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Circulatory SystemJycJvr~Types of CirculationOpen CirculationIn this type of circulatory system, the blood may be present in the blood vessels for some time but finally it comes out of the blood vessels. The internal organs are directly bathed in blood. The blood flows from the heart into the arteries. The artery open into large spaces called sinuses. From the sinus the blood is carried by the veins to the heart. There are no inter connecting vessels or capillaries between the arteries and the veins, as the blood comes out of blood vessels. This type of circulatory system is called open type. It occurs in annelids like leeches, arthropods, most of the mollusks and ascidians.Open CirculationCharacteristics of Open Circulation;The blood flows at a very low velocity and at low pressure due to the absence of smooth muscles. There is direct exchange of materials between the cells and the blood because of the direct contact between them.The respiratory pigment, when present, is dissolved in the plasma of the blood and there are no red corpuscles.

Closed CirculationIn the closed type of circulatory system, the blood remains inside the blood vessels and does not come out. The blood flows from arteries to veins through small blood vessels called capillaries. The closed type of circulatory system occurs in most of the annelids, cephalopods and vertebrates including man.Closed CirculationCharacteristics of Closed Circulation;The speed of circulation is more rapid due to the presence of muscular and contractile blood vessels.The supply and removal of materials to and from the tissues by the blood is enhanced, thereby increasing the efficiency of circulation.The volume of blood flowing through a tissue or organ is regulated by the contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the blood vessels.

Functions of the Circulatory SystemThe functions of the circulatory system are:Transport gases, like oxygen from the lungs to cells around the body and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.Transport nutrients like glucose.Transport wastes from cells to organs that play the role of eliminating them.It contains cells that fight infections and defend against foreign bodies.Maintains the pH levels and ionic concentration of fluids in the body.Helps maintain the body temperature, this is especially important in warm blooded animals like humans.Parts of the Circulatory SystemThe circulatory system is divided into three major parts:The HeartThe BloodThe Blood VesselsHeart The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood. It consists of two pumps that lie side by side. These pumps relax when taking in blood and contract as they send out blood. The left side of the heart is a stronger pump than the right side. The stronger pump receives blood from the lungs and sends it to cells throughout the body. The weaker pump receives blood from the cells throughout the body and sends the blood to the lungs.Aorta - the body's largest artery. Takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.Pulmonary Artery - carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.Right Atrium - Receives deoxygenated blood from the bodyLeft Atrium - It receivesoxygenatedbloodfrom thepulmonary veins, and pumps it into theleft ventriclePulmonary Vein - Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atriumLeft Ventricle - Pumps oxygenated blood into the aortaRight Ventricle - pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteryCoronary Vessels - supply the heart muscle with its blood supplyBicuspid Valve - valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.Tricuspid Valve - valve between the right atrium an the right ventricle.

Blood VesselsHollow tubes that circulate your blood Three Kinds of Blood Vessels ArteriesVeinsCapillaries ArteriesCarry blood away from the heartHeart pumps blood Main artery called the aorta Aorta divides and branches Many smaller arteries Each region of your body has system of arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood. ArteriesTough on the outside Smooth on the inside Muscular wall helps the heart pump blood

Have strong, muscular wallsThe inner layer is very smooth so that the blood can flow easily

CapillariesVery thinOnly one cell thickConnect arteries & veinsCapillariesFood and oxygen released to the body cells Carbon dioxide and other waste products returned to the bloodstream

VeinsCarry blood to the heartReceive blood from the capillariesTransport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood back to the lungs and heart Valves are located inside the veins Allow blood to move in one direction

Valves are located inside the veins. The valves only allow blood to move in one direction.

BloodPumped by your heart. Travels through thousands of miles of blood vesselsCarries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste products to and from your body cells. Made up of liquids, solids and small amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red Blood CellsRed blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body. Takes carbon dioxide and transports it back to the lungsAbout 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE drop of blood.

White Blood CellsWhite blood cells protect the body from germsAttack and destroy germs when they enter the body

PlateletsPlatelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding

BloodPlasma is the liquid part of the bloodAbout half of your blood is made of plasmaThe plasma carries the blood cells throughout the bodyPlasma is made in the liver.

Blood CirculationPulmonary CirculationPulmonary circulationis the half portion of thecardiovascular systemwhich carriesoxygen-depletedbloodaway from the heart, to thelungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.

Coronary CirculationCoronary circulationis the circulation of blood in theblood vesselsof theheartmuscle (myocardium). The vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium are known ascoronary arteries. The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins. These include thegreat cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, thesmall cardiac veinand the anterior cardiac veins.

Renal CirculationTherenal circulationreceives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from theabdominal aortaand returns blood to the ascendingvena cava. It is the blood supply to thekidney, and contains many specialized blood vessels.

Portal CirculationPortal circulation refers to the circulation of the blood from the small intestine to the liver, via the portal vein. Blood flow to the liver is unique in that it receives oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. Blood passes from branches of the portal vein through cavities between "plates" of hepetocytes called sinusoids. Blood also flows from branches of the hepatic artery and mixes into the sinusoids to supply the hepatocytes with oxygen. This mixture percolates through the sinusoids and collects in a central vein which drain into the hepatic vein. The hepatic vein subsequently drains into the inferior vena cava.

Systemic CirculationSystemic circulationis the part of the cardiovascular systemwhich carriesoxygenated bloodaway from the heart to thebody, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.