CitationAnd Why We Cite our Sources

“If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants”.

Isaac Newton, Letter to Robert Hooke, February 5, 1675

Relevant

Reliable

Credible

Supported

Up to date where necessary

(authorship and publisher details)

Academic, peer-reviewed

Good Quality Resources

A Citation is a passage or phrase quoted within your text which is supported with evidence of its source. A Reference is a detailed description of the source.

information about the author the title of the work the name and location of the company that published your

copy of the source the date your copy was published the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

What is Citation?

From

another

Words and

sentences

Compiled

statistics

Groups of facts

theories

concepts

ideas

Why we cite sources (1)

Copying or forgetting to

cite

= Plagiarism

Direct quotes, both entire sentences and phrases

Paraphrases (rephrased or summarized material)

Words or terminology specific to or unique to the author's research, theories, or ideas

Use of an author's argument or line of thinking

Historical, statistical, or scientific facts

Graphs, drawings, or other such aggregations of information or data

Articles or studies you refer to within your text

You need to document……

Proverbs, axioms, and sayings ("A stitch in time saves nine.")

Well-known quotations ("Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.")

Common knowledge (Thomas Edison invented the phonograph; "Starry Night" was painted by Vincent Van Gogh; Oxygen has the atomic number 8)

You do not need to document:

It makes you work better!The process of citation requires you to judge the quality of the resources you use.

Using good quality resources to clarify and summarize information and weave it into the pattern of your own ideas allows your pattern of ideas will develop as you write and do your research.

To organize, assimilate, and recast your information in your own form makes you a thinking writer.

Remember: Using sources well in your essay is not a matter of mere mechanics; it is the art of blending source material within the context of a focused argument as you write.

It enables a good learning process.

Why We Cite Sources (2)

A References Page contains references only to the information that was directly cited in the text.

A Bibliography Page is more of a reading list—it contains references referred to in the text plus the chief publications that you consulted in a general way. You do not state specific page numbers.

You should provide both.

What’s the difference between a references page and a bibliography?

Citing from A BOOK

Authors surname, initials., Year. Full title, with subtitle if any, in italics. Edition if not 1st Edition. Place of publication: Publisher's name.

Example:

Crawford, William,1979. The Keepers of Light. A History & Working Guide to Early Photographic Processes. 3rd

Ed. New York: Morgan & Morgan.

Harvard Method of Citation.

An in-text reference for use of this book would read:

Chemical properties have been known to differ (Crawford, 1979) where …..ORCrawford(1979) asserted that chemical properties…...OR“Chemical Properties have been known to differ…” (Crawford 1979)

Books

Authors name in reverse. Year. Title of Article. Full title of journal in italics, Volume/issue/part number, page numbers.

Example:

Senthilingam, Meera. 2014. Every Last Trace. How do you wipe a disease off the face of the planet? New Scientist, No.2973 14 June 2014, pg 38-41.

Magazine or Journal Article

Authorship or Source, Year, Title of web document or webpage,(type of medium)(date of update if available)Available at: website address /URL(Accessed date)

Example:

Anglia Ruskin University, 2014, Harvard System of Referencing (Online)(1o February 2014)Available at http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm (2October 2014.

INTERNET RESOURCES(Websites)

An in-text reference for this webpage article would look like this:

Research shows that Harvard referencing is generally preferred (Anglia Ruskin University, 2014) when citing for the extended project qualification or for under-graduate work …..

Websites

Articles by more than one author

Newspaper Articles

Internet Images

Videos/DVDs

Personal Communication (conversation)

E-Mail

Letters

E-RESOURCES

Other Sources

E-Resources

from the very beginning

Create a Bibliography as you go along.

Record everything.

Keep dates of visits to websites

Using a variety of sources creates the basis for a strong piece of analysis.

Remember…..