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The European 4-Channel PlanJosef Preishuber-PflüglCTO, BU Manager [email protected]
ISSUE: December 2008
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Functions in standardizationFunctions in standardizationResponsibility
Standardization Organziation
Description
Convenor ISO/IEC JTC1 SC31 WG4/SG6 Performance and Conformance Tests for RFID Devices
Rapporteur ISO/IEC JTC1 SC31 WG4/SG4 Regulatory
Convenor Austria ONORM AG 31 RFID for Item Management
Project editor ISO/IEC 18000-6 Air interface for 860-960 MHz
Project editor ISO/IEC 18000-4 Air interface for 2.45 GHz
Vice-chairman ETSI ERM TG34 RFID European RFID regulations
Active Member EPCglobal™ HAG Hardware Action Group
Active Member EPCglobal™ HAG UHF AI WG
UHF Air Interface Work Group
Active Member EPCglobal™ HAG HF AI WG HF Air Interface Work Group
Active Member EPCglobal™ IAG Industry Action Group
Co-chair EPCglobal™ IAG SB JRG Sensor & Battery Joint Requirements Group
Active Member EPCglobal™ ARC Architecture Review Commitee
Active Member Austria ONORM AG 17 Machine readable cards
Active Member Austria ONORM FNA 186 Protect. non-ionising radiation
Active Member Austria ONORM AG 186.EMF
Electromagnetic field
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European UHF Regulations in European UHF Regulations in 20012001
Regulations CEPT REC 70-03 Annex 1
0.5 W ERP 869.4 - 869.65 MHz 1 channel with 250 kHz 10% duty cycle
ETSI EN 300 220 Achieveable Features
3 m range Data rates of 40 kbps system 54 minutes off within one hour
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European UHF Regulations in European UHF Regulations in 20042004
Regulations CEPT REC 70-03 Annex 11
2 W ERP 865-868 MHz band 10 channels with each 200 kHz LbT with – 96 dBm to share band with SRDs
ETSI EN 302 208 Achieveable Features
6 m range Only 10 systems at the same time in multi km radius Data rates of 40 kbps
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5
Challenges through Challenges through Regulations on RFIDRegulations on RFID
Listen Before Talk (LBT) defines very large radio neighborhood of up to 18 km radius in free air
Low number of channels limits number of readers that can be operated simultaneously
Channel bandwidth limits communication speed
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) allows use of multiple reader in one channel, however reader commands (33 dBm ERP or 36 dBm EIRP) interfere with tag responses (e.g. – 50 dBm)
Number of channels limits number of readers that can be operated simultaneously, although much better than with LbT
Channel bandwidth limits communication speed
18 km
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Separate shouting readers and whisperingSeparate shouting readers and whisperingtags into different parts of spectrumtags into different parts of spectrum
Readers are so much louder Readers are so much louder than passive tags than passive tags
RFID readers are very loud shouters that can be. You can hear them in large distances. A group of shouters in 100 meter distance you can not understand. Close by you understand one even if somebody else also shouts in 10 meters distance
RFID readers can coexist in one channel without interfering with each other, if specially separated by just about 10 meters
Tags are so gentle voices. You hear them only not too far away. You can not understand a whispering tag if a reader shouts close by.
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Key success in standardization:Key success in standardization:Subcarrier for UHF backscatterSubcarrier for UHF backscatter
S2
S3S1
S4
1
0
1
10
0
0
1
Miller-Signaling State DiagramMiller Basis Functions
1
–1
0T
data-1
s3(t) = –s2(t)
s2(t)
time (t)time (t)
1
0 T
data-0
s4(t) = –s1(t)
s1(t)
am
plit
ud
e
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Miller Subcarrier Sequences
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
M=4
M=8
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
M=2
S2
S3S1
S4
1
0
1
10
0
0
1
Miller-Signaling State DiagramMiller Basis Functions
1
–1
0T
data-1
s3(t) = –s2(t)
s2(t)
time (t)time (t)
1
0 T
data-0
s4(t) = –s1(t)
s1(t)
am
plit
ud
e
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Key success in standardization:Key success in standardization:Dense Reader Mode (DRM)Dense Reader Mode (DRM)
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Without dense reader mode:Without dense reader mode:Only one reader per channelOnly one reader per channel
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
Wat
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
channel number
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10
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
Wat
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
channel number
With dense reader mode:With dense reader mode:Multiple readers per channelMultiple readers per channel
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0
0,5
1
1,5
2
Wat
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
channel number
With dense reader mode:With dense reader mode:Non-reader channels Non-reader channels allow very good listening to tagsallow very good listening to tags
Four channel plan for European Four channel plan for European regulationsregulations
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Verification by real Verification by real measurementsmeasurements
Distribution center with 36 parallel operating dock doors
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Verification by real Verification by real measurementsmeasurements
Pallets, each with 62 case tags
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Benefits of 4 channel planBenefits of 4 channel plan
Multiple interrogators may transmit simultaneously on the same channel.
Removal of requirement for “listen before talk” provides users with greater certainty of operation.
Tag response in the adjacent channels significantly improves reading performance.
Very spectrum efficient - satisfactory operation by a high density of interrogators in a relatively narrow band (i.e. 3 MHz).
Using appropriate techniques, SRDs can share the same band as RFID.
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UHF Regulations in 2008UHF Regulations in 2008Ratified through publication in the Ratified through publication in the EU OJEU OJ
Regulations CEPT REC 70-03 Annex 11 new
2 W ERP 865-868 MHz band 4 transmit channels with each 200 kHz receive between transmit channels no LbT
ETSI EN 302 208 new Achieveable Features
6 m range Infinity number of systems at the same time Data rates of 40 kbps on forward link Data rates of 80 kbps on return link
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Development of RFID Performance in Development of RFID Performance in Europe influenced through Europe influenced through regulationsregulations
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
700%
800%
900%
1000%
2001 2004 2008
Systems
Data rate
Range
Infinite number of systems due to 4 channel plan in combination with DRM (Dense Reader Mode)
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M O U I T U-R
W/W
ITU RADIO Regulat.
Study Groups
National Regulations
CEPT / EC
country
Implementation
EU
RTTE 1999/05/EC
EC
RS-Com
E T S I
ERM (EMC & Radio
Matters)
WG FM,
FREQU.
MANAGMN’T
WG SE,
SPECTR. ENGINEER’
G SRD MG
ERC/Rec
70-03
CEPT/ ECC 47 COUNTRIES
SE 24 Sharing Studies
SRD-REC 70-03Annex 9, Annex
11
WRC
National Admin.
&Sector Member
s
ITU RADIO Recom.
RM TCAM
EC- Mandate
MARKET
LF EN 300 330 < 135kHzHF EN 300 330 6.8 / 13.5MHzVHF EN 300 220 433 MHzUHF EN 302 208 866.5 MHZµW EN 300 440 2.45 GHz
EC- Mandate
DELIV
ER
AB
LES
| W
OR
K G
RO
UP
S |
PLEN
AR
Y |
OR
G
‘s
TG 28
TG34
JSC07-
06Source: ETSI (www.etsi.org)
How European Regulations How European Regulations worksworks
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Collaboration is keyCollaboration is key
ETSI
CEPT
EuropeanCommission
Harmonizing National Frequency AllocationsHarmonizing NRA activitiesCoordinating International Negotiations
Policy positionsLegal certaintyPolitical support
Harmonized Standards and other standards & specifications to support EU legislation & market development
Source: ETSI (www.etsi.org)
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Limits through the current RF Limits through the current RF regulationsregulationsDifferent Tags Detected Different Tags Detected
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
De
tec
tio
ns
Tags in Simulation
Different Tags Detected
6m/s
2m/s
4m/s
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Limits through the current RF Limits through the current RF regulationsregulationsAnticollision RateAnticollision Rate
Anticollision Rate
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
2m/s 4m/s 6m/s
Pallet Velocity
Det
ecti
on
s/s 100 Tags
300 Tags
600 Tags
900 Tags
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What does this mean?What does this mean?
More tags and more speed will require data rates exceeding the current limitations allowed by currently available bandwidth
Additional efforts spend for new spectrum 400 kHz transmit channel width 1.2 MHz channel spacing DRM for 640 kHz Miller sub-carrier for 160 kbps 4 W ERP might be possible 915 – 921 MHz band
Source: ETSI EN 102 649-2
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Proposal for Europe’s future in Proposal for Europe’s future in UHF RFID RegulationsUHF RFID Regulations
Source: ETSI EN 102 649-2
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Planned future data ratesPlanned future data ratesDifferent tag detectedDifferent tag detected
Example: 600 tags simulated
Different Tags Detected (of total 600)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2m/s 4m/s 6m/s
Pallet Velocity
Det
ecti
on
s
25µs/80kbps
12.5µs/160kbps
Performance limit:3-times all tags detectedOnce 2 of 600 tags lost
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Planned future data ratesPlanned future data ratesAnticollision rateAnticollision rate
Anticollision Rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2m/s 4m/s 6m/s
Pallet Velocity
Det
ecti
on
s/s
25µs/80kbps
12.5µs/160kbps
Data rate: x 2.0Anticollision rate: x 1.8Data rate: x 2.0Anticollision rate: x 1.8
Example: 600 tags simulated
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Development of RFID Performance in Development of RFID Performance in Europe influenced through Europe influenced through regulationsregulations
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
2001 2004 2008 2014
0%
1000%
2000%
3000%
4000%
5000%
6000%
7000%
8000%
9000%
10000%
Range
Data rate
Systems
Infinite number of systems due to 4 channel plan in combination with DRM (Dense Reader Mode)
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New European band might bring New European band might bring global UHF RFID bands closer global UHF RFID bands closer togethertogether
Source: ETSI EN 102 649-2
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Adopters of European 4-channel Adopters of European 4-channel planplan
European CEPT countries adoption to be finished by end of 2009
Japan: 2 channels Korea: 4 channels under discussion South Africa: fully adopted
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Conclusion Conclusion Recommended UHF RFID regulationsRecommended UHF RFID regulations
Power for communication range (2 W ERP, 4 W EIRP)
Transmit bandwidth for data rate (200 kHz channels, min. 2 transmit channels to have alternative channel)
DRM for multiple systems in a close environment
Spectrum for tag response shall allow DRM (200 kHz, 300 kHz or higher Miller subcarrier)Requires gap between two transmit channles
No LbT
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