Cisco SYSTEMS
Cisco Networking Academy Program
Fundamentals of Voice and Data CablingCompanion Guide
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Networking Academy Program
Cisco Press
201 West 103 rd Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46290 USA
www.ciscopress.com
VIM
Table of Contents
Foreword xxviii
Introduction xxix
Part I Industry and Networking Overview 3
Chapter 1 Cabling and Safety Overview 5
Introduction to Cabling 6History of Communications 6Concepts of Analog Telephony 9Analog Telephony Cabling 9Computer Cabling History 11Emerging Cabling Technologies 12The Relationship Between High-Quality Cabling andCabling Costs 14
The Cabling Job Market 16Entry-Level Positions 16Management Opportunities 18Specialized Positions 20Licensed Electricians 21Education to Benefit Career Goals 22Americans with Disabilities Act 23
Safety Codes and Standards for the United States 24Occupational Safety 25OSHA Rules 25Underwriters Laboratories Inc 26National Electrical Code 27Environmental Safety 29Local, State, and National Building Codes 29
International Safety Codes and Standards 29Occupational Safety 30Other Safety Standards and Organizations 30
Safety Around Electricity 30High Voltage 31Lightning and High-Voltage Danger 32High-Voltage Safety Test 33Grounding 34What Is Bonding? 36
IX
Grounding and Bonding Standards 37Wire Separations 38Cutting and Drilling 39Electrostatic Discharge 39
Lab and Workplace Safety Practices 40General Safety Tips 41Workplace Safety 42Hazardous Environments 43Proper Use of Ladders 43Fiber-Optic Cable Safety Considerations 45First-Aid Kit Supplies 46Fire Extinguisher Use 46Injury Prevention 48
Personal Safety Equipment 48Work Clothes 49Eye Protection 49Hearing Protection 50Respiratory Protection 51Hand Protection 52Hard Hat Use 52Back Support Belts 53
Summary 53
Key Terms 54
Check Your Understanding 55
Chapter 2 Introduction to Networking 61
What Is a Network? 61Where Did Networks Come From? 63Goals of Networking 64Benefits of Networking 64The Role of Cabling in Networking 66Server Location Issues 67Types of Networks 68Other Characteristics of Networking 71
Network Topologies 72What Are Topologies? 72
OSI Model Overview 81Advantages and Use of the OSI Model 82The Seven Layers of the OSI Model 82
Physical Layer Functions 84Repeaters 85Hubs 86The Effect of Wiring Errors 87
Data Link Layer Functions 88Bridges 89Switches 90
Network Layer Functions 92
Transport Layer Functions 94
Session Layer Functions 95
Presentation Layer Functions 96
Application Layer Functions 97
Summary 98
Key Terms 100
Check Your Understanding 100
Part II Media and Transmission Practices 105
Chapter 3 Signals and Wires 107
Signal Transmission 107Electrical Signals 108Optical Signals 109Wireless Signals 110Signal Distortion and Degradation 112Other Losses 119
The Basics of Electrical Signals 120What Causes Current? 121Static Electricity 122Wires Conduct Current 123
Direct Current 123Ohm's Law 124Power Equals Capacity for Work 126Decibels 126Current and Magnetism 127Power and Other Electrical Considerations 128
XI
Alternating Current 129Alternating Current and Magnetism 131Transformers and Other Electrical Considerations 131Inductance 132Capacitance 132Impedance Matching 133AC Skin Effect 134
Electronic Characteristics of Cables 134Analog Versus Digital 135Cable Construction 136Grounding and Bonding 137Grounding Techniques 139Safety Ground Connection Problems 140The Telecommunications Grounding System 140Grounding Problems in Large Structures 142Service Entrance Protection Equipment 142Avoiding Dangerous Circuits Between Buildings 145
Optical Theory 146Photons and Light Waves 146Refraction 147Free-Space Optical Communication 148
Wireless Systems Theory 149Antennas 149
Signals on Networks 152Bandwidth 152Telephony-Based Communications 154Baseband 155X-Base Notation 156Broadband 157Cable TV and Broadband Networking 157DOCSIS 158Telephony and Broadband Networking 159
Digital Subscriber Line Systems 160The Asymmetrical Nature of DSL 162Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers 163The Future of DSL 164
XII
High-Bandwidth and Backbone Signals 165ISDN 165B-ISDN 166T-Carrier and E-Carrier Systems 168FDDI 169SONET 170Asynchronous Transfer Mode 171
Summary 171
Key Terms 173
Check Your Understanding 175
Chapter 4 Copper Media 179
Copper Cable Basics 180Solid Versus Stranded Wire 181Cable Insulation 183How Cables Are Made 183Codes and Standards 185Cable Plant 187
Twisted-Pair Cables and Terminations 187Wire Grades 189Underwriters Laboratories' Ratings Systems 194IBM Wire Ratings, IBM Cabling SystemTechnical Summary 195
The Anixter System 196
Twisted-Pair Cable Fundamentals 196Cancellation Effect 197Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable 198Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable 199Color Codes 201ANSI/TIA/EIA T568A and T568B Standards 202
Other Twisted-Pair Configurations 203Multipair Cables 204Color Codes for 25-Pair Cables 205Color Code Binders for High-Pair-Count Cables 206
Coaxial Cable 207How Coaxial Cable Works 209Balanced Versus Unbalanced Circuits 210ThickNet Cable 211ThinNet Cable 212
XIII
Video 213Radio Frequencies 214Baseband Versus Broadband 216
Outside Plant Cables 217Exterior Cabling Concerns 218Bonding and Grounding 218Filling Compounds 220
Summary 221
Key Terms 222
Check Your Understanding 223
Chapter 5 Fiber-Optic Media 227
Fiber-Optic Cables 227How Fiber Optics Work 228Single-Mode Versus Multimode Cable 230
Fiber-Optic Enclosures 233
Advantages and Disadvantages 235Electromagnetic Immunity 235Security Considerations 236Decreased Attenuation and IncreasedTransmission Distance 236
Increased Bandwidth Potential 237Size and Weight Considerations 238Cost Considerations 238Disadvantages 239
Construction 240How Fiber Is Created 240Fiber Types 242Loose-Tube and Tight-Buffered Designs 242Common Cable Configurations 245
Transmission 251Light Waves 251Reflection 252Critical Angle 253Refraction 254Refractive Index 255Transmitter 256Optical Receiver 256Multiplexing 257
XIV
Connectors 260ST Connectors 263SC Connectors 263
Testing Fiber-Optic Cables 264Preinstallation Testing 264Installation Testing 266Optical Time Domain Reflectometers 267Optical Cable Certification 268Optical Fiber Maintenance 268
Summary 269
Key Terms 270
Check Your Understanding 271
Part III Installation Theory 275
Chapter 6 Cabling Standards 277
Introduction to Cabling Standards and Codes 277
What Are Codes? 278The Role of Codes 278What Are Standards? 279Adhering to Standards 280Evolution of Cabling Standards 280History of Transition from Vendor to Industry Standards . . .282What Are International, National, and Local Standards?. . . .282
Worldwide Standards Organizations 283International Organization for Standardization 283Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 285ATM Forum 290Other Organizations 291
U.S. Codes 293National Fire Protection Agency 293National Electrical Code 294Underwriters Laboratories 300Occupational Safety and Health Administration 304Environmental Protection Agency 305Network Equipment Building System 305Building Codes 306State Codes 308Local Codes 308
XV
U.S. Standards 310American National Standards Institute 310Telecommunications Industry Association andElectronic Industries Alliance 311
ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards 313Other ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards 316
Canadian Standards 316Canadian Electrical Code 316Canadian Standards Association 317
Australian and New Zealand Standards 318AS/ACIF S008 319AS/ACIF S009 319
National Standards from Around the World 320Japanese Industrial Standards Committee 321
European Standards 321European Commission Standards 322European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization . . 322
Evolution of Standards 323Standards Changes 324Cable Changes 325Category 6 and 7 Cable 327
Summary 328
Key Terms 329
Check Your Understanding 330
Chapter 7 Structured Cabling 335
Structured Cabling Systems 335The Need for Structured Cabling Systems 336Rules of Structured Cabling 337Subsystems of Structured Cabling 338Scalability 338Labeling Cable 342Removal of Cable 345TIA/EIA Standards 346
Demarcation Point 346Demarcation Point Space 348
XVI
Telecommunications and Equipment Rooms 349Locating Telecommunications Rooms 350Work Areas 351Wiring Densities 352Mounting Equipment 353Telecommunications Grounding Busbars 354Doors and Locks 355Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Specifications 355Lighting 356Temperature and Humidity 357
Telecommunications Room Equipment 357Cable Management 358Equipment Racks 360Alternative Floor and Ceiling Options 362Wall Field 363Cross-Connect Cables 364Patch Cords 364Crossover Cables 365Straight-Through Cables 366Rollover Cables 367
MCs, ICs, and HCs 367Main Cross-Connects 368Intermediate Cross-Connects 370Horizontal Cross-Connects 371Connecting the MC to the ICs and HCs 371Backbone Cabling Systems 373Fiber-Optic Backbone 375Multipair Copper Cables 375Bundled 4-Pair Backbone Cables 376
Work-Area Cabling 376Work Areas 377Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet Assemblies 378Consolidation Points 378Work-Area Outlets 379
Summary 380
Key Terms 381
Check Your Understanding 382
Chapter 8 Tools of the Trade 385
Tools of the Trade 385Cable Casters and Fish Tape 386Labeling Systems 387Stripping and Cutting Tools 388Termination Tools 390Splicing Tools 391Crimping Tools 393Diagnostic Tools—Cable Testers 394Diagnostic Tools—Certification Meters 395Diagnostic Tools—Multimeters 396Diagnostic Tools—Voltage Sensors 396Diagnostic Tools—Tone-and-Probe Sets 396Diagnostic Tools—Telephone Test Set 398Diagnostic Tools—Metal and Wood Sensors 399Diagnostic Tools—Wire Finders 399Other Tools 400
Tools Usage and Material Handling 401Safe and Effective Use of Tools 402Hazardous Materials and Material Safety Data Sheets 402Repetitive Strain Injury 403
Professionalism 404Professional Appearance and Demeanor 405Customer Relations and Communication Skills 405Working Effectively in a Group Environment 405Ethics 406
Summary 406
Key Terms 407
Check Your Understanding 408
Part IV Practical Installation 413
Chapter 9 Cable Installation Process 415
The Installation Process 415
Requests for Proposals 417Finding Requests for Proposals 417RFPs Versus Requests for Quotes 419Responding to Requests for Proposals 419
XVIII
Prebid Meeting and Bid Creation 420Prebid Meeting 421Writing the Bid 421Bid Elements 422Customer Review 422Follow-Up 423
Requirements Gathering 423Site Survey 423Requirements Documents 425Preliminary Bill of Materials 426Notice to Proceed 427
Labor Cost Calculation 427Planning Labor Costs 427Time Line 429Checklist 430Business Costs 430Subcontractors 431Suppliers 431
Material and Labor Issues 432Cost of Materials 432Common-Practice Estimating 433Material Shortages 434Alternate Suppliers 434Labor Situations 435Insurance 435Contractors' Licenses 436
Contract Development, Negotiations, and Planning 436Writing a Contract 437Contract Elements 437Customer Review and Negotiations 440Contract Revision and Signing 440Project Planning 441Ordering Materials 442
Communication and Conflict Resolution 442Coping with Changing Conditions 443Change Orders and Punch Lists 443Issuing Liens 444
Software Tools 446Cost Calculation Tools 446
Design Document Tools 44~Installation Software 44SProject Management Software 44S
Design Documents 450
Design Documents and Construction Specifications 450Installation Icons and Symbols 45 1Blueprints 452Rough Sketches and Floor Plans 453Schematic Diagrams and Equipment Diagrams 453Construction Specifications 454As-Built Drawings 455
Summary 456
Key Terms 457
Check Your Understanding 457
Chapter 10 Cabling Rough-In 461
Rough-In Phase Basics 461Installing Cable in Buildings 462Cable Installation Team 464Securing the Work Area 465The Staging Area 466
Rough-In Support Tools 467
Cable Reels 467Cable Trees, Jack Stands, and Rollers 468Bullwheels and Quadrant Blocks 469Pulleys and Swivels 470Wire Mesh or Kellem Grips 471Raceways 4~2
Horizontal Cable Installation 473Network Distribution Cable Installation WithoutUsing Raceways 4~3
Backbone Cable Installation Without Using Raceways 476Horizontal Cable Installation in Conduits 477Pulling Cable to the Jacks 4 ""8Pulling Cable to the Telecommunications Room 4~~9Fastening Cable 4S0Horizontal Cabling Precautions 481
XX
Vertical Cable Installation 482Pulling Cable from an Upper to a Lower Floor 482Pulling Cable from a Lower to an Upper Floor 483Fastening Vertical Cables 484Vertical Cabling Precautions 486Cable Installation Tips 487
Roughing In Other Cable Types 488Aerial Cable 488Direct-Burial Cable 490Underground Cabling (In Conduit) 491Tunnels 491Special Considerations for Fiber-Optic Cable 491
Firestops 492How Fire Kills 493Cable Rating 494Firewalls 495Types of Firestop Systems 497Backfilling 498Blankets 499The Firestop Numbering System 499
Upgrades and Retrofits 500Identifying Active Circuits 501Floating Backboards 502Cutting Over 502Removing Abandoned Cable 502
Summary 503
Key Terms 504
Check Your Understanding 505
Chapter 11 Trim-Out Phase 511
The Installation Process 511Cutting Cable to Length 512Splicing Copper Cable 513Termination or Punchdown 516Cable Dressing 517Labeling Systems 517Wire Management 518Consolidation Points and MUTOAs 519
XXI
Cable Management 520Raceways 521Cable Trays 522Baskets 522Ladder Systems 524J-Hooks and Bridle Rings 524Cable Ties 525
Terminating Copper Media 526Tip and Ring 52725-Pair Color Code 5274-Pair Color Code 529Other Color Codes for Cables 529RJ-11 Jacks and Plugs 530RJ-45 Jacks and Plugs 530RJ-48 Jacks 531STP-A Plugs and Jacks 531Coaxial Cable Connectors 533Crimp-Style Connections and D-Series Connectors 53466-Blocks 535110-Blocks 536BIX and Krone Blocks 536
Terminating Fiber-Optic Cable 537Color Code for Fiber Optic 537Jumpers and Patch Cables 538Connectors 539SC Connectors 540ST Connectors 540FC Connectors 541Other Fiber-Optic Connectors 541Fiber-Optic Splicing 543
Patch Panels 545Types of Patch Cables 546Special Considerations for Cross-Connects 547Supporting Cables 547
Summary 548
Key Terms 549
Check Your Understanding 552
XXII
Chapter 12 Finish Phase 555
Testing and Troubleshooting Cable 555Conducting Performance Testing (Certification) 557Testing Before You Certify: Common Testersand Multimeters 558
Using a Time Domain Reflectometer 559Using Tone-and-Trace Tools 560Conducting Link and Channel Testing 561Testing Fiber-Optic Cable 566Testing the Ground System 567Interpreting Test Results 567Troubleshooting Copper Cable 567Troubleshooting Fiber-Optic Cable 568
Cable Certification and Documentation 569Final Dressing—Wall Plates 573Cable Documentation 574As-Built Documentation 576
Summary 578
Key Terms 579
Check Your Understanding 580
Chapter 13 Customer Support Phase 585
Cabling Project Completion 585Customer Final Walk-Through 586Final Acceptance and Sign-Off 586Warranty 586
Customer Support 587Troubleshooting 588Telephone-Based Support 589Web-Based Support 590Contact Information 591Frequently Asked Questions 592Glossary 592Electronic Forms 592
Determining Upgrade Opportunities 593Planning for Growth 594Taking Advantage of Upgrade Opportunities 595
Summary 595
Key Terms 596
Check Your Understanding 596
Part V Future of Cabling 601
Chapter 14 The Future of Cabling 603
Demand for Bandwidth 603Growing Bandwidth Requirements 604Tornado Technologies 605Storage Area Networks 606Content Networking 607Voice Over IP 609MANs and BANs 610Virtual Private Networks 610Security 611
Vertical Market Drivers and Applications 612Growth Sectors 612Service Providers 614
Emerging Network Technologies 616Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet 616Wireless LANs 617Infrared 618Cellular Technology 618Converging Voice, Data, and Video 619
Emerging Cabling Technologies 619Advanced Copper 620Fiber to the Desktop 621
Active Cable Management 622Scanning for Changes 622Security 624
Market Opportunities 624Commercial 625Institutional 625Residential 626
Summary 626
Key Terms 627
Check Your Understanding 628
XXIV
Chapter 15 Localization 633
What Is Localization? 633Local Differences 634Regional Differences 634Weather-Related Issues 635Seismic Issues 635Different Construction Techniques 636Masonry Walls 638Surface Mounting 638Terminology Differences 639Units of Measurement 641Employment 643Education and Training 644Union Membership 645Different Building Codes 646Regulation 647Customs 647
Localization Research 648Internet Search Engines 648Trade Magazines 650Standards Organizations 651
Australian and New Zealand Standards 652Australian Communications Authority 652Australian Communications Industry Forum 653National Electrical and Communications Association 655Information Industries Training Advisory Board 656Standards Australia 656Australian/New Zealand Standard 657SAA HB 29:2000 Communications Cabling Handbook 658
Japanese Standards 658Japanese Industrial Standards Committee 658JIS X5150 and ISO/IEC 11801 659Japanese Standards Association 660
European Standards 661European Commission Standards 661
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization . .661
Summary 662
Key Terms 663
Check Your Understanding 663
X X V
Part VI Appendixes 667
Appendix A BICSI Installer, Level 1 Exam FAQs 669
Appendix B Basics of Electrical Theory 681
Appendix C Answers to Check Your Understanding Review Questions . . . 695
Glossary of Key Terms 715
Index 741