CIES SPRING 1985

DECIES Spring 1985

C O N T E N T S

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Archaeological Excavation abroad & a t home.

From the Naval Chronicle Vol 1,1799

The Ogharn Stones a t Drwnlohan, reconsidered.

The Coming of the Celts.

The Waterford City Traniway.

Waterford Harbour Commissioners' Records.

The Old Order Changeth - St . Paul's, Ardmore.

Bally Lough Archaeological Project

Some Charitable Inst i tut ions of Old Waterford.

~tlembership of 0. W. S.

0. W. S. Programme

Contributor

Paul M. Kerrigan

E. M. Kirwan

Benedict O'Sullivan,O.P

Albert Thornton

Anthony J. Brophy

~iobh/an Lincoln

Marek Zvelebil & Stanton W. Green Richard Lahert

C O V E R

A recent sketch by Fergus Dillon of the Protestant Hall in Catherine Street . Built in 1859-61 by Mr. John Fitzpatrick t o the &sign of M r . Abraham Denny, it is in the I ta l iana te s ty le , brick-faced with granite dressings. Now known as St . Catherine's Hall, it is used as a venue for a l l kinds of meetings and functions.

DECIES is published thr ice yearly by the Old Waterford Society, in January, May and September and is issued f ree t o members.

A l l a r t i c l e s and i l lus t ra t ions copyright of contributors.

EDITQR IAL

We d i r e c t our r e a d e r s ' a t t e n t i o n t o t h e cond i t ion of Kilbunny Church, Por t law - a good example of Hiberno - Romanesque and one much admired by Canon Power. A t one time i t conta ined what must have been an i tem of r a r e a n t i q u i t y , namely, a s l a b bea r ing an e f f i g y and an i n s c r i p t i o n showing i t t o be t h a t of S a i n t Munnia h imse l f . I t d isappeared sometime p r i o r t o 1950. There were a l s o some o t h e r non-contemporary i tems t h e r e - some carved a l t a r s l a b s of u n c e r t a i n d a t e and p a r t s of windows s a i d t o have come from C h r i s t Church, Waterford. The former a r e b e l i e v e d t o be now i n t h e possess ion o f t h e Nat ional Museum and t h e l a t t e r t o be s t o r e d i n Clonegam Church.

The County Council dese rves c r e d i t f o r t h e manner i n which they d e a l t w i t h t h e surroundings of t h e church. I t i s w e l l fenced and easy of a c c e s s , b u t t h e f a b r i c of t h e b u i l d i n g i s now a t r i s k . Despi te r e p e a t e d warnings by t h e S o c i e t y , p o r t i o n of t h e west wa l l above t h e 11 th cen tu ry doorway has c o l l a p s e d , and i t must be expected t h a t , wi thout e a r l y remedial work, d i s i n t e g r a t i o n w i l l be p r o g r e s s i v e .

The Nat ional Monuments s e c t i o n of t h e O f f i c e of P u b l i c Works i s n o t p repared t o t a k e i t i n c a r e and they r e f e r us back t o t h e County Council . The masonry r e p a i r s c a l l e d f o r a r e no t such a s t o r e q u i r e any s k i l l beyond t h a t of a good craf tsman. So, once more we make a d i r e c t appeal t o Waterford County Council t o r e p a i r t h i s venerable b u i l d i n g .

J. S. C a r r o l l . (on beha l f of t h e E d i t o r i a l Committee).

The e d i t o r i a l of Decies XXVI c a r r i e d an e x t r a o r d i n a r y e r r o r f o r which we apo log i se - t h e r e f e r r a l t o t h e former temporary cour thouse i n OIConnell S t r e e t a s t h e former Barker House. This was, of c o u r s e , t h e Gar te r Lane A r t s Cent re , p rev ious ly t h e L ib ra ry . How t h i s happened we w i l l never know b u t we a r e g r a t e f u l t h a t our a t t e n t i o n was drawn t o i t .

J . S. C .

E X C A V A T 10 N - abroad & a t home

One cannot but note with pleasure the growth, in recent years, of local h is tor ica l societ ies , matched by a growing interest i n archaeological excavation. This is true of both parts of Ireland, while in Britain and Western Europe urban archaeology has been established cm a firm footing.

Some idea of the extent and diversity of these operations may be gained from the descriptions given in an at t rac t ive magazine called "A Future on our Past" published by the Council of Europe. Various aspects of conservation are dealt w i t h in different issues but No. 23 - 1984 is of particular interest t o I r i sh readers in so f a r tha t it deals with urban excavation generally but rates the Wood Quay discoveries highly, comparing them favourably with what has been done and continues t o be done a t York (the Coppergate), a t Lubeck in the Federal Republic of Germany, a t Trelleborg i n Denmark and elsewhere.

From the home front comes the excellent news of archaeological excavatians i n hand and projected by Waterford Corporation : -

(1) The Shambles s i t e , High Street/Exchange Street'.

This has been i n operation since early September, with M s . Sarah Stevens as Supervisor, and a s t a f f of three assistant archaeologists, seven t o eight labourers and an artist/draughtsman.

The s i t e is of significance principally because of its location on the High Street. As such, it is the first s i t e to be excavated' within the core of the medieval c i ty . To date large quantities of bone and pottery shards have been discovered, as well as extensive ce l lars (probably 17th century) and a well. I t is too early t o say how deep it w i l l go o r what further information w i l l be g1 eaned . (2) Grady ' S Yard/Railway Square.

This s i t e is i n fac t two smaller s i t e s - one in Grady's Yard, the other between the Watch Tower and Manor Street. The Grady's Yard s i t e is significant in that it is bounded by the City Wall, is close t o John's River and is reputed t o contain remains of the "Bastion Towerf'. The Railway Square side includes the in ter ior of the Watch Tower and the l ine of the City Wall from t h i s Tower t o the s i t e of the former Gates. I t is hoped t o uncover remains of the City Wall here (and perhaps some remnants of the Gates ?).

Archaeological Excavation - zhroad a t home.

(3) Deanery Garden.

This s i t e contains the former Deanery garden between that building and the City Hall. I t contains within it the Deanery Crypt, now believed to be, in fact, an undercroft. I t is hoped to expose the Crypt and thereby, perhaps, to throw some l ight on its origin and purpose, and to weatherproof it. Then the remainder of the Garden w i l l be excavated to see what other evidence exists of medieval settlement in the area.

Both (2 ) and (3) commenced during the first week of December. In each case there is a supervising archaeologist, two or three assistant archaeologists and seven t o eight labourers.

These three schemes are under the overall control of the planning officer of the Corporation and are funded from an Environmental Works Scheme of the Department of the Environment.

Further proposals for next year include the creation of a small public park a t Spring Garden Alley, t o incorporate St. Martin's Gate and resotration work on the Watch Tower a t Railway Square. Further archaeological excavations are also likely.

From the Naval Chronicle vol. 1 1799

Monthly Register of Events. February March 1799 waterfbrd February 14th. Yesterday arrived a t the Passage, the Admiral de Vries, of 64 guns, Captain White, one of the vessels taken by Admiral Duncan from the Dutch off the coast of Holland, in the famous bat t le of the l l t h of October. We hear she is to convey transports from our harbour to England, with troops who are t o be embarked from New Geneva

The naval ba t t le referred to is the Battle of Camperdown, l l t h October 1797, when for some unhown reason the Dutch f l ee t put to sea, and w a s defeated by the Royal Navy under Admiral Duncan. I t is not clear why Admiral De Winter s e t out from the Texel with the Dutch f lee t . In July and August 1797 the f lee t with some 15,000 troops on board w a s waiting for a favourable wind to s a i l t o Ireland; Wolfe Tone w a s on board and describes the frustration of waiting for a chance t o sa i l . The expedition t o Ireland in aid of the United Irishmen w a s abandoned in September; it might have had much more chance of success than the French expedition t o Bantry Bay i n December 1796.

The Admiral de Vries of 64 guns was the smallest size of ' l ine of ba t t l e t , or ship of the line, the usual s ize being 74 guns, with larger three-

dec shif e r s of 90 or 100 guns. The Dutch tended to have more 64 gun two-deckers than the British or French, as the smaller vessel w a s more suitable for the shallower waters off Holland.

The troops being transported from New Geneva Barracks, conveyed in ttransportst or merchant vessels equipped for that purpose, escorted by the Admiral de Vries, were possibly sent to IreJand the year before a t the time of the 1798 Rising.

Paul M. Kerrigan.

The Ogham Stones at Dnnnlohan, reconsidered.

Fig. 1. Dnmilohan, Facing South l s t , 4th & 5th Lintels & 1st & 3rd Lining Stones on East Side.

Fig. 2. Fourth Lintel.

THE OGHAM STONES AT

The second quarter of the nineteenth century witnessed a sudden flourishing of interest i n the deciphering of ogham inscriptions. This seems to have been the direct result of the discovery of the keys to the ogham alphabet in the Book of Ballymote, where it was apparent that $he system of writing employed in ogham was based broadly on the Latin alphabet. Consequently, the discovery of the ogham chamber a t Drumlohan, K i l m a c t h o ~ ~ ~ , w a s folluwed with great interest ; discovered by farm labourers who were clearin away a fen in 1867, it might A have gone unnoticed had word not reached fur e r afield. Speculation and informd debate folluwed, the results of which were published by the Royal Academy of Ireland and the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. By 1899 the debate seems t o have waned largely.4

Decies-without-Dnm! is particularly rich in its number of ogham stones and Drumlohan i t s e l f has other remains within the area of the ogham monument .S

When the ogham stones were discovered st Dnrmlohan, it was evident imediately that they had been used primarily as building materials @I the censtruction of the underground chamber i n which they were se t . There are ten stmes that have been inscribed with crgham and the question of the actual origin of these stones remains open. I t is quite certain that they had been inscribed long before being used as supports and roofing stones, and it is supposed that they came from the inmediate vicinity. The exact age of both underground chamber (souterrain) and ogham stones is uncertain.

The souterrain was found not t o contain any human remains. Like other such souterrains it was oblong i n shape and quite small, measuring about nine feet ten inches long, about four feet ten inches wide and about four feet &our inches high. A passage a t the east end measured five feet i n l e ~ ~ t h , about two feet three inches wide and about two feet two inches high. Another opening, measuring 21 square inches, lay a t the north end.6 I t is not certain whether the souterrain had a function, or indeed what w a s its purpose.

The major concern of those who have been writing about the Drumlohan oghanrs t o date had been in deciphering the ogham inscriptions, the interpretation of which has posed problems for philologists. The f i r s t ataempt a t a f u l l reading of the inscriptions w a s in 1899 only, when the ends of the stones were uncovered. 'l There had been some attempts a t a fu l l reading before that date and the reading last published w a s one i n 1945. Since September 1933, when the monument under the care of the Office of Public Works, the souterrain has been partly dismantled and the ogham stones erected overground,

8 The Ogham Stones a t Dnmilohan, reconsidered

Fig. 3. 1st & 3rd Lining Stones, East Side.

Fig. 4 . First Lintel.

The Ogham Stones a t Drumlohm, recmsidesed,

The readings of the Dnmilohan oghams show l i t t l e consistency. The main difficulties have been due to parts of the stones being missing; not reading the whole length of the stones; but more frequently, the difficulty has been i n interpreting the forms of the ogham genitive case. A shortened account of the various readings should be of help in trying t o put these ogham stones into historical perspective .9

The f i r s t l in te l stone w a s deciphered by John Rhys as '~GUNOGATIMXOIMACORBI, but he was not certain as to how th i s should be read. He says that there is l i t t l e doubt that there is an 'it in 'MWORBI:'10 R.A.S. Macalister found the inscription to be as follows: 'MANU MAGUNO GAT1 MXOI MACORHI,' and translated it as 'Of M. boy of G. descendant of M. 'l1 This l a t t e r reading is that cited also by P. ~arbison. l 2

John Rhys deciphered the fourth l in te l as ~O\LUNOVICA(qJI)@QuIWCOILITIof~ and read it as ( the monument) of Calunovix, son of the K i n of Litus or L i t h . ' 3 This was deciphered by R.A.S. Macalister as ' CALUNOVIC(A) MAQI WC01 LIT(EN1)' without offering any reading.14 The inscription is rendered tCALUNOVIC. M4QI MUCOI LIT. . . elsewhere. 15

J. Rhys found the f i f t h l in te l to be ' MAQI INIS ..... TTEAS' and suggested that i f the person referred t o here was 'Inissionas' and i f the word 'matteas' came immediately thereafter then the inscription could be read as either l (The monument) of the son of Inissiu the Good' or ' (The monument) of MacInissen theGood.'l6 R.A.S. Macal is terfoundtheinscr ipt iontobe 'MAQI-INI( ... M4QI QE)TTEAS. ' 1 7

J. Rhys deciphered 'CUNALEGEA MAQUI C.. . NA LARCEDI AVE QVECIA' on the sixth l in te l , possibly readin as '(The monument) of Cunalegis, son of C. of the Legs, descendant of Quects 'lg The inscription 'CUMLEGEAMAQI C( ....) SALAR CELI AV1 QVECIt was offered by R.A.S. Macalister.19

Tile eight l in te l has been badly fractured. J. Rhys found only the following t o remain, ig01898: BIQU MAQUI ; ' i n 1867, 'DAG' had been present also in the inscription. In 1945 R.P.S. Macalister found that the inscription was l EIQU MAQI LAG( . . .) , ' stating in additio that 'LAG(. . .) should be deciphered, previous readings of ' DAG being incorrect. ??l

Both J. Rhys and R.A.S. Macalister are i n agreement in deciphering the inscription m the f i r s t lining stone on the east side: the f i r s t read it as 'BIRMAQUI WC01 RO'ITAIS,' being (Monumentum) Birmaqui generis Rothae,' while R.A. S. Macalister interpreted the inscription as 'BIR M4QI WC01 ROlTAIS. '22 J. Rhyls reading, in Latin, serves to highlight how problematic is the ogham genitive case. However, 'MUCCOI ROTTAIS,l or generis Rothae, is reflective less of grammatical complexities than of the structure of the society of early t r iba l Ireland.

The O@am Stones a t Drumlohan, reconsidered.

The di f f icul ty concerning origins in a t r iba l society is apparent also on the th i rd lining stone on the east side, part of which remains. J. Rhys found the remaining inscription t o be 'MAQUINE(1) .....(A )S.' He suggests that a possible reading is 'MAQI NE(TA-SEGAM3N)AS,' were not the other uses of NETA-SEGAMONAS i n Co. Waterford a l l preceded by the form M O 1 rather than MAQI.23 The interpretation given by R.A.S. Macalister is that of . . . .MA@ NE (TACUN)AS. '24

The f i f t h lining stone on the east s ide is fractured on the t J.Rhys concluded that it bore the inscription 'DENAVEC(A) (M)OCOI MEDACI. 25 R.A.S. Macalister thought the inscription should be 'DENAVEC(A W)OI MEDALO.'~~

The fragment on the west side, the f i r s t l ining stone, is quite worn. The inscription is a matter of conjecture. I t might have been 'CORRBRI MAQUI X.127 Alternatively, it might have run 'BRC(1NION)AS. '28

The f ina l stone, the fourth lining stone on the west side, presents diff icul ty of another type. J. Rhys interpreted the inscription as 'DEAGOS MAQI WC01 KITRAI ; ' he found it t o read from right t o l e f t , which is unusual, and he was uncertain as t o the gender of 'TOTRAI ' . 29 R.A.S. Macalister found tha t there had been two inscriptions and that the older had been chipped a t in order t o make room for the second. What remains of the older inscription is 'SOVA(L) 1)NI.l The remains of the second inscription are 'DEACOS MAQI MUCO(1.. . . . .)NAI. ' L

There has been l i t t l e attempt t o discover t o whom these names refer. Several of those found t o have been mentioned i n the Drumlohan inscriptions are names l i s t ed in various Martyrologies, others are names of prehistoric pedigrees, and many are familiar from inscriptions found i n Britain.

The inscription on the fourth l i n t e l is of particular interest f n th i s regard: I I . . . . . . . the Ui LiathZin (for ~Ztha'in is the archaic form of ~ i a t h z i n ) had settlements i n Cornwall. In Ireland they were next-door neighbours t o the Sisi , and an inscription in what was l a t e r ~ d i s i te r r i tory i n Co. Waterford comnemorates a CALUNOVICA MAQI ME01 LITENI."31

In addition, the name thought t o be 'NETASEGMDNAS,' Nia Segamon, on the third l ining stone on the east side, bears considerable resemblance to the name of a war god of Gaul, Segomo. Nia Segomain, 'champion of Segomo,' is one of the names of the prehistoric pedigree of the Gganachta who, F.J. Byrne claims, " came t o power and even into existence i n the f i f t h century. The ~ z ~ a n a c h t a no doubt sprang from the Celtic population already long se t t led i n Munster so i l . Foreign influence however is probable i n the sense that they owed the i r r i s e t o successful forays on Roman Britain and perhaps t o the i r early adoption of ~ h r i s t i a n i t ~ . " 3 2

Finally, the name on the f i r s t l i n t e l , MACORB, is probably Mug Corbb, another nane i n the prehistoric pedigree of the Gganachta.

I t has been mentioned above tha t ogham is based broadly on the Latin alphabet. From the above examples, the ogham inscriptions a t Dnmilohan can be taken certainly

The Ogham Stones a t Drumlohan, reconsidered.

to . . . . . . . . reveal close interaction between Roman Britain and 1reland."33 (The settlement of the Gisi as the ruling class i n Devon, Cornwall and particularly south-west Wales is w e l l d o c ~ n t e d i n the many ogham stones extant there. 34)

There is not any evidence tha t the Drumlohan oghm stones are i n any way Christian, however. Neither is there any evidence t o support ful ly E.G. Bowen's contention that "these monuments ref lect a ..... cultural t radi t ion of raising memorials t o the dead."35 The Drtrmlohan ogham stones might have recorded t e r r i to r i a l divisions as easi ly as the t e m n crosses of l a t e r centuries indicated the boundaries of religious houses.

S O U R C E S :

I am grateful to the Commissioners of Public Works for permission t o reproduce the photographs used here.

I wish t o thank the following i n part icular for the i r assistance in various ways: D r . Pat O'Connor, N.I.H.E., Limerick; Fergus Gillespie, National tiblaxy of Ireland; Mary Cahill, Ragnall O'Floinn, ~ a t i o n a l Muse5 of Ireland; J i m Bambury, John Skarry, Office of Public Works; Dr . ~roins%as N Z Chath5in. U.C.D. . - v: Manuscripts of Ireland. c&hscribhid na 6 i reann. Notes by D r . Noel Kissane. Dublin: Rialtas na hEireann, 1977. Page 15.

v. W. Williams, On an ogham chamber a t Dnmiloghan, i n the County of Waterford,' J.H.A.A.I., 3rd Ser., 1,1(1868)36; and R.B. Br.ash,'An Account of the ogham chamber a t Drumloghan, County of Waterford, ' P.R. I .A. , 10 (1866-1870) 104.

v. the a r t i c l e section i n the bibliography. In an edi tor ia l note i n W. W i l l i a m s , a r t . c i t . , p-:39, M r . Williams is credited with being the f i r s t t o announce the find: firnever. I have not found the DaDer referred t o as being i n the ~ c t o b e r proceedhgs of the J.H.A.A. I. ,* 1k67. This paper is ci ted also by R.A.S. Macalister, Corpus *inscriptionun i n s u l a m celticam . 2 vols. Dublin: Stationary Office, 1945. Vol. l, pp.267-277.

Many of the region's ogham stones are not mentioned in of f i c ia l guides t o the- area. v. e.g. , P. -~arb i son ' s Guide t o the National Monuments in the Republic of Ireland, including a selection of other monuments not in State care. 2nd ed. Dublin: G i l l & Macmillan. 1977.

R. B. Brash, a r t . c i t . , p.104; W. Williams, a r t . c i t . , pp.37-38. cf. the recent report of the discovery of a souterrain a t Rhinecrew, Co. Waterford, i n Decies , 26 (Summer, 1984) 38-40.

v. J. Rhys, ' The Drumloghan oghams, ' J. R. S.A. I . , 5th Ser., 9 (1899) 390-403.

v. e.g. R. B. Brash, a r t . c i t . ; R.A. S. Macalister, op. c i t . , vol. l, pp. 267-277.

The order of the inscriptions followed here is tha t used by J. Rhys.

J. Rhys, a r t . c i t . , pp. 390-392.

R.A.S. Macalister, o .ci t . , p.268. The measurements fo r a l l of the inscribed stones are also inc l -km e here.

P. Hgrbison, op.cit., p.238.

A r t . C i t . , pp. 392-394.

Op.cit., pp. 269-270.

12 The Ogham Stones a t Drumlohan, reconsidered.

(SOURCES) contd.

P. Harbison, op.cit., ibid.

Art.cit., pp. 394-395.

0p.cit. , pp. 270-271. P. Harbison, op. c i t . , ibid., records the inscription as 'MAQI INI.... .:..TTEAS.'

Art.cit . , pp.395-397.

Op.cit., pp.271-272. This w a s the same rendering cited by P. Harbison, op.cit., ibid.

A r t . c i t . , pp.397-398.

Op. c i t . , p. 273. 'BIU M4QI LAG' is given by P, Harbison, op.cit., ibid.

J. Rhys, a r t . c i t . , pp.398-399. R.A.S. Macalister, op.cit., p.273. P. Harbison, op. c i t . , ibid.,follms the l a t t e r version.

Art.cit., pp.399-400.

Op.cit., p.274. WAQI NE.....ASV is offered by P. Harbison, op.cit., ibid.

Art.cit., pp.399-400.

Op.cit., p.275. P. Harbison c i tes the inscription as 'DENAVEC... CO1 MEW,' op.cit., ibid.

J. Rhys, a r t . c i t . , p.401.

R.A.S. Macalister, op.cit . , p.275. P. Harbison suggests 'BR0 ...ASt, op.cit., ibic

Art.cit . , pp.401-402.

Op.cit., pp.276-277. This interpretation is accepted also by P. Harbison, 9 . c i t . , ibid.

Francis John Byrne, I r i sh kings and high kings, London: Batsford, 1973. Page 184.

F. J. Byrne, o~ ; . c i t . , p.182.

F. J. Byrne, op.cit., pp.182-183.

v. maps i n E. G. Bowen's Saints, seaways and settlements in the Celtic lands. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1969. pp.45-47 and 54-55.

E. G. BoUten, Britain and the western seaways. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. page 74.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY:

ARTICLES: Richard R. Brash, 'An Account of the Ogham Chamber a t Dnmiloghan, County -- of Waterford' PRIA, 10 (1866-1870) 103-119. Charles G r a v e s , ~ s e r v a t i o n s on Mr. Brash's Paper 'On the Ogham chamber of Drumlohan:' PRIA, lO(1866-1870)119-121, John Rhys , "lie-oghan oghams , JRSAI , 5th s e r . , 9 (18%) 390-403. W i l l i a m Williams, 'On an ogham chamber a t Dnnnloghan, i n the County of Waterford,' JHAAI, 3rd ser. , 1,1(1868)35-39.

BOOKS: Harbison, Peter. Guide t o the National Monuments i n the Republic of Ireland, including a selection of other mmunents not in State care.

2nd ed.. Dublin: G i l l 81 Maanillan, 1977,

Macalister, R.A.S.. Corpus inscriptionum insulannn c e l t i c a m . 2 vols. W l i n : Stationary Office, 1945. (CoimisiUn 1 . c r i b h i n r u na s i r e a m ) .

THE COMING THE C E L T S

Benedict OtSullivan O.P.

(In the early sixties the late Fr. Benedict OISullivan, O.P., a very active member of the Society, gave a series of popular history lectures in the Dominican Hall, Bridge Street. Some years ago the Editor was permitted by Fr.Hugh Fenning, O.P. (Archivist) to make copies of the text of these lectures for the "Waterford Room" Collection. More recently he has been fortunate enough to obtain permission from the Provincial, Fr. Thomas Jordan, O.P., to publish them. The best thanks of the Society are due to Fr. Jordan and Fr. Fenning for their co-operation.

The f i r s t of the series (some 38 in a l l ) appears below and it is hoped to produce them progressively in future issues.)

The Neolithic revolution, as it has been very well styled, perhaps represents the greatest single advance made by man in the course of his long history. A t one bound, as we may say, he emerged from the darkness of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic savagery to the early morning light of technical and cultural advance. A sudden development of intelligence in the human species appears to have flowered in the Near East in the period following the las t retreat of the icefield from Europe and Asia and new ideas began to crowd into his hitherto inert brain. He became a close observer of nature, an experimenter and adventurer; above all, he launched forth boldly on that vast intellectual expanse which we call religion and philosophy.

He saw animals feeding on grass, seeds, berries, leaves and roots and decided to t ry their effect on himself. He found the result altogether favourable and resolved to mix vegetables with his diet, which had hitherto consisted entirely of meat and fish. In no time he discovered that the quality of the vegetables could be improved by cultivation, so he became an agriculturist and gardener, or rather, the women of the tribe did. The man continued to be mainly a hunter. The great advance came with the discovery that when the grains of seed-bearing plants like wheat or oats were ground between two stones, they produced a powder, which when mixed with water and heated over a hot stone ( f i r e w a s one of the discoveries of Neolithic man) produced a delightful and nutritious art icle of food, the production of which entailed storage problems which were successfully solved. The cutting of the corn demanded the invention of the sickle which took the form of a grooved piece of wood into which were inserted sharp-edged pieces of f l in t like the teeth of a large cross-saw. With this cumbersome and inefficient tool the corn crops of Neolithic man were reaped.

The most characteristic weapons of the period were the stone axe or celt,as it is called, highly polished and sharpened and f i t ted to a wooden handle; the buw and arrow; and the sling. Numerous samples of these objects occur a t dwelling si tes occupied by these early men all over Europe, though, strange to say, not so much in Waterford. Canon Power, in one of his articles in the Old Waterford Journal, laments the small number of these weapons which have been recovered here - about a dozen of each. The one place in Ireland where extensive remains of the period have been discovered is Lough Gur in Co. Limerick. There, over a period of several years the late Sean olRiordan conducted a program of excavation in the 1930's which yielded rich results. Amongst other discoveries made by him was that of a number of vessels done in crude earthenware pottery known a s bell-beakers, previously

The Coming of the Celts.

associated exclusively with Spain, France, W.Gennany and England. The people who specialised in this product were Neolithic though not the only such and evidently annexed Ireland t o their empire scmnetime about 3000 B.C. . O'Riordan also discovered i n Lough Gur house s i tes , both circular and rectangular which had been made of wood and had, of course perished long ago. He was able to prove that the inhabitants of th is village were farmers who raised cat t le , sheep, pigs and horses, that they were in fact i n the full Neolithic tradition.

Religion played a very prominent part i n the l i f e of Neolithic man, and the fact is evidenced by innumerable remains of crude but massive stone monuments found scattered along the coasts of the Mediterranean, and Western and North-Western Europe. These structures are fonned from enormous stones, very possibly glacial errat ics , which are put together i n such fashion as t o give a sketchy idea of a house, and it is universally accepted today that the ediface is, in fact, a grave, a house of the dead. When the study of antiquities began i n Europe two centuries ago, rather childish notions were current in regard t o these megaliths, as they are called today. They were supposed to be Giants' Graves, or Druids' Altars or Sacrificial Tables, or what not. I t is only as a result of the discoveries made i n Troy, Mycenae, and Crete in the l a s t century, that f u l l l ight has been thrown on the origin, purpose and method of construction of these megalithic tombs.

Avoiding the p i t f a l l s of too detailed description we must content ourselves with stating briefly that there are three main types of megalithic tombs: (1) The Passage Grave (2) The Gallery grave (3) The One-Chamber grave. The f i r s t category is represented by the magnificent cumulus of Newgrange near Drogheda. Here we have a passage or avenue - 62 feet long leading to a cross- shaped chamber 19feet 6inches high. The structure is formed of huge standing stones roofed by similar units, and the entire structure is buried under a p i le of earth and stones rising to a height of 70 feet and having a diameter of 315 feet . A t the entrance to th is passage or avenue there is placed a huge slab, now prone on the ground but formerly placed as a door to close the entrance. I t is covered with a cluster of spiral designs representing the labyrinth of the Minotaur legend associated with Crete and this fact points to the Cretan or , a t least , Eastern Mediterranean origin of the Megalithic civilization.

The Gallery grave is not widely represented in Ireland - Brittany is the great centre of this particular form of the Megalithic tomb and it is plentiful also i n England and Wales. I t is constructed very simply of a number of Megaliths so placed as t o form an elongated box or coffin partially divided into compartments by having the alignment of the uprights interrupted a t intervals . A roof of huge slabs covers the structure and the whole is usually embedded in a mass of earth and stones called in England a barrow.

The form of Megalithic tomb which particularly concerns us i n Waterford is what is popularly known as a Cromlech, but is more correctly called a dolmen or ( to use the term favoured by the archaeologists) a Single Chambered Megalithic Tomb. I t consists of a number of huge stones (anything from one t o six) se t upright and with an enormous capstone placed so as t o res t on the others, or with one end on the ground and the other resting on one or more of the uprights - the whole conveying the idea of a house as already stated. Waterford, particularly the baronies of Gaultier and Middlethird, can~boast of possessing a number of these monuments, very well preserved. I t is safe to say that they range from 2000 B.C. t o 1000 B.C. i .e. that they are 4,000 t o 3,000 years old. Next t o the Old Red s d t s of the Comeraghs and the Knockmealdawns they are the oldest things that stand on the s o i l of Waterford and therefore to be held in reverence and carefully cherished as memorials of a time long past and of a population remwed from ours by many more, than a hundred generations.

The Coming of the Celts

Of those monuments which are located within easy distance of the City,there is , ir, ths f i r s t place, that of Knockeen or Killotteran only three miles from Waterford in But le rs tm Parish. I t has six uprights surmounted by a capstone measuring 12lfeet in length and 8 in breadth. I t weighs two tons and more. A peculiar feature in this and other Waterford dolmens is the presence of what we may call a secondary capstone or l in te l stone inserted between the capstone and the uprights.

The Dunhill distr ict is very rich in antiquities. We have there the fine dolmen of Ballynageiragh, standing in a field near Dunhill Church and, like the Knockeen dolmen, f i t ted with a secondary capstone - to give better balance to the main head piece. This, is 1 2 feet by 8 and weighs 7 tons.

A t Gaulstown a t the foot of Carrock-a-Roirkill, close to Pembrokestown House, there is another of these monuments ; similarly a t Ballindud near Tramore on the Old Road, and sti l l another near that place of tragic memories , Dunhil l Castle. The most notable however of these monuments is that of Har r i s tm or as it is called amongst the people there Leac-an-Scail = The Gravestone of the Spectre - a t i t l e which suggests many thoughts. I t has the special feature of the Waterford clolmens - the l in te l stone. I t s capstone weighs 20 tons. That is nothing, however, to the capstone of Mount Browne dolmen, located within a mile or two of Carlow town the capstone of which actually weighs 110 tons.

How did the Bronze age or Neolithic man, who possessed none of the engineering facilities of modern man, manage to transport, lift, and place in position, those enomus masses of stone? They must have had appliances of some kind to eke out the resources of brute strength with which they were endowed. I t is suggested that they employed tree trunks, trimmed and smoothed, as rollers on to which the stones were manoevred by employing other trees as levers to nudge them forward on t o the rollers and it was then quite a simple job to shif t them to the required spot. To get the capstone up to the level of the top of the uprights, they piled up a platform or ramp of earth and stones well packed down and with rollers and levers pushed the capstone up the ramp and into position. They then shovelled away the earth platform to leave the dolmen standing in a l l its stark crude grandeur.

I t can be seen that the passage grave, especially of the grandiose type such as that of Newgrange, represents an enormous achievement for the people who constructed it. I t was, in fact, the sort of thing that could not be repeated very often and so we find comparatively few of them in Ireland, or indeed anywhere else. The dolmen or Single Chamber tomb is, however, comparatively easy t o assemble and, hence, they are found in hundreds scattered a l l over the country. I t is plausibly suggested, that the passage-grave precedes the dolmen in time - that the la t ter represents, in fact, a rationalization of the more demanding and costly passage grave. I f , as seems likely, therefore, Newgrange goes back to 2,500 B.C. we are justified in placing the dolmen period a t 2000 - 1000 B.C. or even later. I t was, in fact, carried over from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.

I t must be clear that the men who undertook the enormous back-breaking labour involved in the construction of those monuments were impelled by some overwhelming motive, and this was obviously of a religious nature. They evidently be1 ieved in an after l i fe , and in the necessity of providing for the comfort and well-being of the dead in that place or state. I t is dlclost certain that the dead inspired them with terror and that it was thought necessary to keep them in restraint to prevent them from breaking loose and inflicting injury on the living. Hence the long narrow passage of Newgrange closed by the stone door, and hence, too, the enormous capstones of the dolmens .

The great chambers of the passage graves were employed for cormarnal burial, just like a family vault in a modern cemetery I t is hard to say, however,whether the dolmen fulf i l led a like purpose. I t looks rather like the sepulchre or cenotaph

The Coming of the Celts.

of an individual Chieftain or warrior who may have fallen i n bat t le a t or near the spot where he was entombed.

Besides the cult of the dead, another variety of belief characterised the religion of Neolithic man, that ,namely , of their vast and beneficient power exercised by the goddess of f e r t i l i t y . In one form or another She has been worshipped by mankind for the past 9,000 years a t least (her worship is carried on i n India, for instance, t o the present day). Her aid was invoked to make the crops flourish, t o make animals and human beings produce numerous progeny,and to th i s end, r i t e s and practices, the most revolting and obscene, were practised and are practised t o th i s day. In pagan Ireland her worship was universal as the many still living legends of magical cows a t tes t . In th i s County the Rian Bo Padraig - the ancient trackway which led from Ardrnore to Cashel and which can be traced from Lismore Northward as far as Ardfinnan - obviously enshrines belief in a cow-goddess. So dues the name of the River Nire and the Barony of Clonahiery.

I t is time t o leave the interesting Neolithic Age and take in hand the period that succeeded it - the Bronze Age. There was a transiticn pericd called the Chaleolithic or Copper Age linking Stone with Bronze. Copper is a widely distributed metal, easily smelted and reclaimed from i ts ore and easily hannnered in to any required shape of tool or weapon. I t has been ascertained that it was in use in Egype by 4,000 B.C. and the mines in the Peninsula of Sinai which were the source of supply, with the primitive stone tools employed by the miners have been rediscovered by modem archaeologists. The transition from Stone to Copper was simple and natural. To the simple people of 4,000 B.C. the metal was simply a superior kind of stone which took a better edge, lasted longer and could be moulded into any desired shape more easily than ordinary stone. The a r t s of smelting, tempering and welding were picked up by the primitive smiths as they went along. They kept the i r discoveries to themselves, formed themselves into close f m i l y groups and travelled about offering the i r services and exposing their wafes for sale.

In due course, the a r t s of copper smithery spread along the Near East and thence t o the Mediterranean countries. Cyprus was obviously a key centre, since its very name signifies Copper. By way of Spain, Brittany and Cornwall it reached Ireland probably about 3,000 B .C. and almost certainly, Waterford received the f i r s t copper smiths a t Bonmahon. I t would be well t o s t a t e that the discovery of copper did not imply the abandonment of stone tools and weapons. The two continued side by side, for many hundreds of years, unt i l the use of metal became so general that stone objects came t o be regarded as antiques, or even assumed the s tyle of quasi-religious or magical objects. Even t o the present day, i n remote backward places, a neolithic arrow-head can be the object of superstitious fear. Down t o f i f t y years ago, in th i s country, it was known as an elf-bolt and quack cow-doctors Were inclined t o regard the i l lness of the i r patients as being due to the employment of these weapons by the fair ies .

A t some period between 4,000 and 3,000 B.C., sm prehistoric technological genius discovered that copper could be rendered capable of a vastly improved temper and of receiving a finer edge in tools and weapons made from it, i f it were alloyed with a proportion of tin. The resultant alloy was known as bronze, which, under the name Fionn Ruime, is frequently mentioned in the ancient heroic ta les of Ireland as a wonder substance which only heroes were considered f i t t o employ. I t was in use in Egypt as early as 3,200 B.C. and we shall not be f a r wrong i f we place its introduction t o Ireland about 2,200 B.C. . I f we remember that Cornwall was the source whence came the supply of t i n required by the bronze workers of Western Europe and the Mediterranean, and further recal l that Bomahon and Stradbally could pfoduce plentiful supplies of copper, we may feel justified i n claiming for Waterford the distinction of receiving the f i r s t settlement of bronze- age men in Ireland. A t Lough Cbr, it has been discovered that a bronze age

The Coming of the Celts.

settlement there continued the Neolithic culture already i n possession and that was probably the case a t the other centres of population throughout the country. We can see these new se t t l e r s as adventurous explorers seeking new supplies of the metals required t o keep the forges busy in fa r off Crete and Mycenae. Once settled in Ireland, they stayed t o impart the i r new ideas and new sk i l l s t o the natives. In the end, Ireland became, under the i r guidance, one of the most technically advanced countries i n Western Europe.

The Bronze Age section of the National Museum in Dublin possesses a magnificent collection of bronze implements and weapons, generally i n the same style as those which have been located i n English and Continental countries. Of s t r i c t l y Ir ish provenance is the f l a t copper hatchet, either tanged o r socketed and i n th is way adapted for being fastened to a handle t o which it w a s secured by s t r ips of gut. A weapon known as a halberd is very remarkable. I t is of scythe shape, intended to be fastened by its broader end to a long handle, and w a s evidently intended not for stabbing, but for a swiping blow. I t must have been a formidable weapon.

Quite astonishing are the magnificent bronze tnmrpets of which a fine collection is held in the National Museum. As well as those, there are more homely objects, like bronze pots and dishes, and implements l ike chisels, and hammers. About 70 years ago a farmer while cutting turf in the vicinity of Knoclanoan Castle, about four miles west of Dungarvan, came on a horde of bronze weapons and tools, possibly the stock in trade of a small manufacturer of bronze hardware who lived in the neighbourhood 3,000 or more years ago. I t contains two socketed axes or cel ts w i t h cunred edges and f i t t e d with loops t o hold the cords which fastened them t o the i r handles. There are two chisels, a gauge, a sword, and one instrument of which the use is unknown. These objects passed into the possession of Canon Power and from him, I believe, they were acquired by the Authorities of University College, Cork. Another object found in the same treasure-trove - a spear head most gracefully executed, was secured by M r . R. J. Usher.

Another find of bronze objects was made i n 1906 near Bansha Co. Tipperary. I t was evidently a cache placed i n a c l e f t between two large stones and, for a reason one may easily work out, l e f t there t o be recovered 3,000 years la ter . Experts of the National Museum date the col lect im to ths Late Bronze Age, i.e. 800 t o 400 B.C. I t consists of a socketed ce l t of the same type as those of Knoclanoan, two chisels ad a gouge also, of the same style as the other find, and, very interesting, a sickle - another ra r i ty i n I r i sh bronze finds. These objects were acquired a t this time by D r . Charles Ryan of Tipperary, but where they are now, I do not know.

The I r i sh Bronze Age is, above a l l , noted for the great wealth of ornamental gold objects which have been recovered from time t o time - rings; torques ( a kind of solid necklace); gorgets i . e . an object made to f i t round the neck and to res t i t s crescent-shaped body on the throat; and gold disks worn on the breast. Thick objects were fashioned of native I r i sh gold by I r i sh a r t i s t s , and the delicacy and perfection of the i r work has t o be seen t o be believed.

Bronze Age religion w a s a continuation of that of the Neolithic period, and the cult of the dead, as revealed by the presence of megalithic tcnnbs covering the period emphasizes th i s point. In fact some archaeological experts would place the great passage tombs l ike Newgrange i n the Bronze rather than in the Neolithic Age. Carbon 1 4 dating technique has knocked that theory cn the head. The Dolmen structures are, however, of the l a t e r era, some of them probably dating from as la te a s 1,000 B. C. About that time they gave place t o another form of burial - the Kistvaen o r box-tomb - consisting of slabs placed edgewise to form a box-like shape and with similar stones forming a roof the whole being part ia l ly or wholly buried in the earth. One can, in fact , see in the kistvaen a simplification of the dolmen and it became the usual mode of burial during the Late Bronze Age. Cremation became universal during this, as well indeed, as during the d o h n period and the

The Coming of the Celts

ashes were placed i n an urn usually resting mouth downward on the floor of the grave. A v i s i t t o the National Museum w i l l make one acquaintedwith the model of a Kistvaen discovered in the Green H i l l s near Tallaght a century ago, with the urn and a food vessel as well, evidently provided t o sustain the deceased on h i s journey into eternity. Kistvaens are very numerous in East Waterford. There is a fine one a t Matthewstown near Fenor, west of Tramore, another near the ruined church of Kilmacomb an the upper road to Dunmore East, another a t Mound Druid on the road from Waterford to Passage and still another near the Gaulstown dolmen situated beside Pembrokestown House.

We have brought the story of Waterford down t o 400 B.C. - the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age - and with it we survey the ccnning of the Celtic race to Ireland and t o Waterford.

Iron appears to have come into use originally i n the country now called Asia Minor as f a r back as 1500 B.C. . The great people known as the Hit t i tes , the demonstration of whose existence and of the great part they played i n the Near East i n the period 2000 - 1000 B.C. is one of the greatest triumphs of modern archaeology, were certainly acquainted w i t h the metal but they kept their knowledge to themselves. Eventually, however, it spread to the neighbouring nations - the Assyrians and Babylonians. Palestine profit ted from it by the time King David came to the throne about 1,000 B.C. Greece then came into the picture and about 800 B.C. it is found in North I taly whither it had been brought by that mysterious people, the Etruscans.

A century ago, the archaeologists of Austria discovered, a t Hallstadt, the s i t e of a pre-historic town ( they found 2,000 tombs there) which has given its name to a widely diffused Early Iron Age culture. I t flourished from about 800 to 400 B.C. and spread through Switzerland, South and West Germany, France and Spain and England. The people responsible for the ini t ia t ion of this culture were the Il lyrians who occupied the country represented today by Austria and Yugoslavia. From them it was taken over by the Celts; who, it is now held, were located i n Bavaria and the upper reaches of the Danube about 800 B.C. This locality had previously been occupied by a people called by archaeologists -the Wrnfield Group" who had dwelt there since Neolithic times and it was frofn a union between them and an invading group of Hallstadt people that the Celts, apparently , originated.

This people, who have played such a famous part in the history of Europe, forms one of the main branches of the Aryan or Indo-European family of peoples. The Aryans were, apparently, originally located i n South Russia, but about 2,500 B.C. (i.e.in the Early Bronze Age) they began to expand to the east, north, south and west. In due course they occupied a l l the lands from India to Ireland and from Greece to Scandanavia, and from the original language spoken in their parental home i n South Russia have come a l l the languages spoken today in a l l those countries, - Sanskrit; Persian; Armenian; Greek; Latin and a l l the modern tongues which have come from it; Celtic w i t h its various forms ancient and modem; Teutonic, with its inf in i te variety of f o m of which the most notable are English and German; and Slavonic, perhaps the most widely diffused of a l l of them, its chief branches being Russian and Polish. A t what particular period the Celts reached the te r r i tory i n South Gennany where they f i r s t aqu i red a dis t inct race and national personality it is hard to say, but it might well be as f a r back as 1,000 B.C., certainly 800 B.C. . Their acquisition of the knowledge of iron,with the technique of smelting and forging it, which came to them from the Il lyrians of Hallstadt, changed the course of the i r history and that of practically a l l the other peoples of Europe as well. With the possession of the mighty two-handed iron swords which are traditionally associated with them (the Claymores of the Scottish Highlanders) , iron spears, shields of wood covered with leather, and helmets of

The Cominn of the Celts

iron or bronze and chariots of the same, they s e t forth on a career of conquest which was to carry them to France, England, and Ireland i n the west, to Hungary, the Balkans, Greece and Asia Minor i n the East, t o Spain and Central Italy in the South and t o the Rhineland and the Low Countries in the north, an area which exceeds i n extent that subsequently overrun by the i r conquerors the Romans.

Nothing succeeds l ike success. From the contacts established by them with more civilized peoples such as the Greeks and Etruscans, the Celts picked up numerous ideas in a r t and tecbology which, under the influence of the i r own native genius led t o the evolution, from the older Hallstadt Culture of a newer and more sophisticated type known as La Tene, a f te r a station i n Switzerland which was discovered and excavated towards the end of the last century. This shows i t s e l f i n weaponry, i n art-motifs, and in the comparative elevation of l i f e in general compared to what went on i n previous ages. The use of the chariot in war and the construction of strongly fort i f ied citadel towns are characteristic of th is epoch a l l through the Celtic - West. I t has been ascertained that the dead were buried in wooden coffins and with them were interred many of the i r most precious belongings - the men with the i r long swords and spears and occasionally their chariots - the wmen with the i r jewellery and their costly robes long since perished.

Here is a description of a grave discovered a few years ago a t the l i t t l e village of Vix i n France on the upper reaches of the Seine, i n Central France. The skeleton of a young woman w a s found i n a wooden chamher which had been originally covered by a tumulus in the s tyle of Newgrange. She lay on a bier mounted over an ornamented, four-wheeled wagon. The most striking item of personal decoration was a diadem of gold, richly ornamented, with, among other devices, a pair of winged horses, wrought by the hands of an accomplished a r t i s t evidently trained in a Greek Studio a t Marseilles. Beside the body stood a Greek vessel of bronze with figured ornament of the highest quality standing 5 fee t high and two drinking vessels made in Athens i n 520 B.C. . Several other bronze and si lver vessels as well were found there.

I t has never been denied that the Celts were a br i l l ian t ly gifted people - a race of warriors beyond compare, generous and hospitable, open and honourable in the i r conduct. I t was remarked by Julius Caesar: " I t is always easy to overcome the Celts because they always march openly towards the i r ends". They scorned t o stoop to anything mean or treacherous. They had highly developed a r t i s t i c tastes and the i r love of music and poetry is proverbial.

They had, however, faul ts which ruined a l l the i r great g i f t s and led eventually to the i r overthrow. I w i l l l ist them : (1) Worst of a l l w a s their reckless contempt for the dictates of ordinary

cornonsense. This w a s remarked by the i r contemporaries, especially the great Greek - Aristotle.

(2) Extreme individualism. A Celtic warrior, noble o r prince could not bear to submit t o any higher authority. Hence the fai lure to form a strong centralized s t a t e a l l through the i r history.

(3) Arising from this faul t there grew that wild lack of discipline which has been regarded as typical of the Celt. So it was that when confronted by the Romans, a people in most ways inferior t o them but who valued discipline, they were betrayed by the t w i n weaknesses of lack of cohesion in submission t o authority and lack of that discipline which would give steadiness to their valour in battle.

With th i s introduction we can now approach the story of the Celtic occupation of Ireland o r perhaps, one should say the repeated Celtic invasions of the country. Me a l l know the accounts of the successive conquests of the country contained i n the legendary s tor ies given in the I r i sh Annals, of the people of

The Coming of the Celts.

Partholan, and of Neimhed, the Firbolgs, the Tuatha De Danaan, the Fomorians, and finally, the Milesians - these last being regarded as the ancestors of the Celtic I r i sh of his tor ic times. Of these invasion s tor ies it is sufficient t o say that some of them are genuine and some not. The Tuatha De Danaan, for example, were not human beings a t a l l ; they represented the gods of the Celtic peoples and the Fomorians belonged t o the same category. The people of Neimhed, likewise, appear t o be a fabrication, since Neimhed is the name of a Celtic god, though it is possible that he was the t r iba l deity of an invasion group of early Celts. The same may be postulated for the people of Partholan.

The only two out of the above list which may s t r i c t l y be claimed as his tor ic are the Firbolgs and the Milesians and according to the classic descriptions of both they can be distinguished in the population down t o the present day. The Firbolgs are described as small and dark complexioned, noisy,untrustworthy and in general possessed of a l l the characteristics of a conquered and inferior race. The Milesians are described as t a l l , f a i r , golden or chestnut haired, grey or blue eyed w i t h a l l the qualit ies of an ar is tocrat ic military caste which had imposed its rule on the body of the people.

The contrast between the two sections of the population is interesting. The physical appearance of the Celts has always been a b i t of a puzzle - the generality of people being inclined t o at t r ibute to them the description of the Firbolgs, whereas, i n I r i sh heroic l i terature they are revealed as being pretty much on a par w i t h Hit ler 's Nordics or Kipling's Pukka Sahibs. The solution of the @iff icul ty appears to be this. The tern Celt as applied to any Western European people implies not racial a f f in i ty but l inguistic identity. The original Celtic nation located in Bavaria would merit the description of the Milesians given in I r i sh hem tales . Conquest brought numerous races of diverse physical appearance - and mental quality under their sway on whom they imposed their language. Naturally, therefore, a people speaking a Celtic language is not necessarily of Celtic race; just as today a West Indian negro speaking Oxford English is not an Englishman. This simple consideration explains the diff icul ty mentioned above. The true Celt answers t o the description given i n Ir ish heroic l i terature.

Everybody knows of the two great divisions of the Celtic race - the P-Celts and the Q-Celts, based on difference i n language. Where a P,B or V occurs in a word of one of these groups, a Q K or C occurs i n the corresponding word of the other group. To the f i r s t class belongs Welsh and Breton and t o the second I r i sh and Scotch Gaelic. Thus the Ir ish Mac (a son) has as its equivalent i n Welsh Map o r Ap or P simply.

I t has long been held, especially by English Celtic Scholars, that the British Is les were successively invaded by two waves of Celtic imnigrants - the Q-Celts, called Goidels, less advanced i n civilization, ccuning f i r s t and mostly i n Britain - the P-Celts called Brigthons coming l a t e r and forcing the Goidels t o leave Britain and cross to Ireland. Th,ough this view has been strongly contested by the great I r i sh scholar, Tomas OIRahilly, it does seem to cover most adequately the facts as revealed by archaeology and by the evidence advanced by Roman historians. We may f i x the year 300 B.C. as the probably earl iest date of the occupation of this country by the Celts. I believe that the Firbolgs represent the Neolithic Bronze Age people who were brought into subjection by the invaders of 300 B.C. and continued to play the part of hewers of wood and drawers of water t o their new masters. The description - dark and small - equated them with the Mediterranean race - represented today by the Iberians of Spain, who peopled Western Europe during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages and were supplanted by the t a l l , f a i r Celts and Nordics from the 9th century B.C. onwards.

The Coming of the Celts.

I Some of the pre-Celtic Bronze Age t r ibes retained the i r identity long a f t e r the Celtic conquest. These were thc Ernai (from whom Ireland derives its name), located in Cork and W. Waterford as llrell as i n the valley of the River Erne i n the North. Ptolemy ,the geographer of Alexandria who flourished about 150 A.D. drew up a map of Ireland i n which he places them roughly i n this location. A tribe whom he ca l l s "Ousdiai" occupy the te r r i tory where Kilkenny is today and that group might represent Ossory. We must remember that Ptolemy depended on the reports of sa i lors and merchants for the information on the basis of which he constructed h is description of Ireland, and one can see how easi ly error could creep i n there. For example, it has been the custom ever since the 16th century to place an ancient people called the Manapians i n the te r r i tory we now c a l l Waterford. Well, Ptolemy locates them about where Dublin is today and I don't how whether he or Camden, the English 16th century antiquarian who w a s the f i r s t t o associate them with Waterford, is t o be believed.

Ptolemy assigns our Co. Waterford t o a t r ibe he ca l l s the Brigante,evi&ntly an offshoot of the powerful nation so en t i t led who held Yorkshire before the Roman conquest of England. The famous d i s t r i c t of Bargy is said t o get its name from them. The mountains of Slieve Margy i n Laois can claim a similar association.

A t a position on the coast which should correspond to Waterford Harbour, the estuary of a r iver called the Birgos is marked. This should be the Barrow. Ptolemy does not mark the courses of rivers, only the i r mouths. He places a r iver mouth, which he ca l l s the Dabrona or Sabrona where Cork Harbour should be located. This is interesting for the old name of the Lee w a s the Sabrann. He does not record Youghal Harbour o r the Blackwater, which is certainly strange. Altogether we may say that, while the map has many features of interest , it is a t the same time strangely and inexplicably defective.

Once se t t led i n the country, the Celts or Goidels proceeded, just l ike the i r Norman conquerers 1,500 years l a t e r , t o establish pr incipal i t ies and chieftainships, a l l over the island. In due course, these loosely coalesced into f ive provinces - Ulster, Connacht, North Leinster, South Leinster , and Munster. Waterford appears t o have belonged originally t o South Leinster. Each province was ruled by a king who established h i s for t ress a t a s t rategic centre - the King of Ulster a t Eamain Macha near Armagh, the King of North Leinster a t Tara, the King of South Leinster a t Duin Rig - the King of Munster a t Temair Eireann i n N.W. Cork - and the King of Connacht a t Cruachan i n Roscommon. Under these were the minor princes, each the ru ler of a tuath or d i s t r i c t . The Authority exercised over them by the provincial kings was not very effective - the Celts never did succeed i n building a strong centralised s ta te . Much less binding w a s the rule of the Ardri of Tara over the provincial kings, who accorded him merely a primacy of honour - but did not submit t o h is jurisdiction except when he w a s i n a monarchal position strong enough t o enforce h is authority.

Thus the ages passed for Ireland, with the Chieftains and the i r wealthy tenants esconced in the i r Duns, Raths, o r Liose, and sometimes on those a r t i f i c i a l island settlements called Crannogues. The names Dunmore, Rathfadden, Dunganran and Lismore, reca l l the day, when Gaelic Chiefs held sway a t these centres. They do not conjure up a picture of marble ha l l s and s t a t e ly towers, being merely wooden houses bu i l t on platforms of clay and surrounded by one, two or three earthen ramparts w i t h dikes of water between - the l iving space shared with numerous livestock, as well as w i t h a multitude of attendants, a r t i s t s and tradesmen. The SmiQ, the Carpenter, the Wheelright were very much i n evidence there.

THE WATERFORD CITY TRAMWAY

A l b e r t Thornton.

I n t h e middle o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , Waterford Corpora t ion envisaged t h a t f u t u r e development o f t h e c i t y would occu r on t h e western s i d e , i . e . t h e Gracedieu a r e a . I t was, t h e r e f o r e , r e s o l v e d tha t an adequa te u rban p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t sys tem would be a v i t a l f a c t o r in t he expec t ed development. The d e c i s i o n of t h e Corpo ra t i on co inc ided with t h e growth o f t h e r a i l w a y age i n I r e l a n d . Consequent ly , from 1 8 7 4 t o 1881, Wate r fo rd Corpo ra t i on d i s c u s s e d a t g r e a t l e n g t h and i n great d e t a i l t h e m e r i t s o f p r o v i d i n g and / o r o p e r a t i n g a tramway within t h e c i t y and e n v i r o n s .

On J anua ry 3 1 s t , 1878, t h e Corpo ra t i on r e c e i v e d and adopted t h e fol lowing r e p o r t from i t s Railway Committee : -

"That Waterford Corpo ra t i on , be ing t h e road a u t h o r i t y f o r t h e C i t y o f Wate r fo rd , do he reby consent and approve t h e a p p l i c a t i o n from t h e Waterford,Dungarvan and Lismore Railway Company f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a double l i n e o f tramway from Gibbet H i l l (Gracedieu) i n t h e P a r i s h o f T r i n i t y Without i n t h e County o f Waterford t o Adelphi Quay i n t h e P a r i s h o f S t . John Without i n t h e County o f t h e C i t y o f Waterford ."

Permiss ion was g r a n t e d f o r a h o r s e drawn tramway s u b j e c t t o t h e fol lowing c o n d i t i o n s : -

"(a) t h e c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s h a l l n o t exceed 5;1,500-0-0; (b ) t h e promoters o f t h e Waterford,Dungarvan and Lismore Railway

Extenskon B i l l * s h a l l i n t r o d u c e a c l a u s e b ind ing them t o pay a l l t h e p r o f i t s o v e r and above s i x p e r c e n t t o t h e s a i d Corpora t ion a s compensat ion f o r l o s s e s and expenses i n c i d e n t a l t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s a i d tramway, and t h a t s a i d Co rpo ra t i on s h a l l have t h e power t o a p p o i n t two a u d i t o r s ;

(c) t h e s a i d Corpo ra t i on s h a l l have t h e r i g h t t o purchase t h e s a i d tramway, from t h e Railway t e rminus a t Br idge S t r e e t IJO t h e Adelphi Quay, pay ing f o r same t e n p e r c e n t o v e r t h e c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , l e s s a r e a s o n a b l e sum f o r wear and t e a r , t o be dec ided by an a r b i t r a t o r ;

(d) t h e s a i d B i l l s h a l l c o n t a i n a c l a u s e t h a t n o t h i n g t h e r e i n p rov ided s h a l l l e s s e n i n any way, o r c u r t a i l t h e r i g h t o f t h e Corpo ra t i on t o make Bye-Laws f o r t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f t r a f f i c on t h e Quay,where t h e tramway is proposed t o be l a i d , which is now p o s s e s s e d o r en joyed by t h e e x i s t i n g laws."

An amendment s p e c i f i e d t h a t ccmyensat ion i n r e s p e c t o f i n j u r y t o hay,s t raw and b u t t e x marke t s and o t h e r e x c e p t i o n a l e x p e n d i t u r e s h a l l be 525-0-0 p e r annum and h a l f t h e p r o f i t s o f t h e tramway a f t e r t h e y s h a l l have p a i d a d iv idend o f s i x p e r cent. .

The Wate r fo rd C i t y Tramway

2 4 On February 5 t h , 1878 t h e C o r p o r a t i o n r e c e i v e d a r e s o l u t i o n i n

t h e f o l l o w i n g terms from t h e Harbour Commissioners.

"That t h e Waterford Harbour Commissioners a r e d e c i d e d l y o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t tramways c o n n e c t i n g t h e Railway system on t h e South s i d e o f t h e River S k i r w i t h v e s s e l s , b o t h s team and s a i l i n g would b e of g r e a t impor tance t o t h e p r o p e r development o f t h e t r a d e of t h e p o r t , e s p e c i a l l y when l a i d o u t w i t h a view t o f u t u r e expans ion below t h e town whereby Quayage accommodation s u i t a b l e f o r q u i c k c r o s s channel t r a f f i c may be i n c r e a s e d , t h e y t h e r e f o r e approve of and he reby c o n s e n t t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of same i n accordance w i t h t h e p l a n s and B i l l d e p o s i t e d by t h e Waterford,Dungarvan and Lismore Railway Company,and s u b j e c t t o such terms and c o n d i t i o n s a s may be agreed upon between t h e promoters and t h e Town Counci l . "

The C o r p o r a t i o n s t a t e d i n r e p l y t h a t i t would n o t g i v e any g u a r a n t e e r e g a r d i n g t h e p o s s i b l e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e tramway t o s e r v e t h e p o r t a r e a .

On March 1 8 t h S 1 8 8 1 , t h e C o r p o r a t i o n r e s o l v e d t o i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d i t i o n a l c l a u s e s i n t h e proposed tramway B i l l .

"That t h e Waterford,Bungarvan and Lismore Railway Company s h a l l n o t be a t l i b e r t y to c a r r y goods on t h e tramway w i t h o u t t h e p r e v i o u s w r i t t e n c o n s e n t of t h e C o r p o r a t i o n , A m a j o r i t y o f 2 /3 b e i n g r e q u i r e d ; t h e company s h a l l have power t o r u n one wagon f o r t h e c a r r i a g e o f l i g h t goods such a s p a r c e l s and p e r s o n a l luggage ; t h e C o r p o r a t i o n s h a l l have a t any t ime t h e r e a f t e r t h e power of p u r c h a s i n g t h e u n d e r t a k i n g a s p r o v i d e d by t h e Tramways Act o f England,1870.11

The proposed tramway was based on t h e p remise t h a t t h e Wate r fo rd , Bu:lgarvan and Lismore Railway Company would p r o v i d e a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e main r a i l w a y network, by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f an e x t e n s i o n r a i l w a y from Waterford South Railway S t a t i o n a t B i l b e r r y (Waterford Foundry Ltd, t o a new c i t y c e n t r e t e r m i n u s s a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f Br idge S t . and Mary St An Act o f P a r l i a m e n t d a t e d J u l y 22nd ,1878, gave t h e Waterford,Dungarval and L t s n o r e Railway Company power t o c o n s t r u c t t h e above r a i l w a y l i n e , which was t o p a s s beh ind t h e Brewery Premises and t u n n e l th rough B i l b e r r y Rock,a d i s h a n c e o f 3 f u r l o n g s , 9 c h a i n s , a n d 50 l i n k s . I t was, o f c o u r s e , n e v e r b u i l t r T h i s d e c i s i o n d e a l t a f a t a l blow t o t h e proposed tramway. I t was c o n s i d e r e d t h a t a n i s o l a t e d s e c t i o n o f tramway would b e u n a b l e t o e n j o y f i n a n c i a l p r o s p e r i t y w i t h o u t b e i n g p h y s i c a l l y connec ted t o t h e main r a i l w a y network. The tramway p r o j e c t , was, t h e r e f o r e , abandoned.

Notes and Refe rences :

* Before a r a i l w a y i s b u i l t a B i l l a u t h o r i s i n g i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n must be approved by P a r l i a m e n t .

T h i s a r t i c l e has been compiled from t h e minutes o f Waterford C o r p o r a t i o n from 1874 t o 1881 i n c l u s i v e . Mic ro f i lm c o p i e s of same have been d e p o s i t e d i n t h e Waterford Room, Munic ipal L i b r a r y , Lady Lane, Water ford and may be i n s p e c t e d t h e r e by i n t e ~ e s t e d p e r s o n s .

Acknowledgement:

I wish t o e x p r e s s my t h a n k s t o Wate r fo rd C o r p o r a t i o n ( Town C l e r k ' s O f f i c e s t a f f ) f o r c o u r t e o u s a s s i s t a n c e r e c e i v e d when r e s e a r c h i n g t h i s a r t i c l e .

WATERFORD HARBOUR COMMISSIONERS

RECORDS

Anthony J . Brophy.

I t i s h e a r t e n i n g t o know t h a t many o f t h e Harbour Commissioners r ecords going back t o t h e i r f o u n d a t i o n i n 1816 a r e i n t a c t b u t , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , i n Cork. A t b e s t i t can be s a i d t h a t t h e r e c o r d s a r e i n t h e good c a r e o f U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , Cork, and t h e i r p r e s e n t home i s b e t t e r t h a n t h e r a t h e r damp basement o f Harbour O f f i c e , Wate r fo rd , where t h e y had been s t o r e d . I t i s hoped t h a t i n due c o u r s e t h e r e c o r d s w i l l be r e s t o r e d t o Wate r fo rd and, p e r h a p s , t o one o f t h e more a p p r o p r i a t e room/s o f Harbour O f f i c e o r Chamber o f Commerce B u i l d i n g . Much i d l e s p a c e e x i s t s i n t h a t f i n e b u i l d i n g and i t can be w e l l a rgued t h a t t h e b i r t h p l a c e o f t h e documents s h o u l d a l s o be t h e i r permanent home.

Happ i ly , t h e r e i s a p r e c i s e l i s t o f t h e r e c o r d s i n Cork and i t i s as f o l l o w s -

Minutes 1816-1951, Correspondence 1816-1931,Accounts 1816-1939 C a s h / p e t t y c a s h 1825-1919, P o r t D u t i e s 1822-1884, S a i l i n g s / D a y Re tu rns 1816-1934, Log books, journals,etc.,l816-1929.

The f o l l o w i n g a r e e x t r a c t s from some o f t h o s e r e c o r d s , n o t i n any s t u d i e d manner b u t h o p e f u l l y uncover ing l i t t l e t r e a s u r e s o f t r i f l e s and t r i u m p h s , humour and h i s t o r y from t h i s d u s t y c a r g o .

The e x t r a c t s commence a t t h e f i r s t meet ing of t h e Commissioners i n 1816 h e l d i n t h e Chamber o f Commerce b u i l d i n g - o r i g i n a l l y a p r i v a t e house.

The e l e g a n t mansion was o r i g i n a l l y b u i l t a s a town-house f o r William Morr i s o f Rossduff f o r a s l i g h t E10,OOO i n 1795. C a p i t a l l o s s e s were n o t unknown and i n 1814 t h e Chamber o f Commerce, j u s t abou t t o be formed, a c q u i r e d t h e house f o r E2,500.

The Harbour Commissioners were t h e i r f i r s t t e n a n t s and have watched t h e t i d e o f t h e i r f o r t u n e s from t h e same o f f i c e s e v e r s i n c e . S h a l l we j o i n t h e a p p o i n t e d members a s t h e y assemble f o r t h e v e r y f i r s t meeting a few minu tes b e f o r e mid-day on Wednesday, J u l y 1 7 , 1816.

Around t h e long ,ob long t a b l e we s e e C o r n e l i u s Bo l ton , who w i t h James Wal lace , r e p r e s e n t s t h e Common Counci l o f t h e C o r p o r a t i o n o f Waterford. The Chamber o f Commerce ,cons t i tu ted o n l y a y e a r e a r l i e r , i s t h e r e i n s t r e n g t h w i t h John H a r r i s , R i c h a r d D a v i s , J o s i a h Strangman, John Leonard ,Rober t J a c o b , John Strangman,George Penrose Ridgway and F r a n c i s Davis .

Waterford Harbour Commissioners Records

The t h i r d body r e p r e s e n t e d a r e t h e 'Merchants and I n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e town o f Clonmell - Arthur R i a l l , David Malcomson, James Morton and Robert Grubb.

Peeping a t t h e r ~ l l of a t t endance we n o t e t h a t 24 Commissioners had been appoin ted : t h e r e i s one absen t ee from Clonmel, f o u r from t h e Chamber o f Commerce and, b l e s s u s , no l e s s than f i v e miss ing from t h e Corpora t ion - t h e p r ev ious mas te r s o f t h e p o r t !

One n o t a b l e absen t ee i s S i r John Newport: no doubt , a c t i v e , i n h i s pa r l i amen ta ry d u t i e s f o r Waterford a t Westminster . He has t aken a l e a d i n g p a r t i n forming t h e Harbour Board and, a l t hough 60 y e a r s o l d , remained on watch f o r Waterford ( and C a t h o l i c Emancipation) u n t i l h i s d e a t h a t Newpark,near t h e C i t y , i n 1843.

James Wallace was appoin ted Chairman and Robert Jacob , S e c r e t a r y . The very f i r s t r e s o l u t i o n s t a t e d " t h a t i t i s exped i en t t o c o l l e c t u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e t h e f u l l r a t e o f Tonnage Dut ies a s s t a t e d i n Schedule A o f t h e Act."

Then a l e t t e r from T r i n i t y House was r e a d concerning t h e appointment o f a P i l o t Master and t h e meeting agreed t h a t t h e s a l a r y f o r t h i s p o s t shou ld be S200 p e r annum.

A communication, d a t e d on ly two days be fo re t h e meet ing, from t h e Naviga t ion Board sought i n fo rma t ion on t h e e s t ab l i shmen t o f t h e Board. I t was agreed t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Chamber o f Commerce, t h e body p ropaga t i ng t h e Harbour Board i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , shou ld f u r n i s h t h e d e t a i l s , submit them t o M r . Co rne l i u s Bolton w i t h whom t h e Navigat ion Board were i n c o n t a c t .

F i n a l l y , t n e meeting appo in t ed two- sub -com~i t t e e s : one t o c a r r y t h e Act i n t o e f f e c t and t h e o t h e r t o d e a l w i t h correspondence u n t i l nex t meeting o r t h e appointment 05 a f u l l - t i m e s e c r e t a r y .

The f i r s t major scheme undsr taken by t h e Board was t h e deepening of t h e Ford Channel. The c o n t r a c t p rov ided t h a t work should commence cn May 1, 1817 and be completed w i t h i n 18 months a t a c o s t o f - S17,708. 6. 8d. There was a p r o v i s i o n p e r m i t t i n g t h e " s t u f f excavated" t o be dumped a t t h e Maulus Rock - a p o i n t where s p o i l i s s t i l l dumped.

I n October 1817, S i r John Newpcrt p r e s e n t e d t h e Board w i t h c e r t a i n documents r e f e r r i n g t o theGovernment Grant f o r deepening t h e Ford - "being l e t t e r s from M r . S e c r e t a r y Pee l - and t h e then Chance l lo r of t h e Exchequer f o r I r e l a n d , d a t e d 3Cth J anua ry , 1816."

Pee l - t h e famous "Bobby" - c l o s e d h i s l e t t e r w i t h t h e s e words " M r . F i t z g e r a l d (Wm. Vesey F i t z g e r a l d ) and I had an i n t e r v i e w wi th t h e s e gentlemen ( members o f t h e Waterford Chamber o f Commerce) t h i s morning and s i g n i f i e d t o them of our i n t e n t i o n o f acceding t o t h e p r o p o s i t i o n which t hey have made- and of recommending t o . P a r l i a m e n t t h e g r a n t o f t h e funds r e q u i r e d by them on c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s t o which t hey acceded - indeed which t hey proposed - I have t h e honour t o b e , S i r

Your ve ry obed i en t s e r v a n t , Rober t Pee l .

L I

Water fo rd Harbour Commissioners Records.

A y e a r l a t e r something l e s s momentous was r e c o r d e d when a 10 / - f ine was l e v i e d on Edmund Mullowney f o r "buying and s e l l i n g o l d r o p e s without b e i n g l i c e n s e d . " The f i n e was p a s s e d on t o t h e T r e a s u r e r o f the Fever H o s p i t a l " p u r s u a n t t o t h e P r o v i s i o n s o f t h e Act."

By t h i s t i m e t h e Board had a p p o i n t e d a S e c r e t a r y - George Brownrigg - and i n t h e f i n a l pa ragraph of a r a t h e r wonderful l e t t e r he made a well - known a p p e a l : -

"Memoria l i s t would i n c o n c l u s i o n beg t o a p o l o g i z e f o r t r e s p a s s i n g on t h e t ime o f your Board, by going i n t o such d e t a i l , b u t he though t it n e c e s s a r y t o do s o i n o r d e r t h a t your Board might b e e n a b l e d t o judge t h e r e f r o m as t o whether he has o r h a s n o t a s m a l l c l a i m t o your c o n s i d e r a t i o n - he f e e l s i t h o w e v e r e q u a l l y incumbent upon him t o d e c l a r e . t h a t be your d e c i s i o n w h a t - it may, he w i l l never f o r g e t t h a t he owes a l l h i s p r e s e n t advan tages t o your E Z i i e s s and l i b e r a l i t y .

George Brownrigg."

I t was, of c o u r s e , a n a p p e a l f o r an i n c r e a s e i n s a l a r y and t h e Board's l i b e r a l i t y was f u r t h e r enhanced by a n award which brought t h e s a l a r y from S170 t o S200 p e r annum. The l e t t e r was d a t e d March 11, 1819 and t h e r i s e was r e t r o s p e c t i v e t o J a n u a r y 1st .

An e a r l i e r q u o t e from t h i s v e r y l e n g t h y l e t t e r i s i n t e r e s t i n g " tha t you w i l l ..... be s o l e l y i n f l u e n c e d by t h o s e I m p a r t i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , which induced you t o a p p o i n t him your S e c r e t a r y and Book-keeper a t a t i m e , when Persons of much g r e a t e r rank' and i n f l u e n c e i n s o c i e t y , were c a n d i d a t e s f o r t h e o f f i c e . "

I n 1821 Brownrigg was awarded S250 p . a . and a f t e r 2 1 y e a r s s e r v i c e he d i e d i n 1838. A committee o f f i v e was a p p o i n t e d " t o i n v e s t i g a t e the c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f h i s widow and c h i l d . " They were Ad. H a r r i s , ~ e n r ~ Denny, Joshua W . Strangman, Thomas R . Cherry and Henry Ridgway. I t was f i n a l l y d e c i d e d t h a t a sum of S600 be p a i d from t h e Water B a i l i f f ' s Fees t o t h e widow. Th i s was a handsome b e n e f i t i n t h o s e days and we can t a k e i t t h a t t h e Board were doing w e l l and, d o u b t l e s s , g a v e the cash where t h e c r e d i t was due.

I n November 1842, t h e minu tes n o t e t h a t t h e Righ t Worshipful Thomas Meagher, Mayor, A l d . S i r Benjamin M o r r i s , Owen C a r r o l l and P a t r i c k K i e l y were a p p o i n t e d by t h e Town Counci l t o s e r v e a s Harbour Commissioners. I t i s r e c o r d e d t h a t t h e y a t t e n d e d and q u a l i f i e d agreeab ly t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e Harbour Act."

A s was t h e custom t h e Mayor, when p r e s e n t , took t h e c h a i r and thus t h e r e were many Board mee t ings a t which Thomas F. Meagher p r e s i d e d . H i s s i g n a t u r e i s q u i t e a r e g u l a r f e a t u r e i n t h e Minute Books f o r some time u n t i l h i s r e s i g n a t i o n i n November 1846, when Alderman S i l v e s t e r Phelan was e l e c t e d " i n h i s room and g lace . "

Meaghef does n o t seem t o have done a n y t h i n g s p e c t a c u l a r d u r i n g h i s s e r v i c e a s a Commissioner a l t h o u g h h e s a t on many o f t h e s u b - committees d e a l i n g w i t h p i l o t s , b a l l a s t and f i n a n c e .

2 8 Waterford Harbour Commissioners Records.

Over t h e nex t few y e a r s t h e r e was c o n s t a n t t r o u b l e i n t h e p i l o t a g e s e r v i c e and t h e Minutes r e c o r d an u n f o r t u n a t e i n c i d e n t i n 1849. I t concerned t h e Russ ian s h i p S o l i d e which went aground on Cromwell 's Rock, j u s t below t h e c i t y , s h o r t l y a f t e r c a s t i n g o f f from a b e r t h o p p o s i t e Grubbls s t o r e s (Hanover S t r e e t ) .

The P i l o t i n cha rge , Thomas Baston, was suspended and i n h i s appea l wro t e , ' l t h e a c c i d e n t .. was owing t o t h e winds being l i g h t and b a f f l i n g , and t h e v e s s e l n o t a t t e n d i n g t o h e r helm a s q u i c k l y a s she ought t o have done. The p e t i t i o n e r s t a t e d t h a t he was n o t i n t o x i c a t e d du r ing t h e t ime t h e v e s s e l was a f l o a t b u t t h a t i n t h e even ing , when t h e r e was no chance o f t h e s h i p being g o t o f f , he had one g l a s s o f g rog , which s o a c t e d on t h e extreme a n x i e t y of h i s mind a s t o cause s t u p o r and s leep" .

The s h i p ' s c a p t a i n s a i d , on e n q u i r y , t h a t 'l t h e d e c a n t e r was n e a r him i n t h e cabin". There was no f u r t h e r i m p l i c a t i o n o f i n t o x i c a t i o n and , a p p a r e n t l y having shaken o f f t h e ' s t u p o r ' Baston l e f t t h e s h i p una ided a t 9.p.m. and walked t o Passage .

The Board l i f t e d t h e su spens ion , f i n e d him E4. and t h e Minutes r e c o r d t h a t he was 'l reprimanded from t h e cha i r " .

Th i s p e r i o d was f r a u g h t w i t h s i m i l a r u p s e t s and t h e Board grew angry w i th t h e p i l o t a g e s e r v i c e , I n January 1852 f e e l i n g s came t o a b i t t e r head i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e l o s s o f t h e 1 ,400- ton American s h i p Columbus. Th i s v e s s e l was en r o u t e New Or leans - i i v e r p o o l w i t h c o t t o n when she was wrecked a t t h e Hook Tower. The Board r e s o l v e d t h a t t h e " P i l o t Boats a r e i n an i n e f f i c i e n t s t a t e and t h a t our o f f i c e r s a r e t o blame f o r n o t having r e p o r t e d t h e i r de f i c i ency" .

The p i l o t s had f a i l e d t o meet t h e incoming s h i p and, wh i l e r e p e a t e d l y c a l l i n g f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e , she r a n aground.

A t t h e Board ' s enqu i ry t h e mas te r o f t h e Columbus, Capta in MC Carren, l e v e l l e d a f u r t h e r a t t a c k when he roundly accused t h e p i l o t s and s a i d "Elsewhere I s h a l l be s u b j e c t e d t o s e v e r e enqu i ry . I do n o t f e a r i t , f o r I know I am a b l e t o answer it s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . But I hope t h e Chairman (Henry Denny) of t h i s body w i l l c on f ine remarks t o t h e s i n g l e i n c i d e n t whether o r n o t t h e p i l o t s e r v i c e o f Waterford Harbour d i d i t s du ty 'l (Hear, Hear) . ' l

The a s s e n t i n g e x p r e s s i o n s , a c t u a l l y no ted by t h e S e c r e t a r y , i n d i c a t e o f f i c i a l f e e l i n g a g a i n s t t h e p i l o t s .

La te i n 1852 ano the r such t r agedy occu r r ed when t h e G l e n v i l l e Bay r a n up a t t h e Hook i n e x c e l l e n t c o n d i t i o n s . Again i t was c la imed t h a t t h e s h i p cou ld n o t g e t a ~ i l o t .

In 1858 t h e C o l l e c t o r o f Rates,Mr. P e t e r Cummins, expressed d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h h i s s a l a r y . The S e c r e t a r y was d i r e c t e d t o a d v e r t i s e t h e p o s i t i o n and i n t h e l i g h t o f t h i s c h a s t e n i n g e x e r c i s e Cummins appea led f o r re-appointment .

Waterford Harbour Commissioners Records.

H i s l e t t e r was read a t t h e Meeting which reviewed a p p l i c a t i o n s from 11 persons . Only two r ece ived vo te s and poor, ha s ty Cummins was defeated 1 3 vo te s t o 8 , by Thomas Dalton Smith.

Another cl imax was reached when t h r e e yea r s l a t e r Smith was found M a d e f a u l t e r " f o r f 1,014.17.7. A f i r m of s o l i c i t o r s ,Dobbyn and Tandy, 16 Colbeck S t r e e t ( s t i l l i n bus iness a t t h a t address under Mr. Fergus Power S o l r . , ) r epo r t ed " a warrant a t t h e s u i t o f t h e Commissioners was p l aced i n t h e hands of t h e p o l i c e t o execute . The defendant 's premises were ba r r i caded a g a i n s t t h e p o l i c e from Friday u n t i l t h e fol lowing Monday.. . . . 11

Eventua l ly Smi th ' s possess ions were s o l d by Pub l i c Auction f o r 1 4 8 5 . Dobbyn and Tandyts l e t t e r con t inues " The Circumstances of t h e obtaining o f such execut ion and t h e opening of M r . Smi th ' s premises t o admit t h e S h e r i f f .... Are no t o f a c h a r a c t e r a t p r e s e n t j ud i c ious t o re fe r t o . . . . . " One can f e e l t h e pedant g r in !

Cummins, t h r e e yea r s w i s e r s tepped i n t o t h e f r a y once more and although he s t i l l had good suppor t on t h e Board he was de fea t ed by Simon Newport Barron .

Never the l e s s , t h e r e was t o be another chap te r i n h i s daun t l e s s ambition t o r ega in t h e p o s t . In 1862, a f t e r only a y e a r , Barron was forced t o r e s i g n through ill h e a l t h and wi th s i x candida tes i n t h e f i e l d t h e r e was one ve ry f a m i l i a r name - P e t e r Cummins. On t h e f i r s t p o l l he d i d p r e t t y w e l l o b t a i n i n g 5 vo te s a g a i n s t 7 f o r Jacob Scroder , 4 f o r Thomas Fogarty J u n r . , 1 f o r James Waring, t h e o t h e r two appl ican ts ' got no th ing a t a l l t .

Was Cummins po ised f o r an avenging v i c t o r y ? There were f i v e votes f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n and he needed f o u r of them f o r c e r t a i n success . Alas, on ly one went h i s way, Scroder ob ta ined two, one dec l ined t o vote and t h e r e was one b lank .

An unusual e n t r y i n 1869 a u t h o r i s e s M r . Blake M.P. and Ald. Richardson t o r eques t t h e acceptance by H i s Grace t h e Duke of Abercorn, o f t h e anchor which moored t h e French F r i g a t e i n t h i s Harbour i n which King James I 1 and Claude 4 th E a r l o f Abercorn, Kinsman and Aide de Camp o f t h e King embarked f o r France i n 1690." Wonder what the Duke d i d w i th t h e anchor ?

The c a r e f r e e n i n e t i e s and t h e corners tone of t h e cen tury were reached wi th Waterford i n an apprehensive and de fens ive mood. The r ive rpo r t was an important ra i lway c e n t r e b u t , then , t h e ra i lways were f a r more v i t a l being t h e p r i n c i p a l form o f i n t e r n a l t r a n s p o r t . Consequently, p r o s p e r i t y depended on good water and r a i l t r a n s p o r t and Waterford was b l e s s e d wi th bo th .

Neve r the l e s s , Water ford ' s prime p o s i t i o n , i n p a r t i c u l a r c ros s - channel t r a d e s , was not impregnable. The ex t ens ion of t he ra i lway to Ross la re was proposed b u t more d i s t u r b i n g were t h e va r ious ra i lway amalgamation b i l l s in tended t o v e s t t h e two main companies s e r v i n g Waterford, i n t h e Great Southern and Western Railway Company. This company was i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p o r t s of Dublin and Cork and under r e c e n t l e g i s l a t i o n was pledged t o use every e f f o r t t o develop t h e p o r t of Rosslare i n conjunc t ion w i t h B r i t a i n ' s Great Western Railway.

Waterford Harbour Commissioners Records.

The Bi l l s , a s d e p o s i t e d , con t a ined vague c l a u s e s a f f o r d i n g Waterford some measure o f s e c u r i t y and p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t d i s c r i m i n a t o r y r a t e s , r e b a t e s and t h e p r e f e r e n c e s and p r e j u d i c e s f r e q u e n t l y employed by e x t e n s i v e combines t o f u r t h e r t h e i r i n t e r e s t s . I n t h i s c o n t e x t Waterford had a g r e a t d e a l t o p r o t e c t . R e s t r i c t i o n s on e x i s t i n g t r a d e through t h e p o r t , wh i l e s e r v i n g t h e d e s i r e s of monopolies , would no t b e n e f i t e i t h e r Waterford , n o r pe rhaps , t h e coun t ry a t l a r g e .

During n e g o t i a t i o n s t h e Waterford d e p u t a t i o n i n London came a c r o s s M r . Nelson, S o l i c i t o r t o t h e Great Western Railway. He saw f i t t o i n t e r v e n e on t h e Amalgamation B i l l s t a f f e c t i n g t h e Waterford ,Limer ick and Western and t h e Waterford and C e n t r a l I r e l a n d Railways) a s w e l l a s h i s prime i n t e r e s t - t h e Fishguard and Ross l a r e Railways and Harbours B i l l . Nelson proved a d i f f i c u l t adve r sa ry and, w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e amalgamation, o b j e c t e d s t r o n g l y t o p r o v i s i o n a l c l a u s e s agreed i n Dublin, s a f e g u a r d i n g Wa te r fo rd ' s p o s i t i o n .

A f t e r exhaus t i ve d e b a t e s a t Paddington, M r . Nelson produced a memorandum w i t h new c l a u s e s l1 which he s t a t e d would be f a r more v a l u a b l e f o r Waterford t h a n t h e s e t t l e m e n t which had been agreed t o i n Dublin." The a u o t a t i o n comes from t h e r e p o r t o f t h e Harbour Board ' s l e g a l a d v i s e r , ~ r i e s t I s a a c Thornton, who was p r e s e n t a t t h e d i s c u s s i o n s .

M r . Thornton added; 'l t h e members o f t h e d e p u t a t i o n now f e l t themselves t o be i n an ex t remely d i f f i c u l t and p e r p l e x i n g s i t u a t i o n . " Confusion had a r i s e n on t h e wor th o f t h e Dublin agreement and, n o t u n n a t u r a l l y , on t h e c l a u s e s p u t forward by M r . Nelson. With t ime a t a premium, and t h e "deepes t su sp i c ion1 ' e n t e r t a i n e d , t h e d e p u t a t i o n withdrew and r e s o r t e d t o t h e i r Pa r l i amen ta ry A g m t s (Holmes and G r i e g ) . M r . Thornton con t inued : " M r . Gr ieg a c t e d f o r us w i t h g r e a t p rompt i tude and w i t h i n an hour we had t h e good f o r t u n e t o be i n t roduced by him t o S i r Henry Oakley, General Manager o f t h e Great Nor thern Railway, a gentleman o f g r e a t expe r i ence and occupying t h e v e r y h i g h e s t p o s i t i o n i n t h e r a i l w a y world."

S i r Henry agreed t o t a k e home t h e Waterford pape r s and nex t morning conveyed h i s op in ion t h a t t h e c l a u s e s proposed by M r . Nelson "were w o r t h l e s s , and cou ld n o t be t aken a s i n t e n d e d bona f i d e t o p r o t e c t Waterford . l '

S i r Henry c o n s i d e r e d t h e Dublin agreement a s be ing framed on t h e r i g h t l i n e s and i n t h e course of a l a t e r l e t t e r s e t t i n g o u t h i s views i n d e t a i l , he wrote : -"You must o b j e c t a s s t r e n u o u s l y a s p o s s i b l e t o any a t t emp t t o l i m i t t h e through booking t o any p a r t i c u l a r r o u t e . The t r a d e o f t h e p o r t must be f r e e t o go where it w i l l and on f a i r t e rms . I f t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s be s t e a d i l y kep t i n view, t h e amalgamation w i l l p robab ly t e n d t o t h e b e n e f i t and p r o s p e r i t y o f t h e p o r t . "

A s a f i n a l n o t e S i r Henry added ; " I am p e r s o n a l l y much o b l i g e d f o r t h e c l e a r and i n t e l l i g e n t a s s i s t a n c e you have r ende red me and I am s u r e your c l i e n t s have been t h o u g h t f u l l y and c a r e f u l l y p r o t e c t e d by your p r o f e s s i o n a l s k i l l and expe r i ence . "

The l e t t e r was add re s sed t o M r . Thornton who must have been h i g h l y p l e a s e d w i t h t h e compliment.

Waterford, Harbour Commissioners Records.

Armed w i t h S i r Henry 's o v e r n i g h t adv i ce t h e d e p u t a t i o n r e t u r n e d to Paddington and bo th s i d e s h e l d f i r m . A f t e r some weeks o f argument the G.W.R. f i n a l l y ag r eed t o t h e i n s e r t i o n o f t h e 'Dubl in1 c l a u s e s on ly when Waterford " i n f r i e n d l y bu t dec ided terms" p o i n t e d ou t t h a t u n l e s s the ag r eed c o n d i t i o n s were i n s e r t e d i n t h e B i l l w i t hou t f u r t h e r d e l a y " Waterford would a c t i v e l y oppose t h e B i l l s . " Th i s u l t imatum, wro te Mr. Thornton, had t h e d e s i r e d e f f e c t .

S e c r e t a r y All ingham was s u f f e r i n g from overwork i n mid 1914 and the Board dec ided t h a t he " be g r a n t e d a month 's l e a v e o f absence t o t r a v e l and t h a t t h e expenses would be de f r ayed by t h e Board.ll Th i s was passed unanimously.

I n March o f t h e fo l l owing y e a r t h e Minutes r e co rd t h a t Mr. Allingham had been s u f f e r i n g from a nervous breakdown and had "disappeared on t h e 28th December l a s t s i n c e d a t e no communication o f f i c i a l o r o t h e r w i s e , had been r e c e i v e d from him, no r any t r a c e o f him been found."

The s e c r e t a r y s h i p was d e c l a r e d vacan t and t h e p o s t f i l l e d by Austin Aaron F a r r e l l .

I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t M r . Allingham l e f t t h e o f f i c e s t o c a t c h t h e af ternoon Dublin t r a i n on t h e d a t e mentioned and was never s een a g a i n . The Board added: "No p u b l i c board cou ld have been more a b l y , f a i t h f u l l y and z e a l o u s l y s e r v e d t h a n t h e y have been by M r . Allingham d u r i n g t h e per iod o f n e a r l y 34 y e a r s t h a t he was t h e i r S e c r e t a r y . "

I n J u l y 1917 t h e Board pa s sed a v o t e o f sympathy t o Mrs. W.Redmond and M r . John E . Redmond, a n o t h e r c e l e b r a t e d Waterford f i g u r e , on t h e death o f Mayor W i l l i e Redmond M.P. " who fought and d i e d l i k e a g a l l a n t I r i s h s o l d i e r i n t h e g r e a t f i g h t f o r human l i b e r t y . "

The Waterford Harbour B i l l o f 1919 meant f u r t h e r t r i p s t o London fo r members o f t h e Board. The B i l l overcame o p p o s i t i o n from t h e Corpora t ion , t h e Great Sou thern and Western Railway and v a r i o u s shipping companies w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e impos i t i on o f c a rgo dues . However, compliments went a g a i n t o M r . Thornton and M r . Henry Forde (who d i d p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l i n s u b m i t t i n g ev idence b e f o r e t h e House of Lords) and t h e Board p reened i t s e l f on t h e "happy and s u c c e s s f u l t e rmina t ion o f t h e m a t t e r . "

M r . Forde was e l e c t e d f i r s t Chairman of t h e Commissioners f o r t h e fo l lowing y e a r - " a power n o t i n t h e i r p o s s e s s i o n u n t i l t h e p a s s i n g of t h e p r e s e n t Act . l 1

Under Fo rde ' s cha i rmansh ip , l a t e r S i r Henry Forde, t h e p o r t grew apace. Many developments schemes were under taken t o improve be r t hage and deepen t h e r i v e r . Funds f o r t h e schemes were sought i n many p l a c e s and t h a t t h e y were o b t a i n e d was due i n no sma l l measure t o t h e work o f Henry Forde. The Board r ecogn i s ed h i s e f f o r t s and one o f t h e new deep- water b e r t h s i n t h e p o r t - opened i n 1930 - i s known a s t h e S i r Henry Forde Wharf.

The Board t r i e d t h e Free S t a t e Government f o r money and, f a i l i n g , then besought B r i t i s h i n su rance companies. A t t h i s s u g g e s t i o n t h e t hen Secretary t o t h e M i n i s t e r f o r I n d u s t r y and Commerce wro te : l 1 it would be a good t h i n g f o r t h e coun t ry t o s e e a London company i n v e s t i n g

Waterford Harbour Commissioners Records.

E50,000 i n an I . F . S . por t1 ' and, he added, t h a t he hoped i t would m a t e r i a l i s e .

Off t o London aga in and a s e r i e s of in te rv iews whth t h e Actuary and Di rec to r s of t h e A t l a s Assurance Company. A f t e r much cons ide ra t ion they were unable t o make t h e loan as t h e " D i r e c t o r s f e a r t h a t t h e Free S t a t e i s no t y e t s t a b l e . "

Back t o Dublin where a Government guaranteed loan f o r E50,000 was ob ta ined and t h e work went ahead.

Living memory may dea l wi th t h e r e s t f o r t h e p r e s e n t . Hopefully, a more s c h o l a r l y approach w i l l be made t o t h e d a t a which i s t h e r e i n abundance and, i n t ime, should be r e s t o r e d t o Waterford. A s a f i n a l example of t h e m a t e r i a l i n s t o r e , he re i s an e x t r a c t from t h e Daily Returns no t ing t h e a r r i v a l s and depa r tu re s a t t h e p o r t on 29 J u l y , 1878 - no te even t h e weather f o r t h e day i s recorded and no te the names of p i l o t s (Glody and Rogers) which names a r e s t i l l a s soc ia t ed wi th a g r e a t s e r v i c e ( long s i n c e matured s i n c e t h e e a r l y problems) and a g r e a t p o r t .

DAILY RETURN FROM PILOT STATION AT PASSAGE

EXTRACT FROM 29 JULY 1878

NAY E DESCRIPl'ION MASTER CARGO PROM TO WHERE PILOT PILOT PUT DRAUGHT BOARDED IN CHARGE IN CHARGE OF WATER

ARRIVED bmerick Portland Erln Waterfdrd Albkrt k r y r u r i n Reghdd Vullure St. Peter John Rcu Ad&& Ruby

&wk Juliur C a m Catharinc Actme, Wicklow Vulture Portland Selina Jane Limerick Providem

S. S.S. S.S. S. Brigantine Buque SS. S. Schooner Schooner Bripnrine Schoona

Schooner S.S. Barque S.S. S. SS. Ketch S. Ketch

R. Orenr Marten~n Bums

- P. Furlong. H. k e n J. Freeman D. Joner

Andenon PeterPcn Mutino

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Bryant

Bryant

Milford G luew Waterford Milford Liverpod k r p n Waterford Milford Arklow Milford Dubun Aberystwyth

Cheptow StocU~olm Genoa G lupw MJford Glaww Glater MJford Gloater

h. C h . Gen. Cm. Cod M& Gen. Gen. c o d c o d cod Cod

Milford G b w w Dunpnan Lwford Newport Phihddphia Bristol Milford Swansea Cardlff Newcast* Newport

SAILED

L l h r t New Rou L b t Waterford &Put Waterford &Put Waterford Gcn. Waterford Gen. Waterford Ballart Wate!ford Gen. Waterford Bl l lut Waterford

Waterford Waterford Watuford Waterford New Rorr Waterford Watuford Waterford Waterford Waterford Waterford New Aou

Newport Sunderland Philadelphia G lqow Millord G lqow Cardiff Milford Cudiff

- In Sution Out Station

-

In station I n Station I n Station In Sution

- R.D. Butler Mackey Thm. Power

- - - -

Thor. Glody P. Rogcrr Fitzgerald P. Bury R.C.Butler E. KeUy J. Ryan -

In Station - Heney - Fowler - - -

A. Power - -

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- 7 Heney I I Fowler 13

- - - - 7 - - -

5

S. = Paddle S~MU S.S. = Steamrhip S. Limerick 1874-142

S.S. Porland 1876-1935 Clyde Shipping Co. S. Waterford 1874-1905 SS. Rcpndd 187E1914 Waterford Stcun S. Vulture 1864-1886 G.W.R. SS. Wicklow 1869-193 1 Qyde S.C.

Adddde - Owner R. Koron, Dublin.

NOTES WlND S.E. to N.N.E. WEATHER Brisk Breeze. F ie . Clear and Dry during this day REMARKS At night light and variable throughout.

WlLLIAM KENNEDY PILOT OFFICER

THE

S t .

OLD ORDER CHANGETH-

Ardmore

~ i o b h 5 n Lincoln.

The Ardmore Ves t ry Book d e a l t w i t h a p e r i o d when t h e o l d ru ined church i n t h e graveyard was s t i l l i n use and t h e r ecords o f i t s l a s t y e a r s a r e he re .

" A t a v e s t r y h e l d i n t h e Church o f Ardmore on Monday,20th J u l y , 1829 ..... f o r t h e purpose o f t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e r e p a i r o f s a i d church , and a l s o , if deemed necessa ry t o memorial t h e Board o f F i r s t F r u i t s f o r a g r a n t t o e r e c t a new one on a n o t h e r s i t e , "

Th i s i s t h e f i r s t w r i t t e n r e c o r d o f t h e campaign f o r a new church, a campaign which proceeded f o r n i n e y e a r s , u n t i l S t . P a u l s was e r e c t e d i n 1838.

Th i s v e s t r y meeting goes on t o say " t h a t t h e p r e s e n t church i s s o much o u t o f r e p a i r a s t o be almost u n f i t f o r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f d i v i n e s e r v i c e , t h a t i t would be a waste of money t o spend any on t h e r e p a i r o f same and t h a t a new church s h a l l be e r e c t e d on ano the r s i t e , t h e p r e s e n t one be ing inconven ien t and t h a t a memorial be p r e s e n t e d wi th a s l i t t l e de lay a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e Board o f F i r s t F r u i t s f o r t h e sum of e i g h t hundred pounds f o r t h e s a i d bu i ld ing" Th i s i s s igned by

John Ode11 Simon Bagge Wil l iam A l l i n John A l l i n

John B . Wallace, Vicar

James Bagge. Curate

John Gee

In A p r i l 1830, 26-12-0 i s s e t a s i d e f o r r e p a i r s o f church roof and w a l l s , a l s o new g a t e f o r church y a r d f2-2-0 and m a t e r i a l s and l abour f o r hanging same and f u r n i s h i n g p i e r s 21-0-0.

A t a v e s t r y on Monday, 19 th A p r i l 1830, a memorial i s made t o t h e Board o f F i r s t F r u i t s a g a i n f o r a g r a n t t o e r e c t a new church. Another d i f f i c u l t y has p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f , t h e q u e s t i o n of a new s i t e . E n q u i r i e s a r e t o be made l1 from t h e Bishop o f t h e Diocese whether any d i f f i c u l t i e s may e x i s t towards changing t h e s i t e of t h e p r e s e n t Church, and t .hat t h e Vica r be r eques ted t o w r i t e t o t h e Board on t h e s u b j ec t" .

A s p e c i a l v e s t r y was h e l d on Monday 30th August 1830, because a p p a r e n t l y , t h e f e a r s expressed above were j u s t i f i e d . I t was r e s o l v e d ( t h e Board 's r e p l y t o Rev. Wallace having been r e a d , and i t appear ing t h a t many d i f f i c u l t i e s were i n t h e way o f changing t h e s i t e o f t h e

Fig. 1. St. Paul's Church, Admore. Built 1838.

Fig. 2. East Window

Fig. 3 . Interior of St. Paul's

The Old Order Changeth

p r e s e n t c h u r c h ) , t h a t t h e p a r i s h i o n e r s were unanimous t o make a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a new church upon t h e o l d s i t e . Resolved t h a t memorial be s i g n e d by t h e v i c a r and p a r i s h i o n e r s assembled i n v e s t r y and b e forwarded t o t h e T r u s t e e s o f t h e Board o f F i r s t F r u i t s r e q u e s t i n g t h e l o a n of s i x hundred pounds f o r t h e purpose o f r e - b u i l d i n g t h e p r e s e n t church . Resolved t h a t t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e s a i d s i x hundred pounds l e n t by t h e Board, be r e p a i d by t h e P a r i s h e s o f Ardmore and Ba l lymaca r t .

Seemingly, t h e p r o c e s s of e x t r a c t i n g money from a b u r e a u c r a t i c i n s t i t u t i o n was j u s t a s l ong and p a i n f u l a p r o c e s s t h a n a s now, because t h e n e x t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e problem was i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e E a s t e r V e s t r y of 21st of Apri1,1835 was h e l d i n t h e Glebe House o f Ardmore l' t h e church b e i n g i n a s t a t e o f d i l a p i d a t i o n " .

A v e r y i m p o r t a n t and d e c i s i v e s t e p was t a k e n a t t h e n e x t Ves t ry " h e l d i n t h e Glebe House of Ardmore on t h e 2nd day o f J a n u a r y 1836 p u r s u a n t t o p u b l i c n o t i c e p o s t e d i n t h e n e x t marke t town and s e r v e d upon 3 ( t h i s i s d i f f i c u l t t o d e c i p h e r ) h o u s e h o l d e r s , i t was unanimously r e s o l v e d t h a t a p e t i t i o n from t h e p a r i s h i o n e r s be drawn up and s i g n e d , p r a y i n g h i s Exce l l ency t h e Lord L i e u t e n a n t of I r e l a n d and P r i v y Counc i l , t o s u f f e r t h e s i t e of t h e p r e s e n t Church o f Ardmore b e changed t o t h e p lough land o f Dyser t i n s a i d p a r i s h . S a i d p e t i t i o n b e i n g now s i g n e d a t s a i d v e s t r y t h i s day, i t was d i r e c t e d t o be forwarded by t h e V i c a r t o t h e P r i v y Counci l1 '

James Bagge ,John A l l e n Thomas A l l e n Wil l iam Mar t in

J . B . Wal lace , V i c a r

P h i l i p Ard . .?) John A l l e n 1 Church Wardens

Among t h e a c c o u n t s a t t h e A p r i l v e s t r y 1836 was 10s.Od. f o r a f e n d e r and f i r e i r o n s f o r t h e church , s o i t was s t i l l i n u s e , b u t i t s d e a t h k n e l l had been sounded. The Lord L i e u t e n a n t and P r i v y Counc i l had e v i d e n t l y looked on t h e p e t i t i o n w i t h f a v o u r , because t h e v e s t r y o f 1 6 t h A p r i l 1838 was h e l d as b e f o r e " i n t h e Glebe House o f Ardmore, t h e church b e i n g d e l a p i d a t e d and new church n o t y e t f i n i s h e d " , and t h e r e i s a cha rge o f 53-0-0 f o r "d igg ing up new church y a r d and l e v e l l i n g sallie, removing r u b b i s h o f new b u i l d i n g , and g r a s s s e e d t o sow i n same .

The E a s t e r V e s t r y o f 1839 h e l d on 1st A p r i l was " i n t h e p a r i s h church cjf Ardmore" .

And s o , an e r a which had l a s t e d f o r w e l l o v e r a thousand y e a r s ended. These w a l l s had echoed t o t h e v o i c e s of Declan ; o f U l t a n ; o f t n e marauding Vik ings ; o f M a e l e t a i n o f Duibhe Ra tha , t h e e n e r g e t i c 1 2 t h c e n t u r y c l e r i c who e n l a r g e d a n d r e p a i r e d them; o f R a l e i g h ; o f Boyle , E a r l o f Cork and h i s s o n s , Lords B r o g h i l l and Dungarvan who b e s i e g o d and took t h e Round Tower and C a s t l e o f Ardmore on a n August day i n 1642. Now a f t e r t h e l o n g t u m u l t of t h e y e a r s t h e y were abandoned and d e s o l a t e .

BALLY

A Br ief

In i t s

LOUGH ARCHROLOGI CAL PROJECT:

Report on the Second Season o f

Fieldwork

Marek Z v e l e b i l and S t a n t o n W . Green.

i n i t i a l s t a g e s , t h e B a l l y Lough A r c h a e o l o g i c a l P r o j e c t c o n s i s t s o f a s y s t e m a t i c s u r v e y of t h e Wate r fo rd e s t u a r y and t h e ad jacen t B e l l e Lake a r e a s i n County Waterford . The p r i n c i p a l aim of the p r o j e c t i s t o l o c a t e m e s o l i t h i c and e a r l y n e o l i t h i c s e t t l e m e n t for t h e f u t u r e s t u d y o f t h e c o l o n i s a t i o n o f I r e l a n d , development o f foraging economies and t h e t r a n s i t i o n t o farming. The p r o j e c t i s j o i n t l y sponsored by t h e U n i v e r s i t y of S h e f f i e l d and t h e U n i v e r s i t y of South C a r o l i n a i n c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h U n i v e r s i t y Co l lege ,Cork , and Professor P e t e r C . Woodman's comprehensive s t u d y of e a r l y s e t t l e m e n t in s o u t h e r n I r e l a n d . The p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r s a r e D r . Marek Z v e l e b i l ( U n i v e r s i t y o f S h e f f i e l d ) and D r . S t a n t o n W . Green ( U n i v e r s i t y o f South C a r o l i n a ) .

During t h e f i r s t f i e l d s e a s o n i n t h e Summer o f 1983 we c a r r i e d out a l a n d u s e s u r v e y , e n a b l i n g us t o p l o t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a r a b l e f i e l d s i n t h e Wate r fo rd a r e a and t o r e c o r d t h e i r sys tems of r o t a t i o n (see Decies 2 4 , 1983) . Based on t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , a s y s t e m a t i c s u r f a c e c o l l e c t i o n s u r v e y was o r g a n i s e d f o r t h e S p r i n g o f 1984.

The S p r i n g s u r v e y took p l a c e between March 1 7 t h and A p r i l 1 4 t h , 1 9 8 4 . The number o f team members ave raged about 10 p e o p l e ; t h e team c o n s i s t e d m o s t l y of g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S h e f f i e l d and u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s o f U n i v e r s i t y Col lege ,Cork . Marek Z v e l e b i l coord ina ted t h e s e a s o n f o r i t s e n t i r e t y , w h i l e S t a n t o n Green h e l p e d t o s t a r t t h e s e a s o n and worked th rough i t s f i r s t week o f o p e r a t i o n . On s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s we were a l s o h e l p e d by t h e members o f t h e Old Waterford S o c i e t y and o t h e r v o l u n t e e r s who b raved t h e March wea the r and surveyed t h e f i e l d s w i t h u s . T h e i r a s s i s t a n c e i s g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged.

Due t o r e s e a r c h and l o g i s t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , we o p t e d f o r a t o t a l survey o f a r a b l e f i e l d s w i t h i n sampl ing u n i t s s e l e c t e d s o a s t o r e f l e c t the v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e n a t u r a l environment w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n under i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I n 1984, t h e s u r v e y was c a r r i e d o u t i n f o u r such u n i t s , each l o c a t e d w i t h i n one o f t h r e e mic roenv i ronments , d e f i n e d i n terms o f bas ic geology and geomorphology ( s e e F i g u r e 1 ) :

( a ) E s t u a r i n e s h o r e l i n e s o f Waterford Harbour and Old Red Sandstone t i l l s

( b ) Open mar ine c o a s t l i n e and Old Red Sandstone t i l l s

(c) I n l a n d zone and a r a b l e / l i m e s t o n e t i l l s

Bally Lough Archaeological Project

....::... I

. . . . . . .

. . . . , TILL OF MUNSTERIAN AQE WITH ORANITE OR RMYOLITR

..... TILL1 OLD RED SANDSTONE AND LOWER AVONIAN.

KCY PEAT AND ALLUVIUM.

CALCAREOUS T I L L OF I R I S M SEA OmIO1N WITH LIMESTONE AND s n A ~ i . . . . . . SAND DUNES.

Fig. 1. The density of lithic finds with the survey area. Sample units within

the three demarcated areas have been surveyed comprehensively at 5 meter

intervals. Numbers within the sample units denote the relative density

of stone tools per unit of area surveyed.

Bally Lough Archaeological Project

Bal ly Lough Archaeological P r o j e c t

Fieldwalking took p lace a t 5m and 1.25m i n t e r v a l s . A l l remains of p a s t m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e were c o l l ~ c t e d , except those which were obviously of r ecen t age. Mate r ia l c o l l e c t e d cons i s t ed mostly of l i t h i c s , p o t t e r y and c l ay p ipes . For t h e purposes of t h e survey,any l i t h i c a r t e f a c t fixid i d e n t i f i e d a s i t e . A r t i f a c t s were bagged, l a b e l l e d and l a t e r cleaned and cata logued i n t h e l abo ra to ry ; s i t e s were mapped and t h e i r l o c a t i o n descr ibed on s i t e de sc r ip t i on shee t s . In t h e fou r weeks of survey, a t o t a l of 4,554 f i n d s were c o l l e c t e d and 102 s i t e s were l oca t ed . The t o t a l a r ea surveyed amounted t o 3.4 square ki lometers (Figures 2 and 3) . In a d d i t i o n t o t h e f i e l d survey, po l l en cores from Be l l e Lake and from a pea t bog ad jacen t t o s i t e BL 231 were taken and w i l l be analysed a t Univers i ty College, Cork.

Based on t h i s informat ion, a t e n t a t i v e p a t t e r n i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n of f i n d s can be observed. Larger s i t e s a r e s i t u a t e d i n t h e c o a s t a l a r e a s and c o r r e l a t e wi th the d i s t r i b u t i o n of Old Red Sandstone depos i t s . They a r e c h a r a c t e r i s e d by l a r g e amounts of s t one t o o l manufacturing d e b r i s , worked and s h a t t e r e d co re s , unworked f l i n t pebbles and f l a k e s . The number of f i n d s ranges from 20 t o 500 and, i n excep t iona l ca se s , t o more than a thousand.

Small s i t e s , c h a r a c t e r i s e d by s i n g l e f i n d s , o r f i ndspo t s of l e s s than t e n f i n d s , occur i n t h e i n l and reg ion and a l s o i n t h e c o a s t a l a r ea s which a r e no t composed of Old Red Sandstone depos i t s . For t he most p a r t , manufacturing d e b r i s i s absen t , and t h e major i ty of f i n d s c o n s i s t o f p a r t i a l l y completed and f i n i s h e d t o o l s which were broken, l o s t o r d iscarded. I t fo l lows t h a t t he dens i t y of f i n d s i s much higher i n c o a s t a l Old Red Sandstone a r ea s than elsewhere.

A s only a smal l a r e a of the t o t a l region has s o f a r been sampled, ' any conclus ions a r i s i n g from the l a s t season ' s f ieldwork must remain t e n t a t i v e . Never theless a c o r r e l a t i e n seems t o emerge between t h e Old Red Sandstone c o a s t a l a r e a s and the manufacturing of s tone t o o l s . Such a p a t t e r n is obviously r e l a t e d t o t h e occurrence of t he l i t h i c raw m a t e r i a l . The major i ty of f l i n t s and o t h e r s t one m a t e r i a l de r ive f o r t he most p a r t , but no t e n t i r e l y , from t h e g l a c i a l till of munsterian g l a c i a t i o n . The a n a l y s i s of the l i t h i c sources , and t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n wi th t h e s i t e assemblages i s now underway and w i l l be an immediate concern o f t h e 1985 season.

Following t h e f ie ldwork, Marek Zve leb i l spen t one week a t Univers i ty Col lege, Cork, ana lys ing the f i n d s and examining t h e comparable l i t h i c assemblages a t t h e Department of Archaeology.

The comparative a n a l y s i s of t h e l i t h i c a r t i f a c t s show t h a t most of t he d i a g n o s t i c a r t i f a c t s belong t o t h e n e o l i t h i c and t h e bronze age. Some of t h e i d e n t i f i a b l e f i n d s , however, may belong t o t h e l a t e and pos s ib ly e a r l y meso l i t h i c . These included unconventional m i c r o l i t h i c forms (poss ib ly e a r l y m e s o l i t h i c ) , Bann f l a k e s ( l a t e meso l i t h i c ) and Larnian ( uniplane) cores ( l a t e meso l i t h i c ) .

Bally Lough Archaeological Project

Bally Lough Archaeological Project

The assemblages collected in south-east Ireland are markedly different from lithic traditions prevailing in Britain. This is at least partly due to the poor quality and small size of flint nodules from which most of the artifacts are made. Experimental working of such material collected locally from fields within the investigated area revealed the limitations of this material: flint nodules shatter readily , the flint is full of impurities and it is very difficult to produce blades or parallel flakes. The difficulties of the manufacturing process are reflected in the make-up of the prehistoric industries: (1) in the very high ratio of waste-flakes to blades, flakes and retouched tool fragments; (2) in the very high incidence of cortex on artifacts of all types; (3) in the high number of cores abandoned because of shattering or hinge fractures ; (4) and in technological modifications, applied in the manufacture of the prehistoric industry. The bipolar technique (hitting a small core, while holding it against a stone anvil), which resulted in the high incidence of scalar pieces serves as a good example of an expedient method that makes use of small pebbles. Although it is too early to isolate diachronic changes in this process of manufacture, it seems certain that we are dealing with a lithic tradition, modified to suit the local material. Our working hypothesis,then,is that the peculiarity of the southeastern Irish stone working traditions are accountable for in terms of adaptation to the local llithic landscape1: with only small flint pebbles and rhyolite available, it is difficult, if not impossible, to produce assemblages reminiscent of the mesolithic and early neolithic in other areas of Britain and Ireland.

The survey will continue in the Spring of 1985 aided by grants from the British Academy, National Geographic Society and the Center for Field Research. Fieldwork will last for six weeks between March 16th and April 28th. The teams, ranging between 15 and 20 people, will consist partly of Earthwatch volunteers and partly of students from Britain, Ireland and the United States. As in previous years we are looking forward to cooperating with the member of the O.W.S. and we would welcome any other volunteers who would like to join us in fieldwalking. In addition to fieldwork, Marek Zvelebil and Stanton Green will be involved in analysis of the Bally Lough materials and comparative analysis with collections from western Scotland, Wales, England,and perhaps Brittany. Stanton Green will be in Ireland for approximately 6 months as part of his sabbatical year of research. James Moore, from Queens College in New York, is also hoping to join us for the spring to pursue intensive survey of some of the sites with large numbers of artifacts. His fieldwork will concentrate on Electrical Resistivity and Proton Magnetometer survey. In the longer term, we anticipate the fieldwork to continue for at least 3 - 5 years, possibly including the excavation of some of the cultural deposits which we identify during the field survey.

Some Char itable Institutions of

O ld W ater ford

Richard Lahert ( A paper read before the Society on the 19th January 1956 and now

reproduced by kind permission of the author.)

I am hardly exaggerating when I s ta te from the outset that there are more charitable institutions in the City of Waterford than i n any other c i ty in Ireland. A great number of them w i l l be dealtwith during the course of this paper, some forty in a l l , but I am quite sure that the list is fa r from being complete, since many of the old institutions have long fallen into abeyance, the buildings that housed them have disappeared and they are now forgotten.

BY a provided vagrant.

"charity" is meant a privately endowed institution,asylum or hostel, for the maintenance and lodging of the destitute ,the ill ,the poor and Before the ini t iat ion and introduction of the Poor Law Relief Acts,

there was no legal provision for the destitute or aged, and poverty was profound and widespread. The historical reasons for th is widespread poverty are well h o w n and need not be discussed in the short compass of th i s paper. Some institutions which could not possibly be classed as charities are also included and many others are omitted, notably the charitable type of schools.

The founders of many of Waterford's charities did not show a great deal of originality, providing rather large apartments, each for the use of a single inmate, who was provided w i t h a small annuity of f 4, or about 1/6d per week, a pauper's pittance but better than nothing. The greater part of them was founded in that period between 1770 and 1820, a half century which saw i n vogue the foundation of charitable institutions in c i t i es and towns a l l over the country.

Same of the c i ty ' s institutions were founded by exiles from the Penal Laws - Jams Fanning was a naturalised citizen of France; Laurence Carew and Michael Langton were residents of Cadiz, and the Walshs of the Holy Ghost Hospital were domiciled in the Canary Islands.

Despite the lack of originality of the founders, we cannot but respect their intentions and the principles that led them to the founding of charities, and we must give them their due share of praise and thanks.

'IHE HOLY CHET HOSPITAL:

This is amongst the oldest charitable institutions in the c i ty still carrying out the intentions of the fomders. On the dissolution of the Franciscan h v m t a t Greyfriars, the Lord Leonard Grey, the Deputy and a Catholic, sea red a lease of the house and appurtenances for a term of 2 1 years, but it was allwed to fal l

Some Charitable Institutions,of Old Waterford.

into disuse and was, therefore, re-granted in 1543. "The Great Gardentl,extending from Catherine Street, was granted to James Bailey,who is remembered in the name, Baileyf S New Street, the adjective "new" being used, possibly, t o distinguish it from Bailey's Lane, then a t the river side of the present Catholic Cathedral. A second portion of the property was granted to John Henry Walsh,consisting of a l l the possessions of the Wouse" within the Walls, a t a twentieth part of Knight's Fee, and 8/- per mum. The remaining grant was to Jams Walsh a t the same rent.

John Henry Walsh must have had qualms of conscience regarding the propriety of a Catholic holding such confiscated property, and therefore decided to convert it to the use of some decayed citizens of Waterford1'. On the 15thAugust,1545, he received a Royal Charter of King Henry V I I I , the house to be endowed by Walsh; governed by him and his successors, with the consent of the Mayor,Bailiffs, and four senior councillors of the ci ty; that three or four of "the Brethren", or secular priests, were t o celebrate Mass there, and that it be dedicated to the Holy Ghost. Sixty poor people were to be supported there, including the "sick, infirm, and impotent paupers wandering in the city".

Great beams were la id across the nave and side-walls of the old church, the old corbels being uti l ised i n some cases, and the side-walls being raised a storey or two. The dark,crypt-like chamber beneath w a s used as a mausoleum by the Waddings, Lincolns, Walshs, Grants, Lees, Lombards, Roberts, etc., and the Lady Chapel used as a burial-place by the Powers of Dunhill. A stone stairway led from imnediately inside the west door of the nave to the newly-constructed lof t , and it would seem that the f i r s t apartment was used as a chapel, and Mass was celebrated there unti l 1882, undoubtedly one of the very few places i n Ireland where the Holy Sacrifice w a s offered continually despite. Penal Laws and priest- hunting .

The heirs of Henry Walsh seem to have made their last nomination to the position of Master in 1687, when the family had set t led i n the Spanish Dominions. Some appointments were made by the Corporation without reference to the Walsh family: Thomas Christmas was nominated in 1684 but the Walshs put forward the name of Robert Carew three years later . Carew seems to have won the day since we find him being ordered to find a place for the poor to be removed unto that the Abbey may be used t o lay up the Kingf S hay to be imported into this harbour, and that M r . Carew be also asked to consider where the wounded and sick soldiers be received", on the 2nd September,l690. The Leper Hospital was likewise comnandeered a t the same time, i.e., a f te r the Battle of the Boyne.

D r . Milles, i n a report to the Government dated 22nd July,1713, states that both the Holy Ghost and Leper Hospitals were woefully mismanaged a t that date.

A Petition of the Brethren and Sisters of the Holy Ghost Hospital, of 30th June, 1718, was presented to the Corporation, praying that a successor be appointed t o their l a te popular Master, David Lewis. Ald. Thomas Smith was selected to f i l l the position.

The quarrel of Dr . Milles and the Corporation continued i n the meantime, and on 4th September, 1724, the Corporation appointed a committee t o discuss the situation from time to time.

In May,1735, the question of right of nomination t o the Mastership was discussed, and it w a s agreed that this right belonged to Nicholas Walsh of Orotava, Canary Islands, who was asked t~ pay 5100, half of which was a legacy l e f t by his father, and Bernard Walsh w a s t o cantribute the remining E50, t o be a g i f t Nicholas himself.

Some Charitable Insti tutions, of Old Waterford.

Robert Carew was succeeded by John Mason in 1709, and Thomas Smith was Mastar i n 1718. Then followed Simon Newport (1728), who carried out various repairs and enlargements i n 1741 and 1743; Thomas Barker in 1746; another member of the Newport Family i n 1818, and Samuel King and David Newport i n 1824.

In 1832 there occurred an agitation regarding the management of both the Holy Ghost and Leper Hospitals. A t th is time, the former provided for the wants of 50 old women, a l l Catholics, 38 of whom were lodged i n the actual insti tution, the others elsewhere. Each inmate received f l per quarter, and a quarter-barrel of coals. A sum of $548 had been s e t aside and w a s t o be used i n re-roofing the building. A t the same time, an amount of reclamation work w a s being carried out a t the Adelphi Quay area by some tenants of the Holy Ghost property there, these persons expecting i n return the renewals of the i r leases. The hospital st i l l owns a considerable amount of property about Adelphi Quay, The Mall, and Rose Lane. The income in 1839 was f385.

John Harris was Master i n 1834, and when he died in 1840, the appointment of his successor led t o some difficulty. The reformed Corporation appointed Thomas Meagher, father of " Meagher of the Sword", as Master, but some members of the Old Common Council elected D r . Mackesy, who was responsible for . the erection of the Clock Tower on the Quay. The deadlock was resolved through the resignation of Dr . Mackesy and Meagher continued i n office unt i l 1851. His successor, Matthew Slaney, threw the estate and Hospital into Chancery, resulting i n a change of administration, sanctioned by the Lord Chancellor.

In 1882, the substantial brick-faced buildings a t Cork Road were erected on lands owned by the Hospital, a t a cost of 215,000. The structure consists of a hollow square of buildings, complete with private chapel, a large refectory common t o a l l inmates, detached bungalows for married couples, an infirmary, and spacious, well-laid out grounds. The Insti tution w a s placed under the care of the Sisters of St. John of God; meals , clothing and fuel are provided for each inmate. Some of the notable Masters since 1882 were Henry Grainger, Richard Hearne and Edward Walsh.

There are nine eff igies of saints , carved from wood and stone, i n the present Hospital, which belonged t o i ts predecessor, but a description of them cannot be given here.

THE WIDOWS' APARrnNTS:

This charitable ins t i tu t ion is founded on the s i t e of King John's house,and was endowed by Dr. Hugh Gore, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, to provide for 10 poor ministers ' widows, al lot t ing them f 10 each per mum. In 1702 the present apartments were erected a t Apartments or Francis Place by S i r Jams Mason,father of the founders of the Mason School, Lady Lane.

King John's House had been purchased by the Corporation from Edward Brown, i n 1686, for f 30, and llconveyed" to Right Rev. Fr. in God, Hugh(Gore) , Lord Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, who erected the Widows1 Apartments there".

Some Charitable Institutions-of Old Waterford.

THE JAMES WYSE or GAFFNEYIS LANE INSTITUTE:

Gaffney's Lane, off OIConnell Street , now used by Messrs. Snowcream, was the s i t e of the James Wyse Charity. The large house was partly destroyed by f i r e i n 1945, and f inal ly demolished by the Corporation i n 1953.

This charity was founded i n 1809, under the t e r n of the w i l l of James Wyse, dated 1794, for " 10 poor decayed men", preferably poor relatives of old employees of the founder's family. The inmates were allowed a room each , t o be furnished with the common necessaries of the day", E4 per annum, and coal was t o be supplied t o poor families of Trinity Without, without discrimination as to its distribution. A fund of f1,000 was provided for th is l a t t e r purpose. The executors of the w i l l were three 19th century Waterford merchant-men, Roger Cashen, and Thomas and James Quann (uncles of 'Meagher of the Sword") . Portion of the funded money was invested i n lands a t Ballygunner, a fact which led to l i t iga t ion a t a l a t e r date.

I have been told on fa i r ly reliable evidence that the building w a s used as a "Red-Coat" Barracks about 1798, but fai led t o find anything to substantiate the assertion.

The Laneway i t s e l f derived its name from a family of joiners and carpenters named Gaffney, as shown by the w i l l of W i l l i a m Gaffney, dated 25th July,1772, whereby he bequeathed holdings i n Gaffneyls Lane t o h is brother Patrick.

FRANCIS WYSE CHARITY I :

There are three Wyse Charities i n the c i ty , two being founded and endowed by Francis Wyse, of St.Johnls Manor,1779-'80. He w a s son of Thomas Wyse, co-founder with Curry and OIConnor of the Catholic Association in the 18th century. Wyse also improvised numerous industries i n the c i ty t o give employment t o the poor and down-trodden. Francis Wyse himself suffered under the Penal Code, and was a l l but deprived of his estates, through the perfidy of an unnatural son turned "Discoverer".

This almshouse adjoins the Butler Charity a t No.l,Newgate Street - i n fac t , there may have been an intimate relationship between the Butler and Wyse families. Each inmate was allowed f4 per annum, a half-ton of coal, and a fair-sized, rectangular room with added alcove for a bed. There were s i x women inmates, and the income was f140 yearly, but, l ike many others, it has recently been discontinued, when the last few remaining inmates were transferred t o the Shea Charity.

FRANCIS WYSE CHARITY 11:

Close t o three other kindred charit ies, and between Kneefels and Butcher's Lane, is the second Francis Wyse Charity. I t does not finction as a benevolent inst i tut ion now, and is l e t t o a tenant. I t was endowed for s i x poor men, and w a s a counterpart of the inst i tut ion last described. In 1897, there w a s only a single inmate there, and the building i t s e l f was in a s t a t e of dilapidation. Its revenues were devoted t o reconstruction and renovation works, and amalgamated with t h e Tirst-named charity.

Some Charitable Inst i tut ions, of Old Waterford.

Ti-lE LYING-IN CHARITY AT 25 ,QUEEN'S STREET (Now Lr . O'Connell S t . ) :

This Charity was i n existence i n 1830, and was founded for the purpose of visiting poor women a t t h e i r own homes.

THE SAILORS ' POOR-HOUSE :

The Poor-house consists of an o ld but substantial building entered from Batchelor's Walk. The back-wall is a t r igh t angles t o the street, and is b u i l t against the City Wall, almost. Its origins are somewhat obscure, but it seemingly dates from the last decade of the 18th century, when founded by a re t i red sea- captain named St.Leger , of Tramore, a relation of Fr. John St.Leger, P.P. of S t . Patrick's Parish from 1769 t o 1783.

The original endowment was small, but w a s augmented i n 1873 by a bequest of Bishop Dominick OIBrien, who had a special in te res t i n it. I t is consequently often hown as "Dr. O1Brien's Poor-House". The Rev. P. Kent, P.P. of St . Patrick's Parish from 1855 t o 1884 w a s also a benefactor by w i l l .

Accommodation was provided for 1 2 inmates, with a room f o r each, a $4 gratuity, and an allowance f o r fuel. A large l o f t was provided for the sailorsa. use, and there they manufactured fishing nets. A t present there are 1 2 inmates and a caretaker, but there are no sa i lo r s among them , each man being i n receipt of a small gratuity. The ins t i tu t ion is managed by the pastors of S t . Patrick's.

CAPTAIN FORAN CHARITY:

Also known as l 1 The Captain's Poor-house", it is situated near the Sailors1 Poorhouse, a t the j~lnction of Bachelor's Walk and Stephen Street . I t was established and endowed i n 1803 by Captain Foran, of the c i ty , who had resided there. He also donated $1,356.6.2. t o Bishop John Power (1804-'16), and the charity is managed i n the or iginal house, by the Christian Brothers of Mount Sion Schools. The or iginal beneficaries were 1 2 poor women, each providedwith a room, and 14 yearly. The inmates were often the widows of sea-captains, but there are only f ive people there now.

Captain Foran w a s a m i l i t a r ~ man of the same family a s the Right Rev. Dean Foran, 4th successor of D r . Power (1837- '55) , and Rev. Robert Fwan, Adm. , St . John' S.

WILLIAM AYLHWiD CHARITY:

The Wilriam Aylward Charity w a s founded about the year 1840, under the w i l l of a Waterford merchant who died shortly before' t h i s date. I t had no hostel fo r beneficaries, and the t o t a l endawmert w a s only 5600 invested a t 33% . It was limited t o the r e l i e f of s ix " needy sa l t e r s f f o r bacon-curers, or , f a i l i ng these,

. six needy pig-dealers. The Cathedral clergy were t o share i n the benefits also, ' but it appears they never recei~red anything from the fund. The or iginal trustees : were the Bishop, the Superior of the Christian Brothers, Mount S i m , and the I Governor of the House of Industry. The Charity was l a t e r amalgamated with Captain i Foran's Poorhouse. William Aylward had h i s business i n Lower O'Connell Street ,

then Queen Street .

Some Charitable Inst i tut ions , of Old Waterford.

7I-E MICHAEL WUSH ASYLUM:

The Asylum was erected i n the years 1875/6, on a s i t e which had been par t of the very narrow grounds of the old St.John's College, which gave its name t o College S t ree t , and was connected by means of a sub-way with the College on the opposite s ide, where now stands t h e Good Shepherd Industrial School.

The Walshs were an enterprising firm of boat-builders and repairers,with a business a t the Graving Bank, and a resjdence a t No.17, The Quay, opposite. Michael Walsh was the l a s t survivor of three brothers, a l l unmarried, and it was he who founded the charity. I t has accommodation for 18 aged ladies,each allocated two rooms, 1 1 2 per annum, fuel , a lady superintendent t o look a f t e r them, and there is an oratory i n the building f o r t h e i r use. Some inmates a re now required t o pay a premium for admission as funds are not so ample as they used t o be. Married couples were housed there a t one time, but t h i s arrangement did not lead t o domestic harmony, and, i n D r . Sheehan's time, the practice was abandoned i n favour of present arrangements.

The building is most imposing, consisting of a block of 5 houses, the central one having an oratory and office. There are 15 inmates there presently, and the allowance varies according t o personal means, as does the entrance fee t o the charity. M r . Hopkins, Secretary of the Holy Ghost Hospital, looks a f t e r the finances of the Walsh and Shee char i t ies .

THE FEVER HOSPITAL:

i n the res t r ic ted sense of the word, t h i s public ins t i tu t ion had its origins as a charity, being established by the famous physician-writer, D r . Francis Barker. I t st i l l benefits under the w i l l of a M r . Waterhouse, who made fur ther charitable bequests t o the s ick Poor of the Cipy,to the City Dispensary and t o the Fanning Ins t i tu te .

The Hospital was founded about the year 1799, and is credited with being the f i r s t i n s t i t u t i on of its kind i n Ireland, and the second i n the then Bri t ish Empire. A small house known as "The Turretsff was acquired a t John's H i l l , and the present buildings erected as funds increased. There was then accommodation fo r 200 pat ients . During the period 1816/' 17, there were often 500 pat ients in the Ins t i tu t ion , due t o an epidemic of fever i n the c i t y and surrounding areas, but the average was 20 - 50 patients.

Drs. Connolly and Sheehan were then physiciars t o the Hospital, each i n receipt of a Salary of 140, while the Apothecary, Edward M. Barron received 184 per annum.

The S is te rs of St . John of God control the Hospital since 1894.

THE FITZGERALD CHARITY :

This Charity w a s s i tua ted i n Iheefefs o r Dillon's Lane, and is now in abeyance due t o lack of funds. I t w a s founded by Mary Fitzgerald,alias Morris,for e ight poor women, i n 1799. In 1897 it is recorded tha t there were only 4 inmates there, ana tha t a cer ta in farmer i n the parish w a s then responsible f o r the payment of f 5 annuity t o the charity.

Some Charitable Insti tutions of Old Waterford.

THE HOUSE OF INDUSTRY:

I t was a cross bet wee^ a J a i l and a Poor-House, and was erected i n 1799, a t a cost of 21,500. John Roberts is supposed t o have been responsible for the building. This Insti tution, with the Bishop as President, stood on the s i t e of the present Fanning Inst i tute . A general meeting of the Corporation took place there every month on the f i r s t Thursday,and Protestant and Catholic clergymen visited the Tnstitution every Sunday. A member of the Connnittee took h is turn to be v i s i to r a t the house for one week, inspecting it daily t o see that it was kept clean and well-ventilated, and make a daily report on other matters. n o physicians gave the i r services gra t i s , and an apothecary was employed t o provide medicines.

I t was designed " for the promoting of industry and punishing vagrants", and for " the re l ie f of the poor, and for punishing vagabonds and sturdy beggars, for the County and County of the City of Waterford". The inmates learned the arts of cooking, washing, housekeeping, preparation of cloth, tailoring ,weaving, shoe-making, flax-spinning, doubling and twisting worsteds for hire. They were allowed one-thired of the i r earnings as a stimulus t o greater effort . There was also a school for the improvement and education of prostitutes, and the treadmill seems t o have been a boon to the place that had, un t i l its introduction, no terror for ei ther vagrants or prostitutes.

The building i t s e l f was plain, having a large courtyard i n front.

In 1825, there were 335 inmates housed there, comprised of 20 vagrants, 79 lunatics and id io ts , 33 prost i tutes , 2 children and 201 aged and infirm admitted on petit ion. The house w a s divided into two sections, the Infirm and Vagrant sides, whilst it was also known as "The Cellar for Madd People". I t was endowed to the extent of 21,000 by Rev. D r . Foll, and 250 by John Leonard, and so on,the endowments being l a t e r transferred t o the Fanning Inst i tute . An income averaging 23 ,OCC) per annum was derived from local assessments, donations, and subscriptions.

THE DISPENSARY:

TkJs ins t i tu t ion was situated i n Quay Lane, now Exchange Street . In the year 1786, medicine and medical care were given t o the poor, and even a few patients were treated i n the Dispensary buildings before t \e erection of the Fever Hospital. Persons unable t o attend wzre treated in the i r homes. In 1786 no less than 5,500 patients were treated a t the very low sum of 2250. - partly because doctors gave the i r services free.

ST. JOSEPH'S PCQRHOUSE:

This poorhouse was s i tua te i n L i t t l e Patrick Street, but is now defunct and l i t t l e is hown about it.

This p o o r h o ~ e is also defunct, and w a s sossibly s i tua te i n Jerkin's Lane, being endowed by Mrs. Mary Power (nee Merry) t o amomts given variously as E 1 , W t o E8,700, but the l a t t e r sty refers, no doubt, t o the Mary Power Charity at Convent Hill, a lso founded by her. The foundress was a mmber of the sanae family as Cardinal Merry del Val. This poorhouse w a s founded to benefit 8 poor men and 2 aged women.

Some Charitable Institutions,of Old Waterford.

'IHE JAMES DUNPHY POORHOUSE:

Thiis Poorhouse, l ike St. Joseph's and the Merry Insti tution, was s i tua te in L i t t l e Patrick Street, o r Jenkin's Lane and, l ike them, is defunct due t o amalgamation o r fai lure of funds or t o neglect or maladministration. James Dunphy was an Iverk farmer, and his poorhouse was administered by Christian Brothers. Jenkin's Lane was then known as Norrington's Lane, from a butcher who had h is slaughter-house there and who w a s constantly in trouble with the Corporation for polluting the water supplies of that area.

THE MENDICITY SOCIETY:

In 1820, despite the many charitable ins t i tu tes i n the c i ty , it is recorded that the s t ree ts were f u l l of beggars; most of them it was claimed, being strangers i n the c i ty . To counteract t h i s s t a t e of a f fa i rs a Mendicity Society was founded, and had 200 persons on its books i n the f i r s t year of its existence, 1824, and 51,000 was spent on the charity. This inst i tut ion gave its name t o Mendicity Lane between John's Bridge and Railway Square. I t depended on the charity of the cit izens for its continuance, and w a s discontinued when the Poor Law Ins t i tu te on John's H i l l was founded. Beggars seem t o have given constant trouble t o the municipal authorities. In March,l682,the church wardens of each parish were notified that "they were t o provide badges for the i r begging poor according t o former order on pain of Q/-", within 14 days. I t would appear that such badges had already been i n use i n the c i ty t o differentiate between the local t r ibe of beggars and those from other areas who were receiving an undue portion of the spoils available.

In June of 1682, the Mayor received a l e t t e r from the Lord Lieutenant concerning the condition of certain French refugees. He ordered that a house-to- house collection be made i n each parish for the re l ie f of those French Protestants. One wonders why he had not had recourse t o our modern inst i tut ion of "flag days"!

A severe f ros t destroyed the greater part of the potato crop of 1739 and, as a resul t , some 400,000 persons perished of starvation. An unusually large number of people applied to the Corporation for doles i n 1740, and towards the end of the year dis tress prevailed throughout the ci ty . The Mayor asked and received permission t o obtain a loan of 52,000 to purchase corn for the starving poor,and its distribution w a s l e f t ent i rely in the hands of Mayor Robert West, the Aldermen and Sneriff of the ci ty . The famine continued un t i l 1742, and a Committee was formed to devise ways and means for the re l ie f of the poor and finding of employment for those able and willing to work. A sum of 5150 w a s taken from the Leper Hospital Fund i n 1738 t o relieve the sick and poverty-stricken of the c i ty . Scarcity of food w a s known i n the c i ty long before t h i s date - i n actual fact the Mayor had t o request the Military t o quell r i o t s i n March,1729, when the cit izens clamoured for corn.

DISPLNSARY FOR DISEASES OF EYE AND EAR:

This i -s t i tut ion i n Mall Lane was founded by D r . Edward Jones i n 1831, owing to the neglected s t a t e of t h i s branch of surgew in the ci ty . Medicines were principally made up a t the General Dispensary before the year 1838. The Mall Lane Dispensary was open daily from 9 - 11 a.m., and w a s supported solely by D r . Jones a t his own expense. He lived i n the house now occupied by D r . Shelly.

Some Charitable Insti tutions ,of Old Waterford.

BUTLER CHARITY,NO.I:

The Wyse and Butler Charities are similar i n plan,in lay-out, and i n the i r allowances of P4 per annum t o each of the'inmates. This charitable inst i tut ion stands a t the corner of Newgate Street and Well Lane, a grim,unplastered,but soundly-constructed building. The rere-wall is weather-slated a f t e r the s tyle of the better-class 17th and 18th century dwellings. An inset tablet reads : "This house was founded for 1 2 distressed widows by Mrs. Anne Butler, otherwise Walsh, i n the year 1771". I t is ingeniously and economically sub-divided into 1 2 compartments, 4 on each floor. A t present there are only two old people there in receipt of 30/- per quarter and, l ike many other kindred inst i tut ions, i s doomed t o closure a t a very early date.

BUTLER CHARITY,No.2:

This inst i tut ion in Well Lane is only a short distance from the other Butler Charity. The Well which gave its name t o the laneway was s i tua te a t the top of Castle Street. The building i t s e l f is not in a good s t a t e of repair though of lesser antiquity than the other one. I t is divided into s i x compartments for the same number of indigent women who receive P 1 per quarter. I t may have been endowed from funds remaining over from the No.1 Butler Charity. I t s affairs are looked af te r by the pastors of Ballybricken Parish.

THE TRINITARIAN ORPHANAGE:

This Orphanage was established i n the large building a t the corner of John's Avenue and John's Street , un t i l recently i n use as a factory of Radium Products Ltd., and now used by Messrs. Imco, Ltd. About 1790 it w a s i n use as the town-house of the Congreves of Mount Congreve, and subsequently of the Morris family. Later it w a s used as the Seminary or Classical School of the Rev. Thornas Flynn, P.P. of S t . Michaells; then as a boarding-School conducted by a Miss Boyle in 1814; in 1860 it housed the C.Y.M.S.; printing-works, possibly of David Canty, about 1890, and l a t e r of Johnstowr,; and a show-room of an auctioneer named Walsh.

Ambrose Ussher Congreve was the f i r s t of h is family t o reside i n th i s large , square house, facing north, a t a time when the upper class occupied houses in th i s area, in New St . , and Lady Lane. The facade of the building w a s reconstructed when it w a s f i r s t used as a factory.

The Trinitarian Orphanage seems t o have been in existence about 1826, and was founded by Bishop John Power, probably while he w a s pastor of St .John's I t w a s financed and supported by a philanthropic association which was known as the Orphanage Society, which purchased, leased o r rented th i s Georgian house. Some time a f t e r 1842, the Sisters of Charity established themselves here, and the care of the orphanage - which catered for about 100 orphans - w a s transferred t o them with whatever funds remaining.

Otherwise lam as the Ladies Asylum o r Ladies Poorhouse, a t Convent H i l l , it #as founded , as its name indicates, by Mary Power, wife of Robert Power, The Quay, a corn-merchant , who died without iqsue . I t was founded i n 1804, Mrs .Power having bequeathed 28,700 for The purpose, but her w i l l w a s disputed by her family, the Merrys of Spain, who, as l'discoverersll, invoked the Penal Laws. The w i l l w a s upheld,#bowever, by an epoch-making judgement of John Phillpot Curran, then Master

Some Charitable Institutions,of Old Waterford.

of the Rolls, in 1806. B r . Edmund Ignatius Rice, founder of the Christian Brothers, gave tremendous assistance i n the case and he and his successors a t Mount Sion are since administrators of the bequest.

The charity was designed to succour 1 2 reduced gentlewomen of Waterford, each t o have two rooms and f 1 2 annually, while the Presentation Convent was to receive E73 per annum, and the Christian Brothers $36.

The building consists of three 2-storeyed dwellings with separate entrances, facing south, each t o accommodate 4 inmates. 'Ihe mnsion was l a t e r reduced to E 7 a year, and then to E 5. Associated with th i s bequest is one for clothing poor boys of Mount Sion Schools, and poor g i r l s of Presentation Convent with the monies referred to above. The Mount Sion bequest was l a t e r transferred to Manor Street School. There are 13 persons a t the Charity a t present.

?HE LANG'JDN-CAREW CHARITY:

This Charity is intimately associated with the oldest Catholic Church in the ci ty, St. Patrick's. Lawrence Carew of Waterford lived i n Cadiz, and died there in 1745, establishing this charity by his w i l l of the same year. H i s descendants, the Langtons of Cadiz, may still be the representatives of the charity. The trustee is the Parish Priest of St . Patrick's, and the inst i tut ion w a s endowed for the support of 13 poor women, but there are only ten there presently. Each was provided with a room and E4 per annum, but nowadays the pension is only 15/- a quarter.

The building is a two-storey structure bui l t against the north end of the church and probably contemporary with it. Up t o about 60 o r 70 years ago it opened off the church in a common vestibule o r ante-chamber, but has an independenl entrance now. This, no doubt, was a hidden entrance to the church during the dark years of the Penal Laws.

M r . Frank Langton gave E30 out of h is own resources to the charity,while Labrence Carew is also known as the donor of a f ine s i lver reliquary and s ix , t a l l l plated candle-sticks to the Parish of Trinity Without, in 1751. The original endowment was house property in Spain, which was increased by about 220 per annum from lands in Butlerstown under the w i l l of Roger Cashin, a Catholic merchant of Waterford.

Up t o the year 1799, the only approach t o St. Patrick's Church and the Charitable Institution was from George's Street by means of a dirty ,narrow l i t t l e laneway, 4 feet i n width, and still extant a t the side of Mr. Matthew Walsh's grocery and Bar in the same s t ree t . In 1799 ,Dr. Francis Hearne, P.P., purchased a house i n George's Street , and pulled it down t o make the present entrance. I t was he also who accepted the old Jesui t Residence as a Parochial House.

THE MAlTHEW SHEA CHARITY:

This Charity was founded by Matthew Shea, tobacconist and licensed vintner, who died in Waterford i n 1844. H i s business and , presumably, h is residence were in Broad Street. Recourse was had t o the law courts due to some defect in his All, both the Corporation and Holy Ghost Hospital being claimants. Under the settlement subsequently made, the Bath Street - Manor Street building was erected to accomnodate 35 old peoble, men or women, each to have two rooms, and E4 per annum, though th is sum now depends on each inmate's personal resources. There are actually nine houses in the block, the central one having a small Board Room

Some Charitable Insti tutions, of Old Waterford.

and executive off ice. Some benef icaries are married couples.

The fund had la in i n abeyance for mqy years in the possession of John Archbold, but John A. Blake, M. P. , and John OIBrien, Town Clerk, recovered the property and applied it according to the tes ta tor ' s w i l l . The original hostel of the charity wacc in John's Avenue, but was abandoned a f t e r ten years, as completely unsuitable, and the present buildings erected on fonner Wyse property. A t present, there are 9 men and 19 women there, including some married couples. The buildings stand adjacent t o the s i t e of the old Baths, which gave the i r name to the s t ree t , and paral lel with Manor Street, named a f t e r the Manor of St.John of the Wyse family.

THE ASYLUM FOR PENITENT WOMEN:

Rev. Fathers Timothy Dowley and John Crotty opened an asylum for penitent women on the 18th June, 1842, in Barrack Street, t o be governed by a lady matron. Fr. Crotty had sole charge of the asylum when Fr. Dowley was transferred to Rathgormack, but the former handed it over t o five Sisters of the Good Shepherd in Apri1,1858. The Sisters found the house in Barrack Street unfit for conventual purposes and transferred the inst i tut ion and i ts 32 inmates to the old Presentation Convent a t Hennessy's Road, which gave its name To Convent H i l l , or Nunnery Lane.

m BURTCHALL ASYLUM:

Mrs. Henrietta Burtchall of Waterford i n her w i l l , dated 11th November,1822, bequeathed property t o found an almshouse for the support of poor Protestants of the city. The trustees bu i l t the present asylum, to which Si r Samuel Roberts bequeathed a sum of mney i n h is w i l l of November llth,1846, t o provide coal for the inmates. A t the present time, there are 10 ladies and a matron there, a l l self-supporting. Each inmate receives 1 cwt. of coal per month, and they have a room each.

ST. JOHN1'S PRIORY ALMSHOUSE :

In a document dated c. 1227, reference is made t o "the brothers and s i s te rs of St. Leonard" - we are just i f ied in concluding that the Priory had ei ther a convent for religious women attached, or,as is more l ikely still, an almshouse where persons of both sexes were lodged and supported and thence called brethren and sis ters . A second charter of King John t o th is house of Benedictines granted lands in Baliowodan (Ballymabin ?) for "the maintenance of divyne service and hospitalite to be continued and kept i n the said monasterie for the plaisure of God and relyfe of indigent people". About the time of the Reformation, there was only one mnk i n the house, and the hospital inmates comprised three brothers and four s i s t e r s of St . Leonard - a l l of whom were removed to other houses.

This Almshouse was founded by Dean John Cullen in 1469, in a building adjoining the chapel of St . Nicholas a t Christ Church Cathedral. I t provided for the maintenance of twelve poor men. An 1870 map of the c i ty shows the Dean's Amhouse a t the corner of Ijenrietta Street or Goosegate Lane, and Cathedral Square, possibly the same as Dean Cullen's Almshouse, now defunct.

TO BE CONTINUED I

MEMBERSHIP O.W.S.

Agnes Sr. Convent of Mercy, Cappoquin; Co. Waterford. Aylward Rev. Fr.J., PP: Killea, Dunmore East. Co. Waterford. ~jrlward Mrs .N. , ~ocklands , ~errybank, waterford. Arrigan Mr. M,, 4 Carrigeen Park, Waterford.

Belfast Library Society for Promoting Knowledge, 17 Donegal St., Belfast. Belfast Education and Library Board, 40 Acadeny St., Belfast. Bennis Miss E., Church Road, Tramore, Co. Waterford. Bonaparte-Wyse Mr. W., "Ash House", 39 High St., Chard,Somerset,England. Bradley Mr. J., Dept. of Archaeology, University College,Belfield, Dublin 4. Brazil Mr. D., "Killard", John's Hill, Waterford. Brewan Mr. J., Main St., Mooncoin via Waterford. Brewan-Smith Miss M.A., "Clifton", Tramore, Co. Waterford. Breathnach Mrs. M., Rinn 0 gCranan, Co. Phortlairge. B r m Mr. & Mrs. T., Post Office, Kilmacthomas, Co. Waterford. Burns Mrs. G.W., 97 Park Road,Leigh Borough,Leics., England. Butler Miss A., Holy Family Schoo1,Military Road,Waterford. Butler Mrs. C., 107 Glenville, Dunmore Road,Waterford. Burchall Mr.J., 48 Mayorstone Park,Limerick. Byrne Mr.N., 29 South Parade, Waterford. Byrne Mrs. R., Ballyscanlon, Fenor,Tramore,Co.Waterford. Brophy Mrs. A. , "Bushe Lodge", Catherine Street ,Waterford. Browne, Miss J. Bayview, Tramore, Co. Waterford.

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Carroll 14r.P. "Greenmount", Crooke ,Passage E&t ,Co.Waterford. Carroll Mr. & Mrs S., "Ardaun" Newtown, Waterford. Carberry Mr. M., Carrigdustra,Kilmeaden,Co.Waterford. Carslaw Mr.G., 3 Island Road,Dunmore East,Co.Waterford. Casey Mrs.M., Main Street,Dungarvan,Co.Waterford. Cassidy Mr.N. ,"Lisacul", Marian Park, Waterford. Coady Mr.M., 29 Clairin, Carrick-on-Suir,Co.Tipperary. Coady Very Rev. Archdeacon R., SS.Peter and Paul's Clonmel,Co.Tipperary. Colclough Mr.B., 9 Pearse Park,Waterford. Collender Mrs.E., Ballinavouga,Leamybrien,Co. Waterford. Cooney Mr. T. ,145 Rockenham,Ferrybank ,Waterford. Connol ly Mr. E. , Aughabroon , Carrick-on-Suir ,Co. Tipperary. Corcoran Mr. T . , Bonadoon , Dungarvan, Co. Waterford. Corcoran Mr. & Mrs W., New Aglish, Carrigeen, Waterford. Cotter Mr. D., Tadua", Springmount, Dungarvan,Co. Waterford. Cowman Mr. D., Knockane,Annestm,Co. Waterford. Connors Mrs. G. ,"River View F!ousef ,Adramore ,Kilmacthomas-,CO .Waterford. Cranley Mrs.J., 6 Parnell St., Waterford. County Library, Lismore,Co. Waterford. Croke Mr. & Mrs. J., 208 Vimunt Park, Waterford. Crosbie Mr. & Mrs. T.M., "Seaville House,Tramore,Co.Waterford. Crowley Miss N., Prospect Lodge,Kilcohan, Waterford.

Daly Rev.Fr.P.,O.S.A., St.Augustinets,Taylor's Lane,Ballyboden,Dublin 14. Dalton Mr.P., 92 Calderwood Road,Dublin 9. De Breffny Baron Brian O'Rourke, Castletm,Carrick-on-Suir,Co.Tipperary. De La Poer Mr .N . , Brentwood Preparatory School, Middleton Hall, Brentwwd, Essex, England. Dillon M r . F. , "Trespan" , The Folly, Waterford. Dobbyn M r . J.M.,18 Rossall Drive, Cadley, Folwood,Preston,Lancs.,England. Devine Mrs. A., Colligan More,Dungarvan,Co. Waterford. Dowling M r . D. , Glenmore, via Waterford. Dowling Mr. T. , 146 Viewmount Park, Waterford. Dower Mrs. N . , 1 Mayor's Walk, Waterford. Dunne Mrs. B., Faithlegge, Co. Waterford.

Eachtigheim M r . L . , "Dun-an-OirU,Newrath,Waterford. E l l i s M r . J., "Loftus View", Dunmore East, Co. Waterford. Enright Canon J . N . , 8 Seafield Drive,Newtown H i l l , Tremore,Co.Waterford. Evans Miss E. , 37, Morgan Street , Waterford.

Fanning M r . & Mrs. Fanning M r . M. , 64 Fanning M r s . N . , 74 Fanning M r . N . , 74 Fanning Miss P., 1

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E., 13 O'Connell St. ,Waterford. Marymount , Ferrybank ,Waterford. Viewmount Park, Waterford. Viewmount Park, Waterford. Railway Square, Waterford.

~ a r r e l i M r . I . , "Lime H i l l " , ~ewtown,~aterford. Feeney M r . P.J., Toorado,Ballyduff, Co. Waterford. Ferguson M r . P., 32 Seafield Crescent, Blackrock,Co. Dublin. Fewer Mrs .M. ,"Hillcrest",Passage Road, Waterford. Finnegan Miss A., 1 7 B Beau Street, Waterford. Fitzgerald M r . L. , 'Mthemeed S", Georges Court, Waterford . Fitzgerald Miss B., 18 Otteran Place, Waterford. Fitzgerald Mr.M., 49 Tir Connell Avenue, Waterford. Flood M r . P., 58 Terenure Road West, Dublin 6. Foley M r . P., Knockmahon,Bonmahon,Co. Waterford. Fraher M r . W. , 10 Childer's Estate ,Dungaman, Co. Waterford.

Galgey Mrs.M., Dunmore East,Co. Waterford. Gallagher Mrs .L. , 1 2 Parnell Street, Waterford. Gallagher M r . L . , 40 Dunluce Road, Clontarf, Dublin 5. Glynn M r . L . , "Malainn", Summerville Avenue, Waterford. Gri f f i t h Mrs. W. , 84 Marymount , Ferrybank ,Waterford. Grogan Mrs. M., 10 Marymount,Ferrybank, Waterford. Grogan M r . P., c/o 1 2 Parnell St. , Waterford. Grubb Miss C., 55 Roselawn, Tramore,Co. Waterford. Gough M r . M., Planning Departmnt,Dublin Corporation. Grim Miss U., 5 Comeragh Green, Lismore Heights, Waterford. Guinness Hon. Desmond, Leixlip Castle, Co. Kildare.

Harney Miss C. , 56 Pembroke Road, Dublin 4. Hearne Mrs. E. , "Mossleigh" , Summerville Avenue ,Waterford.

* Hennessy Mr. C. , 84 St.Joh.nts Park, Waterford. Hearne M r . T., 59 Marian Terrace,Tramore,Co. Waterford.

* Hayes M r . & M r s . M., Carriglea, Halfway House, Co. Waterford. Healy Mrs. M., Scrother,Clonmel,Co.Tipperary. Heylin M r . F., Duagh, Tramore Road, Waterford. Heylin M r . J. C. , Parnell S t . , Waterford. Hillgaar M r . O.D., Hystadveien 36,.3200 Sandefjord, Norway. Hodge M r . E . , l'Rosecrofttt, Ursuline Road, Waterford. Hodge M r . J., "Avonleal', Ursuline Road, Waterford. Hogan Mrs. A., Monamintra, Grantstown,Waterford. Holman M r . D. , Ballygunnexmore, Waterford. Holland M r . D. , 8 Western Park, Irishtown, Clonme1,Co. Tipperary.

* Holt Dr .E . , 14 Blng Morris Close, Sketty, Swansea, Wales. Howley Miss E . , The Orchard, Mooncoin, Waterford. Hurley Miss R. , 32 St. Mary's Terrace, Waterford. Hynes Miss N . , "Knockeaton", Tramore, Co. Waterford.

Jacob M r . & Mrs.C.H., "The Limes", John's H i l l , Waterford. Jacob M r . & Mrs. C.S., "Ardmore", Summerville Avenue, Waterford.

Kavanagh Mrs. A ., 5 King's Terrace, Waterford. Kavanagh M r . & Mrs. G. , "Rosedale", Ballaneeshagh, Waterford. Keane M r . J. , Killerguile, Clonea via Carrick-on-Suir,Co.Tipperary. * Kelly M r . A., "Railway View", Kilmacthomas, Co. Waterford. Kelly Miss F.J., "Cuilin", Upper Albert Road, Glenageary,Co.Dubl.in. Kelly Miss K . , "Bella Vista", Pr ies t ' s Road,Tramore,Co. Waterford. Kelly Miss M. , "Bella Vista", Priest 'S Road,Tramore ,CO .Waterford. Kenealy Mrs. M., 25 Patrick Street, Kilkenny. Kenneally M r . P., 16 Cork Road, Waterford. Kennedy M r . J . , Monarch, Callan, Co. Kilkenny. Kennedy M r . & Mrs. P., 'Tristeenaght', Clonea, Dungarvan,Co. Waterford. Keen M / s J . , "Heron Cottaget', Tobemabrone, Piltown, Co. Kilkenny. Kiely M r . E . , 3 Poleberry Terrace, Waterford. * Kiersey Mrs. M. T. , Ballyhussa, Kilmacthomas , Co. Waterford. Kilkenny County Library, 6 John's Quay, Kilkenny. Killeen M r . A.K. , 2 Endsleigh Villas, Tramore, Co. Waterford. Kinch M r . J., 4 Percy Terrace, Waterford. Kirwan Mrs. B. , 1 1 2 Cannon Street, Waterford.

* Kirwan Miss E.M. , Drumloman, Stradbally, Co. Waterford. Kinsella Miss P. , Dournane Road, Mooncoin, via Waterford.

* Lannigan M r s . K . , Hartlands,Dublin Road, Kilkenny. * Lincoln Mrs. S., Ardmore, Co. Waterford.

Long M r . R. , 107 Roanmore, Waterford. Ltmiley. Mr . I . , "Fonnbytt , Daisy Terrace, Waterford. Lumley Mrs. R. , "Fonnby" , Daisy Terrace, Waterford. * Lynch Mrs. A., 1 2 1 Thomson St.,Hyde Park, Mass., U.S.A. . Lynch Miss M. , c/o Ursuline Convent, Waterford. Lyons Mrs. W., Rocklands, Ferrybank, Waterford.

M -

Madden Mrs. B. , 80 Rockenham, Ferrybank, Waterford. Maher Miss H . , 120 Sweetbriar Lawn, Tramore,Co. Waterford. Maher M r . J., Kiltrassy, Windgap, Co. Kilkenny. Maher Mrs. M., "Carrig Eden", Newrath, Waterford. Malachy Bro. , Belmont Park Hospital, Ferrybank, Waterford. Maher Miss L . , 13 Greystone Gardens,. Kenton,Harrow,Middlesex,England. MC Carthy Rev.D .W., 2 Raheen Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow. MC Carthy Miss P., 16 Cathedral Square, Waterford. MC Enmey M r . E. , W i l l Cottage", Woodstown, Co. Waterford. MC Grath M r . D . , 23 Morley Terrace,' Waterford. MC Neill M r . & Mrs. G . , 4 Birch Terrace, Lisduggan, Waterford. Medleycott M r . J . , Mount Temple Comprehensive School, Malahide Road, Ihblin 3 . Memorial University of Newfoundland,St.Johnls, Newfoundland, Canada. Merrick Mrs. A. , 110 Mackie Avenue,Brighton,Sussex, England. Minihan M r . A. , "Kylebeg" , New Ross, Co. Wexford. Minihane Mrs. B. , 210 Viewmount Park, Waterford. Moloney Miss T., 56 Viewmount Park, Waterford. Morris Dr.H.F., 19 Westbury Road, London, England. Maguire Mrs. M.A., 16 Cathedral Square, Waterford. Mulholland M r . J . , Ballynasissala,Bonmahon,Co. Waterford.' Mulhearn M r . J.P., Leckaun, Dunmore East, Co. Waterford. Moore M r . M . , Priory Street , New Ross, Co. Wexford. Murphy Miss C. , 2 Whitemill Road, Wexford. Murphy M r . D., Tyone,Nenagh,Co. Tipperary. Murphy Mr. J . A . , "Ivy Cottage", Patrick S t . , Tramore,Co. Waterford. Murphy Miss M.B., Easkey, Co. Sligo. Mullane Sr. Virginia, Sacred Heart Convent, P.O.Box 29l,Monze,Zambia. Morrissey Rev.Fr. J.,P.P. Parochial House,Colligan,Dungarvan,Co. Waterford.

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National Museum of Ireland,Kildare Street,Dublin 2. Newberry Library, 60 West Walton St.,Chicago,Illinois,U.S.A.. Neylin Mrs .M. , Crowbally , Old Parish ,Dungarvan,Co . Waterford. Neylin Mrs.Mary, Stepaside,Ballyneety,Dungarvan,Co. Waterford. Nicholson M r . J. , 2 Ashford (Close,Powerscourt L a m s , Dunmore Rd.,Waterford. Nolan Farrell and Goff, Newtown, Waterford. Nolan Mr. T. , "Greenvilietl, Fenor, Tramore ,Co. Waterford. Yorton, D r . E . , Westgate End House, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England.

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0 'Brien M r . D. N. , " H i l l Crest", Ardmore, Co. Waterford. OIBrien M r . & Mrs. S., 15 Thomond Green,Lismore Lawn, Waterford. OfCa?imh,Mr. D . , Dun Ard, Grange Lawn, Waterford. 0 ' Ceaclagan M r . C. , "Farranlea", Bmmre Road, Waterford. OtCallaghane Mr. E . , Dumore Avenue, Riverview, Waterford. OICionaola M r . D . , Abbeyside,Dungarvan,Co.Waterford. 0 Donnell M r . M. , " H i l l Cottage", Owning,Carrick-on-Suir,via Waterfopd. OIDoherty Rev. S., St.Lukels Hospital, Kilkenny. Q1.9ubhthaigh D r . B., Dept. of Education,Hawkinls House,Dublin 2. OtDuibhir M r . L.P., 40 Shamrock H i l l , Clonmel, Co. Tipperary. O1hyer M r . M., College Gardens, Callan Road, Kilkenny. OIDmoghue M r . A., 4 Ballynakill Close, Waterford. OIFlaherty Miss N . , 28 Marian Park, Waterford. O1 ~ r c o f & n %sal N. , Radharch na Farraige , An Rinn. 0 ICeeffe Miss 14. , Grantstown, Waterford. OIHara M r . P., Garda Station,Tully West,Kildare,Co. Kildare. OILeary Mrs. J. , " C i l l Dara", Ballycarney , Tramore ,Co. Waterford. 0 'Meara Mr. J. , 35 Rockenham, Ferrybank,Waterford. OfMathuna M r . S.N., 8 Facett House, Stockwell Gardens West, S t o c h e l l RU.

London SW9 94D, England.

0 (contd.) -

OINeill M r . F., 38 Johnstown, Waterford. O'Neill Mr. J., 47 Cork Road, Waterford. O I N e i l l M r . M . J . , "Coolbunnia Cottage", Cheekpoint, Co. Waterford. OINeill Mrs. M., 11 Olaf S t ree t , Waterford. O'Neill Miss S., 14 William Street , Waterford.

* OIReilly Miss E . , 5 Railway Square, Waterford. Omnd M r . G . , Gainstown, Navan, Co. Meath. OIShea M r . B . , 61 Sweetbriar Lawn, Tramore,Co. Waterford. * OISullivan Mr. K . , "Dunboy", 50 Lorcan Road, Santry, Dublin 9. OtSullivan Miss S., 19 The Mall, Waterford. * OISullivan M r . W . , "Harbourne", Torquay Road, Foxrock, Dublin 18.

* Phelan M r . D. & D r . P., Grantstown, Waterford. * Phelan M r s . M . , 10 College Road, Kilkenny. * Phelan M r . T . , "Rocklands", Tramore, Co. Waterford.

Pickard Mr. & Mrs. G . , 23 Patrick S t . , Waterford. * Power Mrs. B. , Ballinvoher, Ferrybank,Waterford. * Plumtree Mrs., Burchall Home, Parnell S t . , Waterford.

Power Mrs. M., Kilbride House, Tramore, Co. Waterford. Power Mrs. M. , Abbeylands, Ferrybank, Waterford. Power M r . J . , Abbeylands, Ferrybank, Waterford. Power Patrick, Library, S t . Mary's University, Halifax,Nova Scotia,Canada.

* Power M r . R. , Ballygunnemre, Grantstown, Waterford. Power M r . T. , 50 Hollybrook Road, Clontarf, Dublin 3.

* Purcell M r . P., Newtown H i l l , Tramore, Co. Waterford.

4 Queen's University Library, Belfast, Co. Antrim.

Royal I r i sh Academy, 19 Dawson Street , Dublin 2. Ryan Mrs. D., 37 Marymount,Ferrybank,Waterford. Ryan Mr.H., New St ree t , Carrick-on-Suir, Co. Tipperary. Ryan M r . M. , S t . Anne ' S , Killiney Road,Killiney,Co.Dublin. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland,63, Merrion Square, Dublin 2 .

S - Scanlon Mr .M. , 40 Sallypark,Waterford. Sheridan M r . M. , 3 Tramore Heights,Tramore,Co.Waterford. Sheridan Mrs.T. ,"Quarrymo~nt'~, Upper Grange,Waterford. Simpson Mrs. T. , Kilmacleague ,Dunmore E a s t ,CO .Waterford.

* Smyth Prof. W . , Dept. of Geography,University College, Cork. * Stanislaus Sr. , Ursuline Convent, Waterford. * Stephens Miss S., c/o Planning Dept., Waterford Corporation.

Stevens M r . & Mrs. R.W., "Green Gates1', Ballycarney ,Tramore. Stewart Mr. J. ,"Tivolil', Marian Park, Waterford. S t ra in M r . F., 16 Sexton Street,Abbeyside,hgarvan,Co.Waterford. Sullivan M r . M. , Georgestown ,filmacthornas ,Co. Waterford.

Taylor M r . A . , 36 Marian Terrace,Tramore,Co. Waterford. Terry M r . W . , The Friary,Aglish,Cappoquin,Co. Waterford. Tarbert Miss M. , 34 E l m Park, Tramore, Co. Waterford. Thompson Mrs. E . , 11 St .Ki l l i anfs Place, Ferrybank, Waterford. Thornton M r . A . , 6 John's H i l l , Waterford. * Traynor Mrs. M. , "Cherry Cottage", Rockshire Road,Ferrybank, Waterford.

* Treacy Mrs., 5 A i m u n t Vi l las , Gracedieu, Waterford. Turner Miss M., "Cooleen", Church Lane, Thames Ditton,Surrey, England.

U i Chonnchadha Mrs. E . , C i l l an Fhuarthain , An Rim, Dungarbhan . Upton M r . & Mrs. S., 99 Mount Sion Avenue, Waterford.

Walsh Miss A. , 7 Bernard Place, Waterford. Walsh M r . F. J., 74 Hawthorndene Drive, Hawthorndene , South Australia.

* Walsh M r . J. J. , "Cliff Grange", Church Road, Tramore,Co. Waterford. * Walsh Mrs. M., 82,Marymount, Ferrybank, Waterford.

Walsh M r . D . , Main S t ree t , Dungarvan, Co. Waterford. * Walsh Mrs. I . , 4 Marian Park, Waterford. * Walsh M r . W., 20 Poleberry, Waterford.

Walshe M r . D . J . , S t . Anne's 45 Lismore Park, Waterford. Walton M r . J., Sutton Park School, Dublin 13. Ware Mrs. J. , 6 S t . Laurence Terrace, Waterford.

* Warner Mrs. G . , P.O.Box 596, Forest, MS.39074, U.S.A. . * Warren Rev. D.B.M., The Rectory, Stradbally, Co. Waterford. * Webster Mrs. E . , "Morven", Grange Park Road, Waterford. * Weir M r . & Mrs. E. , 15 Rockfield Park, Waterford.

White Miss E . , 7 S m e r h i l l , Waterford. * Whittle Miss B. , Clonea, Dungarvan, Co. Waterford. * Wighm Mr. & Mrs. M. , "Green Bank", Portnahully ,Carrigeen ,Waterford.

Wisdom M r . A. , "Wilmount House", Castlebridge, Co. Wexford. * Williams Miss N. , Milt-, Kilmacow, Waterford. Waterford Penny Bank Ltd., 8 Gladstone S t ree t , Waterford.

( Denotes members who have paid 1985 Subscription) .

PROGRAMME

SPRING - S W R 1985.

Indoor meetings w i l l be held i n Garter Lane A r t Centre, OIConnell S t ree t , Waterford, connnencing a t 8 p.m. A l l outings w i l l depart from City Hall a t 2 . 3 0 p.m. Evening v i s i t s w i l l commence a t 7.30 p.m. a t venue.

1985:

March 22nd

March 29th

April 19th

May 19th

May 30th

June 9th

June 20th

June 30th

July 14th

July 28th

Aug. 25th

Video Film & Talk : Newfoundland and The Waterford Connection. Mr. Aidan OIHara, R.T.E.

Annual General Meeting of Old Waterford Society. Video film of local in te res t w i l l be shown.

Lecture: The Ballylough Survey. D r . Stan Green, University of South Carolina, U.S.A.

Coach Trip t o Roscrea. Separate notice w i l l be sent t o members.

Evening V i s i t t o Exchange Street conducted by m. Sarah Stephens.

Outing t o St. Mullins conducted by Mr. Dan Dowling.

Evening v i s i t t o Railway Square conducted by M r . Ben Wrtagh.

Outing t o Great Island conducted by M r . Bil ly Colfer.

Outing t o Cappoquin conducted by R t . Rev. Mons. Michael Olden,P.P.

Outing t o Carrickbeg conducted by Rev. Fr. Michael Mullins, St . John's College.

Outing t o Slate Quarries conducted b y Mr. John Maher.

Enquiries regarding 'DECIES' to:

Mr. Fergus Dillon, "Trespan" The Folly, Waterford.

Membership of the Old Waterford Society is open t o a l l . Subscription fo r and may be sent to:

Mrs. R. Lumley, 28, Daisy Terrace, Waterford.