s e s

sentia l

to planning

be

cause

v er

y

di í f e r en t

.methods a r e

used in

deal ing

with

t hese two types .

At

s ta t ions o r ba s e s

which cannot

conduct sc reen ing

in

the

fo rm al sense , i t i s

st i l l worth-while

to

pre face any 1mpor tan t in -

t e r r oga t i on

with a n

in te rv iew

oí the sou rce , conduc ted by

someone

o ther than

the

i n t e r roga tor and

designed to

provide a

m a x i m u m oí

evaluat ive in format ion be fa re in ter rogat ion c om m e nc e s .

Unles s a shock effect is de

s i

red, the t r ans i t ion í r o m the

s c r e e n ing i n t e r v i e w

to

the in ter rogat ion s i tuat ion should not be

abrupt . At the

f i r s t

meet ing with the

in te r roga tee i t

i s usual ly

a

good

idea

í o r the i n t e r roga tor

to

spend

some t ime in the s a m e

kind of

quie t ,

f r i end ly exchange that charac te r i zed the sc reen ing

interview.

E v e n though the

in ter rogator

now has the sc reen ing

produc t , the

rough c las s i f ica t ion

by type, he needs to

under s tand

the

sub jec t in h i s

own t e r m s .

I f

he

i s immed ia t e ly

a gg r e s s i ve , he

im pos e s upon the

f i r s t

in ter rogat ion

sess ion and to a dimin ish ing

ex-tent

upon succeed ing

sess ions

too

a rb i t r a ry a pa t te rn . As one

e x p ~ r t has

sa id , Anyone

who

proceeds without cons ide ra t ion

fo :

the

d i s junc t ive

power of

anxie ty in human

r e la t ionsh ips

will

never

l e a r n

i n t e rv iewing .

34)

B. Other P r e l i m i n a r y Pr oc e du r e s

The

pr e l i m i na r y handl ing·

oí

other

types oí in te r roga t ion

sou r c e s is u s -

ual ly l e s s

d i f f i c u l t ~ l t su f f ices íor

the

presen t

purpose

to l i s t the

ío l lowing pr inc ip lé

s: ·

l

All

avai lab le

per t inen t in fórmat ion

to

be

a s

se

m bled

and s tud ied b e ~

ore the i n t e r roga t ion

i t se l f

is

planned, m u eh l e s s

con-

ducted . n ounc·e o í inve st igat ion m a y be worth a pound oí ques t ions .

2. A

dis t inct ion

should

be

dra

wn as soon

as pos s ible

be -

tween sou r c e s who will be sent to

s i te or ga n i z e d and equipped

for

in te r roga t ion and

those

whose

33

s



in te

r roga t ion wi ll be

comple ted by the base

o r s ta t ion

wi th which

con tac t i s

í i r s t

es tab l i shed .

3 The s ugge s te d p r oc e du r e for ar r iv ing t pre l imina ry

a s s e s s m e n t of

wa lk - in s r e m a i ns the

same

The key

poin t s

a r e r e pe a te d he r e í o r ease

oí

r e í e r e nc e .

These

p r e l i m i n a r y

t e s t s

a r e des igned .to supplement the t echnical

examina t ion

of

a walk- in ' s docu m ents , substan t ive ques t ions

about

c l a im e d hom e la nd o r

occupat ion ,

and

other

standa rd

i nqu i r i e s . T h e

ío l lowing ques t ions , i í

a sked , should be posed

a s soon a s

poss ib le a f t e r the in i t ial

contac t ,

while the walk- in

i s st i l l unde r s t r e s s and be ío r e he has adjus ted t o a rou t ine .

a .

The

wa lk - in

m a y be

asked

to

identi íy

al l

r e l a t i v es and

í r i en d s

in the a r e a , o r even

the

count ry ,

in which P B P R I M E a s y l u m

is í i r s t

r eques ted . T r a c e s

shou ld

be run speed i ly . P rovoca t ion agents

a r e

s om e t im e s d i rec t ed to de íec t in

the i r

t a rge t a reas ,

and

í r i e n d s

o r r e l a t i ve s a l ready

in

place

ma y

be

host i le

a s s e t s .

b. At the í i r s t in terv iew the ques t ioner should

be on the a l e r t í o r

p h r a s e s

o r concep ts

c ha r a c t e r i s t i c

oí

in te l l igence

o r

C P

act iv i ty and should r e c o r d

such

l eads whether

i t

is

planned to

ío l low

t h e m

by in te r roga t ion

on the

spo t

c L C F L

UTTER should

be u sed

i í

í eas ib le . f

not , wa lk - in m a y be asked to

undergo

such t es t ing

t

l a t e r da te . Re íusa l s should

be

r ecorded , a s well

a s

ind ica t ions

tha t the walk - in

has

be en b r iefed on the

t echnique

by a no t he r s e r vice . The n1anner

as well

as

the

na t u r e

oí the

walk- in ' s

r eac t ion to

the

proposal

should be noted .

34

··· ·¡.

J

.

.



S ~ T

d .

i

LCFLUTTER screen. ing inves t iga t ion o r

any

o ther methods do es t ab l i sh a pr io r inte l l igence

his tory

the fol lowing min ima l

in format ion

should be obtained:

h.

·

7

S

.

· ~ .

}.\

~

1

5



S ~

5

Al documents

that have a

bear ing

on the

planned

in ter rogat ion mer i t

study.

Documents

f r o m Bloc

count r i e s ,

o r

those

which

a re

in

any

r e sp ec t

unusual or

uniami l ia r

· a r e

cus tomar i ly sent to

the

proper

f ield

or headquar ter s component

fo r

technical

ana lys i s .

6. f

during

screening

o r

any other pre- in te r rogat ion

phase i t is ascer ta ined that the sour

ce

.has be en

in ter rogated

before ,

this ' fact should be made known

to the

in te r rogato r .

A gents , fo r example , a re

accus tomed

t being questi .oned

repea ted ly and professional ly . So a re p erso n s who

have

been

a r r e s t e d

severa t imes . People

who

have

had

prac t i ca t r a in ing

in

being in ter rogated be come sophis t ica ted subjec ts , able to

spot uncer ta inty , obvious t r i cks , and

other

weaknesses .

C. Sum m a r y

Screening and the other pre l iminary

pr oc e du r e s

will he lp

the

in te r rogato r and his base , sta t ion, . to dec ide

w h e t h e r

the

prospect ive

source {1 i s

l ikely to p o sses s

useful

counter inte l l igence because

of

assoc ia t ion

with

a

í o re ign

s e r vice o r Communis t P a r t y

and

{2) i s l ike ly

to

coopera te

voluntar i ly o r not . A r m e d with these es t imates and

with

whateve r

ins ights

screening has provided into the per sona l i ty

of the

source ,

the in te r rogato r is ready to plan .

37

S ~



SE0T

VII.

PLANNING THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

INTERROGATION

A . The Nature of Counter in te l l igence ln ter rogat ion

The

long- : range purpose

of CI in ter rogat ion i s to get f ro m

the s o u rce al l

the useful

counter in te l l igence

information that

he

has .

The

shor t - range

purpose

is

t

enl is t

his

coopera t ion

t o w ard th i s end or , i f he is

res i s t an t ,

to des t roy his capacity

fo r re s i s t ance

and rep lace i t with a

cooperat ive

att i tude. The

t echn iques

u

sed in null ifying res i s t ance ,

inducing

corrtpliance,

and even tua l ly

el ici t ing voluntary cooperat ion

a re

di scussed in

P a r t

VIII

of th is handbook.

No

two in te r rogat ions

a re

the

same .

E ve r y

interrogation

is

shaped def ini t ive ly by the persona l i ty of the

source

- and

of

the i n t e r roga to r ,

be

cause

interrogat ion

is

an in tense ly

in

te

r p e r

sona l

pro ces s .

The whole

purpose

oí

screening

and

a m a j o r p u rp o se

o í

the í i r s t s tage oí the in ter rogat ion i s to

p ro b e the s t reng ths and weaknesses

oí the subject.

Only

when

these have

been es tab l i shed

and

unders tood does

it become

pos

s ib le to· plan rea l i

st ica l ly .

Plann ing the

CI

i n t e r roga t ion oí a res i s t an t

source

requ i res

an unders t and ing {whether

ío rmal ized

o r

not} oí

the dynamics

of

confess ion .

H e r e

Horowitz

1

s

study oí the nature

oí

confession

is per t inen t . H e s ta r t s by asking why confess ions occur at al l .

Why not a lways b razen i t

out

when confronted by accusa t ion?

W hy does a

p e r s o n

convict himse l í

through

a confession, when,

a t the ver y wor

s t ,

no coníe

ssion

would leave

i ~

at l eas t as

w el l off

{and

poss ib ly bet te r off)

? He

answers that

confess ions obtained

without d u res s

a re usually the

product

o í

the

ío l lowing

condit ions:

.

.

.



l The p erso n is accused explici t ly o r impl ic i t ly and fee l s

accused .

2 .

A s

a

resu l t

his

psychological

f r e e d o m -

the

extent

to

which

he

fee ls able to do what he wants to - is .curtailed. This

fee l ing need not cor respond to confinement o r any other externa

rea l i ty .

3. The accused fee ls defensive because he i s on unsure

ground.

He

does not

know

hbw much the accu se r knows. A s a

resu l t

the accused "has no fo rmula fo r proper behavior

no ro le

if

you will1

that

he

can

uti l ize

in

this s i tuation.

,,·

4 . He perce ives the accuser as

represen t ing

author i ty .

U n l es s

he

bel ieves tha t

the accuser

1

s powers fa r exceed his

own, he i s unlikely to f ee l hemmed in and defens ive . And if

he "perce ives tha t

the

accusat ion

is

backed

by

' rea l ' evidence ,

the rat io of externa forces to his own fo rces is increased and the

p e r

son

1

s

psychologica l pos i t ion

is now m or e p reca r io u s . I t is

in teres t ing to note tha t in

such

s i tua t ions the accused tends

t oward over response , o r exaggera ted response; to

host i l i ty

and emotional d isplay; to se l f - r ighteousne ss to counter

accusa t ion, to

defense

5 .

He

m us t

bel ieve

that

he

is cut

off fr.om

f r iendly

o r

suppor t ing fo rces . I f he does,

he himse l f

becomes

the only

source of his ' ' sa lva t ion.

6.

' Another condi t ion, which i s mos t probab ly ne.cessary ,

though not

suff icient for

confess ion ,

is

.that

the

accused

p e r s o n

fee l s gui l t . A possible

reason

is

tha t

a sense of guil t p ro mo tes

self-host i l i ty .

It should be equal ly

c lear tha t if the

per

son

does not fee l guil t

he

is not in his

own

mind guil ty and will not

confess

to

an act

which

others may

rega;rd as

evil

o r

wrong

and

he,

in

fac t ,

cons ide rs co r rec t . Confess ion

in

such

a

case

can

come

only

with

d u res s

even where all other

condi t ions

previous ly ·

ment ioned m ay prevai l .

39



SEvr

7.

The accused , f inally , is pushed fa r enough along

the

path

toward

confession

tha t

it

i s eas ie r for hirn to keep going

than

to

tu rn

back.

He

p erce iv es

confession

as

the only way

out

of his

pred icarnen t and into

freedorn. 15)

Horowi tz has

been

quoted and surnmarized

a t

sorn.e length

b ecau se i t is cons idered that· the foregoing is a

basica l ly sound

account of the

p ro c e s s e s

that evoke

confessions

f rorn so u rces

w h o s e re s i s t ance

is

not

s t rong

a t

the outse t , who have not

prev ious ly ·been confronted

with detention

and

ir i terrogation,

and

who

have not

been t ra ined

by an

ad v e rsa ry

intell igence

or

secur i ty se rv ice in res i s t ance

techniques .

A fledgling o r

disaffected

Cornrnunis t

o r

agent, for

exarnple ,

rnight be

brought

to confession

and

coopera t ion without the

use

of any externa

coerc ive

fo rce s other than the

in ter rogat ion

situation i t se l i ,

th rough

the

ab o v e-d esc r ib ed p ro g res s io n of

subjective

events .

It

is

i rnpor tant to unders t and that in ter rogat ion, a s

both

si tua t ion and p r o ces s ,

does of

i t sel i exert

signif icant

ex terna

p r e s s u r e upon

the

in te r rogatee

as long as

he i s not perrni t ted

to accus to rn h i rnse l i to i t . Sorne psychologis ts t race this effect

b ack to

infanti le

re la t ionsh ips . Meerlo , fo r exarnple , says

tha t

every

verba l re la t ionsh ip repea ts to sorne degree the pat te rn

of

ea r l y

verba l

re la t ionsh ips between child and paren t . (27)

A n in te r roga tee , in pa r t i cu la r ,

is

l ikely to se e

the in te r rogato r

a s a p a ren t o r paren t - symbol ,

an

object

of

suspicion

and

re s i s t ance

9 r of subrniss ive

acceptance .

f the in te r rogato r

is unaware of

th is

unconcsious process , the

resu l t

can be a

confused bat t le

of subrnerged at t i tudes,

in

which the spoken

words a r e often rnere ly a .cover for

the unre la ted

st ruggle

being waged a t

lower

l eve l s of both pe:rsonalit ies . On the

other

hand,

the in te r roga to r

who does

unders tand these fac t s

and

who

knows how to

t u rn

t h e m to his advantage

may not

need

to

r e so r t

to

any

p r e s s u r e s

grea te r

than

those

that

flow

di rec t ly

f ro rn

the

in te r rogat ion set t ing and function.

Obviously , many re s i s t an t subjects of counter in te l l igence

in te r rogat ion cannot

be

brought to cooperation, or even to

cornpl iance, rnere ly th rough p res su res which they genera te

40

S

· . ' \

.



within t h emse lv es o r through the

unre inforced

effect of

the

in terrogat ion si tuat ion. Manipulat ive techniques - sti l l keyed

to the individual

but

brought to

bear

upon h i m f r o m outs ide

h i m s e l f -

then become n eces s a ry .

It

is a fur damental·

hypothesis

of th is handbook that

these techniques, which

can

succeed even with highly res i s t an t sources , a re in es·sence

met h o d s

of inducing r eg re s s i o n of the personal i ty to what

ev e r ear l i e r and

weaker leve l

is requ i red for the dissolut ion

of r e s i s t an ce and the

i n c ~ c t i o n of dependence.

All of the

techniques employed to b reak

through

an in terrogat ion

roadblock, .

the en t i r e sp ec t ru m f r o m s imple

isolat ion

to

hypnosis

and

na rcos i s ,

a r e

essent ial ly

ways

of speeding

up

the

process

of

r eg re s s i o n .

As

the

in te r rogatee

s l ips back

f ro m matur i ty toward a m o r e

infanti le

s ta te , his l e a rn ed o r

s t ruc tu red personal i ty t ra i t s fall away in a r ev e r s ed

chronological

o rd e r ,

so

that

the

charac te r i s t i cs most recen t ly

acqu i red - which

a r e

a lso the

charac te r i s t ics

drawn

upon

by

the

in te r roga tee

in his own defense - a re the f i r

s t

to go.

As

Gill and Bren man have poin ted out ,

reg re ss ion

i s bas ica l ly a

los

s of

autonomy.

{13

Another

key

to

the

success fu l in te r rogat ion of res is t ing

source

is

the

prov is ion

of

an

acceptable

rat ional izat ion

for

yielding.

A s reg re ss ion proceeds ,

a lmos t a l l r e s i s t e r s

feel

the

growing

in terna s t r e s s tha t resu l t s

f r o m

wanting

s imul taneous ly

to

c9nceal and to divulge. To escape the

moun t ing t ens ion ,

the source

m ay

grasp a t any face-sav ing

reason fo r

compl iance

- any explanation w hich will placate

both his

own conscience

and the poss ib le w ra th

of

f o r m e r

super io r

s and

assoc ia te

s

i he is

r e tu rn ed to Communis t

control .

It

is

the b u s in es s

of

the

in te r roga to r to

prov ide

the r igh t

rat ional izat ion

a t the

r igh t t ime. Here

too

the

impor tance of

under

standing the in te r rogatee i s evident;

the

r igh t ra t iona l iza t ion m us t be an excuse

o r

r easo n tha t

is

ta i lored to the source

1

s personal i ty .

The in te r rogat ion

process

is a

continuum,.

and every th ing

that take s

place

in

the

continuum influence s al l sub sequent

events . The continuing

process ,

being in te rpersona l , i s not

41

.,



S y<:

r ev e r s ib l e . There fore i t i s wrong

to

open

a counter in te l l igence

i n t e r roga t ion

exper imenta l

y intending to abandon unfrui t ful

approaches

one

by

one

until

a

sound

method

i s d i scovered

by

chance .

The fa i lu res

of the in ter rogator his painful r e t r ea t s

f r o m bl ind a l l eys , bo l s t e r the confidence of the

source

and

i n c rease h i s

abi l i ty

to

res i s t .

While the i n t e r roga tor

is

s t ruggl ing

to l ea rn f ro m

the

subject

the fac ts

that

should

have

be en

e stabl i shed befo re in ter rogat ion s ta r ted , the

subject

is

l ea rn ing

m o r e and

m or e about

the i n t e r roga tor .

B. The In te r roga tion Plan

Planning fo r in ter rogat ion

is

more impor tan t

than

the

speci f ics

of

the plan. Because no two in ter rogat ions a re

a l ike ,

the in ter rogat ion cannot rea l i s t ica l ly be

planned

f r o m

A to Z in

al l

i ts

pa r t i cu la r

s at

the

out se t . But i t

can and

m ust be

planned f r o m

to

or

to M. The chance s of

fa i lu re

in

an unplanned

CI in ter rogat ion a re

unacceptably

high . E ve n w o rse , a

da sh - on - r e ga r d l e s s

approach can

ruin the p ro sp ec t s of success even i f

sound

methods a r e

used l a t e r .

The

in te l l igence category

to

which the

subject

belongs l

though not

de te rminan t for

planning

purposes , i s st i l l

of

som e

s ignif icance .

The plan íor the in te r roga t ion oí a

t r av e l l e r

dif fers f r o m tha t for o ther

types because

the

t ime

avai lable

for quest ioning

is often br ief .

The examinat ion

of

hi s bona f ides

accord ing ly ,

is often l ess sea rch ing .

He

is

usual ly

r e ga r de d

as

reasonably

re l iable i f his

ident i ty

and

f r e e dom

f r o m other

in te l l igence

associa t ions have

been

es tab l i shed

if r eco rd s checks do not produce deroga tory

informat ion , i his account of his background i s f ree of

om i ss i ons

o r

di sc repanc ies suggesting signif icant withholding

i

he

does

not at ternpt

to

elici t

in íormat ion about

the

ques t ioner

o r his

sponsor ,

and if

he willingly provide

s deta i led informat ion

whi c h ap p ea r s re l iable or is

es tabl ished

as such.

42

·.



S

e

Deíec tors

can

usual ly

be in ter rogated uni la tera l ly , a t

l ea s t

í o r · a

t ime. P r e s s u r e íor par t ic ipa t ion will usual ly

come

r o ~

an ODYOKE

in te l l igence

component The t ime avai lab le

ío r

uni l a t e ra l

tes t ing

and

exploi tat ion should be calcu la ted a t the

out se t , with

a

í a i r

r e g a r d ío:r the r igh t s

and

i n t e res t s o í o th e r memb ers o í the

in te l l igence communi ty The

most s ignif icant

s ing le

í ac t

to be

kept in mind when planning

the

in te r roga t ion o í

Soviet

de íec to rs

is

tha t

a cer ta in percentage

oí

t he m have proven to be

control led

agents ;

es t ima tes

o í

th is percentage

have ranged ·as high as

iur ing

a per iod oí

se ve r a y e a r s af ter 1955 { l l )

KUBARK

s l ack

o í execut ive

powers i s especia l ly

signif icant

i

the

in ter rogat ion oí

a suspect

agent o r o í any other

subject

who

is

expected

to

r e s i s t

i s under

cons ide ra t ion . A s

a

genera l

ru le ,

it

is diff icul t

to

succeed in

the

CI interrogation_

oí

a

r e s i s t an t so

urce

unle

s s

the

in ter rogat ing

se r v i c e cap

control

the

subject

and

hi s environment

í o r

as

long

a s

prove

s

ne

ces

sa ry .



C.

The

Specif ics

l The Specif ic Purpose

Before

questioning

s ta r t s

the

in te r rogato r has c lear ly

in mind what he

wants

to

l ea rn

why

he

thinks the

source has

the

in formation

how impor tan t

it

is

and how

i t

can bes t ~ obtained.

A ny confusion h e re o r any

quest ioning

based

on

the premise

tha t the purpose wil l take shape

af te r

the in te r rogat ion i s under

way

i s

a lmos t cer ta in

to

l ead

to a imles sn es s and

f inal fa i lu re .

I f the specif ic goals cannot be

discerned

clear ly fu r ther

inves t igat ion i s needed

before

querying s t a r t s .

l

Re

s is tance

The

kind

and

intensi ty of

ant ic ipated

res i s t ance

is

e s ~ i m a t e d l t

is

usefu l

to recognize

in

adva?3 ce

whethe r the

informat ion

des i red would be th reaten ing o r damaging in any

way

to the

in te res t s

of

the

in te r rogatee .

If so the

in te r roga to r

should

consider whether the sa m e in formation

o r

conf i rmat ion

of i t

1

can be

gained f ro m

an ?ther source .

Quest ioning

suspec ts

immedia te ly on

a f l imsy factual

bas is wil l .usual ly cause

v.e.ste oí t ime not save

i t .

On the other hand

1

if the

needed

informat ion

is not sensi t ive f r o m the

subjec t s

viewpoint

44

S E ~



m e r e l y

asking

for i t

ts

usual ly p re fe rab l e

to

t ry ing to

t r ick

h i m

in to ad mis s io n s and thus creat ing an unnecessa ry batt le

of

wits .

The p re l i mi n a ry psychologica l

analysis

of the subject

m a k e s i t eas i e r to decide

whe the r

he is l ikely to r es i s t and

if so

whethe r

his

re s i s t ance

wil l be the produi::t of fear tha t

his

persona l i n t e re s t s will

be

damaged

or the

resul t

of the

non-coopera t ive natu re of

order ly -obs t ina te

and re la ted

types . The choice

of

methods to be used

in

overcoming

re s i s t ance i s

a l so d e te rmin ed by the

charac te r i s t i cs of

the

in te r roga tee .

3.

The In te r rogat ion Sett ing

The r o o m in which the in terrogat ion

is to be

conducted

should be f r e e of dis t rac t ions . The color

s

of

wal l s ,

cei l ing

rugs ,

and

furni ture

should not

be

s tar t l ing . Pic tu res should

be

m

i s s ing o r

dúll .

Whether the fu rn i tu re should include

a

d esk

depends not

upon the

in te r roga to r

1

s

convenience but

ra ther

upon

the

sub jec t

1

s ant icipated

reac t io n

to

connotat ions of

super io r i ty

and off ic ia ldom.

A

pla in

t ab le may

be preferab le .

Arj

o v e r

stuifed

chai r fo r the use of the in te r rogatee

i s

somet imes

p re fe rab l e

to a

s t ra igh t -backed , wooden chai r because i i

he

i s

m a de to stand

fo r a

lengthy per iod

o r

is

otherwise

depr ived

of

phys ica l comior t ,

the

con t ras t

is

intensi i ied

and i n c reased

d isor ien ta t ion r esu l t s . Some t rea t i ses on

in ter rogat ion

a re

emphat ic about the value

of

arrang ing the lighting so tha t i ts

source

is behind

the

in terrogator

and

glares

direct ly a t the

subject .

H e re ,

too,

a

i l a t

ru le is

unrea l i s t i c . The effect

u

pon

a

coopera t ive so u r ce i s inhibi tory ,

and

the

effect

upon

a withholding sour

ce

may be to make h im mo re s. tubborn.

Like al l other de ta i l s , th i s one depends upon

the

per sonali ty

of the

in te r roga tee .

Good

planning will

preven t

in terrupt ions . f

the

r o o m

i s a l so

used

fo r purposes other than

in ter rogat ion,

a

Do Not Dis tu rb s ign

o r

i t s equivalent should

hang

on the

door when

quest ioning

is

under way. The effect

of

someone

wander ing in

be cause·

he

forgo t

his pen

or

wants to invite the

45



in ter rogator

to

lunch

can

be

devastat ing. · F o r the

s a m e

r e a son

the re

should

not

be

a te lephone in the room; i t i s ce r t a in

to

r ing

a t

prec i se ly

the wrong

moment . M or e ove r ,

i t

i s

a

vis ible

l ink to

the

outsi.dt:;

i t s

presence

makes

a subject íee l

l e s s cu t

off,

be t t e r able to

res i s t .

The

in te r roga t ion room a i fords

ideal

condi t ions

fo r

photographing the

in ter rogatee without

hi s

knowledge by

concea l ing

a c a m e r a behind a pic tu re o r e l sewhere .

f .a new

sa iehouse

is to

be

used

as · the

in ter rogat ion

si te ,

it

should be

s tudied

care íu l ly to

be

sure tha t the to ta l

envi ronment

can

be

manipula ted

as

des i red .

F o r

example ,

the elec t r ic cu r ren t should be known in advance ,

so

tha t

t r an s ío rmer s o r .other modifying

devices

will be

on

hand. if

needed.

Arrangements a r e

usual ly

made

to

r eco rd the

in ter rogat ion,

t r an smi t i t

to another

room, o r do both.

Most

exper ienced

i n t e r roga tors do

not l ike

to

t ake no tes .

Not being

saddled

with th is chore leaves t he m f r ee

to

concent r a te

on

what sources

say,

how they say i t , and what else they do

while talking

o r

l i s tening.

Another r e a son

ío r

avoidiÚg note

taking

is

that

i t

d i s t r ac t s

and

somet imes w o rr i e s

the

i n t e r roga tee .

In

the cour se of seve ra se ss ions conducted without note- taking,

the

subjec t

is

l ike ly to

fal l into the comfor table i l lus ion tha t

he

is

not.

talkii_lg for the

record .

Another

advantage

of

the

tape

is that

i t

can be p layed ba c k l a t e r . Upon some subjects the

shock

of

hear ing the i r own

voices

unexpectedly is

unnerving.

The r e c o r d

also

preven t s l a t e r tu r i s t inqs

o r deni.als of

admis

s ions .

r ecord ing

ts a l

so

a va luable

t ra ining

aid for

in te r rogato r s ,

who

by th is

46

·:

·

....



means can

study

the i r mis tak es and their . mo s t effect ive

techniques .

Except ional ly

inst ruc tuve

- interrogations,

o r

se lec ted

port ions

thereof

can also

be

used

in the

t ra ining

of

o t h e r s .

f poss ib le ·audio equipment should a l so be used

to t r an s mi t the proceed ings to

another

rooni ,

used

as

l i s tening.post . The

main

advantage of t ransmí.ss ion is tha t

i t

enables

the p e r s o n in

charge

of

the in ter rogat ion to

note

crucial

points and

r.nap

fu r ther s t ra tegy replac ing one

in te r roga to r

with ~ o t h e r

t iming

d ramat i c

in terrupt ion

cor rec t ly etc .

t

is

al

so helpful

to

insta l l

smal l

bUnker

bulb

behind

the subjec t o r to a r r an g e some other method

of

signall ing

the

in te r roga to r

without

the so

urce

s

knowledge,

th,at

the

quest ioner should leave the

ro o m

for

consul ta t ion

o r tha t someone e l se i s about to

en ter .

4. The Par t i c ipan t s

In te r rogatees a re normal ly quest ioned separa te ly .

Separa t ion

pe rmi t s the

use of number of techniques

tha t

would

not be

possible

otherwise. I t

also in tensi f ies

in the

source

the

feeling

of being cut

off

f r o m f r iendly ~ i d ,Confrontat ion

of two o r

m o r e

suspec ts

with

each

other

in a rd e r to

produce

recr imina t ions o r admiss ions i s

especia l ly

dangerous i f not

p reced ed by separa te in te r rogat ion sess ions

which

have evoked

compliance f ro m one of the

in terrogatees

or a t

l eas t

s ignüicant

admiss ions involving both. Techniques

í o r the

separa te

in te r rogat ions

oí

l inked sources

a re

.d iscussed in P a r t IX.

The

n u mb er of

in te r rogato r

s u

sed

ío r single

in te r rogat ion case v a r í e s

í r o m one

m a n t o l a rge team.

The s ize of the

t e a m

depends on

severa l

cons idera t ions

chiefly the

impor tance of the case and

the in tens i ty of source

res i s t ance .

Although

m os t ses s io n s

consis t

of

one

in terrogator

and one in te r roga tee some of the techniques descr ibed l a te r

cal l í o r

the

p res en ce of two, th ree o r

four

in te r rogato r s . The

two-man t eam in

par t icula r

i s

subjec t

to unintended ant ipa thies

and

conflicts not cal led for by ass igned ro les . Planning

and

47

·.



S ~

subsequept

conduct should

el iminate such

c ross -cur ren t s

before

they

develop ,

espec ia l ly

because

the source will

seek

to

tu rn

t h em

t

his

advantage.

T e a m

m e m b e r s who

a re not otherwise engaged can

be

employed

to bes t a d v a n t a g ~

at

the l i s tening pos t . Inexper ienced

in te r roga to r

s f ind tha t l i s tening to the

in terrogat ion

while i t is in

p ro g re s s can be highly

educat ional .

Once que stioning

s ta r t s , the in te r rogato r is

cal led

upon

to funct ion a t two levels . He i s

t rying to

do two

seemingly

con t rad ic to ry th ings a t once:

achieve

rappor t

with·

the

subjec t

but

ren :a in

an essen t i a l ly

detached

observer .

O r

he may·

pro jec t

h imse l f to

the

re s i s t an t

in te r rogatee

as

powerful and

ominous in o rd e r to eradicc:.te res i s t ance

and crea te the

necessa ry conditions fo r rappor t while

remain ing

wholly

uncommit ted

a t the deeper leve l , noting the s ignif icance of

the subjec t

s

reac t ions

and the effec t iveness of his own

per fo rmance .

P o o r

in_terrogator s often

confuse

th is

b i - leve l

functioning

wi th

ro le -p lay ing , but there

is

a vi tal

difference.

The in te r roga to r

who

mere ly p re tends , in his

sur face pe r formance ,

to

fee l

a given emotion o r to hold a given at t i tude toward

the

source i s l ike ly to be unconvincing; the source quickly sen ses

the

decept ion .

Even

ch i ld ren

a re

v ery

quick to fee l

th is kind

of pre tense .

To

be

p e r s u as i v e , the

sympathy o r anger

mu s t

be

genuine;

but to

be

useful , i t mu s t

not

in te r fe re with the

deeper level .of p r ec i s e , unaffected

observat ion.

Bi- leve l

functioning i s not d i i f icul t o r even unusual; m o s t people ac t

a t

t imes

as both

p e r fo rm e r

and o b s e rv e r

unless. thei r

emot ions a r e

so deeply

involved

in the

s i tuat ion tha t the

cr i t i ca l

facul ty

dis in tegra tes . Through

exper ience the

in te r roga to r

becomes adep t

in

th i s dua l i sm.

The in te r roga to r

who f inds tha t he

has

be come emotional ly involved and

is

no

longer capable

of

unimpa i red

objectivity should

repor t

the

fac t s

so

tha t a subst i tu t ion can be

made .

Despi te

al l

planning effo r t s to se lec t an

in te r roga to r

whose age ,

background, ski l l s ,

personal i ty ,

and exper ience

make

h i m the be

s t

choice fo r

the job,

i t

somet ime s

happens

tha t both que s t ioner and subjec t fee l , when

they

f i r s t meet ,

:



an immedia te a t t rác t ion

o r

antipathy which is so

strong

that

a

change

of in te r roga tors

quickly

becomes

essent ial . No

in te r roga to r should be re luc tan t to notify

his superior

when

emotional

involvement

be come

S evident.

Not the

react ion

but a fa i lu re

to

r epor t i t would

be

evidence of a l ack of

profess iona l i sm.

Other

rea sons for

changing in te r rogato rs should be

ant icipated and avoided

a t

the

out

se t .

During

the fir s t pa r t

of the i n t ~ r r o g t i o n the

developing

relat ionship between the

ques t ioner . and the ini t ial ly uncoopera t ive source i s more

impor tan t

than the informat ion obtained; when this

relat ionship·

is

des t royed

by

a

change

of

in terrogator

s .

the

replacement

m u s t s ta r t

nea r ly f r o m scratch . n fact , he s tar ts

with

a

handicap. be cause exposure

to

in terrogat ion

will

have made

the

source

a mo re effect ive re s i s te r . Therefore the

base .

s ta t ion, should

not ass ign

as chief in terrogator

a pe rson whose

availabil i ty

will

end

before the est imated

comple t ion of the

case .

5.

The Timing

Before in te r rogat ion

s t a ~ t s

the

m o u ~ t

of

t ime

probab ly r eq u i r ed and probably avai lable to

both

in te r rogato r

and

in te r roga tee

should be calculated. f

the subject

is not

to be under

detent ion his n o rmal schedule i s ascer ta ined

in

advance. so that

he

will not have to

be

re leased at a cri t ica

point because he has an appointment o r has to go

to

work.

Because

pull ing

information f ro m

a

reca lc i t ran t

subject is

the

h a rd way oí doing bus iness , in te r rogat ion should

not begin

unti l

al l per t inent facts

available

f ro m overt

and f r o m

cooperat ive s o u rces have been assembled.

In te r rogat ion

sess ions

with

a

res i s t an t source who i s

under detent ion should not be held on an

unvarying

schedule

The capaci ty for

res i s tance

is d i minished by disorientat ion.

The

subject m a y be le f t

alone

for days; and he may be re tu rned

to his cel l , a l lowed to s leep for

five

minutes ,

and

brought back



to an

in ter rogat ion

which

is

conducted

as

t ~ o u h eight

hours

had

in te rvened .

The

pr inc ip le is

that

session.s

should

be so

planned

as to dis rup t the source

1

s sense

oí

chronological o rd e r .

6.

The

Termina t ion

The

end

oí an

in te r roga t ion

should be planped

be íore

quest ion ing

s t a r t s .

The

kinds oí ques t ions asked , the

methods

employed , and even

the

goals sought m ay be shaped by

what

w i l l happen when the end

i s r eached .

If

he i s

to

be

r e l eased u

pon

the loca l e

conomy

perhap

s

blackl i

s ted a s a suspe c ted

host i le agent

but

not

subjected

to subsequent counter inte l l igence

survei l lance ,

i t

i s imp or tan t

to avoid

an i .nconclusive ending

that

has warned the i .n ter rogatee

o í

our doubts

but

has es tab l i shed

nothing.

The

poor e s t

i .nterrogati .ons

a re

those tha t

t ra i l

off

into an inconclus ive nothingne s s .

A

number o í

prac t i ca t e rmina l de ta i l s should

a l so

be cons ide red in advance. Ar e the source

1

s

documen t s

t be

r e tu rn ed to him, and wil l they be avai lable

in

t ime? Is J; e

to

be pa id? f

he is

a í ab r i ca to r or hos t i l e agen t , has he been

photographed

and

í i nge rpr in ted? Are ·

sub sequent contac ts

n eces sa ry o r d es i r ab l e , and

have

recon tac t p rov i s ions

been

a r r a n g e d ? Has a qui t -c l a im been

obta ined?

A s

was no ted

a t the beginning

oí th is

sec t ion ,

the

success íu l in t e r roga t ion of a s t rongly res i s t an t source

ord ina r i ly

involves two

key

p ro ces ses : the

calcula ted regress i .on

o í

the

i n t e r roga tee and

the provis ion

of an

acceptable rati .onalizati .on.

f

these

two

s teps

have been taken , i t

become

s

v ry

i .mportant

to cl inch the new

t ractabi . l i ty

by

m e a ns of conver s ion . In

other wor ds ,

a

subject

who

ha s

f inal ly divulged

the

i .nformati .on

sought

and

who

ha s

been gi.ven

a reason fo r divulgi.ng

which sa lves

his se l i -e

s t e e m ,

hi.s conscience ,

o r

both

wil l

oí ten

be

in a mood

to take

the

f inal s tep o í accepting the

in te r rogato r

s

va lues and

making common

cause

with

him. f opera t iona l

use

is now

50

S ~

·:



contempla ted , convers ion

is

impera t ive .

But even i

the source

has

no

fu r ther value a i t e r his fund of informat ion

h as been

mined,

spending

some

ex t ra

t ime

with

h im

in

orde r

to

rep lace h is

new

sen se of

empt ine

s s with new values can be good

i nsurance .

.AH

non-Communis t s e rv i ces

a re

bothered a t t imes by disgrunt led

ex in te r roga tees who p re s s

demands and th rea ten

o r

take host i le

act ion

if the de m a nds

a re not satisf ied. Deíec to rs

in

par t i cu la r ,

b ecau se they

a r e

oí ten host i le toward any

kind

oí

author i ty ,

cause

t rouble

by

threa tening

o r bringing sui ts in

loca l

cour t s ,

ar rang ing

publ ica t ion

oí

vengeíul s to r i es ,

o r

going

to

the loca l

pol ice . The f o r m e r

in ter rogatee i s esp ecia l ly l ike ly

to be a

íu tu re t ro i lb le -maker i dur ing

in ter rogat ion he

was subjected

to

a

f o r m

of compuls ion imposed

í r o m

outside

himsel f .

Time

spen t ,

a i te r the

in te r rogat ion ends , in

for tifying

the s o u rce s

sense oí accep tance in

the

in te r roga to r s

wor ld may

be

only

a

f rac t ion oí the t ime req u i red to bott le

up

his a t tempts to gain

r ev en g e . Mo reo v e r , convers ion

may crea te a useíul

and

endur ing asse t .

See

a l so

r emark s

in

VIII

4 . )

5



VIII.

THE

NON-COERCIVE

COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

INTERROGATION

A . Genera l Rernarks

The

t e r m non-coerc ive is

used

above

to denote

rnethods of

in terrogat ion

-that

a re

not based

upon the

coerc ion o í a n unwil l ing

sub jec t

t h rough the

employrne

nt o í super io r

fo rce

or ig inat ing

out

s ide hirnself . However , the non-coercive

in ter rogat ion

is

not

conducted

without p r e s s u r e . On the contrary , the goal is to

gen

e ra t e rnaxirnun1

pres su re ,

o r at leas t

as

m u c h a s

is needed

to induce

compl iance ; The

dif ference i s that

the pre ssure

is genera ted

inside

the in te r roga tee . His res i s t ance

is

sapped, his urge to yield is

fort i f ied, unt i l in the end he defeats

hirnself .

Manipula t ing the subjec t

psychologically

unti l

he becornes

complian t , without

applying

externa rnethods

oí forc ing him to

submit , sounds

ha rde r than

i t is

The

in i t ia l advantage ' l ies with

the

in te r roga to r .

F r o m

the

outset ,

he knows

a

grea t dea l mo re

about the source than

the

source knows about h im. And

he

can

c rea t e

and

ampl i fy

an· effect oí omniscience in a

number

oí ways.

F o r example , he

can

show the in terrogatee

a

thick file bear ing

his

own

na m e . E ve n if

the

f i le conta ins

l i t t le o r

nothing but blank

paper ,

the

a i r oí fami l i a r i ty with which the

in te r roga to r

· refers to

the

subject ' s

background can convince sorne sources that a l l i s

known and tha t r e s i s t an ce

is

futi le.

1f the in te r roga tee is under detention,

the

in te r rogato r can

a ls

o manipula

e

his

envi ronment .

Merely

by cutt ing

off

al l

other

human e

ontac ts , the

in te r roga to r

monopol izes the socia l envi ron

m e n t

o í the source . (3) He exerc i ses

' the

powers

of

an al l -poweríul

paren t , de te rminfng

when

the source will be sent to bed, when and

what he

will

ea t , whether he will be rewarded for

good behavior

o r

punished fo r

being

bad. The in te r rogato r can and does m ak e

the

5l



s ~ b j e c t s

world not only

unlike the world

' to which he

had been

accus tomed but a lso s t range in

i t sel f a wor ld

in which

fami l i a r

pat te rns

of

t ime

space

and

sensory

percept ion

a re

over thrown.

He

can shif t the envi ronment abruptly. F o r example, a source who

re fuses to talk. a t a l l

can

be placed in unpleasant sol i tary conf ine-

ment for

a

t ime. Then

a

f r iendly

soul t rea ts

him to an unexpected

walk in the

woods.

Exper iencing rel ief and

exhilarat ion,

the

subjec t

will usual ly

find

i t impossib le not to respond to innocuous comments

on the weathe r and the f lowers . These

a re

expanded

to include

remin iscences and soon

a precedent

of

verba l

exchange has been

establ i shed.

Both the Germans and the Chinese have used this

t r ick

ef fec t ive ly

•

The

in te r roga to r a l so chooses the emotional

key

o r keys in

which the

in terrogat ion o r

any

pa r t

of i t

will be

played.

Because of these and other advantages ,

. . (3)

B .

The

St ruc ture

of

the

Interrogat ion

A counter in te l ligence in te r rogat ion consis ts

of four par t s :

the opening, the reconna i ssance the deta i led quest ioning .and the

conclus i6n.

l The Opening

Most

res i s tant

in ter rogatees

block

off

access

to

signif i -

cant counter in te l ligence

in their p o s ~ P . s s i o n for one o r mo re oí

íour

reasons .

The

f i rs t

is

a specif ic

negative

react ion

to

the

intel: rogator.

Poor ini t ia l handling

o r

a fundamenta l an t i -

path;r can

makP

:

rrce u n c o o p ~ r t i v e

even

if he

has

nothing

significaG.t o r damaging

to conceal . The second

<;:ause

i s tha t

sorne

sources a re res is tant

by na ture

i e , by P.arly

condit ioning to any cornpliar

::e

with authori ty.

The

th i rd is

that the subjec t bel ieves that the informat ion sought

will

be

53

E T

·



damaging o r

incr iminat ing

fo::: him

personal ly

~ h a t

cooperat ion

with the in te r roga tor wil l have consequences

more

painful

for

h im than

the

resul ta

oí non-cooperat ion.

The

fourth

is

ide

ological res i s tance .

The source

has

identif ied hims elf

with

a

cause

a polí t ica

movement

or organizat ion, o r

an

opposit ion 1':ltelligence

service .

Regardless of

h i ~

at t i tude

toward the in te r roga to r · his

own

personali ty ,

and

his f ea r s

for

the iu ture

the person who is

deeply devoted

to

a host i le

cause

will ordinar i ly

preve

s t rongly res i s tant under in te r roga-

+"

.1on.

A

p-rincipal goal

during the

opening phase

is

to

conf i rm

the

personal i ty

asse ssment

obtained

through screening and to

allow the

in te r roga tor to gain a deeper understanding

oí the

source as

an individual . Unless t ime

is

crucial the in te r roga

t e r should

not

become impat ient i the in te r rogatee wanders

í r o m the purposes of the interrogation and

rever ta

to

persona l

concerns . Significant

facts

not

produced

during screening

may

be

revealed . The se reening repor t

i t sel f

is brought to

l i fe,

the type becomes an individual, as the subject· ta lks . And

so met imes

seeming ly

rambling monologues about persona l

mat te rs

a r e pre ludes to

significant

admiss ions .

Sorne

people

cannot

br ing themse lves

to

provide

information

that '

puts

them

in

an

unfavorable l ight until, through a lengthy prefa to ry

ra t ional izat ion ,

they

feel that

they have se t the stage, that the

in te r roga tor

wil l now unders tand why they

acted

as they

did.

I f

face- :saving

is

necessa ry

to the in te r rogatee

i t will be a

waste of

t ime to t ry to force h im to

cut the pre l iminar ies shor t

and

get down

to cases . In his

view,

he

is

deal ing with

the

impor tan t topic, the

why.

He will

be offended

and

may

become

wholly uncoopera t ive i í

íaced

with ins is tent demanda í o r the

naked

what.

There is another

advantage

in

lettit...g

the

subject

ta lk

í r e e ly and even ramblingly in the f i rs t stage oí

in te r roga

t ion. The in te r roga tor is

f ree

to

observe. Human beings

communicate

a grea t

deal

by

non-verbal mean s . Skilled.

in te r roga tors for exa1nple,

l i s ten

closely to voices and

l ea rn

a grea t

dea l

í r o m

them. An interrogation

is not mere ly a

54

S T

~ _ ;

¡

.

·

:

·

?

·

r

:

:

·

·

'



verba l

per fonnance ; i t i s a vocal

performance ,

and

the

voice

projects tension,

fear ,

a

dislike

of cer ta in tapies , and

other

useful pieces

of information.

It

is

a lso helpful

to

watch

the sub jec t s mouth,

which

is as a ru le m uc h more. reveal ing

than his eyes . Gestures and

postures

a l so

tel l

a

s to ry

f

a

sub jec t

nonna l ly gest icula tes broadly

a t t imes and

is

a t

other t imes physica l ly re laxed

but

a t sorne point s i ta st iff ly

mot ion less , his posture is l ikely to

be

the physical image of

his menta l

tension. The

in terrogator

should make a

menta l

note of

the

topic that

caused

such

a

reac t ion .

One textbook on

in terrogat ion l is ta· the following physical

indicators

of

emot ions

and

recommends that in te r roga tors

note

them,

not

as

conclusive proofs

but

as a s se ssment

aids:

1) A ruddy

or

f lushed

face is

an

indicat ion

of anger

o r

emb ar ra s s men t

but

not

necessar i ly of guil t .

2} A cold sweat is a s t rong s ign of fear

and

shock.

3} A

pale

face indica tes fear and usual ly shows that

the in te r roga to r is

hitt ing

close to the

.mark .

4} A

d ry

mouth denotes

nervousness .

5}

Nervous

tension

is

also shown

by wringing

a

handkerchief

o r

clenching the hands t ightly.

{6) Emotional

s t ra in

o r tension m a y cause a pumping

of

the hear t

which

becomes

vis ib le

in

the pulse

and throat .

7)

8)

A s l ight gasp,

holding

the

breath , o r an unsteady

voice may bet ray the subject .

F idget ing

m a y

take

many fo rma, al l

of which

a re

good

indicat ions of

nervousness .



9)

lO)

A m a n

under

emotional st:i:ain

or

nervous tension

wil l

involuntar ily draw

his elbows to his s ides .

It

is

a

protec t ive deíense mechanism.

The movement oí the íoot

when

ene leg is c rossed

over

the knee oí the other can serve as an indica t e r .

The circulat ion oí

the

blood

to the lower leg is

par t ia l ly

cut

off,

thereby causing

a sl ight

l ift o r

movement

oí the f ree

íoot with

each

hear t beat .

This

becomes mo re

pr.onounced

and observable

as the

pulse ra te inc reases .

Pau s es are

a lso

signií icant . Whenever

a perseo

is

ta lking

about

a

subject

o í

consequence to

himself , he goe s through

a

procesa oí

advance se l f -moni tor ing,

per ío rmed

a t l ightning

speed . This sel í -moni toring

s

more intense í

the

perseo i s

ta lking

to

a s t range r

and especial ly

intense

i í he

is

answer ing

the s t range r s quest ions.

Its

purpose is

to keep f ro m

the

ques t ioner

any guilty i n f o r m ~ i o n o r iníormation

that

would be

damaging

t the

speaker s

sel f -es teem. When questions o r

answers

get

c lose to

sensi t ive a rea s

the pre-scann ing

is

l ikely

to

crea te menta l blocks. These in turn

produce

unnatura l

pauses

meaningless sounds

designed to give

the

s p eak e r mo re

t i me

o r

othe:r

in terrupt ions .

It is

not

easy

to

dist inguish

between innocent

blocks

- - things

held back for reasons of

persona l

pres t ige

- - and guil ty blocks - - things the in te r ro

gator

needs to lcnow. But the success íu l establ ishment o í

r ap p o r f

will

tend

to el iminate innocent blocks, or

a t

leas t to

keep t h em to

a rnin:Unurn.

The

establ ishment of

rapport i s the

second

principal

purpose of

the

opening phase oí

the

in terrogat ion. Somet imes

the

in te r roga tor

knows in advance, as a resul t of screen ing

that

the subjec t

wil l

be

uncooperat ive.

At

other

t imes

the

probabi l i ty oí res is tance is establ ished without

s c r e e n i n g ~

detected

hosti le agents, íor

example ,

usually

have

not

only

the wil l to

res i s t but a lso

the

means , through a

cover

s tory o r

other explanation. But the auticipatiou oí

withholding

inc reases

ra the r than diminishes , the value of rappor t .

In

other words ,

·



S ~

a

l ack of

rappor t may cause

an

in terrogatee

to withhold

informat ion tha t he would otherwise

provide

freely ,

whereas

the

existence

of

rappor t

m a y

induce

an

in te r rogatee

who

is

in i t ia lly determined to withhold to change his attitude·. T h ere

fore the in te r roga to r must not

become

host i le

if

confronted

with ini t ial hosti l i ty, o r in

any

other

way

conf i rm such

negative att i tudes as he may encounter a t the outset .

During

th is f i r s t

phase

his

att i tude

should rem ain bus iness - l ike but

also quietly (not ostentat iously) fr iendly and welcoming.

Such

opening r e m a rk s by subjec ts

as , know

what

you

so-and-so

s are a f te r , and I can te l l you r ight now

tha t

you

re nof going to get i t

f ro m

m e

are bes t handled by an

unperturbed

Why

don

t

you

te l l

me what

has

made

you

an g ry ?

At th is s tage

the in te r roga to r should

avoid being

drawn into

conflict , no

mat te r how provocatory may

be the

at t i tude o r

language of the in te r roga tee . If

he

meets t rucu lence

with

nei ther

ins incere

protes tat ions

that

he is the subjec t

s

pal

nor an equal anger

but

ra the r a ca lm in te res t

in v.hat

has

aroused

the

subjec t , the in terrogator has gained

two

advantages

r ight

a t

the s tar t .

He

has establ ished the super ior i ty that he

wil l need l a te r , a s the

quest ioning

develops, and he has i n c reas ed

the chances of establ ishing

rappor t .

How long the opening phase cont inues depends

upon

how

long i t t akes to es tablisb.

rappor t o r

to de te rmine that volun

t a ry cooperat ion is

unobtainable .

It may be l i tera l ly a m a t t e r

of s e c o ~ d s

o r

i t m a y be a drawn-out , up-hl l l bat t le . Even

though the

cos t

in t ime and patience i s somet imes high, the

effort to

make

the subject fee l that

his

quest ioner is a

symp athet ic f igure

should

not

be

abandoned

until

a:ll reasonab le

re sources

have

been

exhausted

(unless,

of

course, the i n t e r ro

gation does not

mer i t

much t ime . Otherwise , the cbances

a r e

tha t

the

in te r rogat ion

will not produce opt imum resul ta .

In

fact ,

i t

i s

l ike ly

to be

a

fai lure ,

and

the

in te r roga to r

should

not

be dis suaded f ro m the effort to es tabl ish rapp'ort

by

an

inward conviction that no m a n in bis r ight mind

would

inc r imi

nate

himsel f

by providing

the

kind of informat ion that

is sought.

The his to ry

of

in te r rogat ion is full of

confessions

and other

se l f - incr imina t ions tba t were in es sen ce the

resul t

of

a subst i

tution of the in te r rogat ion world for

the world outs ide .

In



S y<

other words, as

the

sights and sounds ·of an

outs ide

world

fade

away,

ts signif icance fo r the in terrogatee tends

to

do l ike-

wise .

That wor ld

is

replaced

by

the

in terrogat ion room,

i ta

two occupants, and the dynamíc re la t ionship between them.

As

in terrogat ion

goes on, the subject

tends increasingly to

divulge

o r withhold in accordance with

the values of the

in terrogat ion world

ra ther

than

those

of the outs ide world

unless the

periods· of quest ioning are only

brief

in terrupt ions

in

his

normal l i fe . In

th is

smal l wor ld

of

two

inhabi tan ts

c lash

of

personal i t ies - -

as dist inct f ro m a conflict

of

purposes

as s u mes exaggera ted force, l ike

a tornado

in

a wind-tunnel .

The

s .e l f -esteem of the in te r rogatee and of the in terrogator b eco mes

involved,

and the

in te r rogatee fights to keep his secre ta f r o m

his opponent fo r subject ive reasons , because he is

gr imly

determined not to

be

the lose r ,

the

infer ior . f on

the

other

hand the in terrogator establ ishes rapport , the subjec t m a y

withhold because

of other reasons , but his res i s tance often

l acks the bi t ter , las t -d i tch

intensi ty

that resul ta i f

the

con tes t

becomes personal ized . ·

The interro.gator

who senses o r determines in the

opening

phase

that what he i s hear ing is

a

legend should

res i s t the f i rs t ,

natu ra l

impulse to demons t ra te i ts

fals i ty . In

sorné in te r ro

gatees

the

ego-demanda,

the need

to

save

face,

a r e

so

in te r

twined

with

preservat ion of

the

cover

s to ry that

calli.ng the

Inan

a

l i a r

will mere l y in tensi fy res is tance.

It is

bet ter

to

leave

an avenue o escape,

a

loophole which permi ta the so u rce to

co r r ec t his s tory without looking foolish.

f i t

is

decided, much la ter in

the

in terrogat ion, to

confront the in te r rogatee with proof of lying, the following

re la ted advice about l ega l c ross -examinat ion may

prove

helpful.

Much dependa

upon the sequence in

which

one conducta

1

the

cross -examina t ion

of

a dishonest w.itness. You should

never hazard

the

i :mportant

question unti l you have la id

the

foundation

for

i t in

such a

way

that ,

when

confronted with the

fact , the witness

can ne i ther deny n o r explain i t . One often



sees

the

most damaging

documentary

evidence,

in the

forma

of

le t ters

or affidavits , fal l absolute ly f lat

as

be t r aye r s of

.

fa lsehood,

mere ly

because

of

the

unskil l iul

way

in which

they·

a r e handled. f you hav3 in your possess ion

a

l e t t e r ·wr i t t en

'·

by the witness , in which he

takes

an opposi te posi t ion on

sorne

par t

of the case to the one he has jus t

sworn

to, avoid the

c ommon

e r r o r

of

showing

the witness

the

l e t te r for ident i f ica-

t ion, and then

reading

i t

to

h im

with the

inqui ry , What have

you to say to

tha t?

1

During the

reading

of his l e t t e r the

witness

will be collect ing his thoughts

and getting ready

bis

explanat ions in anticipation of

the

quest ion tha t

is

to follow,

and fhe effect

of

the damaging l e t te r wil l

be los t . • • The

co r rec t

method

of using

such

a

l e t t e r

is

to

lead

the

witness

quiet ly into

repeat ing

the staternents he has made in

his

di rec t tes t imony,

and

which his l e t t e r

contradic ts .

Then

read

i t

off

to him.

The witness

has Íno

explanation7.

He has s tated

the fact , there

is nothing to qualify. (41)

2.

The Reconnaissance

l the

in te r roga tee i s coopera t ive a t the outset

or i

rappor t i s

es tabl i shed

during

the

opening phase, and the source

becomes cooperat ive, the reconnaissance

s tage

is

need less ;

the in ter rogator

proceeds

direct ly

to detai led quest ioning.

But i

the in te r roga tee

is

withholding,

a

per iod of

explora -

t ion

is neces sa ry . Assumpt ions have

normal ly

been

made

a l ready a s

to

what he

i s

withholding:

.that

he is a fabr ica tor ,

o r an RlS agent ,

or something

.else he

deems it. impor tant

to

conceal . O r

the

assun1ption may·

be that

he had knowledge of

such act ivi t ies car r ied out by someone else . At any ra te , the

purpose of the r econnaissance is to provide

a

qÜick test ing of

the

assumpt ion

and, more

important ly ,

to

probe the

causes ,

extent ,

and

in tensi ty of

res i s tancc .

During

the

opening

phase

the in ter rogator

will

have

cha:rted the

probable

a reas of

res i s tance

by noting

those

topics

which caused

emot ional o r physical

react ions,

speech blocks,

OJ; other indicators . He now begins to probe these a rea s .

Every exper ienced in te r roga tor

has

noted

that

i an in te r roga tee

S



is withholding, hls anxiety

inereases

as the quest ioning

n ea r s

the mark .

The

safer the

topie , the

m o r e

voluble the

souree .

But

as the

quest ions malee him inereasingly un-

eomfor tab le the in te r rogatee beeornes l e ss

eommunieat ive

o r perhaps

e

ven

host i le .

During the opening

phase

the

in te r roga to r

has

gone

along

with this p;r:oteetive rneehanism.

Now, however ,

he

keeps eorning baek to eaeh a r ea

of

sens i

t ivi ty unti l he has deterrnined the

loeation of

eaeh

and the

in tensi ty í

the

defenses.

f res i s tanee

is slight, m e re

pers i s t enee m a y overeorne

it;

and de.tailed

quest ioning

may

follow immediately .

But

if res is tanee is st rong,

new

topie

should

be

introdueed, and detai led

quest ioning

reserved

fo r the

th l rd s t age .

Two dangers are especia l ly l ikely

to

appear during the

reeonnais sanee.

Up to tbis

point the in terrogator has not

eontinued l ine

of

quest ioning

when

res is tance was eneountered.

Now, however , he does

so, and

rappor t may

be s t ra ined .

Sorne in te r roga tees

will

take this

ehange

personal ly and

tend to

personal ize the eonfliet .

The

in te r rogato r should r es i s t

th is

tendeney.

f he succurnbs

to

it , and beeomes engaged in

batt le

of wits he

m a y

not be

able

to aeeompl i sh the

f:ask

a t

hand. The

seeond temptat ion

to

avoid

i s

the

natural

inel inat ion

to r e s o r t premature ly to ruses

o r

eoere ive teehniques in

orde r

to set t le the mat t e r then and there . The bas ie purpose

of

the

reeonnaissance

is

to

determine

the kind and degree of p re s s u re

that wi l l be needed in the th i rd

stage.

The in te r roga to r should

r e s e rv e his f i re -power

unti l he

.knows what he is up .against .

3. The Detai led Questioning

a .

f rappor t

is

establ ished and if the

in te r rogatee

has

nothing

signif ieant

to

hide, detai led questioning

presenta only routine problema. The rna jor

routine

e

onsidera t ions

are the

following:

··

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