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Circulatory System; BloodChapter 18, pg 679
Blood clot showing Red
blood cells in a fibrin mesh
The basics, functions and properties
• People have 4-6 L of blood• Two components include
– Plasma: clear fluid– Cells & Platelets
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)• Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Centrifuging blood separates the two parts– RBCs make up ~ 45% of volume, a number called the
hematocrit– RBCs make blood 4xs as viscous as water
Blood Components• This test tube
shows the components of blood in their relative ratios. It shows a hematocrit of 45. The RBC layer together with the "buffy coat" layer make up 45% of the total volume of centrifuged blood (4.5 m. out of 10 ml).
• hematocrit of a normal adult male : 47 adult female: 42
Plasma
• Serum: Like plasma but, without clotting proteins
• Proteins of Plasma– Albumins: smallest & most
abundant• Regulates osmotic pressure
– Globulins: alpha, beta, and gamma
• make up antibodies
– Fibrogen: allows clotting• Nitrogenous wastes in plasma
(urea) are excreted in the kidneys
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• O2 & CO2 carrier
• Determine bloodtype• Need to be resilient to
get through capillaries• Hemoglobins make up
33% of the cytoplasm• Nucleus is lost during
cell formation
Qualities of Erythrocytes
• RBC count (Hematocrit) tells how much O2 blood carries
• Why women have lower hematocrits– Androgens stimulate RBC
production– Menstrual loss– Inverse proportion to body fat– Males also clot faster. – What evolutionary significance
might this have?
Erythrocyte Disorders
• Polycythemia: Excess RBC
• Anemia: RBC Shortage
• Sickle Cell: ~1.3 % of African Americans– Symptoms: aches in
joints from clogged capillaries, some associated symptoms can be fatal
Blood Types
• Antigens on RBC surface allow antibodies to recognize what is and what is not us
• ABO blood group is a multiple allele explanation of blood types
The ABO Blood grizzoup
Type O Type A Type B Type AB
Genotypes Ii IA IA, IAi IB IB, IB i IA IB
RBC Antigen None A B A, B
Plasma Antibody
Anti-A, Anti-B
Anti-B Anti-A None
Compatable Donors
O O,A O,B O,A,B, AB
Blood Compatibility
• Agglutination happens when antibodies attack foreign RBCs
• AB is called the universal recipient because it has no RBC antibodies– But the donors Antibodies can
attack the recipients– Also one of the rarer blood types
• O is the universal donor
Rh Groups
• Named for Rhesus Monkey
• 3 genes, C, D, and E, each with two alleles
• DD, or Dd have D antigens on RBCs,– Classified as Rh+ – Rh- lack D antigens
• Combined with ABO group to get Blood types like A positive or B negative
Rh Transfusion problems
• If Rh- person recieves Rh+ blood– First one is okay, the body hasn’t made any Anti-D
antibodies– Second one can cause problems
• With fetuses with different Rh groups– The pregnancy is fine as long as there is no tearing of
the placenta– Then the baby might be born with Hemolytic disease
of the new born (HDN), a type of anemia
Other Blood groups
• ~100 others, and ~500 antigens– MN, Duffy, Kell, Kidd,
and Lewis groups
• Rarely cause transfusion problems
• Useful in paternity cases
Leukocytes
• White blood cells
• Have nuclei– Different types are
noted by shape of nucleus
– Grainy appearance when stained
WBCs
Neutrophils• Make up the largest %
of WBCs• Releases antimicrobial
chemicals• A high count is a sign
of bacterial infectionLymphocytes• About 1/3 of WBCs• Fights foreign bodies• Secretes antibodies
Leukemia• Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. • body produces large numbers of abnormal
WBCs• Symptoms
– Fever, chills and other flu-like symptoms – Weakness and fatigue – Loss of appetite and/or weight – Swollen or tender lymph nodes, liver or spleen – Easy bleeding or bruising – Tiny red spots (called petechiae) under the skin – Swollen or bleeding gums – Sweating, especially at night – Bone or joint pain
• Treatments– Chemotherapy– Radiation therapy– Antibody therapy– Bone Marrow Transplants
Also a feline variant