CITIES4PEOPLE:
FROM SMART TO INTELLIGENT CITIES
's-Hertogenbosch, 20 April 2018
Paolo Veneri
Head of Territorial Analysis and Statistics Unit Regional Development Policy Division Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities
Data, definitions and tools to
support policy analysis: an
international perspective
2
1. The EC-OECD city definition
2. The OECD Metropolitan databases
3. Evidence on OECD cities
OUTLINE
Many cities do not match their respective administrative boundaries
Source: OECD calculations based on population density disaggregated with Corine Land Cover.
Why do we need a harmonised definition of cities?
• To make sound comparisons of city indicators (i.e. SDG 11)
• To answer questions such as:
– How many cities are there in a specific country?
– Is Istanbul bigger than Paris?
– Is a specific city growing or shrinking?
– Is the growth of cities occurring in the centres or in the suburban areas (i.e. commuting zones)?
• To improve urban investments and development strategies
The concept of functional urban area (FUA)
Urban centre
Commuting zone
Functional urban area
How to define functional urban areas: 1. Identification of densely inhabited and large places (urban centres or cores).
2. Definition of the commuting zone (hinterland) linked by commuting flows to the
city centre.
3. The sum of urban centre and surrounding commuting zone is the functional urban area
A map of French FUAs
• In France our method allows us to identify 83 FUAs
• Total population in
2011 ranges from 85,000 to 11.7 million (Paris)
• 65% of French population live in FUAs (Paris represents 19%)
Where do population growth in FUAs? The most common trend is suburbanisation, but exceptions are observed
Population growth rate in city core and in their commuting zones (2000-11)
Metropolitan database
(for those FUAs above 500 000 inhabitants)
- Population (level and growth) - Population density - Population by age
- Total Area - Urbanised area (share &
change) - Polycentricity - Concentration of population in
core areas - Sprawl index
- Local units - Local units in core area - Territorial fragmentation
- GDP per capita - GDP per worker - Disposable income - Gini index of disposable income - Patents application - Employment dynamics (Orbis)
- Employment (level and change) - Employment rate - Labour force (level and change) - Unempl. (level and change) - Unempl. rate - Participation rate - Income segregation
- Air pollution - CO2 emissions per capita - Co2 emissions from transport
and energy sector
Demographic Urban form Territorial organisation
Labour market/Social Environmental Economic and innovation
9
Cities represent an important part of GDP
and employment
Source: Regions at a Glance, 2016
281 metro areas in 30 countries concentrate 49% of population and generate 57% of GDP and 51% of employment
Per cent of population, GDP and employment in OECD metropolitan areas
10 Source: Brezzi and Sanchez-Serra (2014)
Air quality in cities: PM2.5 exposure in 2013
Where to find the metropolitan database?
- OECD.Stat http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Datasetcode=CITIES
- Metropolitan explorer http://measuringurban.oecd.org/
On average, household incomes are 18% higher in
metropolitan areas than elsewhere
12
Metropolitan vs. non metropolitan household disposable income ratio by country
per equivalent household; 2014 or latest available year
Source: OECD (2016) Making cities work for all; OECD Publishing, Paris.
But in many countries cities are also more
unequal
13
Gini coefficients for household income in metropolitan areas, circa 2014
Metropolitan areas with minimum and maximum Gini coefficients, by country
Calgary Miami
Tux tla Gutiérrez
Brussels
Santiago
Paris
BariMalmö
GrazCopenhagen
Oslo
Québec
Albany
Rey nosa
Gent
Concepción
Saint-Etienne
Catania GöteborgLinz
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
CAN (11) USA (70) MEX (33) BEL (4) CHL (3) FRA (15) ITA (11) SWE (3) AUT (3) DNK (1) NOR (1)
Gin
i coeffi
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for
hous
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isposa
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inco
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Country (No. of metropolitan areas)
Maximum Minimum Country average
Regions at a Glance
• Publication (English): http://www.oecd.org/regional/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-19990057.htm
• Databases:
Metropolitan Areas Database http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?Datasetcode=CITIES
Regional Database http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=REGION_DEMOGR
• Data Visualisation:
Metropolitan explorer http://measuringurban.oecd.org
Regional well-being: http://www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org
Making cities work for all
• Full publication (English): https://www.oecd.org/gov/making-cities-work-for-all-9789264263260-en.htm
• Policy Highlights (available in English, French and Spanish): http://www.oecd.org/gov/making-cities-work-for-all-policy-brief-en.pdf
Well-being in Danish cities
• Publication (English): http://www.oecd.org/fr/publications/well-being-in-danish-cities-
9789264265240-en.htm
Thank you! [email protected]
