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annual
r por t
1976
international potato
center
Apartado Postal 5969 Lima Peru
Cables: C/PAPA
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ontents
In t roduc t ion
Board
of
Trustees
5
CIP
Research 1976
Foreword
7
Thrusts
I 11
I I
13
I I I 2
IV
29
v 35
VI 45
VII
5
VIII
6
IX 67
Regional
Research and
Training
79
Communications
117
Publ ica t ions by
CIP
Scien t i s t s 121
Sta f f
125
Financia l
Statements 131
over Photo Native cu l t i va r
from
the
entral
Peruvian
Andes maintained in CIP Germ Plasm Bank;
belongs
to
form coerulea of the subsp
n-
digena
ll
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The
International
Potato
Center also known
as Centro
Internacional
de
la apa
GIP),
is
a Scienti f ic
Insti
tution
autonomous and
non-profit
making,
established
by means of an agreement
with
the Government
o
Peru
with the purpose
o
developing and disseminating know-
ledge
for
greater util ization o the potato as a
basic
food. International funding sources
for
technical as
sistance
in agriculture
are
financing the center.
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l n t r o u o t l o n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
The year 1976 was the
f i f t h
anniversary of CIP ac-
t i v i t i e s .
t
has
included a
f ive
year ex t e r i o r re -
view conducted by the
technica l advisory
committee
of
the Consul t a t ive Group on
In t e rna t iona l
Agricu l -
t u ra l
Research,
who are the sponsors of the cente r
network
of which we are a par t .
There
i s a need
to look back per iod ica l ly
and see
how
f a r we have come in a scan t f ive years and what
has
been accomplished.
Pride
in
what
has
been
done
can be counte r product ive unless it
i s
s t rongly
assoc ia ted
with:
1 an i de n t i f i c a t i on
of
how f a r
we still have
to go to accomplish our
objec t ives
2
an
i de n t i f i c a t i on of the obs tac les ahead,
3
and
a determina t ion of
the s t ra tegy
to a t t a in our
goals .
Our
cons t i tuen t s
are
the
hungry people in develop
ing coun t r i e s . There are
f ive
dimensions
in
the
process of producing technology a t
an In t e rna t iona l
Research
Center
and
reaching
the
consumer: These
are : 1 source research 2 reg iona l
d i s t r i bu t ion
3 country
programs,
4 growers f i e l d s and
5
con
sumers in developing
count r ies .
There i s now a cons tan t flow of technology coming
from CIP
assoc ia ted
research which i s being dis -
t r ibu ted
to the
regions
for eva lua t ion and app l i -
ca t ion in the
surrounding
countr ies . Get t ing t h i s
mate r ia l
through
country programs and
in to growers
f i e lds
has
been
i den t i f i ed
as
a
major
obs tac le dur-
ing the
pas t
f ive years .
I f
our
c re d i b i l i t y i s to
be
determined by increased
produc t iv i ty in growers
f i e lds
due to an s ~ o i -
t i on
with
CIP
technology,
a s t r a t egy must be devel -
oped for the t h i rd dimension-country
program
ap
proach
which wi l l cata lyze na t iona l
i n s t i t u t i ons
to
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i n t e r a c t
with
each
other
and
reac t
to
t he i r
most
im
por t an t problems in pota to
improvement.
In the pro-
cess CIP must play minimum poss ib le ro l e and hold
t rue to i t s mandate which i s the product ion o f ap-
p l i cab l e technology and
provid ing t echn ica l a s s i s t -
ance
and t ra in ing
for
developing
coun t r i e s i n t e r -
es ted
in pota to improvement.
e
must
be
wise
in
our
planning
as we look back and
a lso ahead
so
t ha t f ive years
from
now a t the
Tenth
Anniversary
of
CIP
we
wi l l
be
able to
iden t i fy
number of
countr ies
where
the re has• been
increased
produc t iv i ty
and u t i l i za t ion of
the
pota to as
food
due
to an
as soc ia t ion
with CIP.
For t h i s
to
take
place
wi l l
require the bes t e f fo r t s of
every
one assoc ia ted
with
CIP
in
any way.
e
hope everyone rece iv ing and reading t h i s
1976
Annual Report
wi l l
be s t imula ted t o jo in us
in
the
exc i t ing f ive years which l i e ahead as the re su l t s
of
our
e f fo r t s are ca ta lyzed
to
f low
i n to
growers
f i e ld s
and
a f f e c t
hunger and
pover ty
~ t
r e t o r
Geneml
International Potato
enter
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IP
uilds
for
the
future
In August
o f 1976
cons t ruc t i on was begun on
a new
u i l ~
ing
a t
CIP headquar te r s in
La Molina. The new bui ld ing ,
scheduled for comple t ion in Apr i l 1977 w i l l provide o-
ver 2 600
m
2
. o f much needed
space inc luding l i v i ng and
s tudy areas for
20
s tudent s or
v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s
and
t r a i nee s ;
conference
a reas fo r s t uden t s and
s t a f f ;
l a -
bora td r ies , inc luding space for an
e lec t ron
microscope;
r e sea rch
l i b r a r y and
communications cen te r ;
in format ion
cen te r and
recept ion
a rea
for
small groups; a
photogra -
ph i c l abora tory ;
and
of f ice s
for
s c i e n t i s t s .
Other f a c i l i t i e s were a lso generously provided to CIP
by
the Peruvian Minis t ry of Alimenta t ion
through
the
dona t ion o f
a neighbor ing
bu i l d i ng
in La Molina which
had been
seve re l y
damaged by
the
1974
ear thquake .
The
bu i ld ing ,
with an a rea o f
630 m
2
was donated under the
cond i t i on
t h a t
t be renova ted
by
CIP and
t ha t
t be
p a r t i a l l y occupied
by
o f f i c e s of the
Peruvian Nat iona l
Pot a t o Program.
The
renovat ion work was completed
and
t he bu i ld ing
occupied
by
December
i976.
3
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bo rd l trustees
Dr. MARIANO
SEGURA
Chairman)
Direc tor
o f Research
Minis t ry
o f
Alimentacion
Lima
PERU
Dr. W
GLYNN BURTON
Par i s
House
East
Mall ing
Maidstcfr1e
Kent
ME19
6AU
ENGLAND
Dr. FAUSTO CISNEROS
Head D p t o ~ S a n i d a d
Vegeta l
Universidad Nacional Agrar ia
Apartado 456
La
Molina,
Lima
PERU
Dr.
GERRIT
DE BAKKER
Permanent
Representa t ive
o f
the Kingdom o f the Nether lands
to FAO and WFP
Permanent
Miss ion
of · t he
Kingdom
o f
the
Nether lands
to FAO
and
WFP
Via
de l le
Terme
Deciane
Rome
00153
ITALY
Mr.
CHARLES T.
GREENWOOD
c o
Representac ion
BID
Honduras
Apartado
C-73
Tegucigalpa
HONDURAS
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Dr. ERNST KELLER
Prof . o f
Plan t P ro tec t ion
Breeding
Unive rs i t a s t ra s se 2
CH-8006 Zurich
SWITZERLAND
Dr. COLIN MC.CLUNG
Assoc ia te
Direc tor
Agr i cu l tu ra l Sciences
The Rockefe l l e r
Foundat ion
West 50th
S t r ee t
New York New York
10010
US
Mr. JACK RIGNEY
Secre tary)
Dean
o f In t e rn a t i o n a l
Programs
North Carol ina Sta te Univers i ty
Pa t t e r son
Hall
Raleigh North Carol ina 27607
US
Dr. RICHARD
L. S WYER
Di rec t o r General
In t e rn a t i o n a l Pota to
Center
Apartado
5969
Lima
PERU
Dr. CLIBAS VIEIRA
Dept. de
F i to t e c n i a
Univers idad Federa l
de
Viscosa
Viscosa 37.750-M6
BRAZIL
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C:IP
research
976
FOREWOR
Since 1972 CIP
research has
been
moving
forward,
s tep by s t ep
to
breed,
t e s t and se lec t
pota toes to
improve the nu t r i t i on of hungry humans in develop
ing
countr ies .
In
t h i s exc i t ing work the vigorous
cont rac t
research
being car r ied
out
by
seventeen
other research teams has provided s t rong
support
to
CIP s
source
research.
s
wel l
publ ished
research
informat ion provides
a wealth of
usefu l
concepts
for adapta t ion to
the
spec ia l needs of
Nat ional Po
t a t o Programs in
developing
countr ies . The
exper t
advice
cont r ibu ted
by nine ty-four par t i c ipan ts from
twenty- three count r ies who
have at tended eleven
Planning Conferences during the
pa s t
f ive years
has
been
di rec t ly he lpfu l in developing CIP s
research
program.
But
a
dynamic,
in tegra ted
source
research
program
i s
useful
insofa r as
it provides
a cont inuing
source
of technology appropr ia te to improving the
produc t iv i ty and
u t i l i za t ion of the po ta to where
the need
for
be t t e r nu t r i t i on i s grea tes t . The re s
ponsiveness of
research
sc i en t i s t s c e n t r a l l y l o
cated
in
each of CIP s seven Regional Centers in
assess ing the
cons t ra in t s
to product ion
in
t he i r
Regions i s essen t ia l
in
guiding source
research e f
fo r t . t i s these
Regional
Research sc i en t i s t s
working
with
pota to
spec ia l i s t s
in
Nat ional Pro
grams who u l t ima te ly evaluate the r e su l t s of labo
r a to ry and f i e ld
research.
The
r e su l t s presented
in t h i s
1976
Annual Report
are i nd ica t ive of the scope of CIP s research pro
gram
in response
to
some
of the needs for
improved
pota to technology in CIP s Regional
Program.
W)ur
i n t e r e s t
i s encouraged as
the
chal lenge i s grea t t o
provide ever
more
food
for the
hungry.
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INTRODUCTION
TO RESEARCH
PROGRESS 1976
Signi f i can t research progress cont inued to be
made
throughout
the year . Some
of the
achievements,
in
dica t ive of the scope of CIP's research , are pre
sented below.
Each
i s
a
small
s tep in improving the
y ie ld ing ab i l i t y and
adaptab i l i t y
of the po ta to for
developing
count r ies
in the
t rop ics .
Major co l l ec t ing a c t i v i t i e s for pr imi t ive
cu l
t i va r s have been completed ahead of schedule .
Approximately
t h ree -quar t e r s of over 12,000
accessions
have been c l a s s i f i e d .
A second Planning Conference
on
the Explora-
t i on and Maintenance of Germ Plasm Resources
developed guide l ine
recommendations
to
i n i
t i a t e the sys temat ic co l l ec t i on of wild Sola-
num spec ies and the computer ized
management
o f
CIP's
germ plasm bank.
A popula t ion
approach
to breeding has demons-
t r a t e d
encouraging increases in the
f requency
of r es i s t ance to se lec ted pathogens and
nema-
todes
in
P h u r e j a S ~ e n o t o m w n
d ip lo id
popula-
t i ons .
Improved
f ro s t r e s i s t an t and ba c t e r i a l w i l t
r e s i s t an t clones have cont inued to excel under
severe
f i e l d
t e s t
condi t ions .
The wi l t
r e s i s t
ant
var i e ty
Caxamarca
has
been re leased by
the Peruvian Nat ional Potato Program.
Progress has been
made
in
d isc r imina t ing
be t
ween f i e ld and major gene r es i s t ance to
l a t e bl igh t . The In t e rna t iona l
Late Blight
Test
Program a t Toluca, Mexico, has been up-
graded.
Under experimental condi t ions the surv iva l of
seudomonas solanacearwn
in
so i l has been
co r
re la ted
with the e l e c t r i c conduct iv i ty o f so i l .
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In
con t rac t
research
a t the Univers i ty of Wis-
consin promising progress has been made on the
se lec t ive
ro le of po ta to l ec t ins in binding P
solanacear·um
to permit
d i f f e re n t i a t i on of com-
pa t ib l e
and
incompatible
clones .
Breeding l i nes r e s i s t a n t to
v i rus
have
been sen t to nine
t r i e s
for fur ther evaluat ion.
po ta to
l ea f r o l l
developing coun-
Charac te r iza t ion
o f novel
vi ruses
and s t r a in s the reof was con-
t inued to
fur ther define the spectrum o f v i r u
ses
presen t in
the cent re of po ta to evolu t ion .
Immunity to root-knot nematod es and combined
with
high
res is tance to
P solanacearum has
been confirmed in se lec ted
clones
of
Solanum
spm sipi
Zurn
breeding
These clones are being used in
Clones r e s i s t a n t to s ing le races
of
Globodera
Heterodera) pallida have been i de n t i f i e d
in
wide
sca le screening
of germ plasm
In
mul t ip le cropping s tud ies pota to-peanut
systems
more
than
doubled
land
equiva len t us
age over monocultural prac t i ces .
In con t rac t research a t the Univers i ty of Min-
nesota four f ro s t
to le ran t
spec ies of Solanum
were shown
by
NMR spectroscopy to
have
lower
leve ls of
l i qu id water
a t
k i l l i ng
tempera tures
than S. clones
Signi f i can t
cold ac
cl imat ion has been demonstrated in these spe
c ies but
not
in S
High dry matter to 35 per cent and high pro
t e i n to 4 per cent have been i de n t i f i e d
in
rou t ine
nut r i t ion
assays . Signi f i can t losses
o f
p ro te in occur
in reducing
glycoa lka lo ids
dur ing the
process ing of
white
chuno
n
e f fec t ive
well - in tegra ted
t i s sue
cu l t u r e
v i rus
screening and mul t ip l i ca t ion
scheme
for
the product ion of
pathogen-tes ted
seed
was
f i rmly
es tab l ished
in
1976
9
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t rust
SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION ND CLASSIFICATION
OF TUBER BEARING SOL NUMS
Following an
i n i t i a l
Planning
Conference on Germ
Plasm
Explora t ion and Taxonomy held
in January ,
1973, CIP
has
sponsored
o r par t i c ipa ted in
more
than twenty co l -
l e c t i ng
expedi t ions
During 1976 co l l ec t ions were made
in the Department
of Cajamarca in nor thern
Peru, nor th-
west Argent ina
and
in
the s t a t e s of Merida and T ru j i l l o
in Venezuela to
complete
the m j o ~ co l l ec t i ng a c t i v i -
t i e s
fo r p r imi t ive
cu l t iva rs in
South
America.
Mexico
remains the
only
major area for extens ive explora t ion
fo r cu l t i va t ed
spec ies
Summary of the Pr imi t ive Cult ivar
Col lec t ion
Country· Accessions
Argent ina
175
Bol iv ia
598
Colombia
568
Chile
152
Ecuador
235
Guatemala
17
Peru
10,246
Venezuela
200
TOTAL:
12,191
At the beginning of 1973 l e s s than f ive per
cen t
o f
more than 3,000
access ions in
the CIP world
co l l ec t ion
had been c l a s s i f i e d
The
fol lowing t ab le
summarizes
the
taxonomic grouping to the presen t
hoto
CIP germ plasm on disp lay a t a farmers f i e ld
day
in
Huancayo,
Peru
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Table
1 -
Sununary of
the
C l as s i f i c a t i on
o f
Pr imi t ive
Cul
tivars
Species
2n
Number
s
stenotomum
24
12.8
1 120
s
gonioc lyx
24 2.8 250
s
phurej
24 2.6
230
s
j nhuiri
24 0.6 56
s
x
juzepczukii
= 3 x hybr id
36 1.
7
150
s
x chaucha
= 3 x hybr id 36
6.8
600
s
tuberosum
spp. ndigen 48
70.7 6,200
s
curtilobum
= 5 x
hybrid 60 1.
8 160
100.0
8,766
In March,
1976, a
second Planning Conference on
the
Ex-
p l o r a t i on and Maintenance of Germ
Plasm
Resources was
held
a t
CIP, Lima. In a publ i shed Report recommendations
were presen ted
for :
fu ture exp lora t ions taxonomic
s tud -
i e s
data
management and germ
plasm maintenance.
P r i o r i t i e s were es tab l i shed
in
conformity with F O ca te -
gor i e s
to
i n i t i a t e
the sys temat i c
co l l ec t i on
of wild
spec ies in
13 countr ies . t
was
noted t ha t 54 wild spe-
c ies
are
not
ava i l ab le in
the
l i v i ng s t a t e in
gene
banks
o r
research
i n s t i t u t e s .
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t rust
MAINTENANCE AND
UTILIZATION OF TUBER BEARING SOI,ANUMS
Maintenance
Through the
combined
e f fo r t s of the Taxonomy and the
Breeding
and Genet ics Departments the germ plasm co l l ec -
t ion i s being screened
for
the presence of
dupl ica te
ac-
cess ions .
Data were
col lec ted
on near ly 7,000
clones in
1976.
At harves t 667
dupl ica te access ions
of 62 known
na t ive
c u l t i va r s
were el iminated. Before they were d i s -
carded, t rue seed from each access ion
was
obtained by
con t ro l l ed pol l ina t ions using
bulk pol len from acces-
s ions of the same spec ies or
synonym
group.
The
r e su l t -
ing
seed was
a lso bulked for long
term s torage .
Slab e lec t rophore t i c analyses
of about 1,500
access ions
are
being
car r i ed
out
to
augment morphologic
determina
t i ons
of poss ib le dupl ica tes .
A
proposa l for
a
cooperat ive exchange
system
for the
maintenance of wild pota to spec ies between the gene
banks a t
CIP, IR-1
(Wisconsin,
USA
and the
Braunschweig
Genet ic Resource Center (Germany)
has
been prepared .
This i s in accordance with
a recommendation
of the March
1976,
Planning Conference
on Germ
Plasm Explora t ion
and
Maintenance .
From January to September, 1976, the fol lowing mater ia l
was
d i s t r i bu t e d from the CIP
germ
plasm co l l ec t ion
to:
CIP S c ie n t i s t s
Screening for disease
pe s t and
f ro s t re s i s t ance
Nut r i t iona l Qual i ty
Low vi rus
seed product ion
Various
Tuber Samples
4,755
253
15
62
Seed Lots
199
0
0
3
3
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14
Other
S c ie n t i s t s from:
Peru
USA
W Germany
The Nether lands
Total :
275
700
7
6,067
14
15
23
A new vers ion of desc r ip to r
def in i t ions
and opt ions fo r
a computerized system fo r the s torage and r e t r i e va l of
da ta
from
the germ plasm
bank
was
completed during the
year
in
coopera t ion wi th the Information Sciences/Genet
ic
Resources Program of the
Unrvers i ty
of Colorado. Data
on
provenance, nat ive
names and taxonomic i de n t i f i c a t i on
of
near ly
8,000
access ions
in
the
co l l ec t i on ,
as
wel l
as
about 10,000
i tems on diseases and
pes t reac t ions
are
being s tored in the
da ta
bank.
Ut i l i z a t i on
of
Diploid Populat ions
As a pa r t of research on the adapta t ion
and
u t i l i za t ion
of
pota to
popula t ions
in breeding, the
valuable a t t r i -
butes
which
may be presen t in Phureja-Stenotomum dip lo id
popula t ions are
being
s tud ied .
With
super ior
mate r ia l s
se lec ted
in
1974
and
1975, a new populat ion has
been
generated . Some of the
po te n t i a l l y
usefu l cha r ac t e r i s -
t i c s
which
have
been
observed are as fo l lows:
Charac te r i s t i c
Diploandroids
2n
pol len
Diplogynoids
2n eggs)
Late b l igh t
f i e l d
r es i s t ance
Bacter ia l wi l t
r es i s t ance ,
Race
Bac te r ia l
wi l t
r es i s t ance ,
Race
3
Root-knot nematode
r es i s t ance
Virus Y r es i s t ance
N° of
fami l ies
t e s ted
53
50
50
51
35
N° of
clones
422
422
2,500
320
320
1,
020
840
Per
cent
of clones
se lec ted
5
2.5
40
49
4
2.7
7
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Data ind ica te
t ha t
res is tance to
PVY i s dis t r ibu ted in
a
popula t ion without
following
a family pa t t e r n . Res i s t -
ance i s under three
l eve l s
of genet ic contro l : immunity
i s dominant
over
hype rsens i t iv i ty which i s dominant
over
susc e p t i b i l i t y . Gene frequency
analyses
ind ica te
t ha t
the a l l e l e for immunity i s very low, c ~ g 36. However,
s ince
the
gene t ic cont ro l o f
PVY
r es i s t ance
i s
simply
inhe r i t ed ,
t i s poss ib le to
rap id ly
upgrade
the
leve l
o f r es i s t ance of a dip lo id populat ion Fig. 1) .
The popula t ion
approach
to breeding provides
n i ty
to increase dramat ica l ly the f requency
ance from 7.14 to a t heore t i ca l leve l of 96
r e s i s t an t plan t s in four generat ions .
an
opportu-
of r e s i s t -
per cent o f
90
80
70
n
ll
•of
Q
>
I
50
z
ll
\
:
40
Q
\
\
30
\
20
1
-
....
··-
----·-----·
·
,, •,
•,
• ,
..
·-·-·-·
-·-·
--.
·
-
*--
iNMUNE
- - - - - -HYPERSENSITIVE
· · -
· -SUSCEPTIBLE
..... ___
_
...
·
--
...
_. ._
· · · T . · - . · · ·
r
· · · .:::....:__ ::.::...:..::.
3 4
GENERATION OF SELECTION
Fig . 1 Expected Changes in
the Frequency
of Immune
Phenotypes to
Potato
Virus Y
Through
Matings
of Res is tan t Phenotypes
The program of breeding and adaptat ion of cu l t iva ted
d i-
plo id
spec ies , under a contrac t with the North
Carol ina
State
Univers i ty ,
was
continued dur ing
1976. Two
base
popula t ions
of S
phurej and
S
stenotomum were grown:
17,000 segregat ing seedl ings represen t ing
60
fami l ies
5
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6
and 3,500
se lec ted clones
represen t ing
the
same fami
l i e s . Both
popula t ions
are more t o l e r a n t to longer
days and warmer temperatures than
the
na t ive germ plasm
and
wil l
tuber ize under a wide range of
daylengths .
Tu
ber
famil ies from these se l ec t ions
were
d i s t r i bu t e d
to
Canada
for
screening for wart
Synchytriwn
endohioticwn)
re s i s tance
to Egypt for
breeding,
and to
Peru
for
adap
t a t ion to the
lowland
t rop ics and
for d isease r es i s t ance
evaluat ions .
The
study
of
increas ing tuber
dry-mat te r conten t was
c o ~
t inued.
program of
r ecur ren t se l ec t ion for increased
dry-mat ter content i s in
i t s
second
cycle . From
t h i s an
e l i t e high dry-mat te r popula t ion i s being
es tabl i shed.
Ut i l i z a t i on
of Te t rap lo id
Popula t ions
From
an or ig ina l sample o f
16,000
clones from a N e o t u b ~
rosum
popula t ion evaluated
in 1975, 100 clones having
ea r l iness and good yie ld were se l ec ted fo l lowing
evalua
t i on a t four
loca t ions
in
1976.
These
clones
have
been
used to produce
approximately
400 hybrid famil ies . Fur
the r
cross ing i s underway.
Twenty-f ive
per cen t o f
9,000 seed l ings belonging to
70 famil ies derived
from CIP s germ
plasm co l lec t ion
were found to have varying l eve l s o f l a t e bl igh t r e s i s t
ance. In tercrosses are being made between these paren ts
and 800 PVY-resis tant
clones
belonging to
an
or ig ina l
seedling
popula t ion of 5,000.
For ty- s ix hybrid
famil ies from var ious
germ
plasm com
bina t ions
have
been
developed by
cross ing paren ts
se
l ec t ed for adapta t ion to lowland t r op i c a l
condi t ions .
(Tuberosum
x
Phureja)
x
Andigena
appears
to
be
the
bes t
germ plasm
combinat ion
for r es i s t ance to the hot humid
t rop ics .
Botanica l seed
from 30 famil ies and 34 tuber
famil ies have been sen t ou t fo r t r i a l s in the lowland
t rop ics
o f
Costa Rica, Phi l ippines Ecuador and Braz i l .
In
cont rac t
research a t Cornel l Univers i ty 906 se l ec
t ions of Neo-tuberosum mater ia l from the f i f t h cycle o f
r ecur ren t se l ec t ion for adapta t ion and pe s t r es i s t ance
were t e s t ed fo r pota to vi rus X
PVX)
r es i s t ance during
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Maintenance
of Wild va r i e t i e s Huancayo, Peru
the win te r
1975-76.
After
fu r the r se l ec t ion
646
clones
were plan ted as
10 h i l l
p lo t s . During the 1976 growing
season in
New York Sta te
clones with
VY
and pota to
l e a f
r o l l
vi rus symptoms or poor
vine types
were e l imina ted
leaving
322
clones . Sixty-seven
per cent
were r e s i s t an t
to
PVX.
These clones have
been exposed
to VY and
now
wi l l
be t e s ted
for t h i s
virus during
the win te r 1976-77.
Open pol l ina ted seeds were harves ted from 300 o f
the
clones .
The same
clones
were
subjec ted
to
a
severe
f i e ld s c a l e
ep iphy to t i c of
l a t e bl igh t .
Most of the clones were much
slower in developing symptoms than
tuberosum va r i e t i e s
and 20 were c l a s s i f i e d as r e s i s t an t .
The
newer andigena
Neo-tuberosum) popula t ion was grown
as seedling h i l l s . There
were
over 13,000
of these
from
426 or ig ina l
access ions . Some
of these were from
bulk
in te rc rosses
with in
t h i s populat ion and
some
were
crosses to VY
r e s i s t a n t
5th
cycle clones . About 1,500
were
saved
to
produce seed
for
the
next
cycle .
7
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8
During the 1975-76 winter 50 seedl ings from remnant
seed
of the i n i t i a l base popula t ion , and
four
of the subse
quent
f ive
cycles
of se l ec t ion were
grown
in
the
green
house. These were
in te rc rossed within cyc les and out
crossed to f ive tuberosum clones . This
produced
t rue
seed with essen t i a l ly equal freedom
from inbreeding
to
eva lua te progress
in
the
recurrent
se l ec t ion program and
to observe cor re l a t ed changes. Other
crosses
were
made
to
incorpora te the
r es i s t ance
to race
A
of the golden
nematode (Globodera Y octochiensis)
found i n o f the
2nd cycle access ions i n to se lec ted clones from the 5th
cyc le .
Bacter ia l Wilt
Resis tance
The S. phureja
sources
of r es i s t ance to Pseudomonas
so-
Zanacearum have been
incorpora ted
i n to a wider genetic
base . Screening for bac te r i a l wi l t i s
being
car r i ed out
in
seedl ings derived from crosses between S. phuY cja
and
se lec ted hybrids which have r es i s t ance to l a t e b l i gh t
VY
and roo t -knot nematodes.
Research has been i n i t i a t e d to
cross
the newly i de n t i
f ied
r es i s t ance in
the
wild spec ies 8.
chacoense and S.
s p r s i p i l u m ~
with cu l t iva ted dip lo ids and r e s i s t an t
clones of S.
phureja. Although
both wild
spec ies can
be
crossed with cu l t iva ted d ip lo ids
during
the f i r s t sea
son
only
S. chaaoense
produced f lowers in La
Molina.
Resis tance to spec i f i c i so la t e s of P solanacearum may
be
more
independent than prev ious ly hypothesized. Highly
contro l led
condi t ions
are ind ica ted to eva lua te the in
t e rac t ions
between hos t
genotype,
environment
and
races
of the pathogen.
Various na t iona l programs
are
st ll eva lua t ing mate r ia l
provided pr io r
to
1976. However, in Peru the bac te r i a l
wi l t r e s i s t an t var i e ty Caxamarca was re leased by the
National Program. A
second clone ,
BR63-65 i s
a lso
being
increased
pr io r to naming. A clone se lec ted in F i j i i s
l i ke ly to be re leased. Select ions from
CIP
mater ia l
are
a lso
undergoing t e s t s i n Braz i l Niger ia Indonesia ,
Mauri t ius and Nepal.
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Breeding
for
Cold Tolerance
Laboratory
screening
for frost resistance using the cold
temperature bath continues to be a very useful technique
for
in i t ia l
selection for
frost
resistance.
Six
hundred
and
ninety clones involving the species S. ourtiZobum
S. a:ndigena (controls), ourtiZobum x andigena aoauie x
stenotomum megistaaroZobum
x
stenotomum
j nhuiri x
stenotomum and
other
hybrids were f ie ld tested
a t
3,700
rots. Heavy
frosts
(-7° C -5° C
-4°
C ki l led
a l l
plants in the farmer s f ie lds in the region. However 79
t ~ t
clones showed
varying
levels of resistance, some
with
only
approximately of 30 per cene foliage damage.
Some clones
with frost resis tant pedigrees
have
dry mat
t e r
levels
between
27-32
per
cent with
10-15
per cent
protein. In
other
t r i a l s
with
10,080
seedlings, involv
ing
134 families and 9
species,
1,800 survived -3°C in
cold
chamber
screening
tests
Scient is t
records resul ts
of frost resistance t r ia l
These plant le ts were subjected to a temperature
of
-3°C
in
a
growth
chamber
a t
CIP Lima.
9
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Botanical
seed
for eva lua t ion
o f f ro s t
r es i s t ance
was
sen t
to the fo l lowing
coun t r i e s
in
1976:
Country
Famil ies
Seeds
Chile
8 1I600
Colombia
10
1, 400
Ecuador
8 1,
700
Mexico
60
3,000
Turkey
60
3,000
Tota l :
146 10,700
The Use
o f Mexican Wild Species in Breeding
High l eve l s o f
f i e ld
re s i s t ance to
hytophthora
infes-
tans were
i de n t i f i e d
in spec ies such as S. vernei_, S.
microdontwn
and S. gourlayi
in
con t rac t research a t the
Agricu l tu ra l Univers i ty Wageningen,
The
Nether lands .
New
bas i c ma te r i a l
was obtained in 1976 from
crosses of
S. acaule
with
the Mexican spec ies S. bulbocastanwn_, S.
pinnatisectwn
and S.
pinnatisectwn x
S. bulbocastanum)
which are highly r e s i s t a n t
to
l a t e b l igh t but not c ros s -
ab l e with
S. tuberosum.
Hexaploid
S.
acaule
x
S.
bulbo-
castanwn)
x
S. phureja and r e s i s t a n t
t e t r a po l id clones
S. verrucosum
x
S. demissum)
x
va r i e t i e s were a l so ob-
t a ined
dur ing the
year .
About 80 monohaploids n=12) from
S. tuberosum
and th ree
from S. verrucosum
have been
obtained
par thenogene t ica l -
ly by
the ~ g e n i n g e n
group.
From pre l iminary experiments
on anther
cu l t u r e
t
appears t ha t
monoploids
can
a lso
be
obtained
androgene t ica l ly from wild Mexican spec ies .
Completely homozygous
clones
are an t ic ipa ted
from a num
ber of monohaploids which have
been doubled
by
co lch i -
c ine t rea tment .
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Leaves
o f pota to plan t s a f fec ted
by
Choancnfzora eucuri.Ji-
tarum
in
the
jungle
a t
Yurimaguas Peru
Phytophthora i n f e s t n s ~ the
l a t e
b l igh t
fungus was a
seasona l ly common pathogen a t a l l loca t ions except a t
the hot humid exper imenta l
s i t e
a t Yurimaguas
in
the
Amazon
lowlands. r e l a t i ve l y ser ious l e a f
b l igh t caused
by Choanepho Y a cucu Y bitaFum has been observed a t t ha t
loca t ion. Differences i n a t t ack between clones suggest
dif fe rences i n r es i s t ance and the poss i b i l i t y
of
se l e c t -
ing
r e s i s t a n t
c lones .
Pota to
smut
caused by Thecapho Y a Angiosorus) solani has
been observed on the La Vic to r ia farm in the Mantaro
val ley . This pathogen i s widespread in
the
highlands and
ce r t a i n
coas ta l
areas of Peru .
t
has
a l so
been repor ted
from Chi le
Colombia
Ecuador Mexico
Panama
and Vene-
zue la .
Res is tan t clones
are
known.
Research on
the b io -
logy and contro l o f pota to smut have been i n i t i a t e d .
Screening
for
r es i s t ance to
Synchytrium endobioticum
i s
cont inuing
and
crosses
among
r e s i s t an t
clones
have been
made.
Res is tan t clones
700499
and
700116 are being
f reed
of v i rus
by
t i s sue cu l tu re techniques
for
d i s t r i bu t ion
and fur ther
t e s t i ng .
The pathogen causing a fo l i a r b l i gh t and severe defo l i a -
t ion in the high s i e r r a s has been recen t ly descr ibed
as
homa andinum sp. nov.
Screenhouse
experiments i nd ica te
t ha t
fo l iage damage alone may not e n t i r e ly
account
for
the crop loss due
to
t h i s pathogen.
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24
z
c
J
Cl
.
1 0
0.8
)
0.6
ill
z
z
0
0 0 4
::>
0
0
a
Cl
0 2
o o
•
Y=0.24x 0.15
r
2
=0.40
•
• • •
·
2
3
4
RESISTANCE CLASSIFICATION
5
Fig .
2
Yield
of Solanwr tuber>osum
spp.
ndigena
r e l a -
t ive
to l a t e
b l igh t
r e s i s t ance San Ramon 1976
and
the add i t ive nature of
r es i s t ance
genes were
eva-
lua ted
in
5 dip lo id
fami l i e s .
Observations ind ica ted
t ha t
popula t ion improvement
using
ind iv idua l family o r
combined
se l ec t ion methods can
be more
f r u i t f u l than
the
clone
x clone breeding
system. t
permi ts se l ec t ion from
a
popula t ion of ind iv idua ls with
a
wide
gene t ic
base
good
adapta t ion
yie ld po te n t i a l and high l evels of re -
s i s t ance in most o f i t s component individuals .
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The In t e rna t iona l Late Blight
Test
Program
was
cont inued
a t
Toluca, Mexico, dur ing 1976. Eight i n s t i t u t e s p a r t i -
c ipa ted :
India , Japan, The Netherlands 2) ,
Sweden,
USA
2) and West
Germany. A t o t a l of 1,659
clones 3,205 tu -
bers
and
6,000 seedl ings were planted .
The design
of
exper iments
was
s tandardized
and
a
new
1-9
sca le ra t ing
l a t e b l igh t was in troduced.
Promising
r e s i s t ance was
ob
served in olanum
bulbocastanum obta ined
through con
t r ac tu a l arrangements with the Plan t
Breeding
Ins t i t u t e
o f the Agr icu l tu ra l Univers i ty ,
Wageningen, The
Nether
l ands .
The CIP
b l i g h t
r e s i s t an t germ plasm
co l l ec t ion a t
Toluca
has
been
reduced
to 150
clones . Documentation
of
ped i -
gree and
gene t ic
background
of
th i s mater i a l wil l be
completed
in
1977. The co l l ec t ion
was o r i g i n a l l y
assem
bled
by
the Rockefe l ler
Foundation Potato Program.
Three
f i e ld
experiments were
conducted
a t Toluca in re -
search
to
dis t inguish between f ie ld and
major
gene re -
s i s t ance .
The exper imental objec t ives
were to :
1)
com
pare the r a t e of
b l igh t
development of R-gene
d i f fe ren-
t i a l s
with tha t on f ie ld
r e s i s t an t
clones ; 2) observe
the r a t e of
b l igh t spread on
low
plan t
popula t ions of
se l ec t ed R-gene
d i f f e r en t i a l s ,
and
3)
to observe
the
r a t e of
development of
complex
races
of
n-
festans
Under
the exper imental condi t ions t was
con
cluded:
1)
Because
of the r e l a t iv e ly l a t e appearance of
races to the l ess common R-genes, R
5
, R3 and
R
10
, clones conta in ing one or more of
these
genes cannot
always
be di s t ingu i shed
from
f i e ld r e s i s t an t ones
Fig.
3 .
2) There
i s an
increase
in the ra te of a t tack by
P infesi;cms with increas ing numbers of R-gene
compatible hosts Fig. 4 .
3) That
the mean
number
of
s ing le
R-gene
d i f f e r -
en t i a l s out of
nine
at tacked by f i e ld i so l a t e s
increased from 2.3
to
5.8 dur ing
the
epidemic.
The f i r s t
i so l a t e compatible to a l l
the
d i f f e£
en t i a l s used,
viz .
Race
1.2 .3 .4 .5 .7 .8 .10 .11
was i d e n t i f i e d
mid-way
through
the
epidemic.
R6 and R
9
d i f f e r en t i a l s
were not
used) .
5
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100
90
8
7
I.LI
6
u
I.LI
c
5
I.LI
C
c
;
IL
4
z
'
II
'
3
20
10
24
7
28
7
2
a
5
8
DATE
9
a
2
8
6
8
2
8
25
8
Fig .
3
Percentage
fo l iage
in ju ry caused by
Plzytor htho
r
in est ns on some
R-gene d i f f e r e n t i a l
hos ts
and on
suscep t ib le Bint je)
and
moderate ly
f i e l d r e s i s t a n t va r i e t i e s
Libertas
and Atzimba)
In con t rac t research on l a t e
b l igh t
re s i s t ance a t Sva
lov, Sweden, s tud ie s were cont inued
on
the inher i tance
o f re s i s t ance to
ent rance
and
r es i s t ance
to
invas ion .
This component approach to re s i s t ance
i s being
evalu-
a ted
in f ive
fami l ies o f
dihaplo ids and
f ive
popula t ions
of t e t r ap l o i ds in which
both types
of
r es i s t ance
are in -
her i t ed in
a
polygenic
fashion.
Regression
analyses in -
d ica te
t ha t r es i s t ance to ent rance and
re s i s t ance to
in -
vasion
are no t
i nher i t ed
complete ly
independent ly
o f
each
other
r
2
=
0.33) .
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In s tud ies on the inf luence of some growth regula tors
on
f i e l d
r es i s t ance g ibbere l l i c ac id GA
3
) and indole -
a c e t i c
ac id IAA) have been shown
to have
a
s ign i f i c a n t
e f f e c t on growth of germ tube:r:s of P infestans
in
v i t ro
as wel l as to increase
re s i s t ance
to ent rance in vivo.
However excess GA
3
and IAA have a tox ic e f f e c t
on
germ
tube e longa t ion . Abscis ic ac id
ABA)
and
chlorcohl in -
ch lor ide CCC) both i nh i b i t germ tube
growth but in
sp i t e
o f
t ha t
ABA
increases re s i t ance
to
ent rance while
CCC has no s ign i f i c a n t e f f e c t . The r e su l t s support the
hypothesis
t ha t growth s t imula tors
such
as GA
3
are
in -
volved in the mechanism of re s i s t ance by promoting
long
e r
germ tube growth on r e s i s t a n t l e a f surfaces .
Fig .
4 - The r a t e of
in fec t ion caused
by
hytophthora
in-
festans
on small numbers
of R-gene
d i f fe ren t i a l
hos ts expressed in
l og i t
uni t s
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the
va r i e ty Antarki .
Dry
matter content of tubers de
creased
wi th higher
ni t rogen
f e r t i l i z e r
app l ica t ion in
the highlands
bu t
not in the lowlands. Other re l a t ion
sh ips a re presen ted in the fol lowing t ab le .
Table
16
-
Average response of 10
pota to
clones to in
creas ing
r a t e s of
ni t rogen
f e r t i l i z a t i o n
in
two loca t ions , Huancayo
and
San Ramon.
Nitrogen
Yield
Dry
Matter Crude pro te in
appl ied
Hyo. San.
Hyo.
San. Hyo. San.
Kg
x
Ha
1
M.T.
x Ha
1
of
dry
mat te r
50
20.0
19.
1 24.9 18.4 6.
10.8
100
27.9
20.2
23.6
18.6 7.9
• 5
200 27.7
21. 3
23.6
19.6 9.3 10.8
In t e re s t i ng ly , i n
t r i a l s
with a long season
va r i e t y
(160-180 days)
a t
Huancayo,
t iming
as
wel l as
f rac t ion
a l , sequen t ia l app l ica t ion o f ni t rogen e .g . 1/4 a t
plan t ing , 1/4 a t
h i l l i ng ,
1/4 a t f lowering and 1/4
a
month a f t e r f lowering)
did not r e su l t
in
d i f fe rences
o f
e i t h e r yie ld o r
crude pro te in
in tubers . A
s l i g h t but
non-s ign i f i can t e f f e c t in tuber pro te in conten t
in
fa
vor
of
t rea tments t ha t rece ived
ni t rogen f e r t i l i z e r
a t
h i l l i n g (8.5 ) , versus the other f ive t rea tments (7.8 ,
crude
pro te in ,
dry weight) , was observed.
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A t o t a l
of approximate ly 2,800 dupl i ca te po ta to samples
were assayed.
Duplicate
samples
d i f f e r i n g by
more
than
3.0 were reanalyzed. Two hundred and s i x t y - f i v e
(265)
glycoa lka lo id de te rmina t ions on b i t t e r pota toes were
a l so
made
us ing
bromphenol
blue
t i t r a t i o n
fol lowing
a
glycon
hydro lys i s .
In
s tudies
of n i t rogen n u t r i t i o n and envi ronmenta l in
t e rac t ion on the accumulat ion of
n i t rogen
in
tubers
a
s t rong
in te rac t ion
of
l oca t ions on
y i e l d
was
shown. A l
though dry mat te r con ten t was
nega t ive ly
cor re l a t ed to
ni t rogen f e r t i l i z a ton
in a
highland l oca t ion (Huanca
yo)
,
t h i s was
not
observed
a t
the lowland
s i t e
(San Ra
mon) . Crude pro te in
of tubers inc reased
l i n e a r l y in
response
to
inc reased
l eve l s
a t
both
l oca t ions .
Table 15
-
Environmental
e f f e c t
on y ie ld , dry mat te r
and
crude
pro te in
in
tubers
of the
var i e ty
Antark i .
Nitrogen
Yield
a)
Dry Matter
Crude
pro te in
app l ied
Hyo.
San.
Hyo. San.
Hyo.
San.
-1 -1
Kg
x Ha
M.T. x Ha
of dry
weight
0
21. 0
16.4 23.6
17.0 5 .6 8. 1
50
25.4
2 • 3
22.8
16.3
5 .8
8 .8
100
31.
7
20.9 22.3 17 .0 6.7 9.6
200 34.6 19.6
20.7
16.6
8 .0
. 5
LSD=0.05
3.6 4.3
1 . 1 N.S. 1 . 1 1.0
a)
Hyo. =
Huancayo (3,300 meters ; San San
Ramon
(800 m).
Ten (10) pota to c lones , which di f f e red
in
t h e i r
adap ta
b i l i t y
to
two environments,
were evaluated a t
two
l oca
t i ons for
t h e i r
response
to ni t rogen
f e r t i l i z a t i o n . In
genera l , the da ta confirmed the observat ions made on
65
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64
Eva lua t ion of nu t r i t i ona l qua l i ty in t he l abora tory
a t
CIP I.ima
The subspec ies
andigena exhib i t ed the
gr ea t e s t range
in
pe r cen t
dry mat te r
17.6 - 34.8 .
Levels
o f crude
pro
t e i n
up
to 14.7 and 14.4
were
recorded for S
stenoto-
nu
and
S
phureja
3
r e spec t ive ly
while samples
o f
a l l
spec ies except S
curtilobum had l e v e l s
above 10 pro
t e i n . A few
samples o f
S
tbr
ssp .
andigena
3
and S
chaucha
had r e l a t i ve nu t r i t i ve va l ues
as
determined
by
microbio logica l assay exceeding egg \= 100) A wide
range i n a v a i l a b l e methionine
was
noted
fo r
a l l
spe
c i e s ; l e v e l s
in
excess o f 2. 25 g/16 g N are i n d i c a t i v e
t h a t methionine need not be a l imi t ing
amino
ac id . In
con t rac t r e sea rch
a t
the
U nive r s i t y
o f Minnesota t
has
been
es tab l i shed t h a t
chemical ana lyses
c f
methionine
based
on
un-ox id ized
po t a t o
samples
may
unders t ima te
methionine l eve l s Am. Pot . J rn l .
51:369-372.
1974).
Albumin
and
globul ins
c o n s t i t u t e
the
major
so l ub l e p ro
t e i n f r a c t i o n s
o f
pota toes .
Per cen t dry ma t te r a f t e r
f reeze
drying mic rokje ldahl
determina t ions of
crude and t r u e p ro t e in and microb io
l og i ca l assays o f
r e l a t i ve
n u t r i t i v e va lues and ava i l
ab l e
methionine
y
treptococcus
zymogenes were rou
t i n e l y c a r r i e d ou t during- the
year .
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Pro te in
lo s se s were es t imated a t 79 for white
chuno,
2 3 for b lack chuno and 1496 for "papa seca .
As
pa r t
of
the
general work in pos t -ha rves t
t echnology
two s torages
have
been completed in
Huancayo. Par t of
these
s torages
wi l l be used
for
s to r ing
pota toes for
process ing
s tud ies . The s to rages ,
one
of
wooden
cons
t r uc t i on and the other o f adobe br i cks , have convectio : :_
a l
a i r c i rcu la t ion .
They
are
low
cos t , smal l - farm sca le
pro to types .
Evaluat ion
of
Nut r i t i ona l Qual i ty
Emphasis
was
given
during the
pas t
year
to cha rac te r
i z ing
the nu t r i t i ona l aspec ts of var ious cu l t iva t ed po
t a t o spec ies .
Samples of
the fol lowing spec ies
were se
l ec ted for
ana lyses
from the
CIP
germ plasm co l l ec t ion :
SoLanum tuberosum
ssp. cmdigenaJ
S S
-Peja_
S a;janhuiri J
3 ur t i
S j : A z e ; ; c z u k i i ~
and
S -::haucha as wel l as some advanced c lones
and v a r i e t i
es
of S
t:br
ssp .
andigena
Table 14 Qual i ty ana lyses of se lec ted
Solanwn spec ies .
Mean
l eve l s
Dry Crude Rel.
Methionine
Species Mat ter
Pro te in
Nutr ive
g/16
g N
Value
C
tbr
ssp.
andg
26.9 7.4
78
1.6
Advanced
clones
26.7
7 .
1
79
1 .
7
s. stenotcmwn 28.9
9.9 79 1.4
s. phureja 26.8
9.7 77
1.4
s.
ajanhU1:ri
26.2 8.9
82 1. 3
s. curtilobum
29.2 7 2
66
1.
2
s.
juzepczukii
25.4
11 3 53 1
s
chaucha
26.5 7.6
80
1.6
6
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For cen tu r i e s
in
the high Andes types of b i t t e r
pota to
es
have
been spread on the
ground to
f reeze over sever
a l
nigh t s .
Upon
thawing 'dur ing the hea t of the day they
were t rampled to squeeze out water and t hen al lowed to
dry .
The r e s u l t i n g
f reeze-dr ied
produc t , b lack chufio,
i s used fo r long term s torage of pota toes .
A
whi te
form
of
chuno
i s produced
by
a
month-long
wash in
water .
During 1976
a
s c i en t i s t of the .Peruvian
Minis t ry
of
Food.produced
chuno
as
well
as
a new cooked, dehydrated
produc t , papa
seca ,
under l abora to ry cond i t ions
a t
CIP. Following process ing
t o t a l
glycoalkaloid
and
pro
t e i n con ten t were
assayed.
Table 12 Total g lycoalkaloids
in
produc ts
processed
from
the
b i t t e r
pota to ,
olanwn
juzepczukii
Clone
N°
Product
702443 702444 702445
Raw
po t a t o
30.43a)
34.28 30.01
Black chuno
17.97
16.48 14.86
White chuno
4 .
16
4.40
2.48
Papa
sec a
6.04
6.63
6.12
a
Mg.
of
glycoa lka lo ids /100 g of f r esh
po ta to .
Table 13 Per
cen t t o t a l pro te in
in products processed
from
the
i t ~ e r
pota to , olanum
juzepczukii
Clone N°
Product
702443 702444 702445
Raw pota to 13.9
9.8
13.7
Black chuno
11. 2 8. 1
9.5
White chuno
2.8
3. 1
2.4
Papa
seca
11.
9.5
11.
4
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thrust
V
Development of Pos t -Harves t Technology and
Improvement
of
Nut r i t iona l Qual i ty
Pos t -harves t technology involves s torage of pota toes as
wel l as preserva t ion of
tubers
by processing.
During
1976, sca le -neu t ra l s t o r a g ~ ·
and
process ing techniques
were
fur ther
developed for use by
low-income
farmers in
developing countr ies .
Varie t ies
of tu erosum pota toes grown in developed couE:_
t r i e s
genera l ly
have re l a t ive ly low pro te in
al though
a
good pro te in-carbohydra te nu t r i t i ona l balance . However,
three-and four- fo ld higher . leve ls of wel l balanced pro
t e i n are
commonly encountered
in
CIP s germ plasm
mate
r i a l .
Iden t i f i ca t ion
of
high
yie id ing ,
high pro te in
c lones for use in breeding i s
a
cont inu ing aspec t o f
research
t o fu r the r
enhance the
exce l l en t nut r i t iona l
qua l i t i e s
o f
the pota to .
Pos t -Harves t Technology
A
pr o j ec t with the objec t ive of developing and evalu
a t ing vi l l age l eve l so la r dehydrat ion of
pota toes
was
i n i t i a t e d in 1976.
Two
black box
uni t s
(0.25m2 and
1.0m2) have been c o n s t r u c t ~ d Measurements of s o l a r e
nergy a t
Huancayo
(3,300 meters) showed
a maximum
of
over
700 cal/cm
2
/day. Li te ra tu re r epor t s
t ha t simple
energy- t rapping black boxes can conver t over
40
of the
impinging
so la r
energy
i n to heat ing a i r o r
other media.
This i s
equiva len t to 3,000
K cal/m
2
/day permi t t ing the
dehydrat ion of
5 ki los
of
pota toes
per square meter
per
day.
t i s
est imated
t ha t
a
th ree
square
meter so la r u
n i t would dehydrate
an
annual
Andean
fami ly s
co:t 3ump-
t i on of
600
Kg in about 45 days. Temperatures
over
90°C
have been
a t t a ined
in t r i a l s a t
Huancayo, adequate to
hea t
water
for enzyme i nac t iva t ion ; enzyme i nac t iva t ion
can a lso
be achieved
by d i r e c t cooking in
a black
box.
6
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There was
considerable d i f fe rence
among
va r i e t i e s
in
root system
development
ranging
from
3 to 8 m in
depth of pene t ra t ion
The
exten t o f
root
growth was not
di rec t ly cor re l a t ed with yie ld
In
genera l
the severa l techniques
evaluated
suppor t the
conclusion t h a t
the re a re
s ign i f i can t
dif fe rences
in
drought
to le rance
among genotypes
which have ye t to
be
explo i ted
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idea l
so lu t ions .
Regression
ana lys i s showed
no cor re la
t i o n
between
the
f ros t
hardiness
of l e a f
t i s s u e s and
t he mel t ing
poin t
depress ion of
c e l l
sap or t i s s u e
wa
t e r
content .
There was a high ly
s ign i f i can t co r re la t ion
between
the
f ros t
hard iness o f
l e a f t i s s u e s
and
the
percen tage
of
unfrozen water a t
the
f ros t k i l l i ng temperature : hardy
species
can
t o l e r a t e more f rozen water
than
tender
ge
notypes (Bot.
Gas.
137:313-317.
1976).
In other
resea rch
a t
the
Laboratory
of Plan t
Hardiness
a t
the Univers i ty o f Minnesota,
cold
accl imat ion of
S.
acaule S. corrrmersoni1: S. multidissectum
and
S. choma-
tophilum
was
achieved. Previously
t
had
been
consider
ed t h a t pota toes could
not
be
accl imated
to
f reez ing
temperatures .
However,
by
s tepwise
shor tening
o f
photo
per iods
and
lowered
day-night
tempera tu res , the hard i
ness of
mature
leaves of these species increased
as
fo l lows: S. multidissectum from -4 .7 to -8 .3 C; S. cho-
matophilum
from -5 .3 to -8 .3 C;
S.
acaule from -6 .0 to
-9 .3 C; and S. commersonii from -5 .3 to -11.7
c.
Cul
t i v a r s
o f
S.
tuberosum
Red Pont iac , Norchip , Ken
nebec
and
Norland apparent ly do not have the physio
l o g i c a l bases for developing
f r o s t
hardiness
(Bot.
Gaz.
137:105-109.
1976).
Drought
Stress
Prel iminary experiments
have
been
undertaken
to
eva l
uate t echn iques useful in
charac ter iz ing
var ious
as
pec t s of drought
s t r e s s .
Three methods have
been
t e s t
ed: the use
of a
di f fus ion
porometer;
i n f i l t r a t i o n
of
l iqu ids
o f d i f fe ren t
viscos i ty ;
and, pressure
chamber
measurements .
Visua l observat ions were a l so made o f the
ex ten t
of
the
rad ia l
spread
of
roots
by
means
of
t an
g e n t i a l t renching.
The
i n f i l t r a t i o n
technique
using a se r i e s
of
o i l s
of
varying v iscos i ty enabled
c l ea r d i f f e r en t i a t io n between
s t r e s s e d
and
uns t ressed
leaves .
However,
the
technique
did not permi t cons i s tent discr iminat ion
of
va r i e t a l
responses to s t r e s s .
The
pressure
chamber
method c lea r
ly
showed the e f f ec t of s t r e s s on plan t
water
po ten t i a l
among
va r i e t i e s .
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At a l l t empera tures ,
from
2
to
12 hours ,
as
the
photoper iod was shor tened
a gr e a t e r propor t ion
o f
the
f r e sh
was
a.ccu,.'Tlulated in tubers . Fur ther
of
the
photoper iod to 8
hours
decreased
t h i s
r a t i o because
the l e a f
weight
inc reased f a s t e r than tu
ber ·weight under very shor t
days .
Cold
Tolerance
In con t rac t research a t the U nive r s i ty o f Minnesota
pulsed
nuc lear
magnet ic r?_sonance
spect roscopy
was
used in s tud ies of the f reez ing
process
in
po ta to
leaves .
The
average amount
~ l iqu id water in
f r o s t
t o l e r a n t spec ie s
o f
o
a t k i l l i n g
t empera tures
was:
S. convr:er<So >£
and S. rrm.zt idisseet7 1x1
32
a t
-5°
C;
S.
acaule
and
S
ehomatophilwn
22
a t
-5 .5°
c.
In con t r as t ,
S.
tuberosum
Red
Pont iac and Alaska
Fros t l e s s
had
42. 696 l i qu id water
a t
a
k i l l i n g tempera
t u re of -3° C.
A
l i n e a r
r e l a t i o n
between
l i qu i d
water '
and
the
r ec ip roca l
o f
temperature
fo r s i x
d i f f e r e n t
ge
notypes
{r=.95 to .99) was as expected
fo r
f r eez ing
o f
Cold
to lerant var ie t ies are
of
m jor importance
in
high
mountain regions such as the
Andes
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6
There i s encouraging evidence of the her i t b i l i ty of
heat tolerance. One hundred {_100) off-spr ing from heat
to le r n t female
parents
on average were substant ia l ly
more
to ler nt
than a
similar
number of off-spr ing from
heat
sensi t ive female
parents. Studies
are
continuing
to
determine whether the
bi l i ty
of fol iage to grow un
der
high temperature
s t ress
i s
a
component
separate
from the bi l i ty of the
fol iage
to produce tuberiza
t ion
stimulus .
Single- leaf cutt ings with
subtended
buds
are
being
eva
luated
as tools to
screen
for
heat tolerance as
well
as
c r i t i c l photoperiod. irhe growth response of
the
bud
i s an indicat ion of the in tens i ty of
the
tuberizat ion
stimulus
in an
in t c t
plant .
Iri a hot greenhouse
expe
riment there was. a highly
s i g n i f ~ a n t corre la tion bet
ween bud
growth
on
cut t ings
and
tuber .yie ld .
Sixteen (16) clones have
been used
to examine
the
in -
te r c t ion
between photoperiod and temperature
response,
on cut t ings
under
controlled environmental
condit ions.
0 6
...:
ll:
..
0 4
C
~
...I
0
...
.......
...
ll:
a:
..
0.2
m
...
.
0
5
a:
·
•
. .·
...•
,
·
·· ..
? · \·············.··
,
· • ••• 111 ·20°c
.......,
. -·
,
8
12
• •
211 so
c
16
20
PHOTOPERIOD
HRS)
Fig.
8
Interact ion of
photoperiod and mean
tuber / fo
l iage weight r t ios
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Source Sink Relat ionships: Flower
Remotion
Under the c l ima t ic condi t ions of the high
Andes
po ta to
es
tend to f ru i t
profuse ly . During the
pa s t
two
years
f lower
removal increased tuber yie ld by approximately
50
pe r cen t
in cont ras t t o
con t ro l s .
· o n t r ~ r y
to
expec-
t a t ions plan t s with f lowers
synthes ized more
t o t a l dry
mat te r than
those mech anically deflowered. Neverthe-
l e s s tuber
yie ld was s ign i f ican t ly
higher
in
the l a t -
t e r .
TOTAi..
PLANT•
0
WITH
FL.OWERS ./ @-......_
300 / 0
::i []
FLOWERS REMOVED 0
~ 0
' TUBERS• /
~ 8
WITH Fl.OWERS /
0
.
''' /
/
~ ' ~
fo/ / / .
i'
~ ·
~
95·
110
25
155
170
DAYS OFTER
PLANTING
Fig .
6 - Tota l
plan t
& tuber
dry
mat te r
accumulation
in
p lan t s with f lowers
&
with f lowers removed
Growth r a t e s
and re l a t ive growth r a t e da ta ind ica ted
t h a t the
deflowered plan t s could
have
cont inued growing
beyond
the
170 day
exper imental per iod . Plan ts on
which
flow<:ffs
were re ta ined had ceased growing a t about 160
,
the e f f i c iency
of a plan t to synthesize
was lowered
by deflowering.
The observa-
the view
th;:;.t photosynthesis i s a t lea.st
contro.llr::;;d by the s ink; photosynthate i s d i
verted
from
f ru i t s to tubers .
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Rota t ion and res idue management dur ing th ree seasons
suppor ted the expected conclusion
t ha t
f e r t i l i z e r and
res idue incorpora t ion
enhance yie lds .
Of
i n t e r e s t i s
the observa t ion t ha t
a
legume in
ro t a t i on i s
not a l -
ways more bene f i c i a l
than a cerea l crop.
Table
-
The in f luence
o f ro t a t i on and
res idue man
agement systems on pota to
yie lds ,
San Ramon.
Yield
(T/ha)
systems Spr ing 75 Summer 76 Winter 76
Potato
Monoculture
Pota to Po ta to
Residue incorpora ted
• 3
Residue f e r t i l i z e r a
21.0
16.9
32.3
Pota to
16.8
39.9
13.2
34.
1
Without res idue
F e r t i l i z e r
alone
Potato-Bean
Rota t ion
Residue
inco:i;-porated
Residue f e r t i l i z e r
Without
res idue
F e r t i l i z e r
alone
Potato-Rice
Rotat ion
Residue
incorpora ted
Residue
f e r t i l i z e r
Without res idue
F e r t i l i z e r
alone
14.3
20.0
Bean
1.6
1.
3
1.5
1 • 3
Rice
2.9
3.3
1.
7
1.8
13.5
28.9
Pota to
20.8
27.3
16.4
32.0
Pota to
24.3
47.6
18.3
35.7
a)
F e r t i l i z e r :
analyses .
Recommended r a t e as
determined
by so i l
53
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52
Multiple
Cropping,
Rotations
and
Residue Management Systems
Multiple
cropping s tudies were continued in San
Ramon
with potatoes being
planted
in
associa t ion
with
pea
nuts, soybeans,
beans
and r ice . Both large
beds
and
row
plant ings were used.
Potatoes
were planted in rows
where
the
associated crop had
been the
season
before.
Therefore,
the
beds had-one-row of potatoes with
two
rows of
the associated
crop. This
resul ted in a
very
low plant ing d en sity - o f
16,000 p6tatoes
plants /ha ;
re -
su l t ing
yie lds
are seemingly low .
... flhe
Land Equivalent ,
CLER),
i s
the sum.of the ra t ios
of
the ·yields
.of
potato
and
the
associated crop to
the i r
respective m o n o c u l t u ~ e
yie lds ,
or the
amount
of
area
needed to obta in
in a
ve
ry
low
plant ing
density of
16,000
potatoes
plants/ha;
resu l t ing yields are seemingly
low. The
Land
Equivalent
Requirement, LER),
i s
the sum
of
the
ra t ios of
the
yie lds
of potato and
the
associated
crop
to t he i r res-
pect ive
monoculture
yie lds ,
or
the
amount of area need
ed to obta in
the same
to ta l product ion of
the
two crops
i planted in m o n o c u l t u r ~
The gross
income for the
di f fe ren t
systems given are:
Table
10
-
Multiple
cropping
yie lds
and income,
San Ra-
mon,
1976.
Systems
Potato(P)
P/Rice
P/Peanut
P/Soybean
P/Bean
Yield
T/ha)
8.6
9.4/2 .2
8.8/2.8
7.5/1 .8
7.4/1.8
LER
1 .0
2. 1 1.
7
Gross
US/ha. 1, 049
1 , 665
2,390
1,
656
1f456
In fur ther
studies a t La Molina involving
loca l
market
vegetables , le t tuce followed by radish were used as as-
socia ted crops
during
the 90 day
growing
season
of po
ta toes . In
a l l
cases yie lds were
approximately doubled
when
each
crop was grown
separately.
.Associated/mono
culture1 T/ha: l e t tuce ,
12,4/23.0;
radish , 2.4/6 .1 ;
and
potatoes {mean
of
two
var ie t ies , 11.8/21.0.
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Comparing yields
of
different
var ie t ies
in
the
highlands
of Nepal
Cold res is tant var ie t ies are important for
these
and other farmers in
highland
areas
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In t e rac t ion of
Meloidogyne
and
Pseudomonas
Solanura chacoense
PI 197760
and S sp rsipilum
PI 230502
(CIP N° 760147) se l ec t ions from
the
Plan t In t roduc t ion
Sta t ion
a t
Sturgeon Bay,
Wisconsin
were
reeva lua ted .
The
most r e s i s t an t genotypes from
these
two
access ions were
chosen for fu ture use in
the
breeding
program.
S sp r-
sipilum
760147.7
has proven to be
immune to
roo t -knot
nematodes in
severa l
t e s t s ; t h i s clone
was
a lso highly
r e s i s t an t
to
Pseudomonas solanacearum
Clones
r e s i s t an t
to
Meloidogyne
were
r e s i s t an t
to
P
solanacearu m;
the
converse
did
not hold.
Under f i e l d
condi t ions r es i s t ance to P solanacearum in
the w i l t - r e s i s t a n t clones BR 73.40
and BR
63.76 was bro
ken·under heavy i n f e s t a t i on with
roo t -knot
nematodes. p
to 50 of
the
roo ts o f con tro l plan t s were i n fes t ed with
roo t -knot nematodes.
In
both
screenhouse and f i e ld
expe-
r iments a synerg i s t i c i n t e r a c t i on
between
the w i l t bac-
te r ium and
roo t -knot
nematodes w ~ demonstrated. Simi-
l a r l y
a
synerg i s t i c
in te rac t ion
between
Globodera
p -
llid
and P
solanacearum has
been
shown under screen
house
condi t ions .
False
root -knot
nematodes, Nacobbus spp.
Studies are cont inu ing to e s t a b l i s h the d i s t r i bu t ion
and
importance
o f Nacobbus spp.
Of
severa l
hundred
clones from Bol iv ia examined in CIP quaran t ine roo ts
of
17
were
found
to
be
in fec ted
with
f a l s e
roo t -knot
nematodes. Nacobbus has
a l so
been
i de n t i f i e d in
the
f i e l d
in Ecuador and in preserved mater ia l from ~ e x i c o
In
the l a t t e r
country na tura l
occurr ing
i n fec t ions were
found in
the roo ts of tomato and c h i l l i pepper .
In s tu
dies conducted in Mexico, the va r i e t y Alpha was found
to
be severe ly in fec ted
with Nacobbus fo l lowing a r t i f i
c i a l
inocula t ion .
t
i s probable t ha t Nacobbus
in ju ry
has
been
ass igned er roneous ly
to
Meloidogyne
in ju ry in
some
loca t ions .
49
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48
and
CIP.
150 clones of d ip lo id and t e t r a p lo id mater ia l from
A 0-4 roo t -knot
index was used
to
eva lua te nema-
tode i n fec t ion
in
both f i e ld and screenhouse
s t ud i e s .
Only
a
few
clones
from
the
CIP
germ
plasm
co l l ec t i on
and breeding
mater ia l exhib i ted an
average
roo t ga l l i ng
o f index 1 t race of roo t ga l l ing o r nematode
reproduc
t ion)
with no apparent tuber i n fec t ion . These clones
aiie
presen t ly
being r e t e s t ed i n the f i e ld .
The
r eac t ion
o f the North
Carol ina
cu l t i va t ed
d ip lo id
mate r ia l
to
roo t -knot
nematodes
i s presen ted
in
Table
8.
The
frequency
of re s i s t ance was widely spread among f a
mi l i e s .
Table 8 - React ion of some d ip lo id o lanion genotypes to
eloidogyne
incognita acrita
Fami l i es
Genotypes
N° Tested
5
1
020
° Res is tan t
21
28
Res i s tan t
41
2.7
In another t r i a l the reac t ion of 62 tuber -bear ing
Sola-
num
spec ie s
to
roo t -knot was inves t iga ted . The r e su l t s
i nd i ca t e t ha t
r es i s t ance
i s r e l a t i ve l y wide spread a
mong
spec ies .
Table
9 - React ion
of some tuber -bear ing
Solanwn spe
c i e s
to eloidogyne incognita acrita
Species
Access ions
Genotypes
N°
Tested
62
220
2 486
°
Res is tan t
25
38
83
Res i s tan t
40.3
17. 3
3.3
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During
recen t
progeny screening,
1,728
of 5,838
plan t s
(29.6 )
belonging to 73 famil ies showed a l eve l
of
re
s i s t ance below 5 cys ts by the roo t -ba l l method. These
se l ec t ions a re being re te s ted , increased , and
used
as
the
new paren ta l
popula t ion
in
fu ture
crosses .
The
va
r i a t i on
in numbers
of r e s i s t an t clones der ived from the
same female paren t , but with di f fe ren t male
parents ,
was
very
la rge
in t h i s s e t
of progeny t e s t s .
Ten thousand (10,000)
seed l ings
hybr id between
r e s i s t
an t se l ec t ion from CIP 's germ
plasm
co l l ec t ion
and
in
t roduced r e s i s t an t l ines were
evaluated
a t La Molina in
1976. Although a re l a t ive ly high number of r e s i s t an t
progeny were i de n t i f i e d ,
seed l ing
t e s t s tended to be
unre l i ab le ,
par t i cu la r ly when
subjec ted
to
more
than
one
cys t
populat ion. Five thousand (5,000) seedl ings
from
t h i s
group
are being
checked
under the cool tempe
ra tu re
condi t ions
preva i l ing in
Huancayo (3,300 meters .
In
r e t e s t s o f mate r ia l to four
popula t ions
o f cys t
ne
matodes, r es i s t ance
was confirmed
in s ix
clones aga ins t
the
Huancayo populat ion, four
agains t
the
Otuzco
popu
l a t ion , eleven to the Cuzco populat ion, while only one
clone was r e s i s t an t to a
popula t ion
of nematodes
from
Puno.
The poss i b i l i t y of f ind ing
useful
t o l e r a n t va r i e t i e s
appears promising fo l lowing e ~ l u t i o n
of
45
va r i e t i e s
plan ted in a
heavi ly
i n fes t ed f i e ld during the pas t
growing season. Even though the
f i e ld
popula t ion was
between 700-900
larvae/gm a t plan t ing ,
two groups
were
iden t i f i ed ; Tolerant :
yie ld
reduc t ion l e s s than
35
of
Temik
t rea ted
contro ls ;
In to le ran t : over
65 yie ld
los s . On average, t o l e ran t se l ec t ions yielded 29 low
e r
than
nemat ic ide- t rea ted
cont rols
while
i n to l e ra n t
clones yie lded
77
l e s s than cont ro l s .
Root-Knot Nematode
Studies
Resis tance
to
the roo t -knot nematode,
eloidogyne 1 n -
cognita acrita
was assayed
in
four
sources of
mate r ia l :
1746 clones from the CIP germ plasm co l l ec t ion ; 64
clones from CIP breeding
mate r ia l ; 1020
dip lo id
clones
from
the
North
Carol ina
Univers i ty research
cont rac t ;
47
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thrust V
Control of
Important
Nematode Pes ts o f Potatoes
Research
in t h i s Thrust i s
or ien ted toward developing
clones
t o l e r a n t
and/or
r e s i s t an t
to the
pota to cys t ne
matodes,
Globode1?a
HeteI?odei?a) and G rosto-
chiensis,
and the
roo t -knot nematode,
Mel01:dogyne
spp). An
act ive
screening program
to
eva lua te
r e s i s t
ance
in
CIP s germ
plasm
co l l ec t ion was
continued
throughout 1976
for
both species .
During the
year par
t i cu l a r i n t e re s t was focused on the
in te rac t ion
of
the
root -knot
nematode and
the-
bac te r i a l
wi l t
organism,
so
The biology of the
fa l se
root-nematode, spp,
and
the
pathogenic var -
i an t s
of G pal .in the
Andean
region
received
s ign i f idan t
Pota to Cyst Nematodes
The most common cys t
nematode
in the
Andean region i s
Globodera
pallida, which appears to
h ~ e
more
pathogen
i c va r ia t ion than G rostochiensis.
During the
year 56
popula t ions of Globodera
were examined on European
d i f
fe ren t i a l hosts . New
c l a s s i f i c a t i on
schemes
have
been
proposed for each of
the cys t
nematode spec ies . t i s
noteworthy t ha t the di s t r ibu t ion of G I OStochiensis i s
confined pr imar i ly south
of La t i tude
15° S.
Screening
for
cys t nematode r es i s t ance has been car r i ed
out in over
3,000 clones
o f the
CIP
germ plasm co l lec
t ion
using three
popula t ions
of G pallida
and
~ n e
of
G rostochiensis. No clone showed a l eve l of r es i s t ance
below
f ive
cysts
on
the outs ide
root
ba l l or l e s s than
40
new cys ts (European
s tandards . However,
2
clones
have
been
se lec ted
t ha t do s ign i f i c a n t ly reduce cys t
nematode
reproduct ion .
These clones appear to have s in
gle
race
r es i s t ance ; only
one
clone G 701478) appeared
to
a c t aga ins t G
pallida
popula t ions from two loca
t ions , Cuzco and
Otuzco.
45
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than were plan t s with
the
more convent ional ) simple
ha i r s terminat ing
in a sharp poin t and
the
presence
of
t h i s s t icky t i p
seems to
provide
mul t ip le r es i s t ance
aga ins t severa l small insec t and mite
pes t s .
Studies of
the inher i tance of t h i s modif icat ion of the simple
ha i r s have been
i n i t i a t e d
with the aim
of
incorpora t ing
t
in to
some fu ture cu l t iva r s .
Photo
Top)
Flea
bee t le
feeding
damage
to
Solanum
ndigen
cu l t iva r ,
Mariva l e f t ) , and
S po-
lyadenium r igh t ) . Mariva shows much higher
suscep t ib i l i ty ;
Bottom)
Wiped l e a f l e t s o f
S poly denium
are much
more suscep t ib le to
f l ea bee t l es than unwiped ones.
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4
Host Resistance to
Insects
Glandular ha i r s with
a four- lobed head occur on the
leaves and
stems of Solanum polyadenium_, S. tarijense
and
S.
berthauUii
They
are
known to
t rap
aphids
by
the s t i cky
exudate
they re lease . In
experiments
a t CIP,
p la n t s of th ree species
were
genera l ly
between 10
and
100
t imes l e s s damaged
by
the
f l ea bee t l e
(E pitrix sp .
occurr ing a t Lima
than
c u l t i va r s . Wiping of f the glan-
dula r ha i r s with t i s sue paper made leaves of S. po ya -
deniwn much more suscep t ib le .
wo
kinds
of
t r ichomes with s t i cky t i p s on
Solanwn
berthaultii
n some
S.
tarijense and
S.
berthauUii plan ts , the
simple ha i r s
a lso
had s t icky t i p s . The s t i cky t i p s
of
these ha i r s have previously been
shown to t r a p both the
t e t ranychid
mite Tetranychus urticae
and
aga ins t the
t h r i p s Thrips
tabaci
In experiments
a t CIP,
plan t s
with
these
ha i r s were much more r e s i s t an t
aga ins t
the
tarsonemid mi te
PoZyphagotarsonerrrus = Hemitanonemus
latus
and
to
the l e a f
miner
f ly
Liriomyza
huidobrensis
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group
of v i ruses .
t
i s normally symptomless in
po ta -
t oes but
sometimes
causes systemic vein necros is
and
ch loro t i c spo t t ing or blo tch ing symptoms. Phaseolus
vulgaris
cv. Prince and C quinoa are use fu l d iagnot ic
hos t s .
PVT i s
r ead i ly
seed t ransmit ted
in
var ious s o l a -
naceous hos t s . Potato yellow vein
vi rus
from Ecuador i s
a l so under study in Scot land.
New
Insec t Vectors
Prel iminary t e s t s i nd ica te t ha t the
l e a f miner
f ly Ly-
riomyza huidobrensis
Blanchard
can
t ransmit PVT.
The
f l ea
bee t le
spec ies
shown to t ransmit PLV has been
i -
dent i f i ed
as
pitrix
harilana rubia
Bech
Bech.
Potato
f l ea bee t le
pitrix
Harilana
rubia
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APLV was t ransmit ted a t
low
ef f i c i ency
by
f l ea
e c ~ t l e s and r ead i ly
by
brushing
APLV-infected aga ins t
hea l thy
plan ts .
A low
l evel
of
t ransmiss ion
of APLV oc
cur red
through botan ica l seed
of
pota to .
Table
5 - Low l evel
pota to
t rue seed
t ransmiss ion
of
Andean pota to l a t e n t vi rus .
Experiment
Seed from
N°
of seedl ings
Total N°
in fec ted of seedlings
Infec ted clone
4 450
Healthy
clone
0 340
2
Infected
clone
1
250
Healthy
clone 0
550
Seedlings backtes ted by combining
in
groups of ten
and inocula t ing to
Zovii plan ts .
A s t r a i n of
TRSV
has been i so l a t ed from Peruvian pota to
cu l t iva r s
showing
yellow symptoms t ha t resembled pota to
ca l i co
disease .
Although
t
produces
typ ica l symptoms
of TRSV
in most indica tor
hos ts
unusual
symptoms for
t h i s
vi rus
are
produced
in ,
henopodiwn
amctY an lor C. and Pe m:o laeeae. In im-
munodif
fus ion
t e s t s the virus and i t s homologous an t i -
serum formed spurs aga ins t TRSV s t ra ins
NC-38,
NC-39,
NC-72
and
NC-87 from tobacco, and aga ins t the
mot t le and Texas s t ra ins ; spurs
were
a lso produced a-
ga ins t
these
s ix
s t ra ins
in
rec iproca l t e s t s . The name
Andean
pota to ca l i co
s t r a i n of TRSV i s
proposed.
Work on the charac te r i za t ion of APMV
APLV
and TRSV was
done in
coopera t ion
with the In s t i t u t e
of
Virus
Serolo
gy,
Braunschweig,
Germany
and the Universidad Nacional
Agrar ia .
In research
a t
the Scot t i sh
Hort icul tura l
Research
Ins-
t i t u t e
a
CIP
s t a f f
member completed the
charac te r i za -
t i on
of
pota to vi rus T PVT) . This seems to be re la ted
to a vi rus from apples
and
belongs
to the
Clos t rav i rus
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the Cowpea mosaic
group o f
viruses . The
most common
pr.: :_
mary an¢i secondary symptoms t induces in both wild and
cu l t i va t ed
pota toes
are mild and severe mott le
respec-
t i ve ly . Severe secondary symptoms may inc lude
l e a f
de-
formation, systemic
necros i s
and/or s t rong s tun t ing .
APMV
was
t ransmit ted by
contac t
between
hea l thy
and in -
fec ted
plan t s
but no t by the po ta to f l ea bee t l e
pitrix
sp.
Three i s o l a t e s o f
APLV
have
been charac te r ized .
Accord-
ing
to
t he i r
source of or ig in in
Peru
they have been
des igna ted Caj
=
CaJamarca) Hu
= Huancayo)
and Ay
=
Ayacucho)
respect ive ly .
Each
i n fec ted
27 spec ies
o f
plan t s in
four
di f fe ren t famil ies , including wild and
cu l t iva ted S o l ~ n u m Nicotiana bigelovii
and N
clevlan-
dii
proved
the
most usefu l d iagnos t ic i nd ica tor hos t s .
All
th ree were capable of inducing symptoms in c u l t i -
vated
pota toes so
the virus
i s
not
neces sa r i ly
l a t en t
desp i te ts name Table
4 .
Also, a l l th ree d i f f e r ed
se ro log ica l ly from Col
=
Colombia)
the
or ig ina l
i s o -
l a t e , by spur
formation
in
gel
dif f ·us ion t e s t s . Ay and
Hu
are
s imi l a r se ro log ica l ly
bu t
formed spurs
in r e c i -
proca l reac t ions with Caj . The
data
from l i g h t absorp-
t ion , par t i c l e morphology and pro te in molecular weight
for Caj , Hu and Ay are s imi l a r to those
repor ted
fo r
o ther
Tymoviruses.
Table
4 - Reactions of
four
di f fe ren t pota to c u l t i va r s
to inocula t ion
with Andean
pota to l a t en t
v i -
rus .
APLV
a)
Cul
t var
Caj
I s o l a t e
Hu
Arran P i l o t
CVN
SS
Mi
Peru
SS SS
Renacimiento
SS
M
Revolucion SS
SS
a) CVN
SS
ch loro t i c ne t t ing of minor
veins ,
M
symptomless
systemic
i n fec t ion .
Ay
SS
M
SS
SS
mosaic,
39
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38
Antiserum Product ion
As
pa r t of
a
cooperat ive
pro jec t
with the
Universidad
Nacional
Agrar ia
adjacent
to
CIP
an t i se ra
to
pota to
vi rus X PVX) ,
potato
virus Y PVY) ,
tobacco r ingspot
vi rus TRSV)
pota to
virus S PVS) ,
Andean pota to l a t e n t
vi rus APLV) and Andean pota to mott le v i rus APMV) are
now ava i lab le
for dis t r ibu t ion to na t iona l
pota to pro
grams: PVX, PVY
and
PVS s u f f i c i e n t
for 150 000 1 000 000
and
300 000 microprec ip i ta t ion t e s t s re spec t ive ly , and
TRSV,
APLV
and APMV s u f f i c i e n t for 20 000 30 000
and
100 000 gel d i f fus ion
t e s t s respect iYely. Suf f i c i en t
a n t i s e ra
for a t l eas t
1 000
t e s t s with each are normal-
ly
sen t
out
accompanied
by
de ta i l ed ins t ruc t ion
sheets
descr ib ing the
microprec ip i ta t ion and
gel methods.
So
f a r a n t i s e ra have been sen t to
the
na t iona l programs
of
Braz i l ,
Chile , Colombia Ecuador Ind ia , Kenya
Korea
Mexico
Nepal Paraguay
Peru Thai land Tunis ia ,
Tur-
key Venezuela
and
Zambia.
These se ra have a lso been used on a la rge sca le for
CIP s pa thogen- tes ted seed program for
meris tem cu l
t u re
work for v i rus e l imina t ion and
for general virus
i de n t i f i c a t i on
s tudies . The
microprec ip i ta t ion
method
has
been
s tandard ized permi t t ing re l i ab le rou t ine de-
t e c t i on o f .PVS. Work i s in progress to adapt the highly
s e ns i t i ve l a t ex method
for rou t ine
virus de tec t ion for
seed
programs
of
developing
countr ies .
Dis t r ibu t ion of
Seed
of
Ind ica tors
So
fa r
seed
has
been sen t to the na t iona l
pota to
pro
grams
of
more
than
twenty
d i f f e re n t
developing
coun-
t r i e s .
Normally 200
seeds of each of
s ix d i f f e r e n t
key
i nd ica tor
p lan t s are
sen t .
New or L i t t l e
Known
Viruses
The name
Andean
potato mott le virus
APMV) has been
proposed
for
a
new
virus
which has been found in pota
toes
in
Peru and
in
Andean germ
plasm.
t belongs to
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Seedlings to
be
inoculated with virus Y to screen
for resis tance
hour
photoperiod.
l ings
1
days
af ter
to develop
symptoms
inoculat ion
and
top
Symptoms
began
to
appear
in seed-
inocula
t ion
Seedlings
tha t
fa i led
were re challenged using mechanical
graf ts with
VY infected
scions.
37
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36
PLRV.-
The
in te rna t iona l
program of t r i a l s
es tab l i shed .
l a s t
year for
t e s t ing
segregat ing popula t ions
from
crosses
between
P RV r e s i s t an t parents
was
expanded and
now
involves
Argentina, Brazi l , Chile , Egypt,
Turkey,
Pakis tan
and
Korea.
Early
re su l t s
were
encouraging
and
secondary l ea f ro l l symptoms showed d i r e c t l y
in
seed
l ings in the year of exposure obvia t ing the
need
to
harves t tubers for plant ing for secondary symptom
eva
lua t ion . Some
rriinor changes to the or ig ina l
experiment
seemed des i rab le so
a
modified f i e ld book has been pre
pared. Actual breeding l ines
r e s i s t an t
to P RV have
been sen t
to th ree addi t iona l
o u n t r i e ~
Argentina,
Costa
Rica, Colorribia) for evalµat ion.
A
labor-sav ing rou t ine
has
been
es tabl i shed
for la rge
sca le screening of young seedl ing famil ies fo r P RV re
s i s tance . Up to 8,000
seedl ings can
be screened a t any
one
t ime in a la rge screenhouse
compartment. The
seed
l ings
are t ransp lan ted to
J i f fy
s t r i p s , the d i f f e r e n t
famil ies
arranged
in rows in
rep l ica ted
blocks and cut
pota to
leaves
heavi ly colonized with
aphids
placed
a t
random on top of them.
After
2-3 weeks exposure, the
aphids are
k i l l e d
with insec t ic ide , the seedl ings
t ransplanted
to the f i e ld , readings
for
P RV symptoms
made and re l a t ive l evels of i n fec t ion r es i s t ance
in
the d i f f e r e n t
famil ies recorded. P RV r es i s t ance in
clones i s
being
evaluated
by
the same
method
subs t i
tu t ing
cu t t ings
rooted
in
J i f fy blocks for the seed
l i ngs .
Work was
s t a r t e d
with ce r ta in wild
examine them for poss ible immunity
tempts to i n fec t
S
revidens and
.graf t ing with P RV
in fec ted
pota to
dica t ing immunity
to the
virus .
Solanum species
to
to
PLRV
All a t
S etu erosum
by
scions
fa i l ed
in -
PVY.- Prec ise
condi t ions
for e f f i c i en t screening for
PVY
re s i s tance in
seedl ings
were es tabl i shed
using
a
growth
charriber.
Mechanical
inocula t ion with
an
i so l a t e
o f the
common
s t r a in ,
high
humidity and
a
per iod of
darkness a f te r inocula t ion gave bes t
r e su l t s
in a
charriber
a t 22°,
200-f t
candles
i l lumina t ion
and a 16
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t rust
Control
of
Important
Potato Viruses
and
t h e i r
Vectors
The
main
pr io r i t y
in vi rus research
a t CIP
cont inues
to be
se lec t ion and breeding
fo r
re s i s tance pa r t i cu-
l a r l y to pota to vi rus Y PVY)
and
po ta to l ea f r o l l
v i -
rus
PLRV). Up
to
the presen t
littl emphasis
has
been
placed
on breeding
for
vi rus
res i s t ance
in developed
count r ies . Sophis t ica ted programs to i de n t i fy and era -
d ica te
vi rus infec ted
p la n t s coupled
with
the
use
of
chemical
sprays
to con t ro l
insec t
vectors have genera l -
ly
obviated
extens ive
breeding
and
screening
a c t i v i t i e s .
The d i f f i c u l t i e s
assoc ia ted
with
developing
and
main
t a in ing v i rus contro l programs a t the l eve l o f small
farmers
in developing
countr ies
and
the f requent l ack
of areas with low aphid populat ions
su i tab le for
seed
product ion has encouraged an extens ive program
a t
CIP
to develop vi rus r e s i s t a n t pota toes .
Other a c t i v i t i e s include product ion of a n t i s e ra for
di s t r ibu t ion ; a se rv ice
for
di s t r ibu t ion of seed of
i nd ica tor p l an t s ;
de tec t ion
and
charac te r i za t ion
of
unknown o r
littl known
pota to vi ruses ; and
i de n t i f i c a -
t i on
of
new vectors .
Resi s t ance
Studies
Breeding.-
A
complete co l l ec t ion
o f breeding l ines
showing
r es i s t ance to PLRV, VY
and
VX
has
been assem
bled
from breeding programs in d i f f e r e n t countr ies . .
These
cons t i tu te the
f i r s t
generat ion
of
r e s i s t a n t
pa-
r en t s a t CIP.
Over 800
crosses have been
made and three
pota to popu
l a t ions
in
which
genes
for vi rus r es i s t ance and adapta
t i on can be
accumulated
es tabl i shed to provide a cont i -
nuous
flow
of super ior parents .
Desirable genes are
being
concentra ted
in
back
up
populat ions 2x
and
4x)
before incorporat ion i n to the
prime popula t ion .
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4 50
f
0
400
0
350
llC
0
300
..J
..J
l I
250
u
L
0
200
a:
l I
D
150
I
>
z
100
50
0 5
10 1 5
20
2 5
D YS
Fig . 5
Mult ip l ica t ion
of acn1c:<)i iO>
c;;
e - < u : a . ) W ~ Y 7 W
213) in
r e s i s t a n t 1386.15) and suscep t ib le
Russet Burbank)
potato
tubers
Within
two
weeks a f t e r
inocula t ion
the re
was
a
s ix fo ld
d i f fe rence
in
popula t ions dec l in ing
in
the r e s i s t a n t
hos t
below the de tec t ion leve l 25 days a f t e r inocula
t ion .
In s tud ies of ba c t e r i a l
w i l t
conducted
under
con t rac t
a t
Cornel l Univers i ty 446 clones
r e s i s t a n t
to
UU
c;
were t e s t ed in growth
chambers for
r e
s i s t ance to
P
HO
an 1be
highly
v i ru l e n t
race
i so l a t e
LB-6 from the Phi l ipp ines was used for sc reen
ing.
Ten
per cent
44 clones)
were found to
have
use
fu l l eve l s of re s i s t ance . Thir ty-n ine of the 446 clones
had prev ious ly shown re s i s t ance to i so la t e K-60 of P
no only s ix of these clones were
r e s i s t a n t
to LB-6.
Bacte r i a l wi l t r e s i s t a n t clones previously
screened
for
r es i s t ance to P t ns
were
again
screened under
p l a s t i c greenhouse
condi t ions in
1976. Twenty-six per
cent 125/454 clones)
were
r e s i s t a n t .
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Previous sources o f
w i l t
re s i s t ance
Solanwn
phureja
used for breeding
have developed
w i l t symptoms
under
high tempera tures 30 C). Recent ly , in new
l i ve s of
S.
p h v r e j a ~
t wo- t h i rds
o f 144
seedl ings
were found to be
r e s i s t a n t
under
high
ambient
tempera tures
when
inocu
l a t ed
wi th mix tu res o f
highly pathogenic
s t r a i n s
of P
solanacearvm.
Nature o f Disease
Resis tance
Dr. L. Sequei ra has
repor ted some
very i n t e r e s t i n g
de
velopments in
cont inuing s tud ie s on the poss ib l e ro l e
o f po t a t o l e c t i n s
hemoglut in ins)
in w i l t
re s i s t ance .
A
p a r t i c u l a r l e c t i n
PLI)
agg l u t i na t ed
c e l l s
o f
33 a v i
r u l en t i s o l a t e s o f
the
bacter ium; a l l 55 v i r u l en t i s o
l a t e s e i t he r
f a i l e d
to
agg lu t ina t e
o r
agg lu t ina t e on ly
weakly and a t
much higher
l e c t i n
concen t ra t i on .
When a v i ru l e n t c e l l s are in t roduced i n to a hos t they
a t t ached
to , and
become enveloped
by,
t he hos t meso
phyl l c e l l wal l s .
In
c o n t r a s t , v i r u l en t c e l l s which
have ex t r ace l l u l a r polysacchar ide remain f ree in in
t e r c e l l u l a r spaces and
mul t ip ly
r ap id ly . Apparent ly
the
ex t r ace l l u l a r
polysacchar ide
i n t e r f e r e s
with
l e c t i n
binding by hos t
c e l l s .
There i s more t han one type of hos t l e c t i n .
For exam
p le , the breeding l i n e P13 which
has
re s i s t ance de
r i ved
from S.
conta ins l e c t i n
PL capab le o f
agg lu t ina t ing seve ra l i s o l a t e s
o f
P solanaceccrwn
v i
ru l e n t
on other c lones . Tests are underway to
determine
the na ture
o f
the except ions to the
genera l ru l e
t h a t
l e c t i n e x t r a c t s
from a pa r t i c u l a r pota to
clone always
agg lu t ina t e
bac t e r i a l
c e l l s non
pathogenic
to
it
In
some pre l iminary
exper iments it has been
found
t ha t
there i s a d i f f e r e n t i a l su rv iva l o f bac t e r i a in jec ted
by
microneedles
in to r e s i s t a n t and suscep t ib l e
va r i e
t i e s . Popula t ions of S-213
drop r ap id ly , t hen
mul t ip ly
to a much higher l eve l in t ube r s o f a suscep t ib l e va
r i e t y than
in those
o f a r e s i s t a n t l i ne mainta ined a t
28°C.
33
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Clones o f Solanum j a m e s ~ ~ S. stolonifeY Wll, S. bulbo-
castanum, S.
sparsipilum
S. chacoense
and
S.
stenoto-
mum were the most r e s i s t an t . In a
fur ther
study,
S.
jamesii and S.
guerreroense
contained the
most r e s i s t -
ant
fami l ies of
15
species assayed.
Contrac t Research
During
the pas t
year
subs tan t i a l progress was made on
two
impor tant
objec t ives of
the
Wisconsin grant :
1
the development
of
clones with combined
re s i s t ance to
bac t e r i a l w i l t l a t e
b l ig h t
and vi rus Y, and 2) the
e luc ida t ion of some o f the mechanisms t ha t provide
re -
s i s tance in
pota to
to
var ious
s t ra ins o f P
solanacea-
rum.
In 1975, approximately
450
clones
were
se lec ted for
bac t e r i a l w i l t
res is tance
from 6,000 seedl ings belong
ing to
30 h y ~ i d famil ies . These r e s i s t an t
clones were
screened
in
the CIP
In te rna t iona l
Late Blight Test ing
Program
a t Toluca, Mexico,
in
1976. Two
clones
MS
84.5
Atzimba
x P-7 x
KB
x
8682A
4),
from
Kenya and
MS 108.45, Greta x 8-34,
from
Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin,
with
combined
wi l t x b l ig h t
res is tance
yie lded as
much
as 4.4 and
4.0 kg
per h i l l
in Mexico.
Crosses of
wi l t and b l ig h t r e s i s t an t clones x PI l i n e s
with re s i s t ance
to
vi rus Y were made by Dr. R. Hanneman
a t Sturgeon Bay.
The
vi rus
r e s i s t an t
parents
were
of
German
or ig in ; t he i r res is tance
was
confirmed in p r e l i -
minary t e s t s .
Following
screening
of progeny for wil t
surv ivors were
inocula ted
with
vi rus
Y
following exposure to
a
24-
hour dark
per iod before
inoculat ion.
Of
836 seedl ings
154 survived the t e s t procedures. Two Sturgeon Bay
c lones
269138 x P-7
and 269138
x
BR 6.5 had
35/132
and
57/214 survivors respec t ive ly .
In
addi t ion
80
clones have
been t en ta t ive ly c l a s s i f i ed as vi rus re -
s i s t an t
out of e igh t
b ac te r i a l
wi l t x b l igh t r e s i s t an t
fami l ies
t ha t
os tens ib ly have no
PVY
re s i s t ance .
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Table 3 - S us cep t i b i l i t y o f Solanum spec ies to P pseu-
domonas soZ,anacearwn i s o l a t e s
013 Peru,
race
3 ,
052
Taiwan, race 1 and 060 N.C., USA,
race
1 . Figures
given a re percentages of w i l t ed p lan t s
amongst
5 o r more
inocula ted
by so i l
i n f e s t a t i on in po t s .
So
1
I s o l a t e s
spec ies
CIP Number
013
052
060
s
760079 20 40
s
760476 0 0 0
s. stenotomv m P.
I .
365344) 31
15
0
n
760512
16 4 4
.
s 760528 100
s Oka
4973) 50 80 40
s
P.I .161178)
31
71 17
c
EBS
1837)
71
50
s. spegazzinii Oka
4847) 75
s.
mu ltid1;sseatum 760108
100
100
s. ambasinum
P. I .
365316)
62
71 28
s 760690 83
75
s. P. I .
310927)
80
s
P. I .
283065) 40
25
s
stoZoniferuYfl P.
I .
161170) 12
42 0
s.
ense HHC L 6 73)
23
36
s
pascoense
760931
100
67
s lc e
760930 83
50
s
clem1:ssun P. I 160221) 20
9
0
s.
bulbocastanum
P.
I .
243511)
14
82
0
s.
sparsipilum 760147.7
0
s
chacoense
760917.1
s
stenotomum
OCH
3520)
14
50
s Btenotomum
OCH 35
71) 10
0
Solanum sp.
760399
83
So sp. 760408
100
CCC
1386.22
S.
phure,ia) 9 0
CCC
1386.26
S. phure,ja)
75
60
BR.
63-65
S.
phure}a 83
80
Mariva S.
tuberosum
95
30
1 /
Numbers
i n pa ren thes i s
ye t t o
be ass igned CIP
re
a
number.
3
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30
Because
of the fa i lu re o f
subs tan t ia l
numbers of bac
t e r i a to
survive
in
the so i l
a t
La Molina,
a
s tudy
was
i n i t i a t e d to determine i
ce r ta in
s o i l charac te r i s t i c s
inf luenced survival . Only one of
e igh t
so i l f ac tor s
analyzed has
been
cor re l a t ed with the surv iva l o f P
soZanacearum in
the s o i l Table 2 .
Table
2 - Percent
wil ted
pota to
plan ts
var.
Mariva)
grown
in
di f fe ren t Peruvian
so i l s
a f te r
i n f e s t a t i on
with 100 ml suspensions 2.6 x 10
7
ce l ls /ml o f Pseudo-
monas soZanacearum
i so la t e
013 race 3) per 20 cm c lay
pots ,
35 pots per t reatment .
Or ig in
o f so i l
La
Molina
San Ramon
Huancayo
Elec t r i ca l
. conduc t iv i ty
mmhos/cm
5.86
1.05
0.78
f er
15
cent wi l ted plan t s
days
30 days
17
27
51
73
55
92
The inc idence of wi l t , r e f l e c t i ng bac te r i a l surv iva l
in the so i l , was
propor t iona l
to the e l e c t r i c a l conduc
t i v i t y E.C.)
o f
the so i l . Soi ls
with
higher
E.C. were
apparen t ly l e s s
favorable for surv iva l
o f
the w i l t bac
t e r ium than the Huancayo s o i l
with
r e l a t i ve l y
low
con
duc t iv i t y .
Thir ty so i l samples are being
examined to
fu r the r evaluate the
inf luence
o f so i l type on surv iva l
o f P soZanacearum
To the presen t 33 d i f f e re n t
p lan t
species-... .have
been
t e s t e d aga ins t s ix i so la t e s
of P
soZanacearum
·under
greenhouse condi t ions .
In
genera l few plan t s
were
found
to
be
suscep t ib le to
a l l
s ix
i so l a t e s .
The
most
suscep t ib l e
hos ts
to
a l l
i so la t e s
were tomato
var .
Marglobe,
icotiana
glutinosa
and the
weed, SoZanum ni-
grum The most
pathogenic
i so la t e s of the bacter ium
were
013 race 3 from Huambos, Peru, and 052
race
1
from Taiwan. Under f i e ld
condi t ions
in a
la rge
dacron
mesh i so la t ion
t en t
only
egg plan t , tomato
and c h i l i
pepper o f 26
species
t e s t ed
showed
w i l t
symptoms
to
i s o l a t e 013. The
s us c e p t ib i l i t y
of
a number of SoZanum
spec ies
to
P
soZanacearum
i s presented
in
Table 3.
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thrust V
Control o f
Importan t
Bac te r ia l Diseases
o f
Pota toes
During
1976 ba c t e r i a l
r e sea rch
cont inued
to
be concen
t r a t e d
on
Pseudomonas
s o l n c e r u m ~ the cause of bac t e
r i a l
wi l t o r
brown
ro t . Techniques o f
mass
seedl ing
sc reening were fu r the r developed.
Studies
on
the in
f luence
o f
s o i l s on surv iva l , hos t
range and
the
na
tu re
o f
v i ru lence in P
solanacearum
were cont inued .
Seedl ing
Screening
Before
mass
seed l i ng
sc reening
could
be used as
a
rap id
and e f f i c i e n t
rou t ine procedure , t
has
been necessary
to
es t ab l i sh condi t ions s u i t ab l e
for growing seedl ings
under high tempera ture which
favors the
pathogens .
The
most
s a t i s f ac t o r y
combinat ion to
the
presen t i s to sow
seed in a sand: moss 1:2) mix, to water
with
deionized
water to minimize s a l t
bu i ld
up and to f e r t i l i z e seed
l ings in
f l a t s with 0.5 g
o f Mairol in 500 ml
o f
water
twice each
week.
Fol lowing four weeks
development
in a
screenhouse 12-20°
C
the f l a t s a re
t r ans fe r red
to a
greenhouse
30°
C
day;
25°
C
night
when
the seedl ings
a re
about
8 cm high. In fes t a t ion o f f l a t s
with
P sola-
nacearvJn a t a concent ra t ion of 2 x 10
7
bac te r ia /ml , 500
ml per
f l a t
gave an inoculum l eve l o f
10
1
0 bac t e r i a per
f l a t . The procedure
permits the sc reening of
about
1,800
seedl ings
per
month. Fi f teen
15)
r e s i s t a n t an-
cl0nes have been i de n t i f i e d
and
r e t e s t ed .
Surviva l o f Pseudomonas in
So i l
and
Host Suscepts
In repea ted
f i e l d - s ca l e
t r i a l s
a t
La
Molina
under
a
l a rge
area
nylon i s o l a t i on
t e n t
su rv iva l o f
bac t e r i a
from one p lan t ing to anothe r
was
l e s s than one pe r
cen t .
More r ecen t ly t h i s d i f f i c u l t y
has
been overcome by
in
t e rp lan t ing t e s t p lan t s
among
prev i ous l y plan ted
s tem
inocula
ed
plan t s .
Photo Tuber-bear ing Solanum spec ies increased
for
t e s t i ng
for
re s i s t ance to ba c t e r i a l w i l t
Pseudomonas solanacearum
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thrust
X
Seed
Product ion
Technology
fo r
Developing Countr ies
This
Thrust
encompasses
research
in c e l l ,
meristem
and
t i s sue cu l tu re
techniques
as wel l
as
s tem
cu t t ings ,
and
r e l a t e d methods for
the product ion , maintenance
and mul
t i p l i c a t i o n
of
pathogen-tes ted pota to seed. The success
o f
the program r e l i e s on the c lose i n t egra t ion of com
pe ten t
v i ro log i s t s to
ver i fy
the
vi rus - te s ted s ta tus
of
seed
produced
for
expor t by CIP.
Potato
Meristem
Culture
The i n i t i a l phase of the program to produce c lean seed
involves th ree s teps :
Step 1.
Step
2.
Step 3.
The v i rus
i n fec t ion s ta tus
of mate r ia l to en
t e r
the c lean
seed program i s
determined;
I f
vi rus
in fec ted ,
the
plan t
i s
submit ted
for
meristem cu l tu re , with pr i o r or s imul taneous
thermotherapy;
Plan ts a re regenera ted from
meristem
and
grown
under
insec t - f ree
condi t ions for vi rus
r e t e s t i ng .
The var ious s teps represen t an ongoing sequence. Eight
een
18) c lones were
entered
in
the
program in 1975-76
to
give
a
t o t a l
of
55
clones .
For ty- two
42)
clones
have
been
processed through
e i the r s ing le o r mult i -me
r i s t em
procedures
Step 2 . Most cu l tu res regenerated
plan ts
n v t r o ~ some a f t e r being f i r s t subjected to
thermotherapy.
Twenty-four
24)
regenera ted c lones have
been placed i n to pots and moved to a screenhouse for
vi rus re t e s t ing using se ro log ica l and i nd ica tor p la n t
techniques
Step 3). A
t o t a l of 10 c lones have
passed a
f ina l
s tage
of virus t e s t i ng and s ix have
a l ready en
t e red the s tage for the maintenance of
nuclear s tocks
by
tuber
and/or mult imer is tems.
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8
Virus·Tests
Virus Free
Stocks
Tubers
Distribution)
Callus Cultures
·
Cell
Cultures
u
Embryogenesis
t : : : :7
1:::7
0
Plants
TISSUE CULTURE SYSTEMS ND THE PRODUCTION
OF
VIRUS - TESTED SEED
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The e rad ica t ion of viruses depends mainly on the p a r t i
cu la r v i rus and on the pota to clone involved. With ce r
t a i n s t r a i n s
of PVX t has been d i f f i c u l t to e rad ica te
the
vi rus
so le ly by
meris tem
cu l tu re techniques.
As
high as 55 of cu l tu re s ar i s ing from excised meristems
were contaminated
by
PVX.
Exposure of
plan t s
to temperatures of
37-38°
C for 15
days 300
f t -candles i l lumina t ion and 16-hour
photo
pe r iod
in
a growth chamber pr i o r to meristem exc is ion
can
r e s u l t in
a
reduct ion e i the r of
v i rus
synthes is
r a t e of v i ru s t r ans loca t ion or
in an
increase in v i rus
breakdown. Whatever the c;:ase, virus concent ra t ion as
evidenced by
reduct ion
in di lu t ion poin t t e s t s i s dras
t i c a l l y diminished
fol lowing hea t t rea tment .
Table
17 - Effec t of hea t t reatment pr io r to meristem
exc is ion
on
virus e rad ica t ion in pota toes .
clone
Virus
Plan ts
t e s t ed
Residual
CIP
Virus
No
presen t
No
No
720044
PVX,
PVS
3 3
720044-H 1
0
800244 PVX, PVS 3
3
800244-H
10 0
720077
PVX,
PVY
1
1
720077-H
1
0
720075-H
PVX, PVY 5
0
720045
PVX
2
2
720045-H 5
5
720050
PVX
8
8
720050-H
6
6
H =
hea t
t r ea t ed
p lan t s :
36-38°C
15
days.
Undoubtedly hea t
therapy
in f luences hos t
metabolism
which
in tu rn
has
an
e f f e c t on v i rus su rv iva l . This
was
probably
the cause of var i a t ion in the n t ~ ~ fai_ _
ure t o inac t iva te
PVX
in clones
720045
and 720050
while
t h i s v i rus was
r ead i ly
el iminated in
four
other
c lones .
A second
hea t
t rea tment of clones 720045 and
720050
pr io r to
meris tem
exc is ion r e s u l t ed i n e rad ica
t i on
of PVX.
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Sens i t ive
methods
for
detec t ing v i ruses in the very
small
leaves o f p lan t l e t s regenera ted
from meristem
cul tures
have
increased
the e f f i c i ency
o f
process ing
vi rus t e s t ed mater ia l .
Micro-prec ip i t a t ion
serology has
been
developed
to
de
t e c t
VX and PVS in
the sap
o f very small l eaves (0.5
cm from
one-week-old
p lan t l e t s
regenera ted
from
mer is
tem. As a
consequence
many
more samples can be
scree )led
per u n i t t ime thus el iminat ing
those
p l a n t l e t s with a
pos i t ive
r eac t ion a t
a very ea r ly s tage .
Pota to
Cel l and Tissue
Culture
The
so-ca l l ed
multi-meristem
o r
mult ip le-shoot
cu l
t u r e involves the
development
o f 30-50 shoots on a ca l
lu s cu l tu re . In con t ra s t , a
s ing le
meristem cu l tu re nor
mally
yie lds
only one
shoot
during
the
same two
t o
three
month
per iod. Twenty-six (26) d i f f e ren t v i ru s
t e s ted pota to genotypes
have been
successfu l ly
process
ed through
the multi-meristem
technique . Ent i re
p lan t s were r e g e n e r t ~ d and
grown in
the
greenhouse
for
v i rus
I?etest ing.
a p ~ d
c lonal
mass
propagat ion
o f
genet ic
s tocks
in
a
di sease f r ee
s t a t e
by means
of
mul t ip le shoot cu l tu re
i s in genera l
use
a t CIP.
2
The mult ip le shoot system can
p o ten t i a l ly
y ie ld 15 x 10 p lan t s per year . By means o f
t h i s technique s ing le shoot cu t t ings are
obta ined
from
massively
growing c lu s t e r s o f shoots in
cu l tu re .
They
are rooted in a
simple
root ing medium and
then
planted
in
small pots .
The
small
t uber s (2-3 cm diameter) t ha t
are produced under cont ro l led condi t ions
are useful fo r
d i s t r ib u t io n
to dev_eloping country programs.
A
se r i e s of four media conta in ing the inorganic s a l t s ,
sucrose and vi tamins o f
the
Murashigue
-
Skoog medium,
but with
d i f f e ren t
hormone
composition,
have been
used
to grow
a wide range
of
c lones .
The media conta ined
e i t he r 0 .1 -0 .2
mg
GA/l;
0.05-0 .2 mg
NAA/l;
3.0 mg
BA/l;
or , 1.0 mg 2iP / l .
In most
cases the add i t i on o f a re
ducing agent l i k e
PVP
was necessary to avoid polyphenol
oxidase (browning) ac t iv i ty .
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Mult i -meris tem
cu l tu re s
are being
used
to s to re
in vi-
tP 3 an average of
50
p l a n t l e t s
in
a
s ing le
vesse l .
minimum of
labor
i s involved in making th ree to four
t r a ns f e r s a year .
The po te n t i a l use of
t i s sues
other than meristems for
organogenesis has a l so been
under
s tudy. The ob jec t ive s
are
to
obta in
rap id c lona l
propagat ion as
wel l as the
poss ib le
use
o f ca l lus
or
other
c e l l
cu l tu res
fo r s e -
l e c t i on o f r es i s t ance
a t
the
c e l l u l a r
l eve l .
At presen t
embryogenesis has
been induced
in
suspen
s ion cu l tu res of po ta to ca l lus
from tuber
t i s s ue s of
an
andigena c lone 720026.
p
to
1 000 embryoids
develop
per 100
ml
f lask . Bud development from ca l lus cu l tu res
o f
l e a f t i s s ue
has
been
obtained
with
the
dip lo id
phu-
peja clone 800249.
Trainees prepar ing stem cu t t ings for roo t ing
in
the
greenhouse CIP
Lima
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Stem C ut t ings and
Related
Techniques
This resea rch was
i n i t i a t e d because
o f
the need
to
in
crease
v i r u s - t e s t e d
s tocks as
r ap id ly
as
poss ib le .
The
t echnique pe rmi t s the p rouc t ion
o f
a
l a r ge
number
o f
p l a n t s with s t rong roo t sys tems w i th in 15 days a f e r c u t
t ings a re
exc ised
from m9.ther p l a n t s .
Most
ndigen and tuberoswn x ndigen
hybr id c lones
and
v a r i e t i e s
roo ted
wel l in 1-2
mm coarse
sand.
Table
18
- Effec t s o f s ubs t r a t e
on t he
roo t ing
o f
stem
c u t t i ngs i n
c lone
720025.
Treatment
Roots
No r oo t s Root Root
formed formed
Length
No
m
x
Sand 1-2mm)
70.0 29.6 5.5
12
t ap
water
Sand
1-2mm) 76.0 24 .0
4 .5
18
d i s t i l l e d
water
Gravel
(2-4mm) 69.0 30. 1 4. 1
6
t ap
water
Gravel
(2-4nun)+
76.9 23.1
4 .9 8
p e a t
moss
t a p water
Pea t moss
29.6
70.4
3 .4
12
t a p water
Of
severa l
pure hormone roo t ing so lu t ions that: ·ha;ie
been t e s t e d t h ree -hou r
immersion
o f c u t t i ngs
in 20
ppm
s o l u t i on of indo le but ry ic ac id proved to be the
be s t .
Watering c u t t i ngs
with a
range
o f
n u t r i e n t
so lu t ions
had no
s i g n i f i c a n t
e f f e c t on roo t ing over t ap water .
However, the
powder forms of hormone a pp l i c a t i on
pa r
t i c u l a r l y ones t h a t
gave
e xc e l l e n t roo t ing and pr e
vented premature tuber
format ion were
found e a s i e r to
use
than
l i q u i d hormonal a pp l i c a t i ons .
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Table 9 - Effec t
o f hormones
o
roo t ing stem u t ~ i n g s
in
the clone
720025.
Treatment
water
IBA,20
ppm
a)
Boo t s
Powder
Size
o f
cu t t i ng
cm
8-10
6-8
4-6
x
8-1
6-8
4-6
-
x
8-10
6-8
4-6
x
b)
Murphy's 8-10
Powder 6-8
4-6
-
x
Well
roo ted
42.8
57.
42.8
47.6
85.7
100.0
85.0
90.2
57. 1
85.7
100.0
80.9
100.0
100.0
71.4
90.5
Poorly
roo ted
57.1
42.8
57.
52.3
14.2
0.0
14.2
9.5
42.8
14.2
o.o
19.0
0.0
0.0
28.5
9.5
Root
length/N°
cm/N°
3.
O/lO
4.
3/17
3.
8/12
3 .7 /13
3 .9 /42
4.3/45
5. 2/55
4.5/47.3
3 .7 /25
4.4/18
4 .4 /20
4 .2 /21 .0
4.8/42
4. 1/25
3 .6 /25
4 .2 /30 .7
Prema
t u re
t u b e r i -
za t ion
14.2
28.5
42.8
28.5
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
14.2
14.2
14.2
14.2
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
a)
Boots Powder
made
by
Boots Co.
Ltd . ,
Nott ingham,
England.
b)
Murphy's
Powder
made
by Murphy Chemical Ltd . , Wheat
hampstead,
St .
Albans,
Herts ,
England.
Only
pre l iminary
s tud ies
have
been
completed on
the
f i e l d
performance
of
p l a n t s
developed
from stem cu t -
t i n g s . In genera l , the yie ld , i n terms
of
tubers
from
one-s tem
plan t s , was
only
s l ig h t ly lower to
t h a t obta in
ed from plan t ing
tubers .
The r a t e o f product ion o f cu t t ings
was enhanced by g r o ~
ing
mother
plan t s
on
br i cks
in
p l a s t i c
beds . When
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mother
plan ts
were grown on br i cks and s to lons re
moved,
the
number of
cu t t ings
harves ted from
16
plan t s
in
a
15-day per iod was
802; only
400 were produced
on
plan t s without s to lon removal .
The
exper iment was con
cluded a f t e r 150 days a t which t ime
plan ts
were st ll
a t
the
peak
of
product ion
o f
cu t t ings .
Stolon
removal
mainta ined a
more vigorous vege ta t ive
growth
and
i nh i
b i t e d senescence in the
mother
plan ts ; the ra t e of
cu t t ing product ion was
grea t ly
increased .
Product ion of Pathogen
Tested Seed
The i n i t i a l phase of the program to produce c lean
seed
i s
known
as
Generation
O . This Generat ion involves
three
s teps
whereby
through
meristem
or
mult i -meris tem
techniques coupled with r i g i d screening
for
v i ruses ,
pathogen- tes ted
p l an t s
are
produced.
The
maintenance of
nuclear
s tock
from
Generation O i n i n s e c t - f r e e
quaran t ine by tuber and/or
mult imeris tem cons t i tu tes
Generation I . This
mate r ia l
i s rou t ine ly rechecked
for
poss ib le vi rus contaminat ion.
Generation
I I in
volves the product ion of
pa thogen- tes ted clones
for ex
por t
to
na t iona l programs
for inc rease or
t e s t ing .
Generations
I I I ,
IV
and V are
for
the product ion of
low-virus
seed
for
rou t ine
f i e ld
work
a t CIP.
Within t h i s pro j e c t 26 Generat ion I clones are being
mainta ined. Twenty-f ive
(25)
are in p lan t form while 8
are
maintained
as mult i -meris tem
cu l tu res .
Twelve (12)
va r i e t i e s
were
mult ip l ied during
the
year in
Genera
t i on
I I ; 2506
tubers were produced for
expor t .
Four
teen (14)
var i e t i e s were being
grown a t year
end for
harves t
in ear ly
1977. Fif ty -one (51)
se t s
of 16 tuber
famil ies were grown and
harves ted
with an addi t iona l 29
famil ies
to
be
harves ted
in
ear ly
1977.
During the
1975-76 crop
year about 14 metr ic tons of
Generation
V seed o f 24
va r i e t i e s
were produced
for
CIP sc i en t i s t s .
An addi t iona l 1.6
tons
of Generation
I I I
seed
was produced from stem cu t t ings
to p la n t for
the 1976-77 crop. CIP sc i en t i s t s have
reques ted
18.9
tons of
25
va r i e t i e s
for 1977. This seed was plan ted in
August and October of
1976.
In addi t ion , 6,900 cu t t ings
o f 21 va r i e t i e s were t ransp lan ted in Generat ion I I I
to
furn ish
an t i c ipa ted
low-virus
seed
for
1978.
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Seed storage a t CIP s research fac i l i ty in
Huancayo, Peru
Distribution of Pathogen Tested Clones from IP
One
of the
objectives
of Thrust
IX
of valuable potato germ plasm
to
for
var ie ta l
t r i a l s f ie ld tes t ing
t ion.
is
the dis t r ibut ion
developing countr ies
and seed multipl ica-
Selected materials from CIP s
pathogen
tes ted stocks
were sent
to
many
countr ies in
the form
of
meristems,
tubers ,
stem
cut t ings
and
tuber
families.
When
vegetat ively propagated
crops, l ike
the potato,
are
moved
from one country to
another, potent ia l dis-
ease hazards
of
introducing new pests do exis t . Because
of
th i s
quarantines res t r i c t the entrance
of
valuable
germ plasm. o overcome th i s problem,
IP
has developed
prac t ica l means
to
ship potatoes in the form
of single
and multi-meristem n v tro t issue
cul tures .
These
pro
cedures
are complemented
with
adequate technical t ra in-
ing for the
personnel
a t
the receiving
end.
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76
Table
20
- Pathogen t e s t ed c lones
d i s t r i bu t e d from CIP
Method
Tubers
Stem cu t t ings
Tuber
fami l ies
(from t rue seed)
n
vitro meristem
cu l tu res
N° samples/ N° countr ies
717 tubers to
19 countr ies
2,731 cu t t ings to
2
countr ies
45 famil ies to
6
countr ies
55 t e s t tubes to 6 countr ies
Tissue Cul ture for Storage of Pota to
Germ plasm
With the f inanc ia l
a id
from the B r i t i s h Overseas Devel
opment Minis t ry ,
a
cont rac t
pro j e c t
on the use of cryo
genic
procedures
t o f r eeze- s to re pota to germ
plasm
in
c lona l form
has been i n i t i a t e d a t
the
Univers i ty
o f
Birmingham.
The
i n i t i a t i o n
of
shoot - t ip cu l tu res from
a
wide
range
of genotypes
has
been fu r the r s tud ied . The r e su l t s show
t ha t
both
s ing le -shoot
cu l tu res and mult iple-shoot
cu l tu res
can be
produced
from
d i f f e re n t genotypes , de
pending upon
the
combinat ion
of hormones
used
with the
basa l M.urashige-Skoog medium.
Two
bas ic methods
for s to rage
of shoot - t ip cu l tu res
are
being inves t iga ted : under condi t ions
favouring
minimal growth, and s torage i n l i qu i d ni t rogen . At
22°C
t i s necessary to t r a ns fe r cu l tu res to
f resh
medium
every four
weeks, a l
the
i n t e rva l can be
extended
to
approximately I
0
WE eks by increas ing
t .1e
volume of
medium
and s ize
o f vesse l . The
growth
r a t e
can
be re
duced,
however, by
reducing the
templ' rature to 6°C
and
under these condi t ions some cu l tu res
have
been success
fu l l y
s tored for
8 months. Minimal media have been
s tudied as
an a l te rna t ive to
low-temperature s torages
and
the
most promising r e su l t s have been achieved wi th
media conta in ing Murashige-Skoog sa l t s without o rgan ic
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compounds. Under
these condi t ions the growth ra t e
i s
cons iderab ly reduced and
compact
cu l tu res with
very
shor t
in te rnodes a re
produced.
Some
cu l tu res
of
t h i s
type have been s tored
success fu l ly
for 12 months with
out t r ansfe r . Prel iminary r e su l t s
indica tes
t ha t ab
s c i s i c
acid
can
a lso be employed to reduce the
growth
r a t e s
o f
cu l tu res .
In
general ,
t
can
be
concluded
t ha t
cons iderab le
economies i n cu l tu re maintenance can be
read i ly
achieved by the use of the
above
procedures,
e i t h e r s ing ly or in combinations.
Liquid
ni t rogen
freeze-s torage
has been conducted with
a
wide range of
t i s sues
and organs, obta ined di rec t ly
from pota to plan t s or
from
cu l tu res .
The
most systemat
ic
s tud ies
have been
car r ied
out
with olanwn
phurej
seed l ings .
A
wide
range of cryoprotectants has
been
s tud ied
in
combination
with
a range
o f
cooling
and
thawing
rates . and with di f fe ren t
ages of
seed l ings .
The r e su l t s show t ha t
dimethyl
sul foxide
was the most
successful ' c ryoprotec tant , up to concent ra t ion of
20
(v /v) ,
in
combination
with
a
cool ing
ra t e of 50-70° C
pe r minute. Under these condi t ions ,
pa r t s
of seed l ings
wi th
emergent
r ad ic l es of up to 20
mm
could be success
fu l ly s tored in l i qu id
ni t rogen .
Genera i ly the
hypocotyl t i s sues
a t the
base
of the
co
ty ledons survived
and
ca l lus
t i s sue
was
produced
on
a
s u i t a b l e medium.
Organized
growth has not ye t
been
achieved from e i the r
the
shoot
or
roo t
meristems of the
seedlings nor
from
meristems
from
more mature
plan ts
or
from
cu l tu res .
The values
given in Table
21
show the mean number of
success fu l cul tures obtained from
10
r e p l i c a t e s for
a
r epresen ta t ive
species
(1-3 clones were used
for each
species)
for
each ploidy
l eve l . The
re l a t ive propor t ion
of s ing le -shoot
and
mul t ip le -shoot
cu l tu res
S/M)
are
i nd ica ted .
The
cu l tu res were
maintained
a t
22°
1°
C
with
a 16
hour daylength (3,000 lux) . The r e su l t s
were
assessed
a f t e r
12
weeks.
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region l
rese rch
nd tr ining
FOREWORD
CIP 's Regional Program grew rap id ly
in 1976.
By the end
o f
the year ,
CIP
sc i e n t i s t s
were
opera t ing
i n s ix
of
CIP 's
seven
Regions.
In the
remaining Region
(VIJ a
Work
Plan
was
develope9_ to l; >ase a CIP Regional Research c i e ~
t st in Ind ia
in
1977. This Regional S c ie n t i s t
w i l l
have
the
re spons ib i l i ty
to
coord ina te
the
t r a ns fe r of
CIP
technology
and s t rengthen
the development of na t iona l
programs
in
Ind ia ,
Nepal and
Bangladesh.
While
the Center maintained
an
average of one Core Pro
gram funded
pos i t ion in
each Region, most o f the growth
in
s t a f f and
budg·et ass igned to
the
Regions was made
poss ib le by
Specia l Pro jec t
funding.
During the year ,
seven
donors provided
spec ia l ~ o j e c t funds
for
CIP Re
giona l
or
Country Programs
i n s ix Regions.
1976 was
a lso
a
y ~ a r
of t r a ns i t i on fo r
CIP ' s
Regional
Programs.
s a
r e su l t of the
Planning Conference held
in
October 1975, the former Program
t i t l e ,
Outreach was
changed
to
Regional
Research
and Training , which re -
f l e c t s the
important
research funct ions car r i ed out by
CIP s c i e n t i s t s based in the Regions.
Regional
research
a c t i v i t i e s ,
complemented by
t r a in ing , are
e s s e n t i a l
fo r
the
cont inuous
flow of research r e su l t s from Source Re
search to CIP ' s Regional Programs and to ensure the de
velopment
of
the po ta to
crop in developing
countr ies .
Most
members of CIP' s Regional Research and ':['raining
team are based
outs ide
Peru, where they main ta in
c lose
working
re la t ions with
na t iona l programs, in order
to
f a c i l i t a t e
the
t rans fe r
of technology to the
Regions.
The Lima
s t a f f i s
composed
of the Program Direc tor ,
Co
ord ina tor Seed
Product ion S pec i a l i s t
and
the Socioecono
mics Unit . The Direc tor and Coordinator
have
world-wide
r e s pons ib i l i t y
for guiding the
technology t r a ns fe r pro-
cess . The
Seed
Product ion
S pe c i a l i s t c a r r i e s
out the v i -
t a l -:tunction o f
l ink ing
Source
Research
Thrust IX,
Seed
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Product ion
Technology
for Developing
Countr ies to
the
Regional
Program, and as s i s t s
na t iona l
programs
in
deve
loping
sound seed programs.
The Socioeconomics Unit
i s
respons ib le fo r research and
t r a in ing
in
socioeconomics
and in
the
adoption of improved pota to technology.
The
following
sec t ions
summarize
the
a c t i v i t i e s
car r i ed
out by the seven Regional Programs
and
the Socioeconom
i c s Unit dur ing 1976.
R GION
I : SOUTH MERIC
PROGR M
DEVELOPMENT
CIP's
reg iona l
team
fo r South
America,
cons i s t ing
o f
two Product ion
S pe c i a l i s t s , one
Seed Product ion
Spec ia
st and one Economist was in place
a t the
beginning of
1976. Research t r a ns fe r a c t i v i t i e s and
t ra in ing
pro-
grams
were acce le ra ted through the use of
spec ia l pro-
j e c t funding fo r Peru, Ecuador and
Bol iv ia
(provided by
the
Ford Foundation)
and
Lat in
America
( Inter-American
Development Bank). The l ack of coord ina t ion among na
t i ona l
agencies
and i n s t i t u t i ons st ll l imi t s program
development in severa l countr ies .
This year promising developments have occurred. The fo -
ca l
po in t
for
cooperat ion
in the Region was the j o in t
CIP/Brazi l sponsored i n t e rna t iona l course in Sao
Paulo,
in which sc i en t i s t s from Braz i l , Argent ina ,
Uruguay
and
Chi le par t i c ipa ted . The r e s u l t of t h i s course was
the
r e a l i z a t i on , par t i cu la r ly i n Braz i l ,
but
a l so to some
ex ten t in Chi le and Argent ina,
t ha t
an overa l l
na t iona l
program
composed
of d i f f e re n t
na t iona l organiza t ions
could
opera te .
Braz i l :
In
Braz i l , the na t iona l
organiza t ion
of
a
pota to pro-
gram has been taken over by EMBR P (Empresa
B ra s i l e i r a
de Pesquisa Agropecuaria)
which wi l l
coordinate
var ious
pro jec t s and
a s s i s t
with a l l oca t i on o f funds. CIP has
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of fe red to
t r a i n approximately
e igh t sc i en t i s t s in
var
ious
d i s c ip l i ne s
who
wi l l r e tu rn to
spec i f i c p ro jec t s
in
po ta to
research .
The t r a in ing wi l l begin i n ea r ly
1977.
The crea t ion of a
National
Vegetable Center i s being
planned
fo r Braz i l in which pota toes wi l l
be
included.
The
Braz i l i an National Center for
Genet ic Resources
CENARGEN)
i s
being organized for
vege ta t ive ly
propa-
gated mate r ia l .
Members o f CIP's Seed
Product ion
Thrust
v i s i t ed CENARGEN to .adv ise on
meristem
t echniques and
as
a
r e s u l t
a CENARGEN
s c i e n t i s t wi l l
come to
CIP for
advanced t r a in ing .
Meristem
cu l tu res
and
p l a n t l e t s
were
sen t to CENARGEN,
i n i t i a t i n g
a
breakthrough' ' fo r
the
in t roduc t ion of
germ
plasm
i n to Braz i l .
Uruguay:
In Uruguay a major program on a g r i c u l tu ra l development
was
planned which wi l l cont inue
through 1980,
f inanced
by USAID and
World Bank.
Potatoes are included
in t h i s
overa l l
plan and CIP could pa r t i c ipa t e in
t ra in ing
and
the
development of a
seed
product ion program. One scieE:_
t st received
phytopathology
t r a in ing
in
Lima
and
was
sponsored by CIP
to
a t tend the
In t e rna t iona l
Symposium
on seudomonas soZanacearum in North
Carol ina
in Ju ly
1976.
Argent ina:
In Argent ina
a th ree -year
research
cont rac t involving
the u t i l i z a t i o n of haploids of i n t e r s pe c i f i c oZanum
crosses
has
been concluded between
CIP
and
INTA NatioE:_
a l I n s t i t u t e of Agr icu l tu ra l Research) a t a cos t o f
$26,000 for th ree
years .
The Head of the Nat ional Pota
to
Program
was inv i t ed
to presen t
research
papers
a t
the
Annual
Meeting
of the
Potato Associat ion
of
America
in
Ju ly . CIP
a lso
sponsored
the pa r t i c ipa t i on of
pro
f ess iona l s
from Uruguay and
Chile
a t t h i s meeting. The
Direc to r o f the
main
reg iona l experiment s t a t i on
con-
cerned with
pota toes the Head Economist and
two of
the
l a rge s t growers of Argentina v i s i t e d CIP in October .
Plans
fo r
development
of
l a rge
commercial
s torages
were
out l ined .
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Chile :
The former
Vice-Minis ter o f
Agricu l ture of Chile , v i
s i t ed
CIP in Apri l
for
discuss ions
concerning the
c rea
t i on of a Nat ional Potato Program for Chile . During v i
s i t s
to
Chi le ,
CIP
reg iona l
s t a f f par t i c ipa ted
in the
formulat ion of
plans fo r a new
na t iona l
po ta to program
which i s expected to be
adopted in
ear ly
1977.
One
t r a i nee from Chi le i s pa r t i c ipa t i ng in CIP s product ion
course
in
Peru,
and one Viro log i s t was t r a ined in spe
c i a l
techniques
for
tuber
de tec t ion o f l e a f - r o l l vi rus .
Venezuela:
At a recen t meeting
in Venezuela ,
fu ture t r a in ing r e
quirements were discussed , and fu r the r oppor tun i t ies
a re expected
to
s t rengthen CIP s involvement in pota to
improvement in
Venezuela .
A Viro log i s t was t r a ined for
th ree months a t
CIP s
l abora tor i es .
wo
candida tes
have
been
t r a ined
in
the
1976
Product ion
Course,
the cos t
of
which was
accepted by Venezuela .
Bolivia :
In Boliv ia ,
the
a g r i c u l tu ra l publ ic sec tor
has
been r e
organized. A
new
semi-autonomous
research
In s t i t u t e for
Agr icu l tu ra l Research IBT.i\) was crea ted .
The
In te r
Am.erican
In s t i t u t e of Agr icu l tu ra l
Sciences
(IICZ\.) has
provided the t e chn ica l support for i t s
organiza t ion
and
implementat ion.
Following
our continuous involvement
in
t r a i n i ng fo r d i f f e re n t l eve l s of profess iona ls
from
Bol iv ia
and
v i s i t s
to
the
count ry ,
CIP
has been
i nv i t ed
to pa r t i c ipa t e
in
the overa l l Pota to .Research
Flanning
fo r
IBTA.
This
wi l l include
t r a in ing , research
programs
and
planning to meet
fu ture
needs both in
personnel
and
f a c i l i t i e s . A
reques t
from Bolivia to have CIP
an
i n - c oun t ry r e s i d e n t s t a f f m e r t ~ e r to coopera te in de-·
veloping
t he i r pota to
program i s under
cons idera t ion .
The CIP communications team has been
asked
to a s s i s t
Bol iv ia
to
plan i t s overa l l cornrnunication needs for
IBTA.
This
could be a model s tudy
with poss ib le
appl i
ca t ion
in
other
coun t r i e s .
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Colombia:
The Colombian pota to program was evaluated
by
t h e i r na-
t i ona l
agencies
in
cooperat ion wi th CIP in October. The
purpose
was
to
emphasize
the
need
for
support
of bas ic
a c t i v i t i e s and
to s tudy the f eas ib i l i t y of na t iona l and
fore ign t echn ica l and f inanc ia l
ass i s t ance .
The
program
was
cente red
around
the
new e f f o r t
to
develop a
bas ic
seed
program,
which has
been
i nac t ive during the
l a s t
few
years .
RESE RCH ACTIVITIES
Socioeconomic
s tudies
have begun
in
some count r ies .
Research cont rac t s
f inanced
by
CIP
have
been
i n i t i a t e d
fo r
s tud ies in Ecuador
and
Chile . Regular meetings were
he ld to eva lua te
progress
and to provide means by which
i n t e r -count ry
exchanges can
be
expanded.
In
Ecuador, a
monograph on
pota to product ion, marketing
and consump-
t i on i s being prepared through cont rac t . Nat ional pro
grams
concerned
with marketing and s torage
problems
are
rece iv ing grea tes t emphasis. A
cont rac t for
a
monograph
cover ing
bas ic problems
and
prospec ts
for
po ta to im-
provement
in
Chi le
has
been
made
with
CENDERCO Centro
para e l
Desar ro l lo
Rural
y
Cooperat ive) .
Genet ic
mate r ia l was
sen t in
the
form o f
bo tan ica l
seed
and/or tuber
famil ies from
segregat ing popula t ions
for
f r o s t
re s i s tance
to
Ecuador and Chi le; PLRV
t o Braz i l
Argent ina and
Chile ; and, lowland
t rop ics
adapta t ion
to
B ra z i l
Colombia
and Surinam.
Tubers and cu t t ings
of
pathogen
t e s t ed
var i e t i e s were
sen t to Ecuador, Boliv ia Peru, Braz i l Colombia and
Surinam.
Seeds of ind ica tor p lan t s for v i rus t e s t ing
were sen t
to Chile
Peru,
Surinam,
Bol iv ia
Colombia and Paraguay.
To
inc rease the
product ion
of qua l i ty
seed,
two
new
greenhouses have
been
suppl ied to Peru
and
Bol iv ia
us ing
spec ia l
pro jec t funds.
Various Bolivian,
Colom-
bian
and
Peruvian var ie t i e s are
being
f reed from v i
ruses by the
CIP
meristem cu l tu re labora tory to form a
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research workers.
A
meeting
for personnel of the Na
t i ona l
Research Program
of Peru
was conducted
in Novem
be r
to
eva lua te the
presen t
research
program
and deve l -
op fu ture p lans .
Three sc i en t i s t s from
Uruguay
Peru
and Colombia
p a r t i -
c ipa ted
in
the
In ternat ional
Workshop
on
seudomonas
in
Raleigh North Carol ina USA) in
Ju ly .
Several
technic ians were
t r a ined dur ing
1976
in shor t
courses or in te rnsh ips a t CIP/Lima. They inc luded Plan t
Breeders v i ro log i s t s Nematologists Phys io log is ts
and
Agronomists represen t ing Bol iv ia Ecuador
Colombia
Chi l e
Peru and
Venezuela .
A summary of
the number
and d i s t r i bu t ion
of t r a inees
sponsored
by CIP
or
in
cooperat ion
with
CIP and the
t ypes of t ra in ing courses offe red
from
1973-1976 are
presen ted in
Table 22.
Technic ians from the Ecuadorian National Pota to Program
l e a rn ing
communications sk i l l s
to
a id
in the t r a ns fe r
of improved
pota to
technology
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86
In addit i ion, a t o t a l of f ive graduate
sponsored
by CIP for t r a i n i ng
a t the
l eve l , of which, t h ree from
Bol iv ia
1976. One of
the Bol iv ian s tudents was
Organizat ion of American Sta tes .
s tudents were
Master s
Degree
were accepted in
sponsored
by
the
Table 22
o
of
Year
Trainees
Internat ional
1973
5
1974
7
1974
16
1974
5
1975/76
5
1976
17
1976
10
National
1974
18
1974 25
1975
15
1975
25
1976 17
1976
12
Summary of Tra in ing
Courses
South America)
in Region I
Students
Week
Subject
Location Part ic ipat ing
Production
Peru
Peru 2),Colombia 2),
Costa
Rica
1)
15 Production Peru Peru
2) ,
Colombia
1
} ,
Chile 2),Ecuador 2)
2
Altiplano Prod. Puna
Peru 11)
,Bolivia S)
8 Virus
diagnosis
Lima
Peru 1),Colombia 1)
Chi le 1 ) , Braz i1 1 ) ,
Cuba 1)
20
Production
Peru
Peru{2) ,Ecuador(2 ) ,
Bolivia 1)
4
S e ~ t ;
Production Braz.il
Brazi l 12) ,Argent ina{2},
Uruguay(1 ) ,Chi le (2 )
13
Production Peru Peru(2) ,Ecuador(3 ) ,
Argent ina{1} ,Chi le{1 )1
Brazil 1),Bolivia 1),
Venezuela 1)
2 Product ion
Quito Ecuador
2 Product ion
Lima Peru
2 Product ion Quito Ecuador
Product ion Lima Peru
2
Soc io -econ . / Quito Ecuador
Communications
Seed
Production ima Peru
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REGION I I : MEXICO,
CENTRAL
AMERICA
AND
THE CARIBBEAN
The program development in Region I I in 1976, has been
concerned mainly with t e chn ica l as s i s t ance to
na t iona l
p o t a t o
programs
o f
the
Region
in
seed
produc t ion
pr o j
e c t s th rough the d i s t r i bu t i on
of
gene t i c ma te r i a l
with
r e s i s t ance to
t he major
d i seases in the r ec i p i en t
coun
t r i e s
a@
t h e - t r a i n in g o f na t iona l s c i e n t i s t s
through
i n - coun t ry and reg iona l produc t ion courses .
In .Apr i l 1976, CI :'...'.,.s sc i e n t i f i c
s t a f f
in
Region I I
was
expanded
through
the
ass ignment
o f
a
r eg i ona l r e sea rch
s c i e n t i s t
to t he Centro Agronomico Tropica l de Inves
t i g a c i6 n y
Ensefianza
CATIE)
in
Costa Rica ,
according
to
an Agreement
s igned
by
CIP
and
CATIE
•rhe
fol lowing
p r i o r i t i e s
were
def ined
for the irst 6-9
months
o f
work:
1. Research f a c i l i t i e s were reorganized a t CATIE. A
screenhouse
was comple te ly renovated and equipment
and
~ u p p l i s
purchased.
2 .
Fami l i a r i za t ion
with the po t a t o program and p r o
duct ion
problems o f Costa Rica.
3 . Es tab l i sh ing
con t ac t s with t he
Mini s t ry
o f Agr i
c u l t u r e (Direcc i6n de
Inves t igac iones
Agr ico las y
Centro Agricola Regional
de
g ~ r t a g o
. Negot ia t ions
were begun fo r
an Agreement
between the Minis t ry
of Agr icu l ture and CIP.
4 . A
r e sea rch
p ro j e c t on
adapta t ion of
po ta to
germ
plasm to the lowland t rop ic s was s t a r t e d u t i l i z i n g
t ube r
l i ne s and bo tan ica l seed o f f ami l i e s p ro
vided y CIP/Lima. T r i a l s were begun
in November
1976,
u t i l i z i n g l oca l seed to determine optimum
p lan t ing da t e s dur ing the
year .
As the
r e sea rch program evolves
and adapted mate
r i a l with d i sease re s i s t ance i s i d e n t i f i e d it
w i l l be poss ib l e to
as soc i a t e
more c lose ly with
the Regional Off
i c e fo r
Cent ra l American
Programs
ROCAP) funded
program a t
CATIE on produc t ion
sys
tems
for the
smal l fa rmer .
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Costa
Rica:
This
year ,
in
Costa
Rica,
a
seed
product ion
pro jec t
based on stem
cu t t ing
techniques was i n i t i a t e d . For
th i s purpose,
100 kg.
of
the
var i e t i e s
Rosi ta
and
Murca
were provided by CIP's Regional Program, and a t h i rd
var ie ty
Mariva, was sen t from CIP/Lima. The same se t
of
clones with
res is tance
to
P
infestans
and
25 clones
r e s i s t an t to P solanacearu1n which
were
di s t r ibu ted to
other
countr ies of Region I I were a lso sen t
to
the
Univers i ty of Costa Rica as par t
of CIP's In terna t ional
Diseµse
Test ing Program. A Costa Rican technic ian par
t i c ipa ted in the
CIP
Regional Product ion
Course
in
To-
luca
Mexico.
Mexico:
CIP's Regional Research a c t i v i t i e s
in Mexico
have
been
conducted in
coopera t ion wi th
the Mexican
National
Po-
t a to Program.
The
pr inc ipa l research a c t i v i t i e s con-
cerning the maintenance and evaluat ion of the germ
plasm bank
of
clones r e s i s t an t to
l a t e
bl igh t are
conducted
in
conjuct ion
with
CIP 's
Departments
of
Breeding
and
Genet ics and Pathology.
During
the
year ,
8,000 clones
from
tubers and
botanica l
seed were re
ceived
from
i n s t i t u t ions in seven count r i es for in
c lus ion in the In te rna t iona l
Late Bligh t Test . The d i s
t r ibu t ion of -mate r i a l from
Mexico
continued with 650
samples o f gene t ic mate r ia l to 17 count r i es . Other
clones
have been mult ip l ied jo in t ly with the Mexican
Program and di s t r ibu ted to col labora t ing
pota to
pro
grams
throughout the world.
In
Mexico, a
National Pota to
Committee
was o f f i c i a l l y
formed
with the
pr inc ipa l
funct ion of coordinat ing the
a c t i v i t i e s
of
nat ional i n s t i t u t ions
for the
development
of the po ta to crop. CIP 's
Regional
Program
has repre
senta t ion
in th i s
Committee.
A
t o t a l of
f ive
Mexican
t echnic ians one
of them f i
nanced by CIP, par t i c ipa ted
dur ing
d i f fe ren t per iod in
the reg iona l po ta to production course. l he at tendance
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o f a Mexican s c i e n t i s t
a t the
In te rna t iona l Symposium
on P. sol n ce rum in
US
was
sponsored
by CIP in Ju ly .
A second s c i e n t i s t
o f the Post -Graduate
School in
Cha
pingo, Mexico, pa r t i c i pa t ed
in
a t r a i n i ng
per i od a t
CIP/Lima,
concerning
meris tem
cu l tu re
t echniques .
Guatemala:
An
Agreement o f
Technica l Cooperat ion
between CIP and
the
I n s t i t u t o de Cienc ia y
Tecnologia
Agricola ICTA)
was r a t i f i e d .
Vis i t s
to t h i s country by CIP s t a f f a t
var ious
t imes
dur ing
the
year
have
permi t t ed
an
eva l
ua t ion o f
the
po t en t i a l
o f
a r e a l i s t i c program
in
seed
product ion .
A s e r i e s o f
meet ings was he ld wi th
Guatemalan
fa rmers
on seed produc t ion technology. Through
the
sponsorship
o f BID, a s tudy
concerned with po ta to s to rage
has been
i n i t i a t e d . Genet ic mate r i a l
with
re s i s t ance to P.
sol -
nacear>1ff f
and P. infest ns was sen t to Guatemala to be
evalua ted
by na t iona l s c i e n t i s t s .
El
Salvador :
A p l an
has
been
developed fo r po ta to
research
to
be
conducted
in the next few
years .
For ty -s ix c lones
were
sen t and t e s t ed for re s i s t ance to l a t e
b l igh t .
Honduras:
A Technical
Assi s t ance
Agreement
the Off i ce of
Nat iona l
Resources
with the Secre ta ry
o f
has been
es tab l i shed .
According
to
t h i s
Agreement,
CIP w i l l
co l l abo ra t e
in
the organiza t ion o f a Nat iona l Pota to
Program.
'rhe im
p o r t a t i o n
o f e l i t e
seed
from Holland was recommended
by CIP ' s s pe c i a l i s t s in seed
produc t ion to
form the ba
s i c mate r i a l which w i l l he lp i n i t i a t e a seed mul t i p l i
ca t ion pro jec t . The recommendation was approved by the
Government o f
Honduras. Recognizing the need
to
r e i n
force
the
coun t ry ' s t echn ica l
capac i ty in the ag r i cu l
t u r e , na t iona l
l eaders
in Honduras have reques ted CIP ' s
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coopera t ion for t r a in ing
in pota to
product ion.
Two Hon-
duran technic ians pa r t i c i pa t ed
in
the Regional
Produc-
t i on
Course
in Mexico,
and
a candidate
has been i de n t i -
f i e d
and nominated to a t tend the Product ion Course
in
Wageningen, in 1977. Clones with r es i s t ance to P 1:n-
festan
have been
sen t to
Honduras
for
eva lua t ion
under
loca l condi t ions .
.I\ new
J_s
in pro9r< oS >
v;i th t he c r ea t ion o f
a
R E : : s c ~ a i r c b _
::in d
E;(t·.f:;;:11sion
I n s t i t u t ~ s n a lJ.tor1ornous
aqr i cu l tu ra1
t u t e o f t h i
2.ation.
may
E t t e r
produc t ion and eva lua t ion of
advanced
Panama:
o f
an :L:nst:i··
mater
Through
the
v i s i t s
of CIP personnel to
Panama
and meet-
ings held
with Panamanian
farmers regard ing Seed Pro···
duct ion Technology, a general plan was es tab l i shed fo r
conducting a na t iona l seed
product ion
program. This
program
wi l l be i n i t i a t ed with t he impor ta t ion of high
qua l i t y seed
from
Holland. n
i n i t i a l
t e s t regarding
the
s u i t a b i l i t y
of
two spec i f i c
areas fo r
seed produc-
t i on
was
car r i ed
out t h i s
year with
the p lan t ing
of
smal l qua n t i t i e s
of
high qua l i ty
seed of the var i e ty
Alpha, which
was
provided by
CIP. Eleven
clones r e s i s t -
an t
to P
solanacearwn and 46 clones r e s i s t an t to
P
infestans
were sen t
by CIP
for eva lua t ion
in
Panama,
and a Panamanian technican pa r t i c i pa t ed in CIP s Re-
giona l
Product ion
Course.
Caribbean area:
I n i t i a l
contac ts were
made
with
other
countr ies
of Re-
gion I I pa r t i c u l a r l y those in the Caribbean area .
Two technic ians working with the German
Mission
in
San
Jose de Ocoa, in the Dominican
Republic,
v i s i t e d CIP s
reg iona l headquar te rs in Mexico to
es tab l i sh
a
bas i s
fo r fu tu re
coopera t ive
a c t i v i t i e s .
A
s c i e n t i s t
from
the
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Deutsche Gese l lschaf t
fu r
Technische
Zusammenarbeit
GTZ) a l so
v i s i t e d
CIP/Lima and the Dominican Republic
to explore
ways our
two
i n s t i t u t i ons
can work toge ther
for the bene f i t o f pota to improvement in t ha t count ry .
REGION I I I : TROPICAL AFRICA
The e s t b l ~ s h m e n t of CIP s Regional Program fo r Tropic-
a l Afr ica
conunenced
in January
'1976, with
the loca t ion
o f a CIP Sc i e n t i s t and
an .Assoc ia te
Regional Sc i e n t i s t
(Associa te Expert) f inanced by the Netherlands,
in Nai-
robi ,
Kenya.
The CIP
team i s
u t i l i z i n g
f a c i l i t e s
a t
the
Nat iona l
Agr icu l tu ra l
Labora tor ies and off ice
space
shared with ·cIMMYT.
TRAINING OURSE
CIP and the Kenya Pota to Program j o i n t l y sponsored a
pota to product ion course in May
t h i s year ,
in which 13
pa r t i c ipa n t s a t tended , represen t ing
seven
countr ies o f
Tropica l
Africa .
The
course
was
genera l
in
na ture ,
cov-
e r ing
product ion
problems
and improved technology ap-
p l i c a b l e t o developing
countr ies
o f Tropica l
Afr ica .
Consul tants
from Holland,
Kenya
and CIP
pa r t i c ipa t e d i n
the
course
and held a
s e r i e s o f
pra c t i c a l
c las ses .
De-
monst ra t ions
were
conducted
and seed mul t ip l i ca t ion
p lo t s were
exhib i ted
in f i e l d s belonging to
the
Kenya
Nat iona l
Potato
Program.
REGIONAL
WORKSHOP
A
reg iona l
Workshop was held in October , a t
which
pa r -
t i c ipan t s from e igh t countr ies of Tropica l
Afr ica took
pa r t .
The main emphasis was on development of na t iona l
po ta to
programs, seed
product ion, t r a ns fe r o f t echnolo-
gy and
socioeconomic
s tud ies . S c ie n t i s t s
from
the In-
t e rna t iona l
Agr icu l tu ra l
Center , Wageningen,
Holland,
a s s i s t e d
CIP in
conducting
the
Workshop. Pr ior to
the
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With respect to
the Kenya National
Potato Program, t
was
agreed
a t
the
highes t
leve l
t ha t a l l agencies in -
volved in pota to
research
and
product ion
should
be pa r t
o f
one
in tegra ted nat ional
program. CIP
wi l l have a
ma
j o r
re spons ib i l i ty
to
ass i s t
Kenyan leaders to achieve
t h i s
objec t ive .
During 1976,
a
number
of
improved
yie ld .p lo t s
were
planted
and
the
improvement i n y i e lds
r e s u l t i ng
from the t echnologica l
package
was
demons
t r a t ed . However, the re su l t s demonstrated the impor
tance of
accurate economic
analyses
in
comparing
im
proved t echnologica l
prac t ices
with t r ad i t iona l growing
methods. Further evaluat ion of
advanced
techniques
are
proposed
for the next growing
season
using
a
s tandard
var ie ty .
A
research
cont rac t
in i t i a t ed
in
1974,
with Hai le
Se
l a s s i e I Univers i ty (now Addis Ababa Univers i ty , Col
lege of
AgricultulS.e, Alemaya) in Ethiopia ,
was
cont i -
nued
and expanded
t h i s year . I he
objec t ive
of the pro
j e c t i s to
screen
and
evaluate
olanwn
ndigen and
neo-tuberosum
mater ia l s
under the highland condi t ions
of Ethiopia .
In Nigeria , the
e s t a b l i s h ~ e n t
of the
National
Root
Crops
Research
In s t i t u t e · ~ a s opened up new poss ib i l i -
~ i e s
for
CIP's
c o o p e ~ a t i o n
with
Niger i a ' s
e f fo r t s
for
pota to improvement on the Jos Pla teau .
Niger ia
sent
par t i c ipan t s to CIP's t r a in ing course and Regional
Workshop·
, in
Kenya,
and
a research
proposal was
re -
ceived from a
sc ien t i s t
working
on the Jos Pla teau to
cont inue
the search
for su i tab le
va r i e t i e s with
r e s i s t -
ance to both l a t e bl igh t
and
bac te r i a l wi l t . One
se lec -
t ion from CIP 's Mexican germ plasm
co l lec t ion
has been
bulked for
naming
as
a new var ie ty .
REGION
IV:
MIDDLE
E ST ND
NORTH MERIC
1976
was
a d i f f i c u l t
year
for
CIP 's
Program in Region
IV, s ince there
was
no
permanent reg iona l
headquar ters
un t i l September. The
c iv i l war in
Lebanon, by l a t e
1975, necess i ta ted moving
the regional headquar ters
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t emporar i ly
to Tunis ia . In sp i te
of the
d i f f i c u l t i e s ,
the re has been
an
acce le ra ted development
of
the Re
giona l Program and
the
es tab l i shment
of
a
permanent
re -
giona l
base in
Turkey.
ST FFING
In March
t h i s
year , CIP s Regional
Representa t ive
for
Region IV,
l e f t
Lebanon and es tab l i shed
a
temporary
base in
Tunis ia , where he was jo ined
by
another CIP
sc i e n t i s t
ass igned
spec i f i ca l ly
to
the spec ia l pro jec t
in
Tunis ia . In August,
CIP s Regional Representa t ive
moved
to
Turkey, and was jo ined by
a t h i rd
CIP sc ien-
t st to a s s i s t with the implementat ion o f CIP s Region
a l
Program. In addi t ion ,
an
Associa te Regional Scien
t st (Associate Expert) was appointed in
October.
Fol -
lowing an or i en t a t i on
per iod
a t CIP/Lima,
he
wi l l j o in
CIP s
reg iona i
team
based in
Turkey.
REGION L EVELOPMENT
summary of research and t r a in ing
a c t i v i t i e s in
the
coun t r i e s o f
Region
IV i s presented
in
Table 23.
Tunis ia :
In
Mcty
1976,
a
Cooperat ive Agreement was
s igned
between
Tunis ia and CIP, funded by the Canadian In t e rna t iona l
Development
Agency
(CIDA).
The Agreement i s
for
a
f i ve -
year
spec ia l
pro jec t
for
development of
a
s t rong
na
t i ona l
pota to program in Tunis ia . Using spec ia l pro j e c t
funds,
CIP
wi l l
play
a
cen t ra l
ro le
in
research ,
t r a in -
ing and extension
a c t i v i t e s . Immediately a f t e r the
s ign ing o f the
Agreement, a
one-week workshop, with CIP
sc i e n t i s t pa r t i c ipa t i ng , was held to launch the
Tuni
s i an
Program. Following the
workshop, a
four-week
pro -
duc t ion course
was conducted
to t r a i n Tunis ian t echn i -
ca l s t a f f and prepare
for
the autumn p lan t ing season.
During
September and October, var ious
t r a in ing
a c t i v i -
t i e s were held using Canadian
and
CIP
consu l tan ts .
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96
Turkey:
A formal Agreement was signed between CIP and
the
Go
vernment
o f Turkey in
May 1976,
and
the cooperat ive
program
was
launched
by
a
one-week
workshop
fol lowed
by
a one-week f i e ld course . CIP
and Dutch
sc i en t i s t s pa r
t i c ipa t e d .
In Turkey, the Regional headquar ters was
es tabl i shed
a t Izmir . In addi t ion to s s i t ~ n c e
to
the na t iona l pro
gram, a reg iona l cen te r fo r e ~ a l u a t i o n mul t ip l i ca t ion
and
di s t r ibu t ion of germ plasm for the
Middle
East
and
North
Afr ica
i s
being
es tabl i shed. Turkey produces ap
proximately
two
mil l ion
tons of po ta toes per year
and
i s
one
o f
the
most
important
countr ies
wi th
which
CIP
i s assoc ia ted .
The f ive -yea r
work p lan
i s
p a r t o f
the
Cooperative
Agreement, and involves
research
r e l a t e d to
eva lua t ion of the germ plasm-,
-basic
seed
product ion,
agronomic prac t ices , s torage , marketing
and
a program
of t ra in ing
to develop
na t iona l
c a pa b i l i t i e s fo r po ta
to improvement.
A s e t
of v i rus res i s tant .
clones as
wel l
as
clones from the Cii l e a f r o l l
screening·
proj .ect have
been
sent to
Turkey and
Egypt
fo r
eva lua t ion .
Syr ia :
In Syria ,
l a t e in 1976, the Arab
Union fo r
~ g r i c u l t u r l
Development t ha t includes Syria ,
Egypt and
Libya, re
quested
CIP
to
develop
a
cooperat ive
proposal
fo r
re
search
and
product ion
o f
bas ic
seed
for the th ree mem-
ber count r ies .
Simi la r ly ,
the newly crea ted Syrian
General Organizat ion fo r
Seed
Mult ip l ica t ion re
quested
CIP 's
ass i s t ance
for po ta to improvement in
t h i s
count ry .
Egypt:
The
PL-480
proposal fo r
i nves t iga t ions on
pota to
s to r
age were submit ted to
USD
in
Washington,
and
i s pr e
sen t ly awai t ing
approval .
When approval i s given, CIP
wi l l
a s s i s t with
the implementat ion
of
the
pro j e c t
through
the
Regional Representat ive . In
the
meantime,
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as s i s t ance
i s
being provided by
CIP
in
the form o f im-
proved
germ
plasm
and
i t s in -count ry eva lua t ion
i s
con-
t inu ing .
A se t
o f v i rus
r e s i s t a n t
c lones
as
wel l as
c lones
from
CIP l e a f r o l l
sc reenings have
been
sen t to
Egypt
for eva lua t ion .
The
po t a t o indus t ry
in
Egypt
has
r ece i ved add i t iona l impetus in the l a s t two
years
as
expor t s
have
f lou r i shed
pa r t i c u l a r ly
to
Europe,
where
the
dry
summers
have se r ious ly
lowered crop yie lds .
Lebanon:
In view
o f the c i v i l
war,
the
na t iona l po ta to program
o f Lebanon was t empora r i ly ha l t ed un t i l
such
time as
the
once success fu l program can
be
reac t iva ted .
Table
23 Regional
Research
&
Tra in ing A ct i v i t i e s in
Region IV
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Research
Development
Reg.
Germ
Plasm Dis t .
*
Germ
Plasm -
disease
r es i s t ance
*
*
* *
*
v i rus r es i s t ance
*
*
*
PLRV screen. pro j .
*
*
breeding
pro jec t
*
I n t .
Yield
Tr ia l
*
Seed
Produc t ion
Pro jec t
*
*
*
*
*
*
Storage and tuber moth
* *
*
*
Market ing
s tud ies
*
*
Training
Regional
Seminars
*
*
*
*
* * *
*
Nat iona l
Courses
*
*
*
*
* *
Conferences
*
In
depth
t r a in in g
*
*
Miscel laneous
Nat .
Program Tech.
Assis tance
* *
*
* * *
*
•
Special Pro jec t Preparat ions
*
*
*
I n i t i a l Surveys
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
Publ icat ions
Tra in ing
mater ia l
in Arabic Turkish)
*
*
*
*
9
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98
OTH R ACTIVITIES
A
j o i n t t ra in ing
course
in
seed
product ion
and
pes t
and
disease
con t ro l
took
place
i n ea r ly
November (see Re
gion
V ). The
leader o f the Turkish National
Pota to
Program ass i s ted in the ins t ruc t ion of the course and
two
t ra inees
from Turkey
par t i c ipa ted in
the
course ,
as
well as the CIP Regional Representa t ives
from Regions
IV and v.
At
the reques t o f the Ford Foundation, the Regional
Re
presen ta t ive v i s i t e d the Republic of the Sudan t o p re -
pa're
a
repor t
on
the
p o s s i b i l i t i e s
for po ta to
improve
ment
in
t ha t country. This
r epor t
w ~ l form
par t
of a
genera l
survey of Sudanese agr icu l tu ra l research r e -
quirements to be considered a t
a
f ina l meeting in No
vember
t h i s
year . The CIP Regional Representa t ive a lso
has been a s s i s t i ng in the
development
of the program
in Region
I I I ;
as wel l as
pa r t i c ipa t i ng in
the Produc
t ion
Course and Regional
Workshop
in Nairobi , Kenya,
in
May and October 1976,
respect ive ly .
R GION
V:
SOUTHW ST ASIA
PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN,IRAN)
Contacts in Region
V were explora tory
u n t i l
an Agree
ment was s igned between CIP
and the Government
of Pa
ki s t an in November 1975, to base
a
CIP
reg iona l
team
in
Islamabad for coordinat ion of research
and t ra in ing
a c t i v i t i e s
in
Pakis tan
Afghanis tan
and
I ran .
In
Feburary 1976, two CIP sc i en t i s t s pa r t i c ipa t e d in
the
Pota to
Improvement
Workshop
sponsored by the U.S.
Department of Agricu l tu re PL-480
Projec t in
Lahore,
Pakis tan .
The
main theme of the
meeting
was the
evalua
t i on of the ex i s t ing PL-480 Research Projec t fo r the
screening
of
germ plasm and va r i e t i e s for adapta t ion to
environmental s t r e s s .
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In May 1976, a
CIP
Regional Research Sc ien t i s t was
based a t Islamabad, to implement the Agreement with the
Agr icu l tu ra l Research
Council of Pakis tan , and
t o es -
t a b l i sh contac ts
with the other countr ies o f
CIP 's
Re
gion
V.
Funds
to
es tab l i sh
CIP 's
Regional
Program were
provided by the
Government
of the
Nether lands .
During
his f i r s t few months in Pakis tan, CIP 's Regional Re
search Sc ien t i s t
v i s i t ed most
of
the po ta to
growing
areas
o f
the
country
and
t rave l led to
I ran and Afghan
i s t an .
In November, a
nine-day
course
on
po ta to
seed produc
t ion , with spec ia l
reference
to d isease
and pes t
coB
t r o l , was held in Lahore. Deutsche St i f tung fur In te r -
n t i o ~ l e Entwicklung
(DSE) provided
funding
and
ex
pe r t s
to a s s i s t
CIP
in
conduct ing the course ,
in which
over
20
sc i en t i s t s and t echnic ians from Pakis tan , Af
ghanis tan and
Turkey par t i c ipa ted .
REGION
VI: SOUTHERN
ASIA
(INDIA,
NEPAL BANGLADESH
In
November,
1975,
an
Agreement
was
s igned
between CIP
and the
Indian Counci l
of Agr icu l tu ra l Research
(ICAR)
which provides for: (a) exchange of sc i en t i s t s and
t echnologis t s ; (b) exchange of germ plasm and breeding
mater i a l ;
(c)
exchange
of sc i en t i f i c
l i t e r a tu r e ,
the
informat ion and methodology;
(d)
impor ta t ion of
sc ien-
t i f i c equipment. In June 1976, a Work Plan was
approved
by CIP and
ICAR to
implement t h i s Agreement. The
Work
Plan ca l l ed for CIP to appoint a
re s iden t sc i e n t i s t by
January
1977,
to
be
loca ted
a t
the
Cent ra l
Pota to
Re
search In s t i t u t e (CPRI)
a t
Simla,
where he wi l l
serve
as CIP s Regional Representa t ive . His
r e s pons ib i l i t y
wi l l
be to serve
as
a l i nk between
CIP
and the s t rong
research program of CPRI, and to e s t a b l i s h contacts
with
the neighboring
count r ies of
Nepal
and Bangladesh,
where research and
t r a in ing help i s needed.
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Major developments
in Region VI occurred in
Nepal,
where CIP
was
requested to help
develop the
Nat ional
Pota to Development
Program and
s t rengthen
na t iona l re -
search capab i l i t i e s . For
t h i s
purpose, CIP received a
specia l
pro jec t
gran t
from
the
Government
of
Switzer
land, and employed
a
Swiss
sc i e n t i s t
as CIP s Country
Program
Sc i e n t i s t
in
Nepal.
In September t h i s
year , the
Deputy
Direc tor
General for Crop
Research
of Nepal s
Department
of
Agricu l ture
and
the
Head
of
Nepal s
Na
t i ona l
Potato Program v i s i t e d CIP/Lima
to
acquaint
themselves with CIP s
research
program and develop
a
Work Plan
for
Nepal.
At
the same
t ime,
CIP s
recent ly
appointed
Country
Program
Sc i e n t i s t
for
Nepal was
a t
CIP/Lima for an
or ien ta t ion
per iod before proceeding to
Nepal
to
assume
hi s
new r e spons i b i l i t i e s .
Since
a
re -
gional representa t ive for
Region
VI wi l l not be on lo -
ca t ion un t i l January 1977, CIP s Regional Representa
t i ve for
Region
VII based
in
Korea, v i s i t e d
Nepal
sev
e r a l t imes
to help
e s t a b l i s h the
specia l pro j e c t
for
po ta to improvement
in
t ha t count ry .
In
September 1976, a
t ra inee
from Bangladesh sponsored
by USAID,
arr ived a t CIP to par t i c ipa te in
a
t h ree -
month t ra in ing course to prepare for new r e s pons ib i l i -
t i e s
in
Bangladesh,
in
a
pro jec t
on
pota to
seed
s t o r -
age.
REGION
VII:
FAR
EAST
AND
SOUTHEAST
ASIA
ACTIVITIES
IN
THE
REPUBLIC
OF KOREA
1. CIP/Korea Agreement
In
May
1976, CIP s Direc tor General and the Direc
t o r General of
the
Off i ce of
Rural
Development
ORD)
Minis t ry of Agr icu l tu re
and
Fisher i es , Re-
publ ic
of
Korea, s igned
an agreement for mutual
cooperat ion
in
pota to research . Under the agree
ment,
the CIP Regional Sc ien t i s t
became
Team
Lead
e r
for pota toes ,
a t
the ORD, Crop
Improvement Re
search
Center CIRC)
and
a
member
of the CIRC
Re
search
Committee.
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2. Regional
Off ice
The of f i ce for
CIP s Region
VII,
the
Far
East
and
Southeast
Asia, es t ab l i shed l a t e in
1975,
was
con-
so l ida ted
by
the
appointment
of
a
bi l ingua l
secre
t a ry
and
a dr ive r .
Logis t ic
support and communica-
t i ons f a c i l i t i e s
for
the
Regional Off ice ,
which i s
loca ted in
the
Hor t icu l tu ra l Exper iment Sta t ion
o f
ORD in Suweon, are prqvided by the USAID sponsored
Crop Improvement
Research
Center ,
ORD
Suweon.
3. The Korea National r o g r ~ m
CIP helped
prepare
a
proposal fo r
USAID as a
re
s u l t
o f
which
a
fu l l
t ime
CIP
pota to
s c i e n t i s t
was
employed by USAID w:i:.thJ _:ri._the CIRC pota to program.
He wi l l take
over
the pos i t ion
o f
Team
Leader
of
the Korean
National
Potato Program
from
CIP ' s
Re-
giona l Representa t ive .
4. The
In t e rd i sc ip l ina ry
Pota to
:Research Team
The
team met
s ix t imes dur ing
the
year
and out
l ined
the requirements for
new
personnel , t r a i n i ng
and
equipment
for the
program. Research programs
were analyzed and fu ture
program pr . io r i t i e s
es tab
l i shed . An in te r im repo r t on
po ta to
product ion in
the
Republic
of
Korea
was prepared
and work was
begun
on
the prepara t on of the f i na l
dra f t .
CIP ' s
Regional
Representat ive
and
Country
Program Scien-
t st v i s i t e d
pota to
product ion
areas in
Korea as
wel l
as
the
var ious
agencies and i n s t i t u t i ons con-
cerned in pota to product ion and u t i l i za t ion . A
gr ea t e r unders tanding
of po ta to work
in Korea was
9ained
thereby helping
to
uni t e
the
members
of the
po ta to team in to a
sound
na t iona l program.
Consul tancies
An Aust ra l ian
s c i e n t i s t
spent
s ix week in Korea
to
advi se
on seed
product ion, pota to nu t r i t i on and
agronomy.
A s c i e n t i s t from
the
Tropica l Products
In s t i t u t e - spent
12 days in
Korea advi s ing on po ta
to s torage .
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6. Training
The
above mentioned consu l tan ts from Aus t ra l i a and
the
Tropica l
Products
In s t i t u t e
conducted seminars
on physio logy and
pota to
s torage r espec t ive ly .
Korean pota to agronomist was p a r t i a l l y sponsored
by CIP on a study
tour
of Japan, a v i s i t to CIP
f a c i l i t i e s
in Peru and
v i s i t s to
two
U.S.
univer -
s i t i e s .
REGION L ACTIVITIES
1.
Regional
Symposium
The F i r s t Regional Symposium on Pota to Product ion
for
the Far Eas t
and Southeast Asia,
j o i n t l y spon
sored by CIP anti the Off ice of Rural Development,
was
held from June 7-12, a t
Seoul. S c ie n t i s t s and
na t iona l
leaders
from ten countr ies o f the Region
a t t ended the Symposium and presen ted papers summa
r i z i ng
the
presen t s i t ua t i on of po ta to product ion
in
t he i r
countr ies .
Resolut ions
were
passed
a t
the
Symposium emphasizing the organiza t ion of na t iona l
pota to
programs and out l in ing ways in which CIP
can coopera te wi th na t iona l
programs
for
the
bene
it
of
pota to
improvement in
the Far
East and
Southeast
Asia .
2. Sr i
Lanka
Work
was
i n i t i a t e d on
dr a f t i ng
of
a
cooperat ive
agreement between CIP and the Department of Agri
cu l tu re of
Sr i
Lanka and recommendations were made
for
improvement
of
the Sr i
Lankan
Seed Potato Pro
gram.
t r a i n i ng course in seed pota to
conducted in
S r i Lanka,
by CIP s
t i s t aided by a CIP
consu l tan t
kan Pota to
Team Leader .
product ion was
Regional
Scien
and
the
Sr i Lan-
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po ta to
agronomist from
Sr i Lanka at tended
the
Fi f t h
In t e rna t iona l Course on
Pota to
Product ion a t
Wageningen, Holland.
CIP sen t the Sr i
Lankan
Pota to
C e r t i f i c a t i on Off i -
ce r for
a
four
month t r a in ing
course
to Aust ra l ia ,
pr inc ipa l ly a t
the Victor ian
Plan t Research I n s t i -
tu te .
3. Japan
Contacts were made with
members of the Minis t ry of
Agricu l tu re and
the College of
Agricu l tu re ,
Uni-
ve r s i t y of
Hokkaido.
Japanese sc i en t i s t s are
in -
te res ted
~
ass i s t ing
CIP
with i t s
work
in South-
e a s t Asia .
4. Malaysia
During
a
br i e f
v i s i t
to
Malaysia, CIP 's Regional
Representa t ive
mape
contact
with
severa l workers
in the Malaysian Agricu l ture Research
and
Develop-
ment Ins t i tu te ,
who are
in te res ted
in pota to re -
search
and
production.
The
v i s i t and
subsequent
correspondence wi th
var ious
sc i en t i s t s i de n t i f i e d
an
i n t e r e s t
in
commencing a seed
scheme and t e s t -
ing CIP
clones
for
adaptat ion to the ho t humid
t rop ics .
5. Phi l ipp ines
Vi s i t s to the Phi l ipp ines
made
by CIP personnel
dur ing
the
year
have
es tab l ished contac ts
with
key
sc i e n t i s t s in
the
National
Pota to
Program.
n
agreement
for Sc ien t i f i c and Technical
Coopera-
t i on in Research and Train ing on
Pota to
Improve-
ment and Culture
was
signed by
the
Direc tor
of
the Phi l ipp ines
Counci l
for
Agricu l ture
and Re-
sources
Research
PCARR)
and
the Direc tor
General
o f CIP. Negot ia t ions are in
progress
between CIP
and
the
Southeast Asian Regional
Center
for Grad-
uate Study
and
Research
in
Agricu l ture
SEA.RCA) a t
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4
Los Banos in t he Ph i l i pp ines
whereby SE RC
would
provide admin i s t r a t i ve suppor t and f a c i l i t i e s for
C I P s
Regional
Team, when it i s
r e loca t ed from
the
Republ ic
o f Korea to t he Phi l ipp ines in 1977.
Although
CIP
w i l l
cont inue
an
ac t ive
program
o f
cooperat ion
in research and
t r a in ing with
CIRC in
Korea t he new
base for
CIP s
reg iona l
team in the
Ph i l ipp ines
wi l l of f e r
severa l
advantages . t w i l l
be
a more cen t r a l and economical base fo r t r ave l
throughout
the
Region. The c l imate
and
agr i cu l tu re
o f
the
Ph i l ipp ines
i s
a l so more
t yp ica l of the
t r op i ca l and sub - t rop ica l coun t r i e s o f t he
Region,
and the re fo re , the j h iJ i .ppines wi l l provide an
ex-
c e l l e n t
base for
t he t e s t i ng of
CIP germ plasm and
techno1og;, .
In September ,
PC RR v i s i t e d
CIP personne l
implementat ion
6 . Nepal
t h i s year t he
Direc tor General o f
CIP/Lima to
become acqua in ted wi th
and f a c i l i t i e s and to discuss t he
o f
t he PCARR/CIP
agreement.
Although
Nepal
i s
cons ide red a s
p a r t
o f CIP s
Re-
gion VI,
v i s i t s
to .Nepal , in
1976, were made by
CIP s
Regional
Represen ta t ive
from
Region VII ,
and
o the r
CIP s c i e n t i s t s ,
s ince the
r eg iona l
team for
Ind ia ,
Nepal and Bangladesh had not
y e t
been es
t ab l i shed .
Two
Nepalese sc i e n t i s t s
pa r t i c i pa t ed i n
the Region VII Symposium
held
in Korea, in June
1976. The head
o f
t he Nepal
Potato
Program
v i s i t e d
CIP
in
September o f
t h i s
year .
7. Thai land
Major
program
developments in
Thai land
occurred in
1975 and 1976, which have
c rea t ed
new p o s s i b i l i
t i e s for
CIP s coopera t ion with
na t iona l po ta to
improvement
e f fo r t s
in
t ha t count ry .
In
November
1975, t he Direc tor
General
and a
CIP
team v i s i t e d
Thai land t o a s se s s
t he po t en t i a l of the country
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for pota to
improvement. Personnel
of the Rocke
f e l l e r Foundation and
the
United Nations
Programme
for Drug Abuse
Control UNPDAC) were par t i cu l a r ly
he lpfu l in es t ab l i sh ing contac ts with nat ional
leaders a t Bangkok and Chiang Mai.
CIP
s t a f f
t r a
ve l led to
Chiang
Mai to
meet with the Director and
s t a f f of the Northern
Agricul tura l Development
Center
NADC). Vis i t s
were made
with the
Pro jec t
Manager
of
the
Crop
Replacement and
~ o m m u n i t y
De
velopment Projec t to
severa l
vi l l ages in the
Hil l -Tr ibe
areas near Chiang Mai, including the
vi l l ages of Ban-Phui, Khun Wang and Chawlae, to
assess poten t i a l seed producing areas .
The NADC a t Chiang Mai i s being ass i s t ed by a
UNDP/FAO
pro jec t which
i s providing funds
and
s t a f f members
to develop
and
s t a f f
the
new
Center.
The
NADC program
i s divided
i n to f ive branches:
Planning, Research Extension, ~ t u r l Resources
and Field S ta t ions . The Government of New Zealand
i s
ass i s t ing
NADC by
providing
funds for agr icu l
tu r a l
t ra in ing . The pota to program
for
nor thern
Thai land i s included as one of
the
pro jec t s of
NADC.
The
United Nations/Thai Program for
Drug Abuse
Control
UNPDAC)
i s concent ra t ing in the Hil l
Tribe areas
of northern
Thailand, which
i s
the
main area of
product ion
of the opium poppy.
UNPDAC
has es tabl i shed a Crop Replacement
and
Community
Development
Projec t based in Chiang Mai,
to
devel
op
a l t e rna t ive
crops to
the
opium
poppy.
Seed po
t a to product ion i s
being
considered
as one such
a l t e rna t ive
crop for the
Hil l -Tr ibe
areas
be
cause
of
i t s
high value
and
poss ible
adapta t ion
to
the h i l l areas surrounding
the
pota to producing
areas near Chiang Mai. Recently, a road has been
completed
in to
one Hil l -Tr ibe area which
could
make t r anspor t a t ion of seed pota toes
feas ib le .
In
1976,
a proposal was developed
by
the
In terna
t i ona l
Programs
Divis ion of the
USDA Agricul tura l
Research Service wi th the Government
of
Thailand,
en t i t l ed : Table and Seed
Potato
Product ion in the
Highlands
of
Northern
Thailand,
as a
Replacement
fo r
the
Opium
Crop .
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6
In June 1976, CIP
sponsored
two sc i en t i s t s
from
Thailand to par t i c ipa te in the Regional Symposium
on Potato Product ion for the Far
East and South-
eas t
Asia,
held in
Suweon,
Korea. In September
t h i s
year ,
CIP s
Regional
Representa t ive
for
Re-
gion VII, vi s i t ed Thai land.
8. Taiwan
Vis i t s to the Asian Vegetable Research and Devel-
opment Center AVRDC) by
CIP sc i en t i s t s and
a
v i
s i t
by the Direc tor General of AVRDC to Korea,
have
s t rengthened the
reg iona l ro le
AVRDC
i s
playing i n se l ec t ion program for po ta toes
su i tab le
for
the
lowland
t rop ics . CIP
has
an
act ive
ex-
change program with AVRDC for genet ic mater i a l s .
INTRODUCTION
OF
GERM PLASM
In 1976,
CIP
arranged the supply of
new
and im-
proved clones
of pota toes
to countr ies o f
Region
VII as
fol lows:
Country
Korea
Sri
Lanka
Phi l ipp ines
F i j i
Thailand
Number
and
Descr ipt ion
5 var i e t i e s
7 var i e t i e s
5
var i e t i e s
va r i e t i e s
10
clones
8
clones and t rue seed
Source
USA and
Canada
Holland
Aust ra l ia
Japan
USA
CIP
Bacter ia l
wi l t r e s i s t an t Wisconsin
clones
Heat - to l e ran t ear ly
CIP
maturing clones
Heat t o l e ran t clones
CIP
Heat
t o l e ran t
clones
CIP
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CIP S
SO IOE ONOMI
UNIT
Object ives
and Program
Development
The
In te rna t iona l
func t ions
with in
(RR T)
Program.
Potato
Cen ter s Socioeconomic
Unit
the Regional Research and Training
I t s major objec t ives
fol low:
I . Complement
and support
CIP s research
and t ra in ing
programs.
I I .
Carry out socioeconomic s tudies a t
the
nat ional
l eve l
to
f a c i l i t a t e
the
t r ansfe r
of
technology
from CIP
to na t iona l
programs.
I I I .
Carry
out
and
sponsor,
in col labora t ion
with CIP
and nat ional
sc i en t i s t s , appl ied socioeconomic re -
search
to
determine accep tab i l i ty and
impact of
new technology a t
the
farm l eve l .
In l i ne with CIP s overa l l approach, the Unit is prob
l em-or ien ted
and in te rd i sc ip l ina ry . t i s f e l t t ha t a
broadly based,
soc ia l
science
program,
focused
on
a
few key problems and working close ly with CIP research
sc i e n t i s t s and regional
teams,
can make
s ign i f i can t
cont r ibu t ions to the development and t r ansfe r of im
proved
pota to
technology. Research pro jec t s are
design
ed
and
executed
in
col labora t ion
with other Cen ter s
sc i e n t i s t s and with National
Potato Programs.
Socioeco
nomic t r a in ing ,
included
in courses
he ld
a t the Cen
t e r s Lima
headquarters and
in
reg iona l courses ,
aims
a t preparing nat ional
workers
for applying socioecono
mic methods
and
techniques
to
s trengthen pota to pro-
grams
in the i r own countr ies .
The
Cen te r s socioeconomic
program
includes four pr in -
c ipa l areas o f work:
I .
Development of a socioeconomic information
base
fo r pota toes
I I .
Comparative
study
o f pota to product ion
and
u t i l i -
zat ion
in
se lec ted countr ies
1 7
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1 8
I I I .
In-depth research
A. Farm-level
cons t ra in t s to
pota to
product ion
B. Potato
seed
product ion and di s t r ibu t ion
sys
tems
C.
Pos t -harves t technology and
u t i l i za t ion
IV Socioeconomic t ra in ing
In
1976 emphasis was placed on bui ld ing an informat ion
base
and i n i t i a t i o n
of
th ree country- leve l
s tudies
with in
a comparat ive framework. Future work
wi l l
focus
on
research
and t ra in ing in the
areas
of product ion
c o n s ~ r a i n t s seed and post -harves t technology.
Development of
a
Socioeconomic
Information Base
During 1976 the
Socioeconomic
Unit
placed high
pr io r i t y
on bib l iographic
research
es tab l i shment of
a
spec ia l
ized
document
co l lec t ion
and
ana lys is o f
avai lable
world s t a t i s t i c s on pota to product ion
and
u t i l i za t ion .
A bibl iography on socioeconomic
aspec ts
o f
pota toes
in
Peru
was
publ ished
and bib l iographic
work
on
socioeco
nomic aspec ts o f pota to product ion and u t i l i z a t i o n in
the
world
was
i n i t i a t ed a t Cornel l
Univers i ty .
A col
l ec t ion
of
documents
was
es tabl i shed for
the
RR T
Program which has documents organized by count ry and
catalogued by author and
subjec t .
This
makes
informa
t ion
on countr ies
in
the seven CIP
Regions
r ead i ly
a
va i l ab le to
cente r
sc i en t i s t s
and
t ra inees .
F O
s t a t i s
t i c s on pota to product ion and u t i l i za t ion in the world
were
analyzed and summarized
for
pub l ica t ion .
Analysis
of na t iona l - l eve l data
indica tes a
s t rong re
l a t ionsh ip between
per
cap i t a income l eve l s and
major
aspects
of po ta to product ion and u t i l i za t ion .
In poor
count r i es l eve l s of
pota to
yie lds per cap i t a consump
t i on and
the per cent
which i s processed
or
fed to
l ives tock are a l l lower
than
in the developed countr ies
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(Maps 1 and
2,
Figure 9 . The growth
r a t e
of po ta to
produc t ion i s
highes t in
countr ies where
l eve l s
of per
c a p i t a income
and pota to consumption are lowest .
In
count r ies a t an
in termediate s tage of development, the
growth
r a t e of pota to product ion
i s
smal les t (in some
cases nega t ive . In highly indus t r i a l i zed count r i es ,
where la rge volumes of pota toes are processed , the ra t e
o f
growth
of product ion increases again (Figure 10).
The Peruvian bibl iography
was compiled
by
the
s t a f f
of
the Socioeconomic Unit . Analys is
of
F O s t a t i s t i c s
was
a l so ca r r ied
out
by
the
Unit
di rec t ly .
An independent
consu l t an t
was hired
on
a par t - t ime bas i s to
organize
the
RR
T Library. Bibl iographic
work a t
Cornel l i s
being
ca r r ied
out by
graduate
s tudents under cont rac t
with
the
Cent er.
Comparative
study
of
Potato Production and Ut i l i z a t i on
During the
year ,
comparative
study
and use in th ree
o b j e c t i v ~ s
the Socioeconomic Unit i n i t i a t e d a
of
pota to product ion, di s t r ibu t ion
countr ies ,
with
the
fol lowing major
1.
Out l ine
major
charac te r i s t i c s
of po ta to research ,
seed and extension programs and of po ta to produc-
t i on and d i s t r i bu t ion
systems.
2. Iden t i fy
major ba r r i e r s to
improved
pota to produc-
t i on ,
d i s t r i bu t ion
and
use.
3.
Develop
typologies of producers
which f a c i l i t a t e
the design
of
s t ra t eg ies for
improving po ta to
technology
and
produc t iv i ty
and
the
eva lua t ion
of
the i r
impact .
4. Analyze market problems (unstable
pr ices and
sup-
ply ,
inadequate s torage and
process ing ,
excess ive
marketing· margins,
i ne l a s t i c
demand) and iden t i fy
h igh -p r io r i t y
areas
for improving
s torage
and
process ing
technology and di s t r ibu t ion systems.
1 9
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0
40\-
160 140 120 100 ...... ' _.,,
- 4 - - · t ~ 80 100 120 140
\ \
·
. Cl Z ··'i"
0
Cir)
r:s
~ i p - . · I
~ i t >
OTATO YIELDS
(T/ha)
1972/74
-
15. 1
+
___ . _ _______. _ -- - -- -- ---
---
10. 1
to
15
.0
-
7.6 to 10.0
5. 1 to 7 .5
=i
2.
0
to
5.0
j '
Source:
FAQ
Production
Yearbook 1974.
•
___
____ . ,. - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20
J _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - L - - - - - - ~ -
40 60 80 100
Map 1 - ota to
y ie lds
by
count ry
(T/ha), 1972-74
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-
-
7
,
o
POTATO
PRODUCTION
PER CAPITA
I kg/yr) 1972174
\
w\
\
4 \
\
-
l11lillllID
EQfil
J
100.
1
75 1 to
1qo
so. 1 to
7
25. 1
to
50
un er
25
~ e FAD roduction
Year
Book 1974.
100 iGo l 40 0 - - ~ , o o ~ - - i e o c - - - ~ , ' o ' ~ - - ' ° c - - - - , ' o - - - +
L_ j___
2
4
6 80
100
Map 2 - Pota to product ion per cap i ta Kg/yr), 1972
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30
25
'
--
;:;; 20
r--
°
It
i
<
~ s
..:I
r:i::I
H
:>t
0
10
E <
0
p.,
5
0
Fig
9 Potato
yields
as a function of GNP per
capita
o3
06
s
ol
x
0
02
/
/
9
2
8
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
GNP
PER CAPITA ($
US,
1973)
Figures
9
and 10:
Countr ies wi th
over
10,000 Ha.
in
pota toes were
rank
ordered
in terms of t he i r
average GNP
per cap i ta . These countr ies
were separated i n to 20 s t r a ta , each-with
approximately
the
same area in
pota toes .
The 20
s t r a t a include the
fo l lowing
countr ies
in descending order of GNP per cap i ta : 1)
U.S.A.; 2) Switzer land, Sweden, Canada; 3) Germany F.R. ;
4) Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France; 5) Aust ra l ia , Nether
lands , Japan, Finland,
Libyan
Arab
Rep.;
6) Austr ia , United
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Kingdom;
7) Germany D.R.; 8) Czechoslovakia; 9) I t a l y
10)
I re land Greece, Hungary; 11) Spain , Argent ina;
12)
Venezuela, Bulgar i a Por tuga l South Afr ica ; 13)
Yugoslavia,
Uruguay, Mexico;
(
14) I r an
Bras i l
Chi le ;
(
15) Peru ,
Turkey;
16) Alge r i a Cuba, Albania, Colombia, Rep. o f Korea, Ecua-
dor ; ( 1
7)
Dem. Rep. of Korea,
Morocco,
Egypt ,
Cameroon;
( 18)
Bol iv i a
Kenya, Madagascar, Zai re
Tanzania ,
Indones ia ;
19)
Ind ia ;
20) Paki s t an Nepal, Ethiopia
Bangladesh, Burundi,
Rwanda.
-6
z
0
H
E <
u
p
Q
0
0::
p
0
E <
E <
0
tj<
p
r---
µ:)
.....__
N
.9
r--
z
CT \
-2
::r::
I
u
LI)
E <
\ D
z
.....__
µ:)
\ D
u
CT \
0
0::
µ:)
p
f 1
::i
z
-2
µ:)
>
4
020
0
o9
10
1000
07
2000
0
8
06
O .J
o4
3000
4000
GNP
PER CAPITA (
US,
1973)
Fig .
10
- Per
cent
change
in
pota to
produc t ion
as a
func t ion of
GNP
per cap i t a .
01
5000
3
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4
5.
Provide a general framework for
fu ture , in -depth
research on produc t ion cons t ra in t s , seed
and pos t
harves t
systems.
6.
Presen t
benchmark
in format ion
for fu ture
evalua
t i on
of
CIP
and Nat iona l Po ta to Programs.
In 1976
country
s tud ies
were
i n i t i a t e d in Chile , Ecua
dor
CIP Region I) and Kenya Region I I I . In
each
case , research contrac ts
were
s igned with l qca l
i n s t i
t u t ions to carry
out
necessary f i e ld work and
dra f t
the
r epor t s ,
fol lowing
a uniform format.
In
each
of
the
th ree
s tudy
countr ies , na t iona l program
l eaders placed
grea t
emphasis
on
marketing
problems and
the
need to
s t a b i l i z e
po ta to
pr ices .
Consequent ly in
each study, ana lyses
of
market and pr i ce
problems
were
car r i ed out . In Chi le ,
t was genera l ly
be l ieved t ha t
the main cause of pr i ce i n s t a b i l i t y was cyc l i c a l
expan
s ion
and
contrac t ion of the a rea seeded to po ta toes .
However,
an
ana lys is of t ime
s e r i e s
data revea led t ha t
the main
source of
supply i n s t a b i l i t y was not the
f luc
tua t ion
of area in pota toes bu t pota to yie lds .
This
was
even t rue
in
the
Cent ra l
Zone,
around
Santiago, where
product ion
i s
highly
market
or ien ted
and
yie lds
are
qu i te s t ab le
due
to
an e f fec t ive
i r r i ga t i on
system. Ex
periments
on
determinants of yie ld i n s t a b i l i t y are now
planned by the
Chilean Pota to Program.
In
Ecuador,
when the s tudy
was
i n i t i a t e d the re
was
grea t
i n t e r e s t
in
s t ab i l i z ing pr i ce s through a s t a t e
opera ted
s torage system. However, pr i ce ana lys i s i nd i
cated t ha t in Quito a th ree -year cycle
overshadowed
the
seasona l cyc le , p lac ing in doubt
the
economic
v iab i l i t y
o f
a
s torage
f a c i l i t y .
Farm-level
and
reg iona l s to rages
a re
much
more
promissing, and
research
on low-cost
sys
tems cont inues .
In Kenya,
pota to gene t ic
work and seed
product ion
fo
cused
for many years on white-skinned
va r i e t i e s .
Howev
e r ,
an ear ly
f inding of the country s tudy was t ha t the
market pr i ce of red-skinned pota toes genera l ly
exceeded
t h a t of
white-skinned
va r i e t i e s
by 30
per
cent .
This
pr i ce
d i f fe ren t i a l
p a r t i a l l y expla ins
why
the adopt ion
of
new va r i e t i e s
and
t echnologica l
packages
has
been
poor .
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In l a t e 1976,
anthropologica{
fieldwork
was
car r i ed out
on
pota to s torage
systems
in Peru ' s ~ n t a r o Valley
one o f the
most
highly
market
or ien ted a reas in the
Pe
ruv ian
Highlands.
Research
f indings i nd ica te
t ha t
while
nea r ly
a l l
producers
s tore
pota toes
for
seed
and
home
consumption, few s to re
for
specula t ive purposes in
a n t i c ipa t ion
of
a
fu ture pr i ce inc rease . While t i s
genera l ly
assumed
by t echnic ians t ha t losses
in common
house
s torages
are
high
(e .g .
20-40
per
cent)
small
farmers pre fe r
t h i s
type
of
storage
for
convenience and
secur i ty . Potato s torage uni t s of smal l farmers were
mult ipurpose in design,
being
used for the s torage of
other
crops
and
too l s .
Only
a
few la rge producers
thought
t ha t spec ia l ized permanent
f a c i l i t i e s
for s t o r
ing
pota toes
could
be
a
prof i t ab le
investment . In
1977,
research wi l l cont inue to be car r i ed
out
in conjunc t ion
with CIP ' s Thrust
on appropr ia te s to rage
and
proces
s ing techniques and
t he i r
socioeconomic v i a b i l i t y under
Peruvian condi t ions .
Socioeconomic Training
Socioeconomic s t a f f members pa r t i c ipa t e Center t r a in ing
courses ,
presen t ing mate r ia l
on
the
fo l lowing
t op ics :
a)
pa t te rns
and t rends of po ta to product ion
and u t i l
i z a t i on
in the
world.
b)
socioeconomic
f ie ldwork methods
c) ana lys i s
of
farm-level product ion cons t ra in t s
d)
po ta to seed
product ion
and d i s t r i bu t ion systems
e)
pos t -ha rves t pota to
technology
Emphasis i s placed on the
prepara t ion of na t iona l work
e r s
for
the app l ica t ion of socioeconomic
procedures
de
veloped by the Unit in the th ree major
in
depth
re
search
topics ,
out l ined above.
As a
prac t i ca l exe rc i s e ,
in the
Fourth
In t e rna t iona l Potato Product ion Course
1976)
f i e ld v i s i t s
were
car r i ed
out
in
two regions o f
Peru the Coast and Cent ra l Highlands).
Trainees
were
5
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communic tions
In
1976 Center
Support
Communications, a
new department
c rea ted l a s t year , continued to hi re
and
t r a in person-
ne l , and to acqui re the
necessary
equipment
for
produc-
t i on
of publ ica t ions
and
audiovisual a ids for the
pur
pose of f a c i l i t a t i n g sc i e n t i f i c i nves t iga t ion , communi-
ca t ion between sc i en t i s t s , and
the
t r a ns fe r o f
CIP
technology to
developing
countr ies .
y
midyear ,
basic equipment
for
product ion
of
photo-
graphic
and
pr inted
mater ia ls
was
in
place ,
and
regula r
produc t ion of publ ica t ions began, including the
Annual
Report ( in
English
and
Spanish),
repor ts on Planning
Conferences and
other
sc i en t i f i c a c t i v i t i e s ,
b i b l i o
graphies , and informat ional pamphlets in severa l l an
guages. Prel iminary
work
was a lso begun on
a
fu l l - co lo r
pocke t -s ized f i e l d manual
for
i de n t i f i c a t i on of major
pota to
diseases .
Center
Support Communications has worked c lose ly with
sc i e n t i s t s
in
the
prepara t ion of
a r t i c l e s
for
pro fe s
s iona l journa ls , and in the
e labora t ion
o f audiovisual
a ids
for
conferences , seminars , and
t ra in ing
courses .
Although Communications personnel par t i c ipa ted
d i r e c t l y
in two Regional Production Courses t h i s year , major e f
fo r t s
were
more
or ien ted toward the product ion
of
t r a in ing a ids
for
CIP Regional
Representa t ives
and na-
t i ona l pota to programs.
By
December, work was near ly
completed
on
s l ide se t s covering major pota to diseases ,
s torage
(with,
and
without
l i gh t ,
stem
cu t t ings
(a
rap id mul t ip l i ca t ion technique
for
pota toes , and
a
genera l
informat ion presen ta t ion about the Center en-
t i t l e d What i s CIP? These
se t s wi l l
be copied in
quant i ty for dis t r ibu t ion to CIP Regional Representa-
t i ve s
and
na t iona l pota to
programs in 1977.
7
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8
In December
o f 1976 Center Support Communications moved
to new quar t e r s in a
neighboring
bui ld ing in
La Molina,
donated to CIP by
the
Peruvian
Minis t ry
of Alimenta
t ion . New f a c i l i t i e s , which provide
ample space
for
personnel
and equipment,
include:
off ices ; a pr in t i ng
shop;
a
mini-audi tor ium
with
pro jec t ion
f ac i l i t i e s
and
sea t ing for
20
persons ,
in tended for seminars and
audiovisua l presenta t ions ; a
photographic s tudio;
and
space for
fu ture
i n s t l ~ t i o n
of
a
photomechanical
cam
e r a and darkroom,
and
pla te
making equipment. A
f u l l
s ized audi tor ium,
photographic
darkroom, audio record
ing s tudio , and
broadcas t cente r ( for
poss ible i n s t a l
l a t i on o f c lo s e d -c i r c u i t t e l ev i s ion) are presen t ly un
der cons t ruc t ion
in
the
new
wing o f the
main
bui ld ing
o f the
Center
in La
Molina.
These f ac i l i t i e s , scheduled
fo r
completion
in
1977,
wi l l
be equipped
gradually ac
cording to growth of the communications needs of
the
Center .
LIBRARY
The year 1976
was an important and busy per iod because
o f
prepara t ions
for
moving
i n to
new l i b ra ry
f a c i l i t i e s
scheduled
fo r
mid-1977.
The new l i b r a ry w i l l
have
th ree
f loor l eve l s . t i s
being
organ ized to permit minia tu
r i z a t i on of pr in t informat ion; s tudy ca r re l s wi l l be
equipped to use modern informat ion r e t r i e v a l .
Over
20
new journa l
subscr ip t ions
were added during the
year .
CIP now
subscr ibes
to a t o t a l o f 76 journals ; ex
changes and donat ions t r i p l e t h i s number. A generous
g i f t
of 40
t ex t s
and two-year
subsc r ip t ion
to 29 Bri
t i s h research journa ls were
rece ived from
the
Bri t i sh
Council .
Through
the se rv ices o f the Commonwealth Agr icu l tu ra l
Bureaux
CAB) the
f i r s t volume (1976)
of
Potatoes Abs
t r ac t s conta in ing 88 abs t rac t s
was
produced. CAB
scans
over 8000 journa ls
for
a r t i c l e s
o f
i n t e re s t .
Dis
t r ibu t ion to CIP s c i e n t i s t s provides an exce l l en t
meth
od of
maintaing
a watch on world-wide po ta to
research.
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The
l i b ra ry
col labora ted
in
severa l j o i n t pr o j ec t s
a t
the Peruvian
na t iona l
leve l for
the
Union
Catalog
of
Per iod ica l s including Direc tor ies
of
the Nat ional
Agrarian
Univers i ty the Documentation Center
for
Agri-
cu l tu re
CEDSA)
and the
National
In s t i t u t e
for Indus-
t r i a l Technology
and
Technical
Standards ITINTEC) .
At
the
in te rna t iona l
leve l
the
l ib ra ry
cont inued coopera-
t i ve
a c t i v i t i e s
with s i s t e r Agricu l tu ra l
Research
Cen-
t e r s .
The pro j e c t to develop
a
Union Catalog of
Per iod ica l s
o f the In t e rna t iona l Agricu l tu ra l
Research
Centers i s
near ing
complet ion.
The
j o in t pr o j ec t for a Union Cata-
log of Theses
ava i lab le in the l i b ra r i e s
of
the In t e r
na t iona l
Agr icu l tu ra l
Research
Centers
was
publ i shed
and
d i s t r i bu t e d b [
ICRISAT.
During
1976 the CIP l i b r a ry exchanged informat ion
and
pub l ica t ions with 39
l i b ra r i e s in
Lat in
America
8
in
Africa 20 in Asia ~ ~ Canada 22 in Europe
5
in
Oceania and
12 in the
United States .
There
was
a
s ign i
f i c a n t increase
in the
use of
the l i b r a ry
over
previous
years
by
Research Trainees from the Regional Research
and Training
program.
These increased a c t i v i t i e s were
maintained
desp i te two temporary
moves
of
the l i b r a ry
to
al low for cons t ruc t ion a l t e ra t ions .
By the
end
of
1976
the l i b r a ry s t a f f was increased
by
the employment of a
Reference
Circu la t ion Ass is tan t . n
Ass i s t an t Libra r ian was
hi red on a temporary
bas i s .
Vis i to r s
and Language
Ins t ruc t ion
One hundred
and eighteen
v i s i t o r s from 33 countr ies v i
s i t e d CIP
f a c i l i t i e s
dur ing the year .
In
addi t ion many
pro fe s s iona l
and other i n t e res t ed persons
from
Peru v i
s i t e d
CIP.
As in previous years s t a f f members and shor t - te rmers
as wel l as
t he i r
famil ies have taken
Spanish
ins t ruc
t i on from
our Language
Teacher Mr.
Jorge
Palac ios
who
has
given Spanish
lessons to Engl ish
German and French
speaking sc i en t i s t s 27
workers
and 13
wives. Due to
the inc reas ing ly la rger number of s tudents and
l e s s
t ime
ava i l ab le only
6
Spanish
speaking
people have oc-
cas iona l ly had
a
chance to take Engl ish le ssons .
9
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public tions by C IP
scientists
CANTO
S ~ E N Z
M. and SCURRAH
M.M.
de.
o f the po ta to cys t nematode in the
a ~ d
a
new
system of c l a s s i f i c a t i on .
In press ) .
1976. Races
andean region
Nematologica -
2 COOPER J.I. JONES R.A.C.
and
HARRISON B.D.
1976. Fie ld and glasshouse
experiments
on
the
con
t r o l of pota to mop-top
vi rus .
Annals
o f Applied
Biology
83: 215-230.
3 CHRISTIANSEN J .
and THOMPSON N.R. 1976. The u t i l -
i z a t i on
o f bi t t e r pota toes
in the
cold
t rop ics
of
La t in America. Proceedings 4th
Syrop.
In t . Soc.
Tropica l Root Crops. pp. 212-215.
4 FRIBOURG
C.E. 1976.
Andean
pota to ca l i co s t r a i n of
tobacco r ingspot vi rus . Proceedings of the
American
Phytopathologica l Socie ty .
3: 235
(Abs t r . ) .
5
HUAMAN
Z. ,
HAWKES J .G. and ROWE
P.R.
1976.
Stu-
dies
on the
or ig in
of
S j nhuiri Juz.
e t Buk., a
south
american cu l t iva ted dip lo id pota to . Amer. Po
t a to J . 53: 372 (Abstr . ) .
6
HENSHAW
G.G., and
ROCA W.M. 1976.
Spec ia l t ech-
niques in germ plasm
s torage.
CIP planning confer -
ence
on
explora t ion and maintenance of germ plasm
resources . pp.
109-130.
7 INAGAKI
HARUO
and
SCURRAH
M.M.
de. 1976.
The
pos
s i b i l i t y of contamination of Peruvian guano
by
po
t a t o cys t nematode. Japanese
Journal
of
Nematology.
6: 95-98.
8 JACKSON
M.T., ROWE P.R. , and HAWKES J .G. 1976.
The
enigma of t r i p lo id pota toes :
a
r eappra i sa l .
Amer. Pota to J .
53: 395 (Abs t r . ) .
2
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2
9 JATALA P . , GUTARRA
L. ,
FRENCH E.R. and
ARANGO
J .
1976. In t e rac t ion
of
Heterodera
pallida
and
Pseudomonas solanacearum
on
po ta toes .
J .
Nematolo
gy.
8:
289-290.
10 JATALA P. ,
and
JENSEN H.J. 1976. S e l f - i n t e ra c
t i on
of
Meloidogyne hapla
and
Heterodera
schachtii
on Beta vulgaris
J .
Nematology.
8: 43-48.
11
JATALA P.
and
JENSEN
H.J. 1976.
His topa thologi
c a l i n t e r r e l a t i ons h ip
of
Meloidogyne hapla and He-
terodera
schachtii on eta vulgaris J . Nematology
8: 226-341.
12 JATALA
P .
and JENSEN H.J. 1976. Paras i t i sm of
Beta vulgaris by Meloidogyne hapla and Heterodera
schachtii
alone and in combination.
J .
Nematology
8:
200-205.
13
JATALA
P.
and lflENDOZA
H.A. 1976. The
reac t ion
o f
some
clones of d ip lo id cu l t iva ted pota toes
to
in
fec t ion
by
the roo t -knot nematode. Meloidogyne in -
cognita acrita Amer. Potato J . 53:
395-396
Abs
t r .
.
14 JATALA P. and ROWE P.R. The r eac t ion o f 62 tu
ber -bear ing
Solanum
spec ies
to
the roo t -knot nema
tode Meloidogyne
incognita acrita J .
Nematology
8:
290.
15
JATALA p.
The
reac t ion
pota toes to
Meloidogyne
Journa l .
53:
MENDOZA H.A.
and
HAYNES F.L. 1976.
of
some
c lones
of
dip lo id cu l t i va t ed
infec t ion y
the roo t -knot nematode
incognita
acrita
American
Pota to
395-396.
16 JATALA P.
and
VALENCIA
L.
1976.
Nuevo
metodo pa
ra matar f i j a r insec tos para co lecc ion . XIX Con
vencion
Nacional
de Entomologia.
Sociedad Entomo
log ica de l
Pe ru .
pp.
89.
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17
JONES R.A.C. and FRIBOURG C.E. 1976. Beetle ,
con tac t
and pota to
t rue seed
t ransmiss ion
of An
dean pota to
l a t e s t
vi rus . Proceedings of the Amer
ican
Phytopathological Society. 3:
235 Abstr . ) .
18
LANDEO J . ,
ROWE
P.R.
and
SCURRAH
M.M.
de. 1976.
The inher i tance of
res i s tance
to
Heterodera
p ll -
d in clones of
Solanwn tuberoswn
ssp .
andigena
Amer.
Pota to
J . 53:
395
Abstr . ) .
19 MENDOZA H.A. 1976. General
and spec i f i c
combining
a b i l i t y
for tuber i n i t i a t i on
in
t e t rap lo id
c u l t i -
vated pota toes .
Amer.
Potato
J . 53: 369-370
Abstr . ) .
20 MENDOZA H.A. 1976. Adaptat ion of
cu l t iva ted
po ta -
toes to
the lowland
t rop ics . Proceedings 4th Symp.
In t e rna t iona l
Socie ty
for
Tropica l
Root Crops. pp.
50-53.
21
MENDOZA
H.A. 1976. Pota to popula t ion
improvement
and t r a ns fe r
of
genetic
mate r ia ls to the countr ies
o f Region VII. In Regional Symp. on
Pot.
Prod. -
Far Eas t
and
South East Asia. Suweon Korea. pp.
1-10.
22 MENDOZA H.A.
dapta t ion of
land t rop ics .
In te rna t iona l
li Colombia.
1976. Preliminary r e su l t s on the a-
t.he cu l t iva ted pota toes
to the
low
Proceedings
of the 4 th
Symp.
of the
Society
for
Tropica l
Root Crops. Ca
pp. 50-53.
23
MENDOZA
ILA. and
HAYNES
F.L. 1976.
Var iab i l i ty
for
photoper iodic
reac t ion
among diploid
and
te -
t rap lo id
pota to
clones
for
th ree
taxonomic
groups.
Amer. Pota to J . 53: 319-332.
24
MENDOZA
H.A. and VARGAS
S.
1976. The adapta t ion
of the cu l t iva ted
pota to
to the lowland
t rop ics .
Amer. Pota to J . 53:
404
Abstr . ) .
25
NELSON
D.C.
and SHAW R. 1976. Effect
of
plant ing
and
harves ted da tes ,
loca t ion in h i l l and
tuber
s i z e on sugar
content of Kennebec
pota toes . Amer.
Pota to
J . 53: 15
23
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24
26
RODRIGUEZ A.
1976. Sintomatologia
del v i rus
de l
Enrrol lamiento de l a s hojas
en cu l t i va r e s
de
papa
de
l a
Zona Andina su
i nc idenc ia
en
e l PerG.
M aster s
t he s i s , U.N.A.
27
RODRIGUEZ A. and JONES R.A.C.
1976.
Symptoma-
to logy
of po ta to
l e a f r o l l
v i rus in
toes . Amer.
Potato J . 53:
400 (Abs t r . ) .
po ta -
28 SCQRRAH M.M. de. 1976.
Breeding for
r es i s t ance .
Report of the second
cys t
nematode workshop, Jack
son,
Tennessee.
29
SHAW,
R.J.
1976.
On
the
t r ans loca ted
carbohydra te
in
olanwn
tu eroswn Peer rev iew
completed.
To be
offe red
to
Plan t Phys io l . ) .
30 SHAW, R.J . , MILLER
VARNS
K. and TALLEY
E.
1976.
Pota to tuber ca l lus : Val ida t ion as
biochemical
t oo l .
Accepted
by Plan t
Physio l .
Jan. 1976).
31
THOMPSON, N.R.,
ROWE, P.R.
and
EZETA
F.N. 1976.
Breeding
pota toes to increase
the nu t r i t i ve
value .
Amer. Pota to J . 53: 364
(Abs t r . ) .
32
I HOMPSON,
N.R., WURSTER,
R.T.
and SAYRE
K.D. 1976.
Ut i l i z a t i on
of po ta toes in the
t rop ics .
Proceed
ings 4th
Symp.
In t e rna t iona l Socie ty
for
Tropical
Root Crops. pp. 20 3--206.
33 VALENCIA
L.
1976. Una forma
ro j a
de
:x:;1°s1
cae
SULZER
en
papa de la Costa Cent ra l de l Peru.
Rev. Peruana de Entomologia. 18 1): 128.
34 VALENCIA
L. 1976.
How to recognize pota to Aphids,
In t e rna t iona l Pota to
Center .
7.
i l l u s t .
35 WESTCOTT R.J . , HENSHAW,
G.C., and
ROCA, W.M. 1977.
Tissue cu l tu re s torage of po ta to
germ
plasm: cu l
tu re i n i t i a t i o n
and plan t
regenera t ion . P lan t
Sci :
Le t te r s accepted, in Press ) .
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st l l
on December 31, 1976, inc luding
Specia l
Pro jec t Personnel
R E ~ D I N G ND GENETI S
Roger Rowe,
Ph.D.
Nelson Est rada
Ph.D.
Humberto
Mendoza,
Ph.D.
Zosimo Huaman, Ph.D.
Jerome Franckow_iak, Ph.D.
Juan
Landeo,
M.S.
Fernando
Rey,
Ing .
Agr.
NEM TOLOGY
Rolf
Schafer
Ph.D.
Parv i z Ja t a l a Ph.D.
Marfa de Scurrah , Ph.D.
J av i e r Franco, M.S.
Manuel
Canto, M.S.
P THOLOGY
Edward R. French, Ph.D.
Lodewijk
Turkensteen , Ph.D.
Car los
Mart in Ph.D.
Roger
Jones
Ph.D.
A.M.H.
de
Lekeu, Ph.D.
Luis
Sa laza r M.S.
Cesar Fr ibourg M.S.
Richard
Gibson,
Ph.D.
PHYSIOLOGY
Kenneth Sayre ,
Ph.D.
Roy Shaw, B.S.
Raymond Meyer, Ph.D.
Head
o f
Department
Breeder
Gene t ic i s t
Gene t ic i s t
Breeder
Gene t ic i s t on
leave)
Breeder
Head
o f Department
Nematologis t
Nematologist
Nematologis t
on leave)
Vis i t ing
Nematologis t
Head o f
Department
Mycologis t
Pa tho log i s t
Viro log i s t
Vi ro log i s t
Vi ro log i s t
on leave)
Vis i t ing Sc ien t i s t
Vis i t i ng
Sc ien t i s t
Head o f Department
Phys io log is t
Agronomist
25
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Will iam Roca,
Fh.D.
Fernando
Ezeta Ph.D.
T ja a r t Glas,
Ph.D.
Luis
Manrique, M.S.
Franc isco
G u i l l ~ n
Ing.Agr.
T XONOMY
Car los Ochoa, M.S.
Pe te r
Schmiediche, M.S.
Alber to
Salas
I n ~
Agr.
Phys io log is t
Phys io log i s t
Phys io log i s t
Agronomist
Phys io log i s t
Head o f Department
Taxonomist
Taxonomist
REGIONAL
RESE RCH
ND TRAINING
PROGR M
Headquarters-Lima, Peru
Richard
T.
Wurste r , Ph.D.
Direc tor
Kenneth J .
Brown,
Ph.D.
Coordina tor
John s.
Niederhauser , Ph.D.
Senior Consul tan t
James K Bryan, M.S. Senior Seed Prod. Spec.
Rainer Zachmann, Ph.D. Research
S c ie n t i s t
Socieconomics
Unit - Lima, Peru
Douglas
Horton,
Ph.D.
Head
of
the
Unit
Aniba l Monares, M.S. Economist
Robert
Werge, Ph.D.
Anthropologis t
Luis Quin tan i l l a
M.S.
Socioeconomics Ass i s t an t
Region
I - South
America
Oscar
Malamud, Ph.D.
P a t r i c i o Malagamba, Ph.D.
Adrie l
Garay,
Ph.D.
Regional Representa t ive
Peru)
Research
S c ie n t i s t
Peru)
Seed
Product ion
S pec i a l i s t Peru)
Region I I - Cent ra l America, Mexico the Caribbean
Oscar Hidalgo, M.S.
Michael Jackson, Ph.D.
Regional Representa t ive
Mexico)
Research
S c ie n t i s t
Costa
Rica)
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Region
I I I
Tropica l Afr i ca
Sy lves te r Nganga, Ph.D.
S i e r t Wiersema, I r .
Regional
Representa t ive
Kenya)
Assoc. Research
S c ie n t i s t
Kenya)
Region
IV
Middle East
and
North Afr ica
Primo A c c a ~ i n o Ph.D.
Brian Honess,
D.T.A.
Willem Schrage, I r .
Roger
Kortbaoui ,
Ph.D.
Region
V Southwest Asia
Garry Rober tson, M.A.
Romke Wustman, I r .
Regional
Representa t ive
Turkey)
Seed Product ion
S pec i a l i s t Turkey)
Associa te Research
S c ie n t i s t
Turkey)
Research
S c ie n t i s t
Tunisia)
Regional
Representa t ive
Pakistan)
Associa te
Research
S c ie n t i s t
Pakis tan)
Region
VI
Ind ia
Nepal
and
Bangladesh
Paul
Egger,
I r .
Region
VII
Southeast
Asia
Lindsay
Harmsworth,
B.S.
COMMUNIC TIONS
St an fo rd H. Slee th
Ed.D.
Richard
Galton ,
M.A.
Carmen
de
Podes ta BA.Sc.
Jorge Pa lac ios Dip.
Elsa Franco
Research S c i e n t i s t Nepal)
Regional Representa t ive
Korea)
Head o f
Unit
Communicat ions Off i ce r
Librar ian
Language
Teacher
Publ ica t ions
27
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28
SUPPORT DEP RTMENT
Marco
Soto Ph.D.
Cesar V i t t o r e l l i
Ing.Agr .
Hebert
Torres
M.S.
Luis Valencia Ing.Agr.
German Rossani M.D.
Lauro Gomez
ADMINISTRATION
Richard
L.
Sawyer
Ph.D.
Orv i l l e
T.
Page
Ph.D.
Will iam
Hamann
B.S.
Carlos Bohl Ing.Agr.
Luis
Pa lac ios Ing.Agr.
Rafael Garcia
Oscar
Gi l C.P.C.
Ricardo
Avi la
C.P.C.
Pedro
Arr io la C.P.C.
Blanca
de Joo
C.P.C.
Guil lermo Romero
TECHNICIANS
Juan Agui la r Ing.Agr.
Sa turn ino Vargas Ing.Agr.
Susan Turner B.Sc.
Luisa Arens B.Sc.
Lis de Ocampo
Ing.Agr .
Lil iam G. de Lindo
Ing.Agr .
Ursu la
Nydegger Tech.Dip.
I l s e
de Balbo Tech.Dip.
Car los Chuqui l l anqui
B.Sc.
Super in tendent
Huancayo F a c i l i t y
: ·Field Superv isor
Huancayo
Greenhouse
Superv isor
Huancayo
Entomologis t
Medical
Off icer
Fie ld
Greenhouse
S ~ ~ e r v i s o r Lima
Di rec t o r General
Deputy
Di rec t o r
Di rec t o r o f Research
Ass i s tan t
to
the Di rec t o r
General
Executive
Off i ce r
Ass i s tan t to
the
Executive Off i ce r
Adminis t ra t ive
Ass i s tan t
Cont ro l l e r
General Accountant
Accountant
Accountant
Accountant
DEP RTMENT
Breeding
Genet ics
Breeding Genet ics
Nematology
Nematology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
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Soledad de Rodriguez
Amparo de Sive ron i Q.F.
Nel ly de
Fong,
Biol .
Norma Gonzalez, Q.F.
Rosa
Mendez,
Ing.Agr .
Jose f ina de Nakashima,
Biol .
Donald Berr ios Ing.Agr.
Rosar io de Roca
Mati lde Or r i l l o Biol .
Nelson
Melendez,
Tech.Dip.
Martha
Car r i l l o
Cec i l i a Moreno, Ing.
Zoo.
Hugo Fano
Maria
I s abe l
Benavides
Pathology
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
Taxonomy
SupP,ort
Regional Research
Mexico)
Socioeconomics
Socioeconomics
Socioeconomics
29
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CENTRO INTERNACIONAL
DE L
PAPA
FINANCIAL ST TEMENTS
DECEMBER 31 1976
CONTENTS
Repor t
o f
independent
:accountants
Balance shee t
Statement
o f
source
and
a pp l i c a t i on o f
funds
Notes to
f inanc ia l s ta tements
S/
US
eruvian so l
Uni tes Sta tes do l l a r
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Moreno
Patino y Asociados
Asociados con
Price
Waterhouse
Peat
Co.
REPORT OF IN EPEN ENT CCOUNT NTS
To the Board
o f
Di rec to rs
Cent ro
In te rnac iona l
de
la
Papa
os
l•gonio1
4 -41 - of\ l•Mlro
·umo·P•r
Corr.spondenda: Apottodo 2169
March 30 1977
In our opin ion ,
the
accompanying
balance
shee t
and
the
r e l a t ed
s ta tement
o f source and appl i ca t ion o f funds presen t f a i r l y
the
f i n an c i a l pos i t i on o f Centro In te rnac iona l de
la
Papa a t
December 31 1976 and the source and appl i ca t ion of funds fo r
the year , in
confonni ty
with account ing p r in c ip l e s genera l ly
accep ted
appl ied
on
a
bas i s cons i s t en t
with t h a t of the
pr e
ceding
year .
Our examination
o f these s ta tements was made
in
accordance with
genera l ly
accepted audi t ing s tandards and
accordingly
included such t e s t s
of
the
account ing
records and
such o th e r audi t ing procedures as we
cons idered
necessary in
the
~ i r c u m s t a n c e s
~ ~ ~ l ~ _ y ~
ounters igned by
- - - - - - - p a r t n e r )
ifio B.
eruv ian
Publ ic
Accountant
Reg i s t r a t i o n
No. 1245
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CAPITAL
BALANCES AND
UNEXPENDED
FUNDS
LIABILITIES
payable
l i a b i l i t i e s
cur ren t
l i a b i l i t i e s
LIABILITIES
employees severance inJemn1t1es
advances o f
US
488 in
1076
RECEIVED HJ
ADVANCE
~ T o t e 3)
BALANCES
AND UNEXPErlDED
FUNDS
of
f ixed
as se t
u t i l i z ed
in excess of gran t s r e ce ived
cap i t a l
gran t s
in
excess)
opera t ing gran t s , per
s ta tement
p ro j e c t s
r epa i r s
At
December
1976
US
213, 673
147,402
24,531
_ ] 3 5 ,
6().0
71, 303
314,488
2,021,902
37 ,440)
l ,890 ,462
340,000
2,230,462
54,
771
322. l
>8
83,707)
__£33,222
2,523,684
3,295,081
31,
197
5
US
116,
258
56,
081
15
395
187,734
48,901
134 ,263
1 ,129 ,267
(
__ 5, 750)
1 ,113 ,517
l
77, 930
1 ,291 ,447
36,276)
548, 551
512,275
1 ,803 ,722
2 ,174 ,620
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CENTRO
INTERNACIONAL DE L
P P
ST TEMENT OF SOURCE ND APPLICATION OF FUNDS
(Npte
1)
SOURCE OF FUNDS
(Note
3)
Opera t ing
gran t s
Unres t r i c t ed ne t
of
US
43,002
expended in excess in 1975
Res t r i c t ed
inc lud ing
in 1976
US 6 726 unexpended in 1975
Spec ia l
pro jec t s
gran t s including in
1976 US 548,551 unexpended in 1975
Earned income,
net
Capi t a l
g ran t s fo r :
Ac q u i s i t io n
of f ixed asse t s
ne t o f
US 15 750 expended in excess in 1975
Earthquake r e p a i r funds
Working
cap i t a l
Tota l source of funds
APPLICATION OF FUNDS
To
core program
Pota to
re se a rc h
program
Research
support
Regional r e se a rc h and
t r a in ing
Libra ry and informat ion se rv ices
Genera l
a d min i s t r a t io n
Genera l opera t ing
cos t s
To
spec i a l p roJec t s
(Note
3)
Tota l
opera t ing
cos ts
Carr ied forward:
For the
year
Decerriber 31,
1976
US
1 , 584,
768
1 567 411
3, 152, 179
935,716
129,123
731,
250
34,
264
155,000
5,
137 532
954,
111
270,389
1 111 281
138,637
392,409
20,
574
3 ,187 ,401
616,
714
3, 804, 115
3 804 115
ended
197
5
US
1 222 513
992,000
2,
214,
513
760,995
66 ,295
253,201
114, 822
3 409 826
799,994
246,022
617,104
56,184
320,
327
241,269
2 280 900
212 444
2 493 344
2 493 344
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Brought forward:
To cap i t a l
Capi ta l expendi tures :
Net
i nc rease
in f ixed asse t s
Earthquake
r epa i r funds
Working
cap i t a l
Unexpended
balances
Unres t r i c ted ( in excess) funds
Res t r i c ted
funds
Capi ta l
gran t s in excess)
Specia l
pro jec t s
Earthquake repa i rs in excess)
Total app l i ca t ion
of
funds
2
For
the
year
ended
December 31,
197
6
US
3, 804,
115
897 ,595
117 ,971
162 ,069
l ,1 ;77,635
4 ,981 ,750
54, 771
54.
771
137 ,440)
322, 158
83
707)
155 ,782
5,
137 , 532
197
5
US
2 ,493 ,344
305,135
114 ,822
419,957
2 ,913 ,301
43 ,002 )
6 726
36,276)
15,750)
548 551
496 ,525
3 ,409 ,826
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CENTRO
INTERNACIONAL DE
IA P P
NOTES
TO
FINANCIAL
ST TEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 1976
OPERATIONS ND SUMM RY OF CCOUNTING POLICIES
The Centro In te rnac iona l de l a Papa (CIP) was cons t i tu ted
in 1972, in accordance
with an Agreement
fo r Sc i en t i f i c
Cooperat ion between the Government o f Peru and
North Carol ina
Sta t e
Univers i ty , Uni ted
Sta t e s o f
America, s igned
in 1971.
The CIP
i s a
non-prof i t ab le
i ns t i t u t ion ,
loca ted in
Lima,
Peru,
with
an
i n d e f i n i t e l i f e , The CIP s pr inc ipa l objec
t i v e i s t o c ons t r i bu t e
to the
development o f
the po ta to
and
tuberous roo ts , a t the
na t iona l
and i n t e rn a t io n a l l ev e l ,
by
c a r r y ing ou t r esea rch programs,
prepara t ion
and t r a in in g o f
s c i en t i s t s ,
organiza t ion of
conferences , forums,
seminars
and
a l l
o th e r
a c t i v i t i e s
in accordance
with its objec t ives .
In accordance
with ex i s t i n g · l egal di spos i t ions and the
prov i s ions o f
the
Agreement
descr ibed above,
the
CIP
i s
exempt from income
t ax
and
othe r t axes .
The
aforement ioned
Agreement
provides
t h a t ,
i
fo r
any
reason
t he C I P s opera t ions a re t erminated ,
a l l
i t s as se t s w i l l be
t r a n s f e r r e d to
the Peruvian Minis t ry o f
Food.
The p r i n c i p a l account ing p o l i c i e s are as fol lows:
a) up to December 31, 1975 the books and accounts o f the
CIP
were mainta ined in Peruvian
so les . The
f inancia l
s ta tements in Peruvian so les
a t
December
31,
1975 were
t r an s l a t ed
i n t o U.S. do l l a r s
on
the fol lowing
bases :
a s s e t s and l i a b i l i t i e s , othe r than f ixed
as se t s ,
genera l ly
a t exchange
r a t e s
preva i l ing a t
the
year-end. Fixed
a s s e t s
were s t a t ed
a t
the
r a t e s preva i l ing when
acqui red .
Ca p i t a l
g ran t s were t r an s l a t ed i n to U.S. dol la rs a t
h i s t o r
i c a l r a t e s . Source
and appl ica t ion
of funds were t r an s
l a t ed a t month-end r a t e s RI evail ing during the
year .
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2
As
from
January
l
19/G
t ~ e
books
and
accm1nts have been
mainta ined in U.S. do l l a r s . During L ~ 7 t r ansac t ions
in Peruvian so les
' lave
been
t r a n s l a t e d
ar c recorded in
the books o f account a t the exchange r a t e s pr e va i l i ng
during the
year
as fo l lows:
January
1,
to June 25, 1976 - ~ 45 per US 1
June
26, to September
19,
1976 - S/ 65 per US 1
September 20 to December 31, 1976 -Sib' .) toSj .69.37 per
US 1
Assets
and l i a b i l i t i e s .in
so les a t
Decen1ber 31, 1976 have
been t r an s l a t ed
i n to
U.S. do l l a r s
a t U e exchange
r a t e s
pr e va i l i ng
a t
the
year -end .
b)
Grants
r ece ived an.d t h e i r a pp l i c a t i on a re
accounted
for on
an accrua l b as i s . R e s t r i c t e d
opera t ing
gran ts and
u n res t r i c t ed
gran ts
are
accounted for in
the per iod i n d i
ca ted by the donor and,
when
gran ts are used abroad, the
expendi ture
i s
accounted
for on the ba s i s o f
advices
received .
In
accordance
with the
i n s t ru c t io n s
o f the Consul ta t ive
Group
on I n t e r na t i ona l Agr i c u l tu r a l
Research, the unex
pended fund
balances
a t year -end if au tho r i zed by
donors,
may
be
t r ea t ed
as
income
in
the
nex t
year
in
order
to
absorb
the cor respcnding
expenses .
Working cap i t a l gran ts a re
recorded
in
the
year they a re
received .
Spec ia l
pr o j e c t s
gran ts a r e
recorded in
the
year they
are
r ece ived and
the
r e l a t ed
expenses are app l ied
aga ins t
the r espec t ive income
when
incur red.
c)
The spares and mate r i a l s a re
genera l ly
valued a t es t imated
a c t ua l
value .
d) Fixed
as se t s
a re
recorded
as app l ica t ion of funds a t the
t ime of
t h e i r
acqui s i t ion
and
s imul taneous ly are cap i t a l
i zed a t
t h e i r
purchase
cos t .
t i s
not
the
pol icy of
the CIP to reduce the ne t value
of
the f ixed
as se t s
and the r e l a t ed cap i t a l account for
depre
c i a t i o n . When as se t s are
so ld or
r e t i r e d t h e i r cos t i s
removed from f ixed as se t s and
the
r e l a t ed cap i t a l account .
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3
e Indemni t ies payable upon severance to the loca l s t a f f for
se rv ice t ime are provided in f u l l in accordance
with the
l ega l d i spos i t i ons
of Peru.
2
FIXED
ASSETS
The movement o f f ixed asse t s during 1976 i s as fo l lows:
Opera t ing equipment
Research
equipment
Vehicles
Furn i tu re
and
f i x tu re s
Bui ldings con-
s t r u c t i o n
and
i n s t a l l a t i o n s
Aeroplane
Other
Balances
a t 1 .1 .76
US
35,346
309,806
154,607
77,317
481,563
701628
111291267
Addit ions
US
14,917
47,225
97,746
18,949
624,639
92,500
11619
8971595
Replace
rr.ents
J_net
US
360
680
~ 0 4 0
Balances
a t
12. 31. 76
US
50,263
357,391
253,033
96,266
1 , 106, 202
92,500
721247
2,0271902
3 r GRANTS RECEIVED
The
g ra n t s corresponding to
19J6
are summarized as fo l lows:
Grants
of
Unexpended
1976
gran t s
in
1975
Tota l
US US US
Opera t ing g ra n t s 3,186,895 34, 716 3 152 179
Capi ta l
g r a n t s
747,000
15,750
731, 250
Spec ia l
p r o j ec t
g ra n t s
387,165 548,551
93.5.,
716
Earthquake r ep a i r s
34,264
34,264
Working fund
1551000
1551000
415101324 4981085
510081409
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4
These gran ts comprise:
a Received
and adminis tered
by
the
err
In te rna t iona l
Development
Agency -
Uni ted St a t e s (USAID)
In
teramerican Development
Bank (IDB)
Internat ional .
Development
Agency
-
Canada (CIDA)
In te rna t iona l Development Associa t ion (IBRD)
In te rna t iona l
Development
Agency -
Sweden (SIDA)
Federal ,German government
Nether lands
government
In te rna t iona l
D e v e l o p ~ e n t
Agency -
Denmark (DANIDA)
Government
o f Switzer land
Overseas
Development
Adminis t ra t ion -
United
Kingdom
UKODA)
Aus t r a l ian
Development
Agency ADAA)
Belgian government
Rockefel ler
Foundation
Saudi Arabian government
Por t ion o f
the
gran ts to be appl ied
in
1977
b Donations for
spec ia l
pro jec t s inc lud ing
US 548,551 unexpended in 1975
c
Grants
appl ied
to
Earthquake r ep a i r s
from Federal German government
c
Funds
u t i l i z e d
in excess of
gran ts
received in 1975
US
1,000,000
600,000
529,100
400,000
342,270
335,860
250,000
244,451
140,000
123,483
104,125
54, 094
50,000
50,000
4,223,383
134,488
4,088,895
935,716
5,024,611
34,264
5,058,875
50,466
5,008,409
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5
The
unexpended
balance of
the
spec ia l
pro jec t s
gran ts a t
December 31, 1976 comprised
of :
In te rna t iona l Development
Bank (IDB)
Ford Foundat ion
Federal
German government
I n t e rna t i ona l
Mineral
and
Chemical
Corpora t ion (IMC)
I n s t i t u t Mondial
du
Phosphate
(IMP)
Nether lands government
Government
of
SWitzerland
In te rna t iona l
Development
Agency -
Canada
(CIDA)
I n t e rna t i ona l Development
Research Centre (IDRC)
The
ne t
balances of IM
and IMP pro j e c t s have been
covered
by a
por t i on of
1976
earned
income
Cornrnited
gran t s
US
427,887
88,492
80,589
14,128
5,255
94,000
75,000
76,550
_]3 815
935,716
Appl icat ion
US
278,542
76,654
45,572
17,666
4,873
111,338
23,431
36,
813
21,825
616,714
Unexpended
balance
US
149,345
11,838
35,017
3,538)
382
17,338)
51, 569
39,737
51,990
319,002
The fo l lowing
por t ions
of the
grants
committed have
not
yet
been r ece ived
and
they
are
shown as Accounts
r ece ivab le
from
donors
in
the balance sheet a t December 31,
1976:
I n t e rna t i ona l Development Bank
(IDB)
Federal German
government
Belgian government
Government of
switzer land
I n t e rna t i ona l
Development Agency
-
Canada (CIDA)
US
297,090
156,988
54,094
37,500
39,290
584,962
During 1976
addi t iona l
donat ions
of
US 314,488 were gran ted
by donors
to
be u t i l i z ed by the CIP dur ing
the
year
1977.
These
amounts are shown as
Grant
rece ived in advance in the
balance shee t a t December 31,
1976
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6
4 GR NT PLEDGED
During 1976 the
fo l lowing donat ions
were pledged fo r
spec ia l
p ro jec t t o be
received
and appl ied
in
fu ture yea r s
In t e rn a t io n a l
Development Research
Cent re (IDRC)
Nether lands
government
Swi tze r l and government
Canadian
government
US
80 948
188 025
75 000
382 850
726 823
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THE INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER
Schedule
2o- DETAILED
SCHEDULE OF EARNED INCOME
For the year
ended December
31
1976
(US
thousands)
Sources of Earned Income
Interests on Deposits
a
Ies o Craps
Indirect Costs charged on Special Projects
Current Acoourits
Adjustment prior
year
Rate af Exchange adjustment other
Plus: Auxiliary Services
Suri)Jo.is
Aircraft- estimated rent
Application
of
famed
Income
Appli d to Core Operations
Applied to Copital
Applied to Working Funds
Applied
to
Special Projects
Approved
Budget
4
5
90
11
110
Actual
2.7
4.6
93.0
(19.6)
13.7
94.4
5.8
28.9
129. l
90.0
28.9
7.0
3.2
129.l
8/9/2019 CIP Annual Report 1976
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8/9/2019 CIP Annual Report 1976
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8/9/2019 CIP Annual Report 1976
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cip-annual-report-1976 154/154