Date post: | 15-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | kristian-barber |
View: | 215 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Cities, Tenements, and Cities, Tenements, and ReformReform
Anti-ImmigrationAnti-Immigration NativistsNativists
Ppl in US before Ppl in US before Immigrants.Immigrants.
Against immigrantsAgainst immigrants Thought immigrants took Thought immigrants took
jobs jobs Tried to stop/limit Tried to stop/limit
immigration. immigration. Led to organizations & Led to organizations &
gov’t. laws against gov’t. laws against immigrationimmigration
Many would not hire Many would not hire certain people.certain people.
1881 law - need $ to 1881 law - need $ to move to USmove to US
Chinese Exclusion Act Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 1882 ends Chinese ends Chinese
immigrationimmigration Quota systemQuota system
19221922 Certain # of immigrants Certain # of immigrants
from each country.from each country. Countries favored over Countries favored over
others.others.
Anti-ImmigrationAnti-Immigration
CitiesCities Grew largeGrew large
Ppl move to cities.Ppl move to cities. Farm tech. – less workers.Farm tech. – less workers. Free AA.Free AA.
ImmigrantsImmigrants no $ to move west or buy no $ to move west or buy
land in countryland in country JobsJobs Cheap housingCheap housing
1865-1900 = pop. doubled.1865-1900 = pop. doubled. started growing upward -started growing upward -
skyscrapers. skyscrapers. called melting pots called melting pots
Ppl of different cultures Ppl of different cultures mixed together. mixed together.
Culture spread.Culture spread.
skyscrapers
Migration Within the United States Migration Within the United States
CitiesCities
Immigrants from same Immigrants from same countries lived in ethnic countries lived in ethnic neighborhoods neighborhoods
Little ItalyLittle Italy ChinatownChinatown Jewish “Lower East Side”Jewish “Lower East Side”
Called Called Italian-Amer., Italian-Amer., Chinese-Amer.Chinese-Amer.
Quote on Changing CitiesQuote on Changing Cities
““Noise, traffic jams, slums, air pollution, and Noise, traffic jams, slums, air pollution, and sanitation and health problems became sanitation and health problems became commonplace. Mass transit, in the form of commonplace. Mass transit, in the form of trolleys, cable cars, and subways, was built, trolleys, cable cars, and subways, was built, and skyscrapers began to dominate city and skyscrapers began to dominate city skylines. New communities, known as skylines. New communities, known as suburbs, began to be built just beyond the city. suburbs, began to be built just beyond the city. Commuters, those who lived in the suburbs Commuters, those who lived in the suburbs and traveled in and out of the city for work, and traveled in and out of the city for work, began to increase in number”.began to increase in number”.
City Problems As cities grew, problems & diseases spread… Housing: overcrowded, unsafe. Sanitation: garbage, waste,
pollution. Transportation: no public
trans. Water: not filtered Crime: no police. Fire: Limited water, wooden
structures, candles Chicago 1871 San Francisco 1906
TenementsTenements Immigrant housingImmigrant housing families would cram into families would cram into
spaces meant for 1 family.spaces meant for 1 family. raw sewage & garbage in raw sewage & garbage in
streets.streets. DiseasesDiseases Called ghettos/slums.Called ghettos/slums. Most were….Most were….
Very small.Very small. no windows/ventilation.no windows/ventilation. No water or bathrooms No water or bathrooms
(outside & shared)(outside & shared) Dumbbell shapeDumbbell shape
Tenement housing in New York City.
In NYC, in one district of tenements, six In NYC, in one district of tenements, six out of ten babies died before their first out of ten babies died before their first birthday.birthday.
A typical TenementA typical Tenement a building that has 4-6 stories. a building that has 4-6 stories. a number of families or tenants living together. a number of families or tenants living together. each apartment has 3 rooms (the living or front room, the each apartment has 3 rooms (the living or front room, the
kitchen, and a small bedroom). kitchen, and a small bedroom). dimensions of the rooms are as follows: living room is 11' x dimensions of the rooms are as follows: living room is 11' x
12' 6", bedroom is 8' 6" square, and the kitchen is 12' x 10' 12' 6", bedroom is 8' 6" square, and the kitchen is 12' x 10' square. square.
no toilet/shower/bath no toilet/shower/bath bathrooms located in rear yard bathrooms located in rear yard fireplace in the kitchen fireplace in the kitchen no water available inside the building no water available inside the building no electricityno electricity
TenementsTenements Early tenements had very dark hallways as lighting was only Early tenements had very dark hallways as lighting was only
from a sky light and/or glass transoms in apartment doors. from a sky light and/or glass transoms in apartment doors. Even the air shaft next to the stairway did not substantially Even the air shaft next to the stairway did not substantially increase the light and air in the tenement hallways. It wasn't increase the light and air in the tenement hallways. It wasn't until the Tenement act of 1901 that lighting was required in until the Tenement act of 1901 that lighting was required in halls. Gas lighting was initially installed but electric lighting halls. Gas lighting was initially installed but electric lighting followed quickly behind. followed quickly behind.
Structurally New York City tenements were generally of two Structurally New York City tenements were generally of two types: - smaller houses of three or four floors that may have types: - smaller houses of three or four floors that may have originally been one family and were converted into three or originally been one family and were converted into three or four family dwellings - larger buildings constructed as four family dwellings - larger buildings constructed as tenements that were typically five or six floors with four tenements that were typically five or six floors with four families to a floor. families to a floor.
TenementsTenements life inside tenement housing was not easy. There was no life inside tenement housing was not easy. There was no
running water within the building and no electricity; the running water within the building and no electricity; the bathroom was in the rear yard, and there were no baths bathroom was in the rear yard, and there were no baths or showers. (This was true of all tenement buildings or showers. (This was true of all tenement buildings built before the 1901 Tenement Housing Act. )built before the 1901 Tenement Housing Act. )
In the oldest and poorest tenements water had to be In the oldest and poorest tenements water had to be obtained from an outside pump, frequently frozen in obtained from an outside pump, frequently frozen in winter. Later buildings generally had a sink and water winter. Later buildings generally had a sink and water closet in the hall on each floor. Newer and better class closet in the hall on each floor. Newer and better class tenements had sinks in the kitchen. They were all "cold tenements had sinks in the kitchen. They were all "cold water". Water for washing dishes and clothes and for water". Water for washing dishes and clothes and for taking baths was heated on the stove.taking baths was heated on the stove.
TenementsTenements
A typical tenement house on the corner of Ontario and Monroe streets in Toledo, Ohio.
TenementsTenements
Look inside a TenementLook inside a Tenement 97 Orchard Street was completely boarded up from 1935 through 1987. 97 Orchard Street was completely boarded up from 1935 through 1987.
When the building was finally opened, everything found inside was exactly When the building was finally opened, everything found inside was exactly as it had been left when the tenement was sealed. During the recent as it had been left when the tenement was sealed. During the recent restoration, over 1,500 artifacts were found in the building, including restoration, over 1,500 artifacts were found in the building, including kitchenware, toys, cosmetic products, documents, soda, medicinal and milk kitchenware, toys, cosmetic products, documents, soda, medicinal and milk bottles, letters, newspapers, buttons, old coins, fabric scraps, etc. Many of bottles, letters, newspapers, buttons, old coins, fabric scraps, etc. Many of these objects were actually found underneath the floorboards and inside these objects were actually found underneath the floorboards and inside mailboxes.mailboxes.
Have students access the "Excavation" section of WNET's Lower East Side Have students access the "Excavation" section of WNET's Lower East Side Tenement Museum site. Look for a variety of objects found under the Tenement Museum site. Look for a variety of objects found under the floorboards. Using the Hidden Floorboard Object Questions and Answers floorboards. Using the Hidden Floorboard Object Questions and Answers worksheet, Describe the ten objects found. You can also view the worksheet, Describe the ten objects found. You can also view the different layers of wallpaper that were found at the site.different layers of wallpaper that were found at the site.
Working Working ConditionsConditions
Long days (12-13 hrs)Long days (12-13 hrs) Little pay Little pay 60-80 hrs per wk60-80 hrs per wk 6 days per wk6 days per wk dark, dirty, unsafe.dark, dirty, unsafe. fired easilyfired easily
Hurt Hurt SickSick Want more payWant more pay
A group of A group of boys after a boys after a 10-12 hour 10-12 hour shift in the shift in the factory.factory.
***Homestead strike***Homestead strike
Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike Carnegie Steel -PACarnegie Steel -PA Pay would be cut.Pay would be cut. Workers went on strikeWorkers went on strike Fence put up, new workers hired, guards.Fence put up, new workers hired, guards. Bloody fight many killed.Bloody fight many killed. Pinkertons (hired troops) vs. workers.Pinkertons (hired troops) vs. workers. Workers arrested, fired, needed new jobs.Workers arrested, fired, needed new jobs. Could not get hired, lower pay.Could not get hired, lower pay.
Henry Frick tried to cut workers wages at Carnegie Steel in the summer of 1892 while Andrew Carnegie was in Europe.
Henry Frick Carnegie Steel Andrew Carnegie
The Union at the Carnegie plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, called a strike.
On July 5th 300 Pinkerton’s moved up the Monongahela River on barges. In a shootout with strikers, several people died and many were wounded.
Frick had a plan for defeating the Union. July 1st He called in the Pinkertons, which is a private police force, known for their ability to break strikes.
On November 20, the Homestead Strike was called off.
*****The Triangle Fire*****The Triangle Fire Worst factory fire in New Worst factory fire in New
York historyYork history Occurred on March 25, 1911 Occurred on March 25, 1911
around 4:45- the last fifteen around 4:45- the last fifteen minutes of the work dayminutes of the work day
In a garment factory.In a garment factory. Led to better working and Led to better working and
safety conditions in factory.safety conditions in factory. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
occupied the top 3 floors of occupied the top 3 floors of the buildingthe building
The ninth floor had only two doors leading out. One stairwell was already filling with smoke and flames by the time the seamstresses realized the building was ablaze. The other door had been locked, to prevent workers from stealing materials or taking breaks and to keep out union organizers.
Fire fighters arrived soon after the alarm was sounded but ladders only reached the 6th floor and pumps could not raise water to the highest floors of the 10-story building. Still the fire was quickly controlled and was essentially extinguished in half an hour. In this fire-proof building, 146 men, women, and children lost their lives and many others were seriously injured.
Realizing there was no other way to avoid the flames, sixty-two of the women broke Realizing there was no other way to avoid the flames, sixty-two of the women broke windows and jumped to the pavement nine floors below. Others pried open the elevator windows and jumped to the pavement nine floors below. Others pried open the elevator doors and tumbled down the elevator shaft. Of the jumpers, a single survivor was found doors and tumbled down the elevator shaft. Of the jumpers, a single survivor was found close to drowning in water collecting in the elevator shaft. The fallen bodies and falling close to drowning in water collecting in the elevator shaft. The fallen bodies and falling victims made it difficult for the fire department to reach the building.victims made it difficult for the fire department to reach the building.The remainder waited until smoke and fire overcame them. The fire department arrived The remainder waited until smoke and fire overcame them. The fire department arrived quickly but was unable to stop the flames, as there were no ladders available that could quickly but was unable to stop the flames, as there were no ladders available that could reach beyond the sixth floor. reach beyond the sixth floor.
The Triangle The Triangle FireFire
Twisted fire escapeTwisted fire escape there was only one in there was only one in
the entire buildingthe entire building under the weight of our under the weight of our
the women, the fire the women, the fire escape broke, plunging escape broke, plunging dozens to their death 80 dozens to their death 80 feet belowfeet below
The 240 employees sewing shirtwaists on the ninth floor had their escape blocked by back-to-back chairs and workbaskets in the aisles. The 75-foot long paired sewing machine tables obstructed essential access to the windows, stairs, and elevators.
Inside of the factory after the fireInside of the factory after the fire
The Weight of the Falling BodiesThe Weight of the Falling Bodies Identifying the Burnt BodiesIdentifying the Burnt BodiesJumping Out of the window caused after the fire. Many girls Jumping Out of the window caused after the fire. Many girls holes in the sidewalk like thisholes in the sidewalk like this could only be identified by could only be identified by
their engagement ringstheir engagement rings
For endless hours, police officers held lanterns to light the bodies while crowds filed past victims laid out in numbered rough brown coffins. As the dead were identified the coffin was closed and moved aside. Forty-three were identified by sunrise on Sunday. Six days later 7 were still unrecognized.
Broken Bodies Lying on the Broken Bodies Lying on the SidewalkSidewalk
The Aftermath of the FireThe Aftermath of the Fire
This couple had just This couple had just identified their daughter identified their daughter among the victimsamong the victims
In all 146 men and In all 146 men and women lost their lives women lost their lives in the fire, the youngest in the fire, the youngest being 11. being 11.
Picture taken after clean up began on the ninth floor.
Results of the Triangle Results of the Triangle FireFire
Thousands of women Thousands of women mourn the loss of the mourn the loss of the victims of the firevictims of the fire
Fire Prevention and Fire Prevention and inspections of factories inspections of factories becomes routine and the becomes routine and the horrors of the garment horrors of the garment industry is reformed industry is reformed nationwide as a result.nationwide as a result.
Firefighters returned the few belongings they could find.
The company's owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, had fled to the building's roof when the fire began and survived. They were later put on trial, at which Max Steuer, counsel for the defendants, managed to destroy the credibility of one of the survivors, Kate Alterman, by asking her to repeat her testimony a number of times — which she did, without altering a single word. Steuer argued to the jury that Alterman and probably other witnesses had memorized their statements and might even have been told what to say by the prosecutors. The defense also stressed that the prosecution had failed to prove that the owners knew the exit doors were locked at the time in question. The jury acquitted the owners. However, they lost a subsequent civil suit in 1913, and plaintiffs won compensation in the amount of $75 per deceased victim.
Video and List of Fire VictimsVideo and List of Fire Victims
List of Fire VictimsList of Fire Victims http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/
triangle/trianglevictims2.htmltriangle/trianglevictims2.html
Triangle Shirtwaist fireTriangle Shirtwaist fire http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?
bcpid=1184539009&bclid=1221908710&bctid=12bcpid=1184539009&bclid=1221908710&bctid=120989245809892458
Gov’t & BusinessGov’t & Business
Big Businesses Bribed gov’t. officials (corrupt)
People wanted change (Progressivism) Pay Working conditions Labor laws Monopoly laws
Workers formed unionsWorkers formed unions For better pay/conditionsFor better pay/conditions strikesstrikes BlacklistedBlacklisted Won & lost Won & lost 1 worker = no change1 worker = no change many workers = change many workers = change
Carnegie – steel
Muckracker – works to clean up Muckracker – works to clean up things.things.
Jacob Riis Photographer. Living cond. started movement to build parks and started movement to build parks and
playgrounds. playgrounds.
Social Gospel Movement Salvation Army.
Upton Sinclair Author The Jungle Meat factory cond.
Jane Addams Hull House Gave rooms, classes, health care,
services
Reformers
Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements
Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements
Words by Jacob RiisWords by Jacob Riis
““Be careful.” The hall is dark and you might Be careful.” The hall is dark and you might fall over the children pitching pennies there. fall over the children pitching pennies there. Not that it would hurt them. They get kicks Not that it would hurt them. They get kicks and slaps every day. They don’t have much and slaps every day. They don’t have much else. That woman you just bumped into was else. That woman you just bumped into was filling her buckets from the outside hydrants. filling her buckets from the outside hydrants. The people who live here have Everyone on The people who live here have Everyone on the floor uses one sink. In summer, the terrible the floor uses one sink. In summer, the terrible smells from the sinks poison everyone.”smells from the sinks poison everyone.”
When Upton Sinclair heard this he When Upton Sinclair heard this he was sick!was sick!
““mary had a little lamb mary had a little lamb
when she saw it sickenwhen she saw it sicken
she shipped it off to packingtown she shipped it off to packingtown
now its labeled chicken”now its labeled chicken”
Packingtown - Packingtown - stockyards of Chicago were stockyards of Chicago were animals were killed there, packaged and sent animals were killed there, packaged and sent around county for meataround county for meat
Upton Sinclair – The JungleUpton Sinclair – The Jungle 19061906 Led to reform/regulations in meat packing/food Led to reform/regulations in meat packing/food
industry.industry. Hoped ppl would be so appalled they would do Hoped ppl would be so appalled they would do
something! something! Led to Teddy Roosevelt and congress passing Led to Teddy Roosevelt and congress passing
The Pure food and drug act . The Pure food and drug act .
Meat Factory conditions Meat Factory conditions
ConditionsConditions no place for workers to wash hands – used sausage water.no place for workers to wash hands – used sausage water. Spoiled meat was canned or put in sausageSpoiled meat was canned or put in sausage Old sausage was doused with chemicals and reused.Old sausage was doused with chemicals and reused. sick animals killed next to healthy ones sick animals killed next to healthy ones workers spat on the floor workers spat on the floor rotting meat was scooped up with the remain dead rats rotting meat was scooped up with the remain dead rats
and pieces of rope and wood. made into suasage and and pieces of rope and wood. made into suasage and canned ham. canned ham.
pickle juices in spoiled sausage to hide the smells. pickle juices in spoiled sausage to hide the smells. health inspectors took bribes to overlook conditions.health inspectors took bribes to overlook conditions.
Words from Upton SinclairWords from Upton Sinclair
Said – “ I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident Said – “ I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.” I hit it in the stomach.”
““It was a nasty job killing these sick cows,for It was a nasty job killing these sick cows,for when you plunged your knife into them they when you plunged your knife into them they would burst and splash foul smelling stuff into would burst and splash foul smelling stuff into your face…. It was enough to make anybody your face…. It was enough to make anybody sick to think people had to eat such stuff as sick to think people had to eat such stuff as this. But they must be eating it - for the this. But they must be eating it - for the canners were going on preparing it, year after canners were going on preparing it, year after year.”year.”
CreatedCreated Things were created…Things were created…
SchoolsSchools FreeFree Laws required to attend.Laws required to attend. Everyone learned English.Everyone learned English. Colleges formedColleges formed
Company Towns Company Towns Towns for workers by BusinessesTowns for workers by Businesses
National ParksNational Parks President Teddy Roosevelt.President Teddy Roosevelt. 150 million acres of forests.150 million acres of forests. Conserve natural resources Conserve natural resources
ReformsReforms 1616thth amendment - income tax. amendment - income tax. Prohibition – alcohol illegal.Prohibition – alcohol illegal. 1919thth amendment amendment
19201920 Women can vote.Women can vote. Suffrage – right to voteSuffrage – right to vote Susan B. Anthony – 1Susan B. Anthony – 1stst women to vote. women to vote.
1515thth amendment amendment 18701870 All males can vote.All males can vote.
Civil service act Civil service act must take test for gov’t jobs.must take test for gov’t jobs. 1883 1883
Secret ballotsSecret ballots Old way – colorsOld way – colors New way – closed voting booths.New way – closed voting booths.