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Citrus

ContentsArticlesMain article 1

Citrus 1

Important species 11

Citron 11Key lime 18Mandarin orange 20Pomelo 24

Important hybrids 28

Bitter orange 28Grapefruit 31Lemon 38Orange 45Persian lime 65Rangpur 67Tangerine 69

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 72Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 75

Article LicensesLicense 77

1

Main article

Citrus

Citrus

Sweet Orange (Citrus × sinensis cultivar)

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Subfamily: Aurantioideae Tribe: Citreae Genus: Citrus

LinnaeusSpecies and hybrids

Important species:Citrus aurantifolia – Key limeCitrus maxima – PomeloCitrus medica – CitronCitrus reticulata – Mandarin orange

Important hybrids:Citrus × aurantium – Bitter orangeCitrus × latifolia – Persian limeCitrus × limon – LemonCitrus × limonia – RangpurCitrus × paradisi – GrapefruitCitrus × sinensis – Sweet orangeCitrus × tangerina – TangerineSee also below for other species and hybrids.

Synonyms

Citrus 2

EremocitrusMicrocitrusand see text

Citrus is a common term and genus (Citrus) of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. Citrus is believed tohave originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma) and the Yunnanprovince of China.[1] [2] [3] Citrus fruit has been cultivated in an ever-widening area since ancient times; thebest-known examples are the oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and limes.The generic name originated in Latin, where it specifically referred to the plant now known as Citron (C. medica). Itwas derived from the ancient Greek word for cedar, kεδρος (kedros). Some believe this was because HellenisticJews used the fruits of C. medica during Sukkot (Feast of the Tabernacles) in place of a cedar cone,[4] while othersstate it was due to similarities in the smell of citrus leaves and fruit with that of cedar.[5] Collectively, Citrus fruitsand plants are also known by the Romance loanword agrumes (literally "sour fruits").The taxonomy and systematics of the genus are complex and the precise number of natural species is unclear, asmany of the named species are clonally propagated hybrids, and there is genetic evidence that even some wild,true-breeding species are of hybrid origin.[6] Cultivated Citrus may be derived from as few as four ancestral species.Natural and cultivated origin hybrids include commercially important fruit such as the oranges, grapefruit, lemons,some limes, and some tangerines.Research suggests that the closely related genus Fortunella (kumquats), and perhaps also Poncirus and theAustralian Microcitrus and Eremocitrus, should be included in Citrus; most botanists now classify Microcitrus andEremocitrus as part of the genus Citrus.[7] Two additional genera: Triphasia and Clymenia are likewise very closelyrelated, and bear hesperidium fruits, but are not considered part of the Citrus genus. At least one, Clymenia, willhybridize with kumquats and some limes.

Description

Slices of various citrus fruits

These plants are large shrubs or small trees, reaching 5–15 m tall, withspiny shoots and alternately arranged evergreen leaves with an entiremargin. The flowers are solitary or in small corymbs, each flower2–4 cm diameter, with five (rarely four) white petals and numerousstamens; they are often very strongly scented. The fruit is ahesperidium, a specialised berry, globose to elongated, 4–30 cm longand 4–20 cm diameter, with a leathery rind surrounding segments or"liths" filled with pulp vesicles. The genus is commercially importantas many species are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh,pressed for juice, or preserved in marmalades and pickles.

Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, partly due to flavonoids and limonoids (which in turn are terpenes)contained in the rind, and most are juice-laden. The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid giving them theircharacteristic sharp flavour.They are also good sources of vitamin C and flavonoids. The flavonoids include various flavanones and flavones.[8]

Citrus 3

CultivationFurther information: Citrus production

Persian Limes in a grocery store.

Citrus trees hybridise very readily – depending on the pollen source,plants grown from a Persian Lime's seeds can produce fruit similar tograpefruit. Thus all commercial citrus cultivation uses trees producedby grafting the desired fruiting cultivars onto rootstocks selected fordisease resistance and hardiness.

The colour of citrus fruits only develops in climates with a (diurnal)cool winter. In tropical regions with no winter at all, citrus fruitsremain green until maturity, hence the tropical "green oranges". ThePersian Lime in particular is extremely sensitive to cool conditions,thus it is not usually exposed to cool enough conditions to develop a

mature colour. If they are left in a cool place over winter, the fruits will change colour to yellow.

The terms "ripe" and "mature" are usually used synonymously, but they mean different things. A mature fruit is onethat has completed its growth phase. Ripening is the term used to describe the changes that occur within the fruitafter it is mature to the beginning of decay. These changes usually involve starches converting to sugars, a decreasein acids and a softening and change in the fruit's colour.[9]

Citrus fruits are non-climacteric and respiration slowly declines and the production and release of ethylene isgradual.[10] The fruits do not go through a ripening process in the sense that they become "tree ripe." Some fruits, forexample cherries, physically mature and then continue to ripen on the tree. Other fruits, like pears, are picked whenmature but before they ripen, then continue to ripen off the tree. Citrus fruits pass from immaturity to maturity toover-maturity while still on the tree. Once they are separated from the tree, they will not increase in sweetness orcontinue to ripen. The only way change may happen after being picked is that they will eventually start to decay.With oranges, colour cannot be used as an indicator of ripeness because sometimes the rinds turn orange long beforethe oranges are ready to eat. Tasting them is the only way to know whether or not they are ready to eat.

Mediterranean Mandarin (Citrus × deliciosaplantation, Son Carrió (Mallorca)

Citrus trees are not generally frost hardy. Mandarin Oranges (C.reticulata) tend to be the hardiest of the common Citrus species andcan withstand short periods down to as cold as −10 °C, but realisticallytemperatures not falling below −2 °C are required for successfulcultivation. Tangerines, tangors and yuzu can be grown outside even inregions with more marked sub-zero degrees in winter, although thismay affect fruit quality. A few hardy hybrids can withstandtemperatures well below freezing, but do not produce quality fruit.Lemons can be commercially grown incooler-summer/moderate-winter coastal Southern California, becausesweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit. Therelated Trifoliate Orange (Citrus trifoliata) can survive below −20 °C;its fruit are astringent and inedible unless cooked but a few better-tasting cultivars and hybrids have been developed(see citranges).

Citrus 4

Leaf of Citrus tree

The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment withfertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Abandoned trees invalleys may suffer, yet survive, the dry summer of Central California'sInner Coast Ranges. At any age citrus grows well enough withinfrequent irrigation in partial shade, but the fruit crop is smaller.Though broadleaved, they are evergreen and do not drop leaves exceptwhen stressed. The stems of many varieties have large sharp thorns.The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruitbegins to ripen in fall or early winter months, depending on cultivar,and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars oftangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to eighteen months to ripen.

Major commercial citrus growing areas include southern China, the Mediterranean Basin (including southern Spain),South Africa, Australia, the southernmost United States, Mexico and parts of South America. In the United States,Florida, California, Arizona, and Texas are major producers, while smaller plantings are present in other Sun Beltstates.

Orangery of the Botanical Garden in Leuven(Belgium)

As ornamental plants

Citrus trees grown in tubs and wintered under cover were a feature ofRenaissance gardens, once glass-making technology enabled sufficientexpanses of clear glass to be produced. An orangery was a feature ofroyal and aristocratic residences through the 17th and 18th centuries.The Orangerie at the Palace of the Louvre, 1617, inspired imitationsthat were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhousein the 1840s. In the United States the earliest surviving orangery is atthe Tayloe House, Mount Airy, Virginia. George Washington had anorangery at Mount Vernon.

Some modern hobbyists still grow dwarf citrus in containers orgreenhouses in areas where it is too cold to grow it outdoors. Consistent climate, sufficient sunlight, and properwatering are crucial if the trees are to thrive and produce fruit. Compared to many of the usual "green shrubs", citrustrees better tolerate poor container care. For cooler winter areas, limes and lemons should not be grown, since theyare more sensitive to winter cold than other citrus fruits. Hybrids with kumquats (× Citrofortunella) have good coldresistance.

Pests and diseases

Citrus canker is caused by thegammaproteobacterium Xanthomonas

axonopodis

Citrus plants are very liable to infestation by aphids, whitefly and scaleinsects (e.g. California red scale). Also rather important are the viralinfections to which some of these ectoparasites serve as vectors such asthe aphid-transmitted Citrus tristeza virus which when unchecked byproper methods of control is devastating to citrine plantations.

European brown snails (Helix aspersa) can be a problem in California,though laying female Khaki Campbell and other Mallard-based duckscan be used for control.

Citrus 5

The foliage is also used as a food plant by the larvae of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species such as theGeometridae Common Emerald (Hemithea aestivaria) and Double-striped Pug (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata), theArctiidae Giant Leopard Moth (Hypercompe scribonia), H. eridanus, H. icasia and H. indecisa, many species in thefamily Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies), and the Black-lyre Leafroller Moth ("Cnephasia" jactatana), a tortrixmoth.Since 2000, the Citrus Leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) has been a pest in California,[11] boring meandering patternsthrough leaves.In eastern Australia, the Bronze-orange Bug (Musgraveia sulciventris) can be a major pest of citrus trees, particularlygrapefruit. In heavy infestations it can cause flower and fruit drop and general tree stress.

Major producer regions

Production

According to UN 2007 data, Brazil, China, the United States, Mexico,India, Spain and Pakistan are the world's largest citrus-producingcountries. Of these, Brazil, the US, and Mexico are the world's largestproducers of oranges, whilst China produces most of the world'smandarins, and India is the world's largest producer of lemons andlimes.[12]

Uses

Culinary

Wedges of pink grapefruit, lime, and lemon,and a half orange (clockwise from top)

Many citrus fruits, such as oranges, tangerines, grapefruits, andclementines, are generally eaten fresh. They are typically peeled and can beeasily split into segments. Grapefruit is more commonly halved and eatenout of the skin with a spoon.[13] There are special spoons (grapefruitspoons) with serrated tips designed for this purpose. Orange and grapefruitjuices are also very popular breakfast beverages. More acidic citrus, suchas lemons and limes, are generally not eaten on their own. Meyer Lemonscan be eaten 'out of hand' with the fragant skin; they are both sweet andsour. Lemonade or limeade are popular beverages prepared by diluting thejuices of these fruits and adding sugar. Lemons and limes are also used asgarnishes or in cooked dishes. Their juice is used as an ingredient in avariety of dishes; it can commonly be found in salad dressings andsqueezed over cooked meat or vegetables. A variety of flavours can bederived from different parts and treatments of citrus fruits. The rind and oil of the fruit is generally very bitter,especially when cooked, and so is often combined with sugar. The fruit pulp can vary from sweet and tart toextremely sour. Marmalade, a condiment derived from cooked orange and lemon, can be especially bitter, but isusually sweetened to cut the bitterness and produce a jam-like result. Lemon or lime is commonly used as a garnishfor water, soft drinks, or cocktails. Citrus juices, rinds, or slices are used in a variety of mixed drinks. The colourfulouter skin of some citrus fruits, known as zest, is used as a flavouring in cooking; the white inner portion of the peel,the pith, is usually avoided due to its bitterness. The zest of a citrus fruit, typically lemon or an orange, can also besoaked in water in a coffee filter, and drunk.

Citrus 6

MedicalCitrus juice also has medical uses; lemon juice is used to relieve the pain of bee stings. Oranges were historicallyused for their high content of vitamin C, which prevents scurvy. Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency, and canbe prevented by having 10 milligrams of vitamin C a day. An early sign of scurvy is fatigue. If ignored, latersymptoms are bleeding and bruising easily. British sailors were given a ration of citrus fruits on long voyages toprevent the onset of scurvy, hence the British nickname of Limey.Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of plants. The extract of it from CitrusFruits is used in medicine such as Tylenol for the gelling effect of it when broken down. Limes and lemons as wellas oranges and grapefruits are among the highest in this level.[14]

After consumption, the peel is sometimes used as a facial cleanser. A peel of lemons or orange is commonly used asa means to moisten medical cannabis when stored with it. Before the development of fermentation-based processes,lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid.Citrus fruit juices, such as orange, lime and lemon, may be useful for lowering the risk factors for specific types ofkidney stones. Orange juice may help prevent calcium oxalate stone formation. Lemons have the highestconcentration of citrate of any citrus fruit, and daily consumption of lemonade has been shown to decrease the rate ofstone formation.[15]

Citrus fruits have been observed to be used by Capuchin (Cebus capucinus) monkeys in Costa Rica as topical balmsto protect against insects as well as an astringent and anti-fungal agent.

List of citrus fruits

Citrons (Citrus medica) for sale in Germany.

Red Finger Lime (Citrus australasica), a raredelicacy from Australia.

The genus Citrus has been suggested to originate in Southeast Asia.Prior to human cultivation, it consisted of just a few species, namely:

• Citrus aurantifolia – Key Lime, Omani Lime, from India• Citrus maxima – Pomelo (pummelo, shaddock), from the Malay

Archipelago• Citrus medica – Citron, from India• Citrus reticulata – Mandarin orange, from China• Citrus trifoliata – Trifoliate Orange, from Korea and adjacent China

(often separated as Poncirus)• Australian limes

• Citrus australasica – Finger Lime (sometimes separated inMicrocitrus)

• Citrus australis – Australian Round Lime (sometimes separatedin Microcitrus)

• Citrus glauca – Desert Lime (sometimes separated inEremocitrus)

and 3 other Microcitrus

• Kumquats, 4-5 species from East Asia ranging into Southeast Asia(often separated as Fortunella)

• Papedas, including• Citrus halimii – limau kadangsa, limau kedut kera, from

Thailand and Malaya• Citrus indica – Indian Wild Orange, from the Indian

subcontinent[16]

Citrus 7

• Citrus macroptera from Indochina and Melanesia[16]

• "Khasi Papeda" – Citrus latipes from Assam, Meghalaya, Burma[16]

Hybrids and cultivars

Sweetie or Oroblanco is a pomelo-grapefruithybrid.

The Etrog, or Citron, is central to the ritual of theJewish Sukkot festival. Many varieties are usedfor this purpose (including the Yemenite variety

pictured).

Clementines (Citrus × clementina) have thinnerskins than oranges.

Sorted by parentage. As each is the product of (at least) two parentspecies, they are listed multiple times.Citrus maxima-based

• Amanatsu, natsumikan – Citrus × natsudaidai (C. maxima ×unknown)

• Cam sành (C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)• Grapefruit – Citrus × paradisi (C. maxima × C. × sinensis)• Imperial Lemon (C. × limon × C. × paradisi)• Kinnow (C. × nobilis × C. × deliciosa)• Kiyomi (C. sinensis × C. × unshiu)• Lemon (probably C. maxima × C. medica)• Minneola Tangelo (C. reticulata × C. × paradisi)• Orangelo, Chironja (C. × paradisi × C. × sinensis)• Oroblanco, Sweetie (C. maxima × C. × paradisi)• Sweet Orange – Citrus × sinensis (probably C. maxima × C. ×

reticulata)• Tangelo – Citrus × tangelo (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. ×

paradisi)• Tangor – Citrus × nobilis (C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)• Ugli (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. × paradisi)Citrus medica-based

• Buddha's Hand – Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus• Citron varieties with sour pulp: Diamante citron, Florentine citron,

Greek citron and Balady citron• Citron varieties with sweet pulp: Corsican citron and Moroccan

citron.• Etrog, a group of citron cultivars (the term originally just means

"citrus fruit")• Fernandina – Citrus × limonimedica (probably C. medica × C.

maxima × C. medica)• Ponderosa Lemon (probably C. medica × C. maxima × C. medica)• Lemon (probably C. medica × C. maxima)• Yemenite citron – a pulpless citron.Citrus reticulata-based

• Bergamot Orange – Citrus × aurantium ssp. bergamia or Citrus × bergamia• Bitter Orange, Seville Orange – Citrus × aurantium• Blood Orange – Citrus × sinensis cultivars• Calamondin, Calamansi – Citrus reticulata × Citrus japonica• Cam sành (C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)• Chinotto – Citrus × aurantium var. myrtifolia or Citrus × myrtifolia

Citrus 8

Mikan (Citrus × unshiu), also known assatsumas.

Sweet oranges (Citrus × sinensis) are used inmany foods. Their ancestors were probably

pomelos and mandarin oranges.

A batch of kaffir limes (Citrus × hystrix).

• ChungGyun – Citrus reticulata cultivar• Clementine – Citrus × clementina• Cleopatra Mandarin – Citrus × reshni• Dekopon – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Siranui' (ChungGyun × Ponkan)• Daidai – Citrus × aurantium var. daidai or Citrus × daidai• Grapefruit – Citrus × paradisi (C. maxima × C. × sinensis)• Hermandina – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Hermandina'• Imperial Lemon (C. maxima × C. medica × C. × paradisi)• Kinnow, Wilking (C. × nobilis × C. × deliciosa)• Kiyomi (C. sinensis × C. × unshiu)• Laraha – ''C. × aurantium ssp. currassuviencis• Mediterranean Mandarin, Willow Leaf – Citrus × deliciosa• Meyer Lemon, Valley Lemon – Citrus × meyeri (C. maxima × C.

medica × C. × paradisi or C. × sinensis)• Michal Mandarin – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Michal'• Mikan, Satsuma – Citrus × unshiu• Minneola Tangelo (C. reticulata × C. × paradisi)• Nova Mandarin, Clemenvilla• Orangelo, Chironja (C. × paradisi × C. × sinensis)• Oroblanco, Sweetie (C. maxima × C. × paradisi)• Ponkan – Citrus reticulata cv. 'Ponkan'• Rangpur, Lemanderin, Mandarin Lime – Citrus × limonia (C.

reticulata × C. maxima × C. medica)• Sweet Orange – Citrus × sinensis (probably C. maxima × C. ×

reticulata)• Tangelo – Citrus × tangelo (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. ×

paradisi)• Tangerine – Citrus × tangerina• Tangor – Citrus × nobilis (C. reticulata × C. × sinensis)• Ugli (C. reticulata × C. maxima or C. × paradisi)• Yuzu – Citrus × junos (C. reticulata × C. × ichangensis)Other/Unresolved

• Alemow, Colo – Citrus × macrophylla• Djeruk limau – Citrus × amblycarpa• Gajanimma, Carabao Lime – Citrus × pennivesiculata• Ichang Lemon, Ichang Papeda – Citrus × ichangensis• Imperial Lemon (C. × limon × C. × paradisi)• Iyokan, anadomikan – Citrus × iyo• Kabosu – Citrus × sphaerocarpa• Kaffir Lime, makrut – Citrus × hystrix• Limetta, Sweet Lemon, Sweet Lime, mosambi – Citrus × limetta• Palestine Sweet Lime – Citrus × limettioides Tanaka

• Persian lime, Tahiti Lime – Citrus × latifolia• Pompia ("Citrus mostruosa", a nomen nudum)• Rough Lemon – Citrus × jambhiri Lush.

• Sakurajima komikan orange

Citrus 9

Lemons (Citrus × limon), whole and in sections.

• Shekwasha, Hirami Lemon, Taiwan Tangerine – Citrus × depressa• Sudachi – Citrus × sudachi• Sunki, Suenkat – Citrus × sunki• Tachibana Orange – Citrus × tachibana (Mak.) Tanaka

• Volkamer Lemon – Citrus × volkameriana

For hybrids with kumquats, see × Citrofortunella. For hybrids with theTrifoliate Orange, see citrange.

Footnotes[1] Frederick Gmitter and Xulan Hu, 1990. The possible role of Yunnan, China, in the origin of contemporary Citrus species (Rutaceae).

Economic Botany 44(2):267–277 (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/ vp0u360m6471488t)[2] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. M@rket Inform@tion in the Commodities Area: Citrus fruits (http:/ / www. unctad.

org/ infocomm/ anglais/ orange/ characteristics. htm)[3] Rainer W. Scora, 1975. On the history and origin of citrus. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102(6):369–375 (http:/ / www. jstor. org/

pss/ 2484763)[4] Kimball, Dan A. (1999). Citrus Processing: A Complete Guide (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=YeF14yGITcoC) (2 ed.). Springer. p. 9.

ISBN 9780834212589. .[5] Spiegel-Roy, Pinchas; Eliezer E. Goldschmidt (1996). Biology of Citrus (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=SmRJnd73dbYC). Cambridge

University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780521333214. .[6] Nicolosi et al. (2000)[7] Nicolosi et al. (2000), de Araújo et al. (2003)[8] Flavonoid Composition of Fruit Tissues of Citrus Species (http:/ / www. jstage. jst. go. jp/ article/ bbb/ 70/ 1/ 70_178/ _article). .[9] Helgi Öpik; Stephen A. Rolfe; Arthur John Willis; Herbert Edward Street (2005). The physiology of flowering plants (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=atZq3w6pOvQC& pg=PA309). Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–. ISBN 9780521662512. . Retrieved 31 July 2010.[10] Pinchas Spiegel-Roy; Eliezer E. Goldschmidt (1996). Biology of citrus (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC&

pg=PA101). Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 9780521333214. . Retrieved 31 July 2010.[11] "Citrus Leafminer - UC Pest Management" (http:/ / www. ipm. ucdavis. edu/ PMG/ r107303211. html). .[12] FAOstat doesnt show data even if select citrus fruit (http:/ / faostat. fao. org/ site/ 567/ DesktopDefault. aspx?PageID=567)[13] http:/ / www. aihd. ku. edu/ foods/ grapefruit. html[14] Morgan, Laura (March 15, 2011). "What Fruits & Vegetables Contain Pectin?" (http:/ / www. livestrong. com/ article/

403204-what-fruits-vegetables-contain-pectin/ ). Demand Media. . Retrieved 2011-7-22.[15] Carr, Jackie (April 22, 2010). "Five Ways to Prevent Kidney Stones" (http:/ / health. ucsd. edu/ news/ 2010/ 4-22-kidney-stones. htm). UC

San Diego. . Retrieved 2010-12-03.[16] GRIN. "Species list in GRIN for genus Citrus" (http:/ / www. ars-grin. gov/ cgi-bin/ npgs/ html/ splist. pl?2640). Taxonomy for Plants.

National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. . Retrieved Jan 6 2011.

References• Andrews, A.C. (1961): Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region. Agricultural History 35(1):

35-46.• de Araújo, E. Freitas; de Queiroz, L. Paganucci & Machado, M.A. (2003): What is Citrus? Taxonomic

implications from a study of cp-DNA evolution in the tribe Citreae (Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae).Organisms Diversity & Evolution 3(1): 55-62. doi:10.1078/1439-6092-00058 (HTML abstract)

• Nicolosi, E.; Deng, Z.N.; Gentile, A.; La Malfa, S.; Continella, G. & Tribulato, E. (2000): Citrus phylogeny andgenetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics100(8): 1155-1166. doi:10.1007/s001220051419 (HTML abstract)

Citrus 10

Further reading• Calabrese, Francesco (2002): Origin and history. In: Dugo, Giovanni & Di Giacomo, Angelo (eds.) (2002):

Citrus. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-28491-0

• Ellis, R.H.; Hong, T.D. & Roberts, E.H. (1985): Chapter 64. Rutaceae. In: Handbook of Seed Technology forGenebanks (Volume II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations).International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy. HTML fulltext (http:/ / www.bioversityinternational. org/ publications/ Web_version/ 52/ ch49. htm#CHAPTER 64. RUTACEAE)

• Frison, E.A. & Taher, M.M. (eds.) (1991): FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of CitrusGermplasm. FAO, IOCV, IPGRI. PDF fulltext (http:/ / www. bioversityinternational. org/ Publications/ Pdf/ 501.pdf)

• International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) (1999): Descriptors for Citrus (Citrus spp.). PDF fulltext(http:/ / www. bioversityinternational. org/ fileadmin/ bioversity/ publications/ pdfs/ 359. pdf)

• Janick, Jules (2005): Purdue University Tropical Horticulture Lecture 32: Citrus (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/newcrop/ tropical/ lecture_32/ lec_32. html)

• Luro, F.; Laigret, F.; Bové, J.M. & Ollitrault, P. (1995): RFLP analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes usedfor citrus taxonomy. In: Mandarines - développements scientifiques récents, résumés oraux et posters: 12-13.CIRAD-FLHOR, San Nicolao, France. HTML abstract (http:/ / www. corse. inra. fr/ pub95/ p95sr10. htm)

• Molina, A.B.; Roa, V.N.; Bay-Petersen, J.; Carpio, A.T. & Joven, J.E.A. (eds.) (2000): Citrus, Proceedings of aregional workshop on disease management of banana and citrus through the use of disease-free plantingmaterials held in Davao City, Philippines, 14–16 October 1998. INIBAP. PDF fulltext (http:/ / www.bioversityinternational. org/ Publications/ Pdf/ 712. pdf)

• Sackman. Douglas Cazaux (2005): Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden.• University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences (UC-DAS) (1967–1989): The Citrus Industry. HTML

fulltext of Vol. 1, 2, & Vol. 5, Chapter 5 (http:/ / lib. ucr. edu/ agnic/ webber/ )

External links• Effects of pollination on Citrus plants (http:/ / edis. ifas. ufl. edu/ AA092) Pollination of Citrus by Honey Bees• Citrus Research and Education Center (http:/ / www. crec. ifas. ufl. edu/ index. htm) of IFAS (largest citrus

research center in world)• Citrus Variety Collection by the University of California (http:/ / www. grcp. ucdavis. edu/ publications/ doc22/

Appx. pdf)• Citrus (http:/ / www. uga. edu/ fruit/ citrus. html) (Mark Rieger, Professor of Horticulture, University of Georgia)• Sorting Citrus names (http:/ / www. plantnames. unimelb. edu. au/ Sorting/ Citrus_1. html)• Fundecitrus - Fund for Citrus Plant Protection (http:/ / www. fundecitrus. com. br/ english/ menu_us. html) is an

organization of citrus Brazilian producers and processors.• Citrus - taxonomy, fruit anatomy at GeoChemBio (http:/ / www. geochembio. com/ biology/ organisms/ citrus/ )• Home Citrus Growers (http:/ / www. homecitrusgrowers. co. uk/ poncirustrifoliata/ poncirus. html)Sakurajima Komikan Oranges

11

Important species

Citron

CitronCitrus medica

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. medica

Binomial name

Citrus medicaL.

Not to be confused with Cintron.

The citron is a fragrant citrus fruit, botanically classified as Citrus medica by both the Swingle and Tanaka systems.The designation medica given it by Linnaeus is apparently derived from its ancient name "Median or Persianapple"[1] that was reported by Theophrastus,[2] who believed it to be native to Persia or the land of the Medes; thereis no relation to medicinal uses of the fruit. Theophrastus notes its smooth sharp thorns, like those of a pear, the veryfragrant but inedible 'apple', which keeps moths from clothes, and the fact that "it bears its 'apples' at all season; forwhen some have been gathered, the flower of others is on the tree and it is ripening others.... This tree, as has beensaid, grows in Persia and Media." Citron was the first of the citrus fruits to appear in the Mediterranean Basin.

Citron 12

The fruit's name derives ultimately from Latin, and as a result it has many similar names in many Europeanlanguages, e.g. cederat, cédrat, cedro, etc. This can also be a source of confusion to English speakers, as the word"citron" is a false friend in Czech, Slovak, French, Dutch, German, Yiddish and Scandinavian, in which it actuallyrefers to the lemon.

UsesMain Article: Succade; Main Article: Etrog

The citron is unlike the more common citrus species, such as the lemon or orange. While those more popular fruitsare peeled to consume their pulpy and juicy segments, the citron's pulp is dry, containing a small quantity of insipidjuice, if any. The main content of a citron fruit is the thick white rind, which adheres to the segments, and cannot beseparated from them easily.Thus, from ancient through medieval times, the citron was used mainly for medical purposes: to combat seasickness,pulmonary troubles, intestinal ailments, and other disorders. The essential oil of the flavedo (the outermost,pigmented layer of rind) was also regarded as an antibiotic.[3] Citron juice with wine was considered an effectiveantidote to poison, as Theophrastus reported.Today the citron is used for the fragrance or zest of its flavedo, but the most important part is still the inner rind(known as pith or albedo), which is a fairly important article in international trade and is widely employed in thefood industry as succade,[4] as it is known when it is candied in sugar. There is a rising market for the citron in theUnited States for the use of its soluble fiber found in its thick albedo.[5]

The citron is also used by Jews (the word for it in Hebrew is etrog) for a religious ritual during the Feast ofTabernacles; therefore is considered as a Jewish symbol, and is found on various Hebrew antiques and archeologicalfindings.[6] Citrons used for ritual purposes cannot be grown by grafting branches.In Iran, the citron's thick white rind is used to make jam; in Pakistan the fruit is used to make jam as well as pickled;in South Indian cuisine, the citron is widely used in pickles and preserves.In Korea, it is used to create yujacha, a type of Korean tea. The fruit is thinly sliced (peel, pith and pulp) and soakedor cooked in honey or sugar to create a chunky syrup. This syrupy candied fruit is mixed with hot water as a fragranttea, where the fruit at the bottom of the cup is eaten as well. Often preserved in the syrup for the cold months,yujacha is served as a source of fruit in winter. It is also popular in Taiwan and Japan, where it is known by itsChinese/Japanese name 柚子茶 (Pinyin: youzi cha, Japanese: yuzucha).

Description and variation

FruitThe citron fruit is usually ovate or oblong, narrowing towards the stylar end. However, the citron's fruit shape ishighly variable, due to the large quantity of albedo, which forms independently according to the fruits' position onthe tree, twig orientation, and many other factors. The rind is leathery, furrowed, and adherent. The inner portion isthick, white and fleshy; the outer is uniformly thin and very fragrant. The pulp is usually acidic, but also can besweet, and even pulpless varieties are found.Most citron varieties contain a large number of monoembryonic seeds. They are white, with dark innercoats andred-purplish chalazal spots for the acidic varieties, and colorless for the sweet ones. Some citron varieties are alsodistinct, having persistent styles, that do not fall off after fecundation. Those are usually promoted for etrog use.

Citron 13

The Fingered Citron.

Some citrons have medium-sized oil bubbles at the outer surface,medially distant to each other. Some varieties are ribbed and faintlywarted on the outer surface. There is also a fingered citron varietycalled Buddha's hand.

The color varies from green, when unripe, to a yellow-orange whenoverripe. The citron does not fall off the tree and can reach 8–10pounds (4–5 kg) if not picked before fully mature.[7] However, theyshould be picked before the winter, as the branches might bend orbreak to the ground, and may cause numerous fungal diseases for thetree.

PlantCitrus medica is a slow-growing shrub or small tree that reaches a height of about 8 to 15 ft (2 to 5 m). It hasirregular straggling branches and stiff twigs and long spines at the leaf axils. The evergreen leaves are green andlemon-scented with slightly serrate edges, ovate-lanceolate or ovate elliptic 2.5 to 7.0 inches long. Petioles areusually wingless or with minor wings. The flowers are generally unisexual providing self-pollination, but some maleindividuals could be found due to pistil abortion. The clustered flowers of the acidic varieties are purplish tinted fromoutside, but the sweet ones are white-yellowish.The acidic varieties include the Florentine and Diamante citron from Italy, the Greek citron and the Balady citronfrom Israel. The sweet varieties include the Corsican and Moroccan citrons. Between the pulpless are also somefingered varieties and the Yemenite citron.The citron tree is very vigorous with almost no dormancy, blooming several times a year, and is therefore fragile andextremely sensitive to frost.[8]

Origin and distributionDespite the variation among the cultivars, authorities agree the citron is an old and original species. There ismolecular evidence that all other cultivated citrus species arose by hybridization among the ancestral types, whichare the citron, pomelo, mandarin and papeda.The citron is believed to be the purest of them all, since it is usually fertilized by self-pollination, and is thereforegenerally considered to be a male parent of any citrus hybrid rather than a female one.[9]

Today, authorities agree that all citrus species are native to Southeast Asia where they are found wild and in anuncultivated form. The story of how they spread to the Mediterranean has been reported by Francesco Calabrese,[10]

Henri Chapot,[11] Samuel Tolkowsky,[12] Elizabetta Nicolisi,[13] and others.[14]

The citron could also be native to India where it borders on Burma, and Pakistan where it is found in valleys at thefoot of the Himalayas, and in the Indian Western Ghats.[15] [16] It is thought that by the time of Theophrastus, thecitron was mostly cultivated in the Persian Gulf on its way to the Mediterranean basin, where it was cultivatedduring the later centuries in different areas as described by Erich Isaac.[17] Many mention the role of Alexander theGreat and his armies as they attacked Persia and what is today Pakistan, as being responsible for the spread of thecitron westward, reaching the European countries such as Greece and Italy.[18]

The citron is mentioned in the Torah as being required for ritual use during the Feast of Tabernacles (Lev. 23:40[19]). It is considered that the Jews brought it in The Exodus from Egypt, where the Egyptologist and archaeologistVictor Loret found it depicted on the walls of the botanical garden at the Karnak Temple, which dates back to thetime of Thutmosis III.[20]

Citron 14

The opinion that the citron was the forbidden fruit in the Hesperides or Eden does not assist in locating its origin,since the location of the Hesperides is unclear. In any case, there are enough reasons to conclude that it was in theFar East, for example India or Yemen, that the citron is likely to have originated.

The citron in antiquityThe citron has been cultivated since ancient times, predating the cultivation of other citrus species. Despite its minorimportance today being hardly consumed as picked, it seems that at different times it played a big role in life. Wecan see that from the way it has been described by numerous writers and poets. It is likely that when the other citrusspecies became available, citron lost its popularity, since most of its benefits could be found in the lemon, which ismuch easier to cultivate.

TheophrastusThe following is from the writings of Theophrastus[21]

“In the east and south there are special plants... i.e. in Media and Persia there are many types of fruit, between them there is a fruit calledMedian or Persian Apple. The tree has a leaf similar to and almost identical with that of the andrachn (Arbutus andrachne L.), but has thornslike those of the apios (the wild pear, Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.) or the firethorn, Cotoneaster pyracantha Spach.), except that they are white,smooth, sharp and strong.

The fruit is not eaten, but is very fragrant, as is also the leaf of the tree; and the fruit is put among clothes, it keeps them from beingmoth-eaten. It is also useful when one has drunk deadly poison, for when it is administered in wine; it upsets the stomach and brings up thepoison. It is also useful to improve the breath, for if one boils the inner part of the fruit in a dish or squeezes it into the mouth in some othermedium, it makes the breath more pleasant.

The seed is removed from the fruit and sown in the spring in carefully tilled beds, and it is watered every fourth or fifth day. As soon the plantis strong it is transplanted, also in the spring, to a soft, well watered site, where the soil is not very fine, for it prefers such places.

And it bears its fruit at all seasons, for when some have gathered, the flower of the others is on the tree and is ripening others. Of the flowers Ihave said[22] those that have a sort of distaff [meaning the pistil] projecting from the middle are fertile, while those that do not have this aresterile. It is also sown, like date palms, in pots punctured with holes. ”This tree, as has been remarked, grows in Media and Persia.

Pliny the ElderAbout 400 years later it was also described by Pliny the Elder, who called it nata Assyria malus. The following isfrom his book Natural History.

“There is another tree also with the same name of "citrus," and bears a fruit that is held by some persons in particular dislike for its smell andremarkable bitterness; while, on the other hand, there are some who esteem it very highly. This tree is used as an ornament to houses; itrequires, however, no further description.[23] ”

“The citron tree, called the Assyrian, and by some the Median apple, is an antidote against poisons. The leaf is similar to that of the arbute,except that it has small prickles running across it. As to the fruit, it is never eaten, but it is remarkable for its extremely powerful smell, whichis the case, also, with the leaves; indeed, the odour is so strong, that it will penetrate clothes, when they are once impregnated with it, andhence it is very useful in repelling the attacks of noxious insects. The tree bears fruit at all seasons of the year; while some is falling off, otherfruit is ripening, and other, again, just bursting into birth. Various nations have attempted to naturalize this tree among them, for the sake ofits medical properties, by planting it in pots of clay, with holes drilled in them, for the purpose of introducing the air to the roots; and I wouldhere remark, once for all, that it is as well to remember that the best plan is to pack all slips of trees that have to be carried to any distance, asclose together as they can possibly be placed. ”It has been found, however, that this tree will grow nowhere except in Media or Persia. It is this fruit, the pips of which, as we have alreadymentioned, the Parthian grandees employ in seasoning their ragouts, as being peculiarly conducive to the sweetening of the breath. We findno other tree very highly commended that is produced in Media.[24]

Citron 15

“Citrons, either the pulp of them or the pips, are taken in wine as an antidote to poisons. A decoction of citrons, or the juice extracted fromthem, is used as a gargle to impart sweetness to the breath. The pips of this fruit are recommended for pregnant women to chew when affectedwith qualmishness. Citrons are good, also, for a weak stomach, but it is not easy to eat them except with vinegar.[25] ”

References[1] Cedrát - Citrus medica a Citrus limonimedica (http:/ / www. exotickerostliny. cz/ en/ katalog-rostlin-othermenu-95/ citrusy-othermenu-90/

80-cedrat-citrus-medica-a-citrus-limonimedica. html)[2] Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, IV.4.2.[3] Natural healing Website (http:/ / www. pds. co. il/ sites/ pds. php?cosmetic=1647& site=6)[4] The Purdue University (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ citron. html)

• The Citron in Crete (http:/ / www. cretancitron. gr/ )• Vine Tree Orchards (http:/ / www. vinetreeorchards. com/ citron. htm)

[5] Scholarly Document (http:/ / www. fshs. org/ Proceedings/ Password Protected/ 2002 Vol. 115/ 301-303(Widmer). pdf)

• Free Patents Online (http:/ / www. freepatentsonline. com/ y2006/ 0078593. html)• Peak of Health (http:/ / www. peakofhealth. ch/ fibre. html)• See also FiberStar (http:/ / www. fiberstar. net/ article2. html)

[6] See Etrog[7] Un curieux Cedrat marocain, Chapot 1950.

• The Search for the Authentic Citron: Historic and Genetic Analysis; HortScienc 40(7):1963–1968. 2005 (http:/ / grande. nal. usda. gov/ibids/ index. php?mode2=detail& origin=ibids_references& therow=796030)

[8] The citrus Industry (http:/ / lib. ucr. edu/ agnic/ webber/ Vol1/ Chapter4. html#acid), The Purdue University (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/newcrop/ morton/ citron. html#Varieties)

[9] Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. 2000 (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/content/ tjggcl5wyyu6l69d/ )

• Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) by:Noelle A. Barkley, Mikeal L. Roose, Robert R. Krueger and Claire T. Federici (http:/ / springerlink. metapress. com/ content/nr727lh13q1875pl/ fulltext. html)

• Phylogenetic relationships in the “true citrus fruit trees” revealed by PCR-RFLP analysis of cpDNA. 2004 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect.com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TC3-4C4W511-1& _user=10& _coverDate=11/ 01/ 2004& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search&_sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000050221& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=f7bbd7704b524d334d55bf64c3c577c6)

• The Search for the Authentic Citron: Historic and Genetic Analysis; HortScienc 40(7):1963–1968. 2005 (http:/ / grande. nal. usda. gov/ibids/ index. php?mode2=detail& origin=ibids_references& therow=796030)

• Chromosome Numbers in the Subfamily Aurantioideae with Special Reference to the Genus Citrus; C. A. Krug. Botanical Gazette, Vol.104, No. 4 (Jun., 1943), pp. 602–611 (http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0006-8071(194306)104:4<602:CNITSA>2. 0. CO;2-9)

• The relationships among lemons, limes and citron: a chromosomal comparison. by R. Carvalhoa, W.S. Soares Filhob, A.C.Brasileiro-Vidala, M. Guerraa (http:/ / content. karger. com/ ProdukteDB/ produkte. asp?Aktion=ShowFulltext& ProduktNr=224037&Ausgabe=230610& ArtikelNr=82410).

[10] Calabrese, La favolosa storia degli agrumi. L'EPOS, 1998, Palerno Italy. English translation in Citrus: the genus citrus (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC& pg=PA5& lpg=PA5& dq=2nd+ century+ ad+ citron+ rome& source=bl& ots=XgBcHpHKNz&sig=mCe_boZaTryBJn06nksh71t48MM& hl=en& ei=kKOJSqr6J4qJtgf87dTnDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage& q=& f=false)

[11] Capot, "The citrus plant", p.6-13. in: Citrus. Ciba-Geigy Agrochemicals Tech. Monogr.4. Ciba-Geigy Ltd., 1975, Basle, Switzerland.[12] Tolkowsky, Hesperides. A history of the culture and use of citrus fruits, p.371. John Bale, Sons and Curnow, 1938, London, England.[13] Nicolisi, Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=pKlNrSR_8IEC& pg=PA21& dq=alexander+

the+ great+ citron& as_brr=3#v=onepage& q=& f=false)[14] The Citrus Industry (http:/ / lib. ucr. edu/ agnic/ webber/ Vol1/ Chapter1. htm#origin)

^ The Purdue University (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ citron. html)^ Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry By Frederick J. Simoons, Google Books (http:/ / books. google.com/ books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C& pg=PA200& dq=alexander+ the+ great+ citron& as_brr=3#v=onepage& q=&f=false) ^ The Search for the Authentic Citron: Historic and Genetic Analysis; HortScienc 40(7):1963–1968. 2005(http:/ / grande. nal. usda. gov/ ibids/ index. php?mode2=detail& origin=ibids_references& therow=796030)[15] Sir Joseph Hooker. Flora of British India, i. 514) (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=uDgCAAAAYAAJ& pg=RA1-PA268&

lpg=RA1-PA268& dq=sir+ joseph+ hooker+ citrus& source=web& ots=mXMRtehpon& sig=v3sGY9unJ2rpz9jH4-YOQis1oEE)

Citron 16

[16] COUNTRY REPORT TO THE FAO INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES (Leipzig,1996); Prepared by: Nepal Agricultural Research Council; Kathmandu, June 1995; CHAPTER 2.2 (http:/ / www. fao. org/ AG/ agp/ agps/Pgrfa/ pdf/ nepal. pdf)

[17] Isaac, "The Citron in the Mediterranean: a study in religious influences", Economic Geography, Vol. 35 No. 1. (Jan. 1959) pp. 71–78 (http:// links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0013-0095(195901)35:1<71:TCITMA>2. 0. CO;2-S)

[18] The Pordue University (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ citron. html#Origin and Distribution)

• Treatise on Citron by the UCR (http:/ / www. citrusvariety. ucr. edu/ citrus/ ethrog. html)• Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC& pg=PA424& lpg=PA424& dq=Alexander+

the+ great+ citron& source=web& ots=SuRa0iMSGE& sig=Mgvno_gSX9Osl5agmRKXouinlcQ& hl=en)• Citrus: The Genus Citrus (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC& pg=PA4& lpg=PA4& dq=alexander+ the+ great+

citron& source=web& ots=XgwlLoMPIz& sig=xZTw2yr9aK5Gbt8rQts0rkEVBWc& hl=en)• Biology of Citrus (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC& pg=PA7& lpg=PA7& dq=alexander+ the+ great+ citron&

source=web& ots=vFwVODlm45& sig=R1RQ4NL-ncWrmXqmD7Z2qNGCckM& hl=en)• Citrus Fruits and their Culture (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=WP3ohzxbRxgC& pg=PA59& lpg=PA59& dq=alexander+ the+

great+ citron& source=web& ots=JDzoL7VlrE& sig=lzvlQ4A5FFmLdF4Y2njrjlD-z6U& hl=en)• Food in China (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C& pg=PA200& dq=alexander+ the+ great+ citron&

ei=BxEeSNS4IKiUyQS976DYBg& sig=8m3KRthC9U9yHesy1QaCUxImADU)• The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=tsNBAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA255& dq=alexander+ the+ great+

citron& ei=BxEeSNS4IKiUyQS976DYBg)[19] http:/ / www. mechon-mamre. org/ p/ pt/ pt0323. htm[20] Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=21oCAAAAYAAJ& pg=RA3-PR20& lpg=RA3-PR20&

dq=citron+ persian+ gulf& source=web& ots=klMYUN2T2j& sig=yw8NWysVK3VgV0xYDCcmmdB9VK0#PRA3-PR20,M1)[21] Historia plantarum 4.4.2-3 (exc. Athenaeus Deipnosophistae 3.83.d-f); cf. Vergil Georgics 2.126-135; Pliny Naturalis historia 12.15,16.[22] Historia plantarum 1.13.4.[23] Natural History Chp. 31 (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 02. 0137:head=#822)[24] Book XII CHAP. 7. (3. (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 02. 0137:head=#734)[25] Chp. 56 (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ cgi-bin/ ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 02. 0137:head=#1562)

• Citrus Fruits and Their Culture By H. Harold Hume (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Y6c4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59& lpg=PA59& dq=greek+ citron& source=web& ots=s0gUaKaQr-&sig=-kzCzSRGHlNJXNFKPMJLgWecveQ#PPA59,M1)

• All Kinds of Scented Wood By Richard S. Barnett (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LBucOPN6zjwC&pg=PA246& lpg=PA246& dq=citron+ mesopotamia& source=web& ots=-XRKje6h6i&sig=3AO2M5XpXO_Ufbh-W0BH-u-JEIE)

• Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry By Frederick J. Simoons (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=Fo087ZxohA4C& pg=PA200& lpg=PA200& dq=citron+ mesopotamia& source=web&ots=7RZCSKOgR4& sig=g7SKuEJ21sB0Zvu_O3QZoYNzz_w#PPA200,M1)

• Biology of Citrus By Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Eliezer E. Goldschmidt (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=SmRJnd73dbYC& pg=PA7& lpg=PA7& dq=citron+ mesopotamia& source=web&ots=vEFRKEdi13& sig=iIX1GbU4lPmo4ctAmK7-2b5Par8#PPA7,M1)

• The Encyclopaedia Britannica: “a” Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature ... edited by Hugh Chisholm (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?id=XbX3VOh5ziYC& pg=RA5-PA182& dq=citron+ mesopotamia& as_brr=3&ei=XV1CR9iAAYuA6wLt-biIBw)

• Citrus: The Genus Citrus By Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC& pg=PA3& dq=citron+ mesopotamia& as_brr=3&ei=pV1CR6nCOYfI6wL60PH-Bg& sig=u3sWOt-7urYnXQ-HRmVesWUOfYU)

• The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and ... By Hugh Chisholm (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?id=1GcEAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA148& dq=citron+ mesopotamia& as_brr=3&ei=pV1CR6nCOYfI6wL60PH-Bg#PPA148,M1)

• Fruit Breeding in India: Papers By G. S. Nijjar (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=jb05AAAAMAAJ&q=citron+ albedo& dq=citron+ albedo& ei=f1AmR66eCoP06wL91tA_& pgis=1)

• Proceedings, Google Book Search (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=KPAMAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA43&

lpg=PA43& dq=palestine+ citron& source=web& ots=Tjtk-wP3Jm&

Citron 17

sig=xEz1x5lb8dRagS9nzI-TD5Hldyg#PPA42,M1)• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Culture (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=HAHSM6ufMFUC&

pg=PT261& lpg=PT261& dq=rhodes+ greek+ citron+ fruit& source=bl& ots=QO6nadiWk9&sig=vLKqvGL5eNzZut0t7krywE6Aff0& hl=en& ei=srDQS8nkOtPVlQeJieHvDg& sa=X& oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CBoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=rhodes greek citron fruit& f=false)

• International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D By Geoffrey William Bromiley (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC& pg=PA215& lpg=PA215& dq=palestine+ citron& source=web& ots=jpOPzW7uho&sig=x8EhjXh77OBdCpOA0ZWIPJi9fis#PPA214,M1)

• The Great Citrus Book: A Guide With Recipes By Allen Susser (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=tsaCbFmmiOoC& pg=PA82& dq=citron+ albedo& ei=WU8mR8XbCZPM6ALotulA&sig=l79ewrIU1YCg7y1Y5XTSqj8W7KY#PPA82,M1)

• Citrus: The Genus Citrus By Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo - "Peel confection and candying" (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?id=OLaykfpqSaYC& pg=PA171& dq=citron+ albedo&ei=f1AmR66eCoP06wL91tA_& sig=imxES5qBYEXpz1PYGSw9hljhqu0#PPA171,M1)

• Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=LgvYxBG5kUkC& pg=PA465& lpg=PA465& dq=greek+ citron& source=web& ots=Kb4COmtk-F&sig=VE7MfGAKzO8LTX0Im5uLE_75u5o)

• Origin of Cultivated Plants By Alphonse de Candolle (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=kqcMAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA180& lpg=PA180& dq=citrus+ medica+ mesopotamia& source=web&ots=JWITvDWZGM& sig=M-XptXleQBjY-niohAvapDYwmRs#PPA178,M1)

External links• USDA Plants Profile - Citrus medica (http:/ / www. ars-grin. gov/ cgi-bin/ npgs/ html/ taxon. pl?10745)• Purdue University (U.S.A.): article on citron culture and use. (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/

citron. html)• Citrus Pages (http:/ / users. kymp. net/ citruspages/ citrons. html)• University of California- "Citrus Diversity" (http:/ / plantbiology. ucr. edu/ people/ ?Roose#CitrusDiversity)• Stuart-exchange_org:Citrus medica used as a medicinal plant. (http:/ / www. stuartxchange. org/ Kalamansi.

html)• UCLA: "Give Me A Squeeze" (http:/ / www. botgard. ucla. edu/ html/ botanytextbooks/ economicbotany/ Citrus/

index. html)• Alchemy Works: Citron (http:/ / www. alchemy-works. com/ herb_citron. html)• Wildflowers of Israel - Citron (http:/ / www. wildflowers. co. il/ english/ plant. asp?ID=797)

Key lime 18

Key lime

Key Lime

Tree-ripened key lime. Color is bright yellow, unlike the more common green Persian limes.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. aurantifolia

Binomial name

Citrus aurantifolia(Christm.) Swingle

The Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is a citrus species with a globose fruit, 2.5–5 cm in diameter (1–2 in), that isyellow when ripe but usually picked green commercially. It is smaller, seedier, has a higher acidity, a strongeraroma, and a thinner rind than that of the Persian lime (Citrus x latifolia). It is valued for its unique flavor comparedto other limes, with the key lime usually having a more tart and bitter flavor. The name comes from its associationwith the Florida Keys, where it is best known as the flavoring ingredient in Key lime pie. It is also known as WestIndian lime, Bartender's lime, Omani lime, or Mexican lime, the latter classified as a distinct race with a thickerskin and darker green color.

DescriptionC. aurantifolia is a shrubby tree, to 5 m (16 ft), with many thorns. Dwarf varieties are popular with home growersand can be grown indoors during winter months and in colder climates. trunk rarely grows straight, with manybranches that often originate quite far down on the trunk. The leaves are ovate 2.5–9 cm (1–3.5 in) long, resemblingorange leaves (the scientific name aurantifolia refers to this resemblance to the leaves of the orange, C. aurantium).The flowers are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter, are yellowish white with a light purple tinge on the margins. Flowers andfruit appear throughout the year but are most abundant from May to September.[1] [2]

Key lime 19

HistoryC. aurantifolia is native to Southeast Asia. Its apparent path of introduction was through the Middle East to NorthAfrica, thence to Sicily and Andalusia and via Spanish explorers to the West Indies, including the Florida Keys.From the Caribbean, lime cultivation spread to tropical and sub-tropical North America, including Mexico, Florida,and later California.Since the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect, many Key limes on the US market are grown inMexico and Central America. They are also grown in Texas and California.When in contact with the skin, the Key lime can sometimes cause phytophotodermatitis, in which a chemicalreaction makes the skin extra sensitive to ultraviolet light.

Propagation

Flowers of the key lime plant

This variety of citrus can be propagated from seed and will grow trueto the parent. Be sure to keep the seeds moist until they can be planted,as they will not germinate if allowed to dry out. Digging around amature tree to sever roots will encourage new sprouts that can betransplanted to another location. Cuttings can be used to propagate newtrees but normally do not develop strong roots. Clones are often budgrafted[3] into rough lemon or sour orange to obtain strong root stocks(see also fruit tree propagation). Lime trees like soil with gooddrainage.[4] [5]

Name

The English word "lime" was derived, via Spanish then French, fromthe Arabic word ليمة līma (Persian لیمو Limu).[6] "Key" would seem to have been added some time after the Persianlime cultivar gained prominence commercially in the United States following the 1926 Miami hurricane, whichdestroyed the bulk of US C. aurantifolia agriculture, leaving it to grow mostly casually in the Florida Keys.[2]

In Malay it is known as "limau nipis", literally, "thin lime". In Indonesia it is known as "jeruk kunci'.

References[1] P. Golob; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1999). "Alphabetical List of Plant Families with Insecticidal and

Fungicidal Properties" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=99B3ktmecWAC& pg=PA13). The use of spices and medicinals as bioactiveprotectants for grains. Food & Agriculture Org.. pp. 13–. ISBN 9789251042946. . Retrieved 19 June 2011. Webarchive mirror (http:/ / web.archive. org/ web/ 20021218030752/ http:/ / www. fao. org/ docrep/ x2230e/ x2230e12. htm)

[2] ''Citrus aurantifolia'' Swingle (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ mexican_lime. html). Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved on2011-06-19.

[3] Plant Propagation – T or Shield Budding (http:/ / aggie-horticulture. tamu. edu/ propagation/ budding/ budding. html).Aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-19.

[4] Morton, J. 1987. Mexican Lime. p. 168–172. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/newcrop/ morton/ mexican_lime. html). Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-19.

[5] Home Fruit Production – Limes (http:/ / aggie-horticulture. tamu. edu/ citrus/ limes. htm). Aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu (2005-07-29).Retrieved on 2011-06-19.

[6] lime – Wiktionary (http:/ / en. wiktionary. org/ wiki/ lime#Etymology_3). En.wiktionary.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-19.

Mandarin orange 20

Mandarin orange

Mandarin orange

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. reticulata

Binomial name

Citrus reticulataBlanco

The Mandarin orange, also known as the mandarin or mandarine (both lower-case), is a small citrus tree (Citrusreticulata) with fruit resembling other oranges. Mandarin oranges are usually eaten plain or in fruit salads.Specifically reddish-orange mandarin cultivars can be marketed as tangerines, but this is not a botanicalclassification.The tree is more drought-tolerant than the fruit. The mandarin is tender, and is damaged easily by cold. It can begrown in tropical and subtropical areas.

Mandarin orange 21

Varieties

Canned and peeled mandarin orange segments

Kinnow, a variety of Mandarin orange fromPakistan

The mandarin orange is but one variety of the orange family. Themandarin has many names, some of which actually refer to crossesbetween the mandarin and another citrus fruit.

• Satsuma, a seedless variety, of which there are over 200 cultivars,such as Owari and mikan; the source of most canned mandarins, andpopular as a fresh fruit due to its ease of consumption

• Owari, a well-known Satsuma cultivar which ripens during the latefall season

• Clementine, sometimes known as a "Christmas orange", as its peakseason is December; becoming the most important commercialMandarin orange form, have displaced mikans in many markets

• Tangerine• Tangor, also called the temple orange, a cross between the

Mandarin orange and the common sweet orange; its thick rind iseasy to peel and its bright orange pulp is sour-sweet andfull-flavored

The mandarin is easily peeled with the fingers, starting at the thick rindcovering the depression at the top of the fruit, and can be easily splitinto even segments without squirting juice. This makes it convenient toeat, as utensils are not required to peel or cut the fruit.Canned mandarin segments are peeled to remove the white pith prior tocanning; otherwise, they turn bitter. Segments are peeled using achemical process. First, the segments are scalded in hot water to loosen the skin; then they are bathed in a lyesolution which digests the albedo and membranes. Finally, the segments undergo several rinses in plain water.

During Chinese New Year, Mandarin oranges and tangerines are considered traditional symbols of abundance andgood fortune. During the two-week celebration, they are frequently displayed as decoration and presented as gifts tofriends, relatives, and business associates.

Biological characteristics

Closeup of mandarin tree

Citrus fruits are usually self-fertile (needing only a bee to move pollenwithin the same flower) or parthenocarpic (not needing pollination andtherefore seedless, such as the satsuma).

Blossoms from the Dancy cultivar are one exception. They areself-sterile, and therefore must have a pollenizer variety to supplypollen, and a high bee population to make a good crop. The fruit isoblate.

Medicinal uses

In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried peel of the fruit is used in theregulation of ch'i, and also used to treat abdominal distension, to enhance digestion, and to reduce phlegm.[1]

Mandarins have also been used in ayurveda (traditional medicine of India).[2]

Mandarin orange 22

Production volume

Milgam hwachae, a Korean fruit dish made withmandarin oranges and honey

Tangerines, mandarins, clementinesTop ten producers in 2007 (1000 tonnes)

 People's Republic of China 15,185

 Spain 1,974

 Brazil 1,206

 Japan 1,066

 Morocco 1,042

 South Korea 778

 Egypt 748

 Turkey 744

 Iran 702

 Thailand 670

 Pakistan 640

All other 4,156

World total 27,869

Source:UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO), [3]

The "Clemenules" (or "Nules", the Valencian town where it was bred) accounts for the great majority of clementinesproduced in the world. Spain alone has over 200,000 acres (800 km²), producing fruit between November andJanuary. Mandarins marketed as tangerines are usually Dancy, Sunburst or Murcott (Honey) cultivars.

Mandarin orange 23

References[1] Yeung. Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. 1985. Los Angeles: Institute of Chinese Medicine.[2] Chopra, R. N.; Nayar, S. L.; Chopra, I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. 1986. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research.[3] http:/ / faostat. fao. org/ site/ 339/ default. aspx

Notes• " Citrus reticulata (http:/ / www. pfaf. org/ database/ plants. php?Citrus+ reticulata)" at Plants for a Future

External links• Mandarin Orange Nutrition Facts (http:/ / www. healthaliciousness. com/ nutritionfacts/ nutrition-comparison.

php?o=9218& t=& h=& s=76. 00& e=& r=)• UC Riverside Mandarin Variety Descriptions (http:/ / citrusvariety. ucr. edu/ citrus/ mandarins. html)• Mandarin Orange - from Morton, J. (1987) Fruits of Warm Climates (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/

morton/ mandarin_orange. html)• A Mandarin by Any Other Name (http:/ / mountainmandarins. com/ documents/ 10Oct2005-MMGA. pdf) by

Cindy Fake, UC Davis Cooperative Extension

Pomelo 24

Pomelo

Pomelo / Torange

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. maxima

Binomial name

Citrus maximaMerr.

The pomelo (Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis) is a crisp citrus fruit native to Southeast Asia. It is usually pale greento yellow when ripe, with sweet white (or, more rarely, pink or red) flesh and very thick albedo (rind pith). It is thelargest citrus fruit, 15–25 cm in diameter,[1] and usually weighing 1–2 kg. Other spellings for pomelo includepummelo, and pommelo, and other names include Chinese grapefruit, jabong, lusho fruit,Torange,pompelmous[2] from Tamil pampa limāsu,(பம்பளி மாசு)[3] = pompous lemon] and shaddock.[4]

Cultivation and usesThe pomelo tastes like a sweet, mild grapefruit, though the typical pomelo is much larger in size than the grapefruit.It has very little, or none, of the common grapefruit's bitterness, but the enveloping membranous material around thesegments is bitter, considered inedible, and thus usually is discarded. The peel is sometimes used to makemarmalade, or is candied and sometimes dipped in chocolate. The peel of the pomelo is also used in Chinesecooking. In general, citrus peel is often used in southern Chinese cuisine for flavoring, especially in sweet soupdesserts.The Chandler is a California variety of pomelo, with a smoother skin than many other varieties. An individualChandler fruit can reach the weight of one kilogram. Pomelos are usually grafted onto other citrus rootstocks, butcan be grown from seed, provided the seeds are not allowed to dry out before planting. The seedlings takeapproximately 8 years to start blooming and yielding fruit.

Pomelo 25

The tangelo is a hybrid between the pomelo and the tangerine. It has a thicker skin than a tangerine and is less sweet.It has been suggested the orange is also a hybrid of the two fruits. Other pomelo hybrids include grapefruits andmandelos.The pomelo is native to South-East Asia[5] and is known there under a wide variety of names. In Vietnam, twoparticularly well known varieties are cultivated; one called bưởi Năm Roi in the Trà Ôn district of Vinh LongProvince of the Mekong Delta region, and one called bưởi da xanh in Ben Tre Province.In the Philippines, the fruit is known as the sujâ, or lukban, and is eaten as a dessert or snack. The pomelo, cut intowedges, is dipped in salt before it is eaten. Pomelo juices and pomelo-flavored juice drink mixes are also common.In Thailand, the fruit is called som o (ส้มโอ), and is eaten raw, usually dipped into a salt, sugar and chili peppermixture.In Malay and Indonesian, the pomelo is known as limau/jeruk bali ("Balinese lime/orange") after the island of Bali.The town of Tambun in Perak, Malaysia is famous for pomelos. There are two varieties: a sweet kind, which haswhite flesh, and a sour kind, which has pinkish flesh and is more likely to be used as an altar decoration than actuallyeaten. Pomelos are a must during the mid-autumn festival or mooncake festival; they are normally eaten fresh.

Pomelo seedling

In Bangla, in Bangladesh and West Bengal, pomelo is known as ajambura (জাম্বুরা) or batabi lebu (বাতাবি লেবু). Unlike the Malaysianvariety, the white flesh jambura are sour and pink flesh jambura aresweet in this region.

It is also known as the sai-seh' (elephant grapefruit) among the Kukipeople and Zou tribes in Manipur and Chin states of Myanmar(Burma).

In Chinese, the fruit is known as yòuzi (柚子), although the sameChinese characters can also be used for the yuzu, a different species.The Japanese refer to the pomelo as buntan ( 文旦) or zabon ( 朱欒),apparently both derived from the name of Cantonese captain 谢文旦,read Sha Buntan in Japanese, who is said to have introduced thecultivation of the fruit to Japan in the An'ei era (1772–1781).[6] TheChinese use pomelo leaves in a ritual bath, which they believe helps tocleanse a person and repel evil.

In Assam it is known as robab tenga (ৰবাব টেঙা in Assamese). It is apopular after lunch snack once its sprinkled with salt and sliced chillies. In rural areas children often use it as asoccer ball.

In Manipur, nobab is used as a major source of vitamin C. This fruit holds a high place in the culture and tradition ofManipur. In Tamil Nadu, it is locally called as gadarangai. It is more commonly used for making pickles togetherwith salt, oil, red chillies and other spices. In coastal Maharashtra, especially in Konkan, papanas (पपनस) are a majorsubstitute for oranges, and mostly eaten sprinkled with salt and/or sugar. The fruit is known as chakothahannu(ಚಕ್ಕೋತ ಹಣ್ಣು) in Kannada and dabba kaaya in Telugu. In Malayalam it is known as കമ്പിളിനാരങ്ങ

("kambili naranga") or ബബ്ലൂസ് നാരങ്ങ (babloos naranga).

Pomelo 26

Gallery

Whole ripepomelo fromKerala (South

India)

South Indian Pomelo cut in half Pomelos Pomelo after being cut

Pomelo after being sectioned Flesh of the pomelo Pomelo on tree Ipoh pomelos onsale at Chinatown,

Singapore

Fruit on tree; from thePhilippines

Pomelo flower in early April

References[1] Growing the granddaddy of grapefruit (http:/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgi-bin/ article. cgi?file=/ c/ a/ 2004/ 12/ 25/ HOG7FAFSVC1. DTL&

type=printable), SFGate.com, December 25, 2004[2] Dictionary.com[3] Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek, 1997, Jan de Vries (http:/ / books. google. de/ books?id=mJc3AAAAIAAJ&

q=pompelmoes#v=snippet& q=pompelmoes& f=false)[4] After an English sea captain, Captain Shaddock, who introduced the seed to the West Indies in the 17th century from the Malay Archipelago.[5] http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ pummelo. html[6] http:/ / www. city. akune. kagoshima. jp/ kanko/ bontan. html

Pomelo 27

External links• Pomelo Nutrition Information (http:/ / www. calobonga. com/ calorieCounter/ food/ 9295/ 0/ calorie-counter. lz)

from USDA SR 22 database

28

Important hybrids

Bitter orangeFor the fruit known as "Chinese Bitter Orange," see Trifoliate orange.

Citrus aurantium

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. × aurantium

Binomial name

Citrus × aurantiumL., 1753[1]

The name "bitter orange", also known as Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, and marmalade orange,refers to a citrus tree (Citrus × aurantium) and its fruit. Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essentialoil, which is used in perfume and as a flavoring. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade.Bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant.[2] [3] The active ingredient,synephrine, has been linked to a number of deaths, and consumer groups advocate avoiding medicinal use of thefruit.[4]

Bitter orange 29

Varieties• Citrus aurantium subsp. amara is a spiny evergreen tree native to southern Vietnam, but widely cultivated. It is

used as grafting stock for citrus trees, in marmalade, and in liqueur such as triple sec, Grand Marnier andCuraçao. It is also cultivated for the essential oil expressed from the fruit, and for neroli oil and orange flowerwater, which are distilled from the flowers.

• Seville orange (or bigarade) is a widely-known, particularly tart orange which is now grown throughout theMediterranean region. It has a thick, dimpled skin, and is prized for making marmalade, being higher in pectinthan the sweet orange, and therefore giving a better set and a higher yield. It is also used in compotes and fororange-flavored liqueurs. Once a year, oranges of this variety are collected from trees in Seville and shipped toBritain to be used in marmalade.[5] However, the fruit is rarely consumed locally in Andalusia.[6]

• Bergamot orange, C. aurantium subsp. bergamia is cultivated in Italy for the production of bergamot oil, acomponent of many brands of perfume and tea, especially Earl Grey tea.

• Chinotto, from the myrtle-leaved orange tree, C. aurantium var. myrtifolia, is used for the namesake Italian sodabeverage. This is sometimes considered a separate species.

• Daidai, C. aurantium var. daidai, is used in Chinese medicine and Japanese New Year celebrations. The aromaticflowers are added to tea.[7]

• Wild Florida sour orange is found near small streams in generally secluded and wooded parts of Florida and theBahamas. It was introduced to the area from Spain.[7]

Uses

In cookingThe unripe fruit, called narthangai, is commonly used in Southern Indian cuisine, especially in Tamil cuisine. It ispickled by cutting it into spirals and stuffing it with salt. The pickle is usually consumed with thayir sadam. Thefresh fruit is also used frequently in pachadis. The juice from the ripe fruit is also used as a marinade for meat inNicaraguan, Cuban, Dominican and Haitian cooking. The peel can be used in the production of bitters. In Mexico, itis a main ingredient of the cochinita pibil.The Belgian Witbier (white beer) is made from wheat spiced with the peel of the bitter orange. The Finnish andSwedish use bitter orange peel in gingerbread (pepparkakor) and in mämmi. It is also used in the Nordic mulled wineglögg. In Greece and Cyprus, the nerántzi or kitrómilon, respectively, is one of the most prized fruits used for spoonsweets, and the C. aurantium tree (nerantziá or kitromiliá) is a popular ornamental tree. In Iran, the juice is used asfish marinade. The blossoms are also used to flavor tea and jam.

In medicineThe extract of bitter orange (and bitter orange peel) has been marketed as dietary supplement purported to act as aweight-loss aid and appetite suppressant. Bitter orange contains the tyramine metabolites N-methyltyramine,octopamine and synephrine,[8] substances similar to epinephrine, which act on the α1 adrenergic receptor to constrictblood vessels and increase blood pressure and heart rate.[9] [10] There is no evidence that bitter orange is effective inpromoting weight loss.[2]

Following bans on the herbal stimulant ephedra in the U.S., Canada, and elsewhere, bitter orange has beensubstituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by dietary supplement manufacturers.[11] Like mostdietary supplement ingredients, bitter orange has not undergone formal safety testing, but it is believed to cause thesame spectrum of adverse events as ephedra.[12] Case reports have linked bitter orange supplements to strokes,[13]

[14] angina,[8] and ischemic colitis.[15] The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine foundthat "there is currently little evidence that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra."[3] Bitter orange may haveserious drug interactions with drugs such as statins in a similar way to grapefruit.[16]

Bitter orange 30

Following an incident in which a a healthy young man suffered a myocardial infarction (heart attack) linked to bitterorange, a case study found that dietary supplement manufacturers who replaced ephedra with its analogs from "bitterorange" had in effect found a loophole in the ephedra ban, substituting a similarly dangerous substance whilelabeling the products as "ephedra-free".[17]

Other usesThis orange is used as a rootstock in groves of sweet orange.[7] The fruit and leaves make lather and can be used assoap.[7] The hard white or light yellow wood is used in woodworking and made into baseball bats in Cuba.[7]

References[1] "Citrus × aurantium L." (http:/ / www. ars-grin. gov/ cgi-bin/ npgs/ html/ taxon. pl?10684). Germplasm Resources Information Network.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-12-17. . Retrieved 2010-01-05.[2] Sharpe PA, Granner ML, Conway JM, Ainsworth BE, Dobre M (December 2006). "Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an

audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106 (12): 2045–51. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.014.PMID 17126636.

[3] "Bitter Orange" (http:/ / nccam. nih. gov/ health/ bitterorange/ ). National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. April 2008. .Retrieved 2008-11-03.

[4] "Dangerous Supplements: Twelve Supplements You Should Avoid" Consumer Reports Magazine, September 2010 http:/ / www.consumerreports. org/ cro/ magazine-archive/ 2010/ september/ health/ dangerous-supplements/ supplements-to-avoid/ index. htm

[5] Campaña de recogida de la naranja amarga. (http:/ / www. sevilla. org/ impe/ sevilla/ contenido?pag=/ contenidos/ parques_jardines/actuaciones/ recogida_naranja_2009& idActivo=C663& idSeccion=C663& vE=D4268) sevilla.org.

[6] Apenas se aprovechará la naranja que se recoja en la capital este año. (http:/ / www. 20minutos. es/ noticia/ 193691/ 0/ aprovechara/ naranja/capital/ ) 20minutos.es.

[7] C. aurantium. (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ sour_orange. html) Purdue Horticulture.[8] Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, Weintraub AR, Estes NA (April 2006). "Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary

supplement". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81 (4): 545–8. doi:10.4065/81.4.545. PMID 16610576.[9] Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ (January 2006). "Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange". The Annals

of Pharmacotherapy 40 (1): 53–7. doi:10.1345/aph.1G488. PMID 16317106.[10] Hess AM, Sullivan DL (March 2005). "Potential for toxicity with use of bitter orange extract and guarana for weight loss". The Annals of

pharmacotherapy 39 (3): 574–5. doi:10.1345/aph.1E249. PMID 15657116.[11] Duenwald, Mary (2005-10-11). "Bitter Orange Under Scrutiny as New Ephedra" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 10/ 11/ health/ policy/

11cons. html). New York Times. . Retrieved 2008-11-03.[12] Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K (October 2004). "Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions"

(http:/ / www. cmaj. ca/ cgi/ pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=15497209). Canadian Medical Association Journal 171 (8): 993–4.PMID 15497209. .

[13] Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS (April 2005). "Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-freedietary supplement containing synephrine". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80 (4): 541–5. doi:10.4065/80.4.541. PMID 15819293.

[14] Holmes RO, Tavee J (July 2008). "Vasospasm and stroke attributable to ephedra-free xenadrine: case report". Military Medicine 173 (7):708–10. PMID 18700609.

[15] Sultan S, Spector J, Mitchell RM (December 2006). "Ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange-containing dietary weight-losssupplement". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 81 (12): 1630–1. doi:10.4065/81.12.1630. PMID 17165643.

[16] Mayo clinic: article on interference between grapefruit and medication (http:/ / www. mayoclinic. com/ health/ food-and-nutrition/AN00413)

[17] Thomas JE, Munir JA, McIntyre PZ, Ferguson MA (2009). "STEMI in a 24-Year-Old Man after Use of a Synephrine-Containing DietarySupplement: A Case Report and Review of the Literature". Tex Heart Inst J. 36 (6): 586–90. PMC 2801940. PMID 20069086.

Bitter orange 31

External links• Bitter Orange (http:/ / nccam. nih. gov/ health/ bitterorange/ ): Information from the National Center for

Complementary and Alternative Medicine• Bitter Orange List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases) (http:/ / sun. ars-grin. gov:8080/ npgspub/ xsql/ duke/

plantdisp. xsql?taxon=276)

Grapefruit

Grapefruit

Grapefruit, hybrid citrus.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. × paradisi

Binomial name

Citrus × paradisiMacfad.

The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), is a subtropical citrus tree known for its sour fruit, an 18th-century hybrid firstbred in Barbados.[1] When found, it was named the "forbidden fruit";[2] it has also been misidentified with thepomelo or shaddock (C. maxima), one of the parents of this hybrid, the other being sweet orange (C. × sinensis).These evergreen trees usually grow to around 5–6 meters (16–20 ft) tall, although they can reach 13–15 meters(43–49 ft). The leaves are dark green, long (up to 150 mm, 6 inches) and thin. It produces 5 cm (2 in) whitefour-petaled flowers. The fruit is yellow-orange skinned and largely an oblate spheroid; it ranges in diameter from10–15 cm. The flesh is segmented and acidic, varying in color depending on the cultivars, which include white, pinkand red pulps of varying sweetness. The 1929 US Ruby Red (of the Redblush variety) has the first grapefruitpatent.[3]

The fruit has become popular since the late 19th century; before that it was only grown as an ornamental plant. The United States quickly became a major producer of the fruit, with groves in Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California.

Grapefruit 32

In Spanish, the fruit is known as toronja[4] or pomelo.[5]

HistoryOne ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), itself an ancient hybrid of Asianorigin; the other was the Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima). One story of the fruit's origins is that a certain "CaptainShaddock"[6] brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit.[7] But it probably originated as anaturally-occurring hybrid.[1]

The hybrid fruit was documented in 1750 by a Welshman, Rev. Griffith Hughes, who described specimens fromBarbados.[8] [9] Currently, the grapefruit is said to be one of the "Seven Wonders of Barbados."[10] It was brought toFlorida by Count Odette Philippe in 1823 in what is now known as Safety Harbor. Further crosses have produced thetangelo (1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the oroblanco (sweetie)(1984). The sweetie has very small geneticand other differences from the pomelo.The grapefruit was known as the shaddock or shattuck until the 19th century. Its current name alludes to clusters ofthe fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to grapes.[11] Botanically, it was not distinguished from the pomelountil the 1830s, when it was given the name Citrus paradisi. Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s.This led to the official name being altered to Citrus × paradisi, the "×" identifying its hybrid origin.[12] [13]

An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball Chase Atwood, a wealthy entrepreneur who foundedthe Atwood Grapefruit Co. in the late 19th century. The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in theworld, with an annual production of 80,000 boxes of fruit.[14] It was there that pink grapefruit was first discovered in1906.[15]

The 1929 Ruby Red patent was associated with real commercial success, which came after the discovery of a redgrapefruit growing on a pink variety. Only with the introduction of the Ruby Red did the grapefruit transform into areal agricultural success. The Red grapefruit, starting with the Ruby Red, has even become a symbolic fruit of Texas,where white "inferior" grapefruit were eliminated and only red grapefruit were grown for decades. Using radiation totrigger mutations, new varieties were developed to retain the red tones which typically faded to pink,[16] the Rio Redvariety is the current (2007) Texas grapefruit with registered trademarks Rio Star and Ruby-Sweet, also sometimespromoted as "Reddest" and "Texas Choice".The Florida Department of Citrus states "the primary varieties of Florida grapefruit are Ruby Red, Pink, Thompson,Marsh and Duncan. The fresh grapefruit season typically runs from October through June."[17]

ProductionThe United States is the top producer of grapefruit and pomelo followed by China and South Africa.

Grapefruit and pomelo output in 2005

Grapefruit 33

Top ten grapefruit (inc. pomelos) Producers — 2007

Country Production (Tonnes) Footnote

 United States 1580000

 People's Republic of China 547000 F

 South Africa 430000 F

 Mexico 390000 F

 Syria 290000 F

 Israel 245000 *

 Turkey 181923

 India 178000 F

 Argentina 176000 F

 Cuba 175000 F

World 5061023 A

No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official,semi-official or estimates);Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division [18]

Colors and flavors

A grapefruit from southernCalifornia

Grapefruit comes in many varieties, determinable by color, which is caused by thepigmentation of the fruit in respect of both its state of ripeness.[19] The most popularvarieties cultivated today are red, white, and pink hues, referring to the internal pulpcolor of the fruit. The family of flavors range from highly acidic and somewhatbitter to sweet and tart.[19] Grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing terpene, is oneof the substances which has a strong influence on the taste and odor of grapefruit,compared with other citrus fruits.[20]

Grapefruit 34

Drug interactions

Grapefruit mercaptan

Grapefruit can have a number of interactions with drugs,[21] often increasing the effectivepotency of compounds. In the field of polyphenolic compounds, grapefruit contains theflavanone naringin, alongside the two furanocoumarins bergamottin anddihydroxybergamottin, which inhibit the protein isoform CYP3A4 predominately in the smallintestine, but at higher doses, hepatic CYP3A4 inhibition is present as well.[22] It is viainhibition of this enzyme that grapefruit increases the effects of a variety of drugs byincreasing their bioavailability.[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] The effect from Grapefruits becamewell-publicized after being responsible for a number of deaths due to overdosing onmedication.[28] In particular grapefruit and bitter oranges are known to interact with statins.

Grapefruit juice may be the first documented, but apple and orange juices have been alsoimplicated in interfering with etoposide, a chemotherapy drug, some beta blocker drugs used

to treat high blood pressure, and cyclosporine, taken by transplant patients to prevent rejection of their neworgans.[29] Some citrus-based carbonated beverages (e.g., "Sun Drop") also contain enough grapefruit juice to causedrug interactions, particularly in patients taking cyclosporine.

Unlike other fruits, grapefruit contains a large amount of naringin, and it can take up to 72 hours before the effects ofthe naringin on the CYP3A4 enzyme are seen. This is particularly problematic due to the fact that only 4 oz ofgrapefruit contain enough naringin to inhibit substrates of CYP3A4.

Nutritional properties

Grapefruit, raw, white, all areas

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 138 kJ (33 kcal)

Carbohydrates 8.41 g

- Sugars 7.31 g

- Dietary fiber 1.1 g

Fat 0.10 g

Protein 0.69 g

Water 90.48 g

Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.037 mg (3%)

Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.020 mg (2%)

Niacin (vit. B3) 0.269 mg (2%)

Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.283 mg (6%)

Vitamin B6 0.043 mg (3%)

Folate (vit. B9) 10 μg (3%)

Vitamin C 33.3 mg (40%)

Calcium 12 mg (1%)

Iron 0.06 mg (0%)

Magnesium 9 mg (3%)

Phosphorus 8 mg (1%)

Grapefruit 35

Potassium 148 mg (3%)

Zinc 0.07 mg (1%)

Manganese 0.013 mg

Percentages are relative to US recommendations foradults.

Source: USDA Nutrient Database [30]

Grapefruit is an excellent source of many nutrients and phytochemicals that contribute to a healthy diet. Grapefruit isa good source of vitamin C,[19] [31] contains the fiber pectin,[32] and the pink and red hues contain the beneficialantioxidant lycopene.[19] [33] Studies have shown grapefruit helps lower cholesterol,[19] [34] and there is evidence thatthe seeds have antioxidant properties.[35] Grapefruit forms a core part of the "grapefruit diet", the theory being thatthe fruit's low glycemic index is able to help the body's metabolism burn fat.[36]

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) has been claimed to have strong antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi.However, no studies have demonstrated any efficacy by GSE as an antimicrobial for either bacteria or fungi.Additionally, although GSE is promoted as a highly effective plant-based preservative by some natural personal caremanufacturers, studies have shown that the apparent antimicrobial activity associated with GSE preparations ismerely due to contamination with synthetic preservatives.[37] [38] [39] [40] [41]

Since grapefruit juice is known to inhibit enzymes necessary for the clearance of some drugs and hormones, somehave hypothesized that grapefruit juice may play an indirect role in the development of hormone-dependent cancers.A 2007 study found a correlation between eating a quarter of grapefruit daily and a 30% increase in risk for breastcancer in post-menopausal women. The study points to the inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme by grapefruit, whichmetabolizes estrogen.[42] However, a 2008 study has shown that grapefruit consumption does not increase breastcancer risk and found a significant decrease in breast cancer risk with greater intake of grapefruit in women whonever used hormone therapy.[43]

Grapefruit contains large quantities of a simple polyamine called spermidine, which may be related to aging. It isknown to be necessary for cell growth and maturation, and as cells age their level of spermidine is known to fall.Scientists have shown that feeding spermidine to worms, fruit flies and yeast significantly prolongs their lifespan. Inaddition, adding spermidine to the diet of mice decreased molecular markers of aging, and when human immunecells were cultured in a medium containing spermidine, they also lived longer.[44]

Nutritional information100g of grapefruit contains the following nutritional information according to the USDA:[45]

• Calories : 32• Fat: 0.10• Carbohydrates: 8.08• Fibers: 1.1• Protein: 0.63• Cholesterol: 0

Grapefruit 36

Grapefruit sweetsIn Costa Rica, especially in Atenas, grapefruits are often cooked to remove their sourness, rendering them as sweets;they are also stuffed with dulce de leche, resulting in a dessert called toronja rellena (stuffed grapefruit).

Other usesGrapefruit peel oil is used in aromatherapy and it is historically known for its aroma.[46]

Grapefruit has also been investigated in cancer medicine pharmacodynamics. Its inhibiting effect on the metabolismof some drugs may allow smaller doses to be used, which can help to reduce costs.[47]

References[1] Carrington, Sean; Fraser, HenryC (2003). "Grapefruit". A~Z of Barbados Heritage. Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0333920686.

"One of many citrus species grown in Barbados. This fruit is believed to have originated in Barbados as a natural cross between sweet orange(C. sinesis) and Shadock (C. grandis), both of which were introduced from Asia in the seventeenth century. The grapefruit first appeared as anillustration entitled 'The Forbidden Fruit Tree' in the Rev. Griffith Hughes' The Natural History of Barbados (1750). This accords with thescientific name which literally means 'citrus of paradise'. The fruit was obviously fairly common around that time since George Washington inhis Barbados Journal (1750-1751) mentions 'the Forbidden Fruit' as one of the local fruit available at a dinner party he attended. The plant waslater described in the 1837 Flora of Jamaica as the Barbados Grapefruit. These historical arguments and experimental work on leaf enzymesand oils from possible parents all support a Barbadian origin for the fruit."

[2] Dowling, Curtis F.; Morton, Julia Frances (1987). Fruits of warm climates (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ grapefruit.html). Miami, FL: J. F. Morton. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0. OCLC 16947184. .

[3] Texas grapefruit history (http:/ / www. texasweet. com/ About-Texas-Citrus/ Texas-Grapefruit-History), TexaSweet. Retrieved 2 July 2008.[4] Google translation of Spanish toronja (http:/ / translate. google. com/ translate_t?hl=& ie=UTF-8& text=toronja& sl=es& tl=en#)[5] Google translation of Spanish pomelo (http:/ / translate. google. com/ translate_t?hl=& ie=UTF-8& text=pomelo& sl=es& tl=en#)[6] A possible identification with an actual Captain Chaddock who traded in the West Indies in the 17th century, was suggested by J. Kumamoto,

R. W. Scora, H. W. Lawton and W. A. Clerx, "Mystery of the forbidden fruit: Historical epilogue on the origin of the grapefruit, Citrusparadisi (Rutaceae)", Economic Botany, 41.1 (January, 1987:97-107).

[7] Grapefruit: a fruit with a bit of a complex (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0JAW/ is_87/ ai_n25336559/ ) in Art Culinaire (Winter,2007)

[8] World Wide Words: Questions & Answers; Grapefruit. Abstract (http:/ / www. worldwidewords. org/ qa/ qa-gra3. htm)[9] "Welchman Hall Gully, Barbados" (http:/ / www. welchmanhallgullybarbados. com/ index. php) Barbados National Trust 2010 . Retrieved 11

July 2010 "The Development of the Gully - The Gully was once part of a plantation owned by a Welshman called General William AsygellWilliams over 200 years ago. Hence the name "Welchman Hall" gully. It was this man who first developed the gully with exotic trees and anorchard. Interestingly, the grapefruit is originally from Barbados and is rumoured to have started in Welchman Hall Gully."

[10] Barbados Seven Wonders: The Grapefruit Tree. Abstract (http:/ / www. barbados. org/ grapefrt. htm)[11] "How did the grapefruit get its name?" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ scitech/ mysteries/ grapefruit. html) Library of Congress. Science

Reference Service, Everyday Mysteries. Retrieved August 2, 2009.[12] Texas Citrus: Puzzling Beginnings. Article (http:/ / www. texasweet. com/ texascitrus/ grapefruit. html)[13] University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. Fact Sheet (http:/ / edis. ifas. ufl. edu/ pdffiles/ CH/ CH06300. pdf)PDF[14] http:/ / www. heraldtribune. com/ article/ 20040816/ NEWS/ 408160323?tc=ar[15] Article (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ grapefruit. html)[16] William J Broad (28 August 2007). "Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 08/ 28/ science/ 28crop.

html?_r=1& pagewanted=print& oref=slogin). New York Times. .[17] http:/ / www. gofloridagrapefruit. com/ florida-grown/[18] http:/ / faostat. fao. org/ site/ 567/ DesktopDefault. aspx?PageID=567#ancor[19] The World's Healthiest Foods; Grapefruit. The George Mateljan Foundation. Article (http:/ / www. whfoods. com/ genpage.

php?tname=foodspice& dbid=25)[20] A. Buettner, P. Schieberle (1999). "Characterization of the Most Odor-Active Volatiles in Fresh, Hand-Squeezed Juice of Grapefruit (Citrus

paradisi Macfayden)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (12): 5189–5193. doi:10.1021/jf990071l. PMID 10606593.[21] Seden K. Dickinson L. Khoo S. Back D."Grapefruit-drug interactions. [Review] Drugs. 70(18):2373-407, 2010 Dec 24.[22] Veronese ML, Gillen LP, Burke JP, Dorval EP, Hauck WW, Pequignot E, Waldman SA, Greenberg HE. Exposure-dependent inhibition of

intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in vivo by grapefruit juice. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2003 Aug;43(8):831-9.[23] He K, Iyer KR, Hayes RN, Sinz MW, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF (1998). "Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a

component of grapefruit juice". Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11 (4): 252–9. doi:10.1021/tx970192k. PMID 9548795.[24] Bailey DG, Malcolm J, Arnold O, Spence JD (1998). "Grapefruit juice–drug interactions". Br J Clin Pharmacol 46 (2): 101–10.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x. PMC 1873672. PMID 9723817.

Grapefruit 37

[25] Garg SK, Kumar N, Bhargava VK, Prabhakar SK (1998). "Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients withepilepsy". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 64 (3): 286–8. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90177-1. PMID 9757152.

[26] Bailey DG, Dresser GK (2004). "Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs". Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 4 (5): 281–97.doi:10.2165/00129784-200404050-00002. PMID 15449971.

[27] Bressler R (2006). "Grapefruit juice and drug interactions. Exploring mechanisms of this interaction and potential toxicity for certain drugs".Geriatrics 61 (11): 12–8. PMID 17112309.

[28] Bakalar, Nicholas (21 March 2006). "Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 03/ 21/health/ 21grap. html?ex=1300597200& en=61e834f36b9afac9& ei=5090& partner=rssuserland& emc=rss). New York Times. .

[29] "Fruit juice 'could affect drugs'" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ health/ 7572500. stm). BBC News. 20 August 2008. . :][30] http:/ / www. nal. usda. gov/ fnic/ foodcomp/ search/[31] Fellers PJ, Nikdel S, Lee HS (August 1990). "Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products". J

Am Diet Assoc 90 (8): 1079–84. PMID 2380455.[32] Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW (September 1988). "The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for

coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle". Clin Cardiol 11 (9): 589–94. doi:10.1002/clc.4960110902. PMID 3229016.[33] Lee HS (May 2000). "Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color". J. Agric. Food Chem. 48 (5): 1507–11. doi:10.1021/jf9907236.

PMID 10820051.[34] Platt R (2000). "Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease". Prev Cardiol 3 (2): 83–7.

doi:10.1111/j.1520-037X.2000.80364.x. PMID 11834923.[35] Armando C, Maythe S, Beatriz NP (1997). "Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils" (http:/ / www3. interscience.

wiley. com/ cgi-bin/ abstract/ 10007270/ ABSTRACT). J Sci Food Agric. 77 (4): 463–7.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199808)77:4<463::AID-JSFA62>3.0.CO;2-1. .

[36] WMUR Ch. 9: New Hampshire news, weather, sports and entertainment. Researchers Put Grapefruit Diet To Test: Grapefruit CompoundLowers Cholesterol, Helps Regulate Insulin. June 11, 2003. Article (http:/ / www. wmur. com/ health/ 2262919/ detail. html)

[37] Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T (1996). "[Analysis of components in natural food additive "grapefruit seed extract" by HPLC andLC/MS]" (in Japanese). Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku (114): 38–42. PMID 9037863.

[38] von Woedtke T, Schlüter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Jülich WD (June 1999). "Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seedextract and its relation to preservative substances contained". Pharmazie 54 (6): 452–6. PMID 10399191.

[39] Takeoka G, Dao L, Wong RY, Lundin R, Mahoney N (July 2001). "Identification of benzethonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seedextracts". J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 (7): 3316–20. doi:10.1021/jf010222w. PMID 11453769.

[40] Takeoka GR, Dao LT, Wong RY, Harden LA (September 2005). "Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seedextracts". J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (19): 7630–6. doi:10.1021/jf0514064. PMID 16159196.

[41] Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H (May 2006). "Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneousdetermination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract". J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (11): 3768–72. doi:10.1021/jf060543d.PMID 16719494.

[42] Monroe KR, Murphy SP, Kolonel LN, Pike MC (August 2007). "Prospective study of grapefruit intake and risk of breast cancer inpostmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Cohort Study". Br. J. Cancer 97 (3): 440–5. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603880. PMC 2360312.PMID 17622247.

[43] Kim EH, Hankinson SE, Eliassen AH, Willett WC (January 2008). "A prospective study of grapefruit and grapefruit juice intake and breastcancer risk" (http:/ / www. nature. com/ bjc/ journal/ v98/ n1/ pdf/ 6604105a. pdf) (PDF). Br. J. Cancer 98 (1): 240–1.doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604105. PMC 2359690. PMID 18026192. . Retrieved 26 June 2009.

[44] "rsc.org" (http:/ / www. rsc. org/ chemistryworld/ News/ 2009/ October/ 04100901. asp). .[45] http:/ / www. nal. usda. gov/ fnic/ foodcomp/ search/[46] Worwood, Valerie Ann (1991). The complete book of essential oils and aromatherapy. Novato, Calif: New World Library.

ISBN 0-931432-82-0.[47] Gandey A (18 July 2007). "Cut Cancer Drug Costs By Exploring Food Interactions" (http:/ / www. medscape. com/ viewarticle/ 560026).

Medscape Medical News. .

"Why Texas Grapefruit Is Important for Your Health" (http:/ / www. pittmandavis. com/ articles/ citrus/ grapefruit/texas-grapefruit/ texas-grapefruit-for-your-health. html), source: Pittman Davis, 2009

External links• Grapefruit from "Fruits of warm climates" by Julia F. Morton. (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/

grapefruit. html)

Lemon 38

Lemon

Lemon

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. × limon

Binomial name

Citrus × limon(L.) Burm.f.

The lemon is both a small evergreen tree (Citrus × limon, often given as C. limon) native to Asia, and the tree'sellipsoidal yellow fruit. The fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world – primarily forits juice, though the pulp and rind (zest) are also used, mainly in cooking and baking. Lemon juice is about 5% to 6%(approximately 0.3 M) citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste, and a pH of 2–3. Many lemon flavored drinksand foods are available, including lemonade and sherbet lemons. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it akey ingredient in many dishes across the world.

Lemon 39

History

Lemon in the process of ripening

The exact origin of the lemon has remained a mystery, though it iswidely presumed that lemons first grew in India, northern Burma,and China.[1] [2] In South and South East Asia, it was known for itsantiseptic properties and it was used as an antidote for variouspoisons. Lemons entered Europe (near southern Italy) no later thanthe 1st century CE, during the time of Ancient Rome. However,they were not widely cultivated. It was later introduced to Persiaand then to Iraq and Egypt around CE 700. The lemon was firstrecorded in literature in a 10th century Arabic treatise on farming,and was also used as an ornamental plant in early Islamicgardens.[1] [2] It was distributed widely throughout the Arab worldand the Mediterranean region between 1000 and 1150. The genetic

origin of the lemon, however, was reported to be hybrid between sour orange and citron.[3]

The first substantial lemon cultivation in Europe began in Genoa in the middle of the 15th century.[2] It was laterintroduced to the Americas in 1493 when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola along hisvoyages. Spanish conquest throughout the New World helped spread lemon seeds. It was mainly used as ornamentand medicine.[2] In the 18th and 19th centuries, lemons were increasingly planted in Florida and California, whenlemons began to be used in cooking and flavoring.[4]

In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding vitamin C to their diets withlemon juice.[5]

The etymological path of the word lemon suggests a Middle Eastern origin. One of the earliest occurrences of"lemon" is found in a Middle English customs document of 1420–1421, which draws from the Old French limon,thence the Italian limone, from the Arabic laymūn or līmūn, from the Persian līmūn.[6]

Growing LemonsThere are about 1600 sub species of lemon [7] and the tribe Citrae has 13 genera most of which can be grafted orcrossed with other species of citrus. It has been suggested that lemons. Limes and sour orange are a mutation of thecitron.Lemons in common with other citrus, often benefit from a vigorous rootstock grafted to a sweeter, slow growingvariety.

Differences between orange and lemonWhilst in some cases it is generally accepted to be clear (sweet / sour) or (orange /yellow) in reality it is not. Variousexamples occur, which do not agree, either with the popular definition of oranges and lemons, or with that given bybotanists. For instance the k/ratta citrus of India has an orange leaf, an orange exterior, an orange pulp, yet its fruit isprominently mammillate (ie covered with rounded protuberances), and its flower is tinged purple. Again, theacid-less citrus, the* mitha-nimboo, has a lemon-yellow exterior, a white pulp, and it is mammillate; its leaves arelike those of a lemon, yet its flowers are pure white. The jkamblri proper has orange-like leaves, the flowers areslightly tinged with purple, the pulp, varies from white to pale yellow, or orange, and the fruit is mammillate, and oftwo kinds externally, either of an orange colour, or of a lemon-yellow, and possibly also of a fawn colour. [8]

Lemon 40

Varieties

Citrus × limon flowers.

Lemon-citrus limon seedling

• Bush lemon tree

This naturalized lemon grows wild in subtropicalAustralia. They are very hardy, and have a thick skinwith a true lemon flavor; the zest is good for cooking. Itgrows to about 4m in a sunny position.

• Eureka[9]

Because it grows year-round and abundantly, this is thecommon supermarket lemon.[10]

• Femminello St. Teresa, or Sorrento [11] : Native to Italy,this fruit's zest is high in lemon oils. It is the varietytraditionally used in the making of limoncello.

• Jhambiri C. jhambiri (Tan) The Rough lemon has a lemonyellow exterior and a very sour pulp. It is widely used as arootstock in S. Asia [12]

• Lisbon[13]

A good quality bitter lemon with high juice and acidlevels, the fruits of Lisbon are very similar to Eureka.The vigorous and productive trees are very thorny,particularly when young.

• Meyer[14]

This is a cross between a lemon and possibly an orangeor a mandarin, and was named for Frank N. Meyer, whofirst discovered it in 1908. Thin-skinned and slightlyless acidic than the Lisbon and Eureka lemons, Meyerlemons require more care when shipping and are notwidely grown on a commercial basis. Meyer lemonshave a much thinner rind, and often mature to ayellow-orange color. Meyer lemons are slightly morefrost-tolerant than other lemons.

• Ponderosa[15]

The tree is very hardy and can handle frosts; the fruitare thick-skinned and very large. Likely a citron-lemon hybrid.

• Variegated Pink[16]

A varietal of the eureka or lisbon cultivars with variegated patterns in the foliage and the rinds of immaturegreen fruit. Upon maturing to yellow, the variegated pattern recedes in the fruit rind. The flesh and juice arepink or pinkish-orange instead of yellow.

• Verna

A Spanish variety of unknown origin[17]

• Villafranca[18]

• Yen Ben

An Australasian cultivar[19]

• Yuzu[20]

Lemon 41

Cultivated in Japan and Korea for centuries, yuzu have a flavor akin to a mixture of meyer lemon and whitegrapefruit. Yuzu is likely a wild hybrid between an ichang papeda and a sour mandarin, and is a close relativeof sudachi and kaffir limes. Yuzu rival citranges and kumquats as the most cold-tolerant citrus.

Nutritional value

Lemon marmalade on a slice of bread

The average lemon contains approximately 3 tablespoons of juice.Allowing lemons to come to room temperature before squeezing (orheating briefly in a microwave) makes the juice easier to extract.Lemons left unrefrigerated for long periods of time are susceptible tomold.

Lemon, raw, without peel

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 121 kJ (29 kcal)

Carbohydrates 9.32 g

- Sugars 2.50 g

- Dietary fiber 2.8 g

Fat 0.30 g

Protein 1.10 g

Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.040 mg (3%)

Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.020 mg (2%)

Niacin (vit. B3) 0.100 mg (1%)

Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.190 mg (4%)

Vitamin B6 0.080 mg (6%)

Folate (vit. B9) 11 μg (3%)

Vitamin C 53.0 mg (64%)

Calcium 26 mg (3%)

Iron 0.60 mg (5%)

Magnesium 8 mg (2%)

Phosphorus 16 mg (2%)

Potassium 138 mg (3%)

Zinc 0.06 mg (1%)

Percentages are relative to US recommendations foradults.

Source: USDA Nutrient Database [30]

Lemon 42

Culinary uses

Pickled lemons, a Moroccan delicacy

A lemon orchard in the Galilee of Israel

Lemon juice, rind, and zest are used in a wide variety ofculinary applications:• Lemon juice is used to make lemonade, soft drinks,

cocktails, and marinades for both fish, where its acidneutralizes amines in fish by converting them intonon-volatile ammonium salts, and meat, where the acidpartially hydrolyzes tough collagen fibers, tenderizing themeat, but the low pH denatures the proteins, causing themto dry out when cooked.

Lemon juice is also used as a short-term preservative oncertain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after beingsliced, such as apples, bananas and avocados, where its aciddenatures the enzymes which cause browning anddegradation. Lemon juice and rind are used to makemarmalade and lemon liqueur.

• Lemon slices and lemon rind are used a garnish for bothfood and drinks.

• Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is used to addflavor to baked goods, puddings, rice and other dishes.

• Pickled lemons are a Moroccan delicacy.

Non culinary uses

Aromatherapy, first aid and medicine

• In one of the most comprehensive scientific investigationsdone yet, researchers at The Ohio State University revealedlemon oil aroma used in aromatherapy does not influencethe human immune system, but may enhance mood.[21]

• The low pH of juice makes it antibacterial.Commercial use

• Lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid prior to the development of fermentation-basedprocesses.

• A halved lemon is used as a finger moistener for those counting large amounts of bills, such as tellers andcashiers.

Household use

• The peel oil is used as a wood cleaner and polish, where the solvent property of d-limonene is employed todissolve old wax, fingerprints, and grime.

• A halved lemon dipped in salt or baking powder can be used to brighten copper cookware. The acid dissolves thetarnish and the abrasives assist the cleaning.

• As a sanitary kitchen deodorizer the juice can deodorize, remove grease, bleach stains, and disinfect; when mixedwith baking soda, it can remove stains from plastic food storage containers.[22]

Insecticide

• The d-limonene in lemon oil is used as a nontoxic insecticide treatment. See orange oil.

Lemon 43

Science education

• A popular science experiment in schools involves attaching electrodes to a lemon and using it as a battery toproduce electricity. Although very low power, several lemon batteries can power a small digital watch.[23] Theseexperiments also work with other fruits and vegetables.

• Lemon juice is sometimes used as an acid in educational science experiments.

Lemon alternativesMany plants are noted to taste or smell similar to lemons.• Certain cultivars of basil• Cymbopogon (lemon grass)• Lemon balm, a hybrid Pelargonium x melissinum (scented "geranium")• Lemongrass• Lemon myrtle, recently, this Australian bush food has become a popular alternative to lemons.[24] The crushed

and dried leaves and edible essential oils have a strong, sweet lemon taste, but contain no citric acid. Lemonmyrtle is popular in foods that curdle with lemon juice, such as cheesecake and ice cream.

• Lemon thyme• Lemon verbena• Limes, another common sour citrus fruit, used similarly to lemons• Certain cultivars of mint

ProductionIndia tops the production list with about 16% of the world's overall lemon and lime output, followed by Mexico(~14.5%), Argentina (~10%), Brazil (~8%) and Spain (~7%).

Top Ten Lemons and Limes Producers – 2007

Country Production (Tonnes)

 India 2,060,000F

 Mexico 1,880,000F

 Argentina 1,260,000F

 Brazil 1,060,000F

 Spain 880,000F

 People's Republic of China 745,100F

 United States 722,000

 Turkey 706,652

 Iran 615,000F

 Italy 546,584

World 13,032,388F

No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate, A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates);Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division [18]

Lemon 44

References[1] Wright, A. Clifford. History of Lemonade (http:/ / www. cliffordawright. com/ history/ lemonade. html), CliffordAWright.com[2] The origins (http:/ / www. limmi. it/ content/ view/ 78/ 156/ lang,en/ ), limmi.it.[3] Gulsen, O.; M. L. Roose (2001). "Lemons: Diversity and Relationships with Selected Citrus Genotypes as Measured with Nuclear Genome

Markers". Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 126:309–317[4] Morton, J. 1987. Lemon. p. 160–168. Fruits of warm climates. (Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.) @ Purdue University (http:/ / www. hort.

purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ lemon. html#Description)[5] Case 3: Naval Medicine: The Fight Against Scurvy (http:/ / www. kcl. ac. uk/ depsta/ iss/ library/ speccoll/ exhibitions/ skilsail/ scurv. html)

@ King's College at London. Information on this site is based from: James Lind. A treatise on the scurvy. Second edition. London: printed forA. Millar, 1757. [St. Thomas's Historical Collection 28.b.9].

[6] Dictionary.com (http:/ / www. dictionary. com)[7] http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ tropical/ lecture_32/ lec_32. html[8] http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ cultivatedorange00bonarich/ cultivatedorange00bonarich_djvu. txt[9] Photo (http:/ / www. fourwindsgrowers. com/ photos/ eureka/ multifruit. jpg)[10] "Complete List of Four Winds Dwarf Citrus Varieties" (http:/ / www. fourwindsgrowers. com/ variety_list. html#lemon).

Fourwindsgrowers.com. . Retrieved 2010-06-06.[11] "Taste of a thousand lemons" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ features/ la-fo-limoncello8sep08,0,771590. story). Los Angeles Times. .

Retrieved November 21, 2011.[12] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=3wEnAQAAIAAJ& q=jhambiri+ lemon& dq=jhambiri+ lemon& hl=en&

ei=MrHUTubxJouJrAe_6snDDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg[13] Photo (http:/ / www. fourwindsgrowers. com/ photos/ lisbon/ fruit. jpg)[14] Photo (http:/ / www. finecooking. com/ CMS/ uploadedImages/ Images/ Cooking/ Articles/ Web_Only/ fcmeyer-01_med. jpg)[15] Photo (http:/ / www. fourwindsgrowers. com/ photos/ ponderosa/ fruit. jpg)[16] Photo (http:/ / www. fourwindsgrowers. com/ photos/ vpl/ fruit. jpg)[17] Australiancitrusgrowers.com (http:/ / www. australiancitrusgrowers. com/ aspdev/ resources/ documents/ Verna9-02. pdf)[18] "The Circle | Channel Ten" (http:/ / 9am. ten. com. au/ lemon-trees. htm). 9am.ten.com.au. . Retrieved 2010-06-06.[19] "New Zealand Citrus" (http:/ / ceventura. ucdavis. edu/ ben/ citrus/ misc/ new_zealand. htm). ceventura.ucdavis.edu. . Retrieved 2010-06-13.[20] Photo (http:/ / www. finecooking. com/ CMS/ uploadedImages/ Images/ Cooking/ Articles/ Web_Only/ fcyuzu-01_med. jpg)[21] 9 Ohio State University Research, March 3, 2008 (http:/ / researchnews. osu. edu/ archive/ aromathe. htm) Study is published in the March

2008 issue of the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology[22] 6 ingredients for a green, clean home (http:/ / shine. yahoo. com/ channel/ home/ 6-ingredients-for-a-green-clean-home-155345/ ), Shine.

Retrieved on April 24, 2008.[23] Energyquest.ca.gov (http:/ / www. energyquest. ca. gov/ projects/ lemon. html) California Energy Commission[24] Lemon Myrtle (http:/ / www. teachers. ash. org. au/ bushtucker/ lemon_myrtle. html)

External links• (Purdue University) (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ lemon. html) Morton, Julia F. 1987.

"Lemon". pp. 160–168, in Fruits of warm climates. (Julia F. Morton, Miami)• PlantFiles: Citrus x meyeri 'Meyer' (http:/ / davesgarden. com/ pf/ go/ 49905/ )• When LIFE Hands You Lemons (http:/ / www. life. com/ image/ first/ in-gallery/ 47231/

when-life-hands-you-lemons-) – slideshow by Life magazine

Orange 45

Orange

Orange

Orange blossoms and oranges on tree

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. × sinensis

Binomial name

Citrus × sinensis(L.) Osbeck[1]

An orange—specifically, the sweet orange—is the citrus Citrus × sinensis (Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and itsfruit.[2] It is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world.[3]

The orange is a hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrusreticulata).[4] It is an evergreen flowering tree generally growing to 9–10 m in height (although very old specimenshave reached 15 m).[5] The leaves are arranged alternately, are ovate in shape with crenulate margins and are4–10 cm long.[6] The orange fruit is a hesperidium, a type of berry.[7]

Orange trees are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates for the delicious sweet fruit, which is peeledor cut (to avoid the bitter rind) and eaten whole, or processed to extract orange juice, and also for the fragrant peel.[8]

In 2008, 68.5 million tons of oranges were grown worldwide, primarily in Brazil and the US states California[9] andFlorida.[10]

Oranges probably originated in Southeast Asia[8] and were cultivated in China by 2500 BC. The fruit of Citrussinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish it from Citrus aurantium, the bitter orange. The name is thought toderive ultimately from the Sanskrit[11] for the orange tree, with its final form developing after passing throughnumerous intermediate languages.In a number of languages, it is known as a "Chinese apple", e.g., Dutch sinaasappel ("China's apple") or appelsien,or northern German Apfelsine.[12] In English, however, "Chinese apple" generally refers to the pomegranate.[13]

Orange 46

Terminology and scope

Orange fruit and cross section

Satsuma

All citrus trees are of the single genus, Citrus, and remain almostentirely interfertile; that is, there is only one "superspecies" whichincludes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, and numerous other typesand hybrids.[14]

Nevertheless, names have been given to the various members of thegenus. The name "orange" applies primarily to the sweet orange, Citrussinensis, which accounts for about 70% of world citrus production.[15]

This article is limited to Citrus sinensis and its hybrids.

Other citrus species known as oranges include:• The bitter orange, Citrus aurantium, also known as Seville orange,

sour orange (especially when used as rootstock for a sweet orangetree), bigarade orange, and marmalade orange.

• The bergamot orange, Citrus bergamia Risso, which is grownprimarily in Italy and used primarily for the peel, which flavoursEarl Grey tea.

• The mandarin orange Citrus reticulata, which itself has anenormous number of cultivars (most notably the satsuma (C.unshiu), tangerine (Citrus × tangerina) and clementine (C. clementina). In some cultivars the mandarin resemblesthe sweet orange and is difficult to distinguish from it, but it is generally smaller and/or oblate rather than roundin shape, easier to peel, and less acid.[16]

• The trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) is sometimes included in the genus and classified as an orange (Citrustrifoliata). It is often used as rootstock for sweet orange trees, especially as a hybrid with other Citrus cultivars.The trifoliate orange is a thorny shrub or small tree grown primarily for its foliage and flowers, or as a barrierhedge; however, it bears a downy fruit resembling a small citrus fruit, from which marmalade is sometimes made.It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as "hardy orange" (because it can withstandsub-freezing temperatures) or "Chinese bitter orange".[17]

Taxonomy of the orange (and citrus in general) presents difficulties; the interfertility of citrus has resulted innumerous hybrids, bud unions, and cultivars; taxonomy is often controversial, confusing, or inconsistent.[4] [15]

The fruit of a member of the genus Citrus is considered a hesperidium, a kind of modified berry, because it hasnumerous seeds, is fleshy and soft, derives from a single ovary, and is covered by a rind created by a leatherythickening of the ovary wall.[7] [18] An orange seed is called a "pip".[19] The white thread-like material attached tothe inside of the peel is called pith.[20]

Although the sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colours according to local conditions, it most commonlyhas ten carpels, or segments, inside. Unripe fruit is green. The pebbled exterior of ripe fruit can be bright orange toyellow-orange, but often retains a considerable amount of the green colour of unripe fruit.Orange trees are generally grafted; the bottom part of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called the rootstock,while the fruit-producing top part of the tree is called budwood (when talking about the process of grafting) or scion(when talking about the variety of orange).[21]

Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck is broken down into four groups with distinct characteristics: Common oranges, bloodoranges, navels, and acidless oranges.[22] [23] [24]

Orange 47

Varieties

Common orangesCommon oranges (also called "white", "round" or "blond" oranges) make up about two-thirds of all oranges grownand include all oranges not described in one of the other three groups. They are used primarily for juiceproduction.[22] [24]

Valencia

The Valencia or Murcia orange is one of the sweet oranges used for juice extraction. It is a late-season fruit, andtherefore a popular variety when the navel oranges are out of season. For this reason, the orange was chosen to be theofficial mascot of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Spain. The mascot was called "Naranjito" ("littleorange"), and wore the colours of the Spanish football team uniform.

Hart's Tardiff Valencia

Thomas Rivers, an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores Islands and catalogued it in 1865under the name Excelsior. About 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who sold treesto E. H. Hart of Federal Point, Florida.[25]

Hamlin

The Hamlin orange was once the most important juice orange in Florida, replacing the inferior Parson Brown varietyas the principal early-season juice orange. Today it is the predominant early-season orange grown in Florida andBrazil. It thrives in humid subtropical climates and is for that reason found primarily in Florida and Brazil; cooler,more arid climates (such as California) produce edible fruit, but the size is too small for commercial use.[5]

The cultivar was discovered in 1879 near Glenwood, Florida, in a grove later owned by A.G. Hamlin. It is small,smooth, not highly coloured, seedless and juicy, but the juice is pale. The fruit is of poor to medium quality but thetree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant. The fruit is harvested from October to December and this cultivar is now theleading early orange in Florida and possibly the world's principal variety of very early maturing common sweetorange.[5]

On pineland and hammock soil it is budded on sour orange which gives a high solids content. On sand, it does beston rough lemon rootstock.[3]

Other varieties of common oranges

• Balta (Pakistan)• Belladonna (Italy)• Berna – Grown mainly in Spain• Biondo Commune ("common blond") is widely grown in the Mediterranean basin, especially in North Africa and

Egypt; Greece, where it is called the Koines; Italy, where it is also known as the Liscio; and Spain. It is also calledthe Beledi and Nostrale.[22] In Italy, this variety ripens in December, earlier than the competing Tarocco.[26]

• Biondo Riccio (Italy)• Cadanera is a seedless orange of excellent flavour grown Algeria, Morocco and Spain, where it is quite popular. It

is known by a wide variety of trade names, including Cadena Fina, Cadena sin Jueso, Precoce de Valence (earlyValencia), Precoce des Canaries, and Valence san Pepins (seedless Valencia).[22] It was first grown in Spain in1870. It begins to ripen in November.[27]

• Calabrese or Calabrese Ovale (Italy)• Carvalhal (Portugal)• Castellana (Spain• Clanor (S. Africa)

Orange 48

• Don Jao (Portugal)• Fukuhara (Japan)• Gardner (Florida) This midseason orange ripens around February 1, about the same time as Midsweet. Gardner is

about as cold hardy as Sunstar and Midsweet.[28]

• Hamlin (worldwide)• Homosassa (Florida)• Jaffa• Jincheng – the most popular orange in China.• Joppa (S. Africa, Texas)• Khettmali (Israel, Lebanon)• Kona is a type of Valencia orange introduced to Hawaii in 1792 by Captain George Vancouver, whose ship's

surgeon and naturalist, Archibald Menzies, raised the seedlings on board and gave them to several Hawaiianchefs. In Kailua-Kona, some of this original stock still bears fruit. For several decades in the 19th century, theseoranges were the leading export from the Kona district on the Big Island of Hawaii.

• Lue Gim Gong (Florida) An early scion developed by Lue Gim Gong, a Chinese immigrant known as the "CitrusGenius". In 1888, Lue cross-pollinated the "Harts late" Valencia and "Mediterranean Sweet" orange varieties,which produced a fruit both sweet and frost-tolerant. Originally considered a hybrid, the "Lue Gim Gong" orangewas later found to be a nucellar seedling of the "Valencia" variety,[29] which is properly called the "'Lue GimGong". Distributed by Glen St. Mary Nurseries, the variety was awarded the Silver Wilder Medal by theAmerican Pomological Society in 1911, the first such award for a citrus fruit.[3] [30] As of 2006, the "Lue GimGong" variety is still grown in Florida, but is sold under the general name "Valencia".

• Macetera (Spain) Known for its unique flavour.• Maltaise Blonde (North Africa)• Maltaise Ovale (South Africa), grown in California as Garey's or California Mediterranean Sweet.• Marrs (California, Iran, Texas) relatively low in acid• Midsweet (Florida) Midsweet is a newer scion similar to the Hamlin and Pineapple. It ripens later than Pineapple

and is cold-hardier. Fruit yield and quality are similar to the Hamlin although the juice is deeper-coloured.[28]

• Moro Tarocco is popular in Italy and is ovoid in shape, resembling a tangelo, with a distinctive caramel-colouredendocarp. The original mutation occurred in the 17th century in Sicily, creating the striking caramel-tonedendocarp. This colour is the result of the pigment called anthocarpium, not usually found in citrus, but is commonin other red fruits and flowers.

• Mosambi (India, Pakistan) So low in acid and insipid-tasting that it might be classified as acidless.• Parson Brown (Florida, Mexico, Turkey) 'Parson Brown', once a widely-grown Florida juice orange, has declined

in popularity as new varieties with more juice, better yield, and higher acid and/or sugar content have beendeveloped. It originated as a chance seedling at the home of Reverend N. L. Brown near Webster, Florida, in1865. Its fruit are round, medium large, has a thick, pebbly peel and contains 10–30 seeds. It is still grownbecause it is the earliest maturing fruit in the United States; it usually matures in early September in the Valleydistrict of Texas,[24] and from early October to January in Florida.[28] Both peel and juice colour are poor, as isjuice quality.[24]

• Pera (Brazil) – popular in the Brazilian citrus-producing industry, yielding 7.5 million tons in 2005.• Pera Coroa (Brazil)• Pera Natal (Brazil)• Pera Rio (Brazil)• Pineapple (North and South America, India)• Premier (S. Africa)• Rhode Red is a mutation of the Valencia orange, but has a more highly coloured flesh, more juice, and less acidity

than the Valencia. It also has less Vitamin C. It was discovered in 1955 in a grove near Sebring, Florida, by Paul

Orange 49

Rhode.• Roble was first shipped from Madrid, Spain, in 1851 by Joseph Roble to his homestead in what is now Roble's

Park in Tampa, Florida. It is known for high sugar content.• Queen (S. Africa)• Salustiana (North Africa)• Sathgudi (South India)• Seleta, Selecta (Australia, Brazil) High in acid• Shamouti (Africa, Asia, Greece) Sweet• Shamouti Jaffa (Israel) is a mutation of an earlier and inferior Palestinian variety, dating from around 1850. The

tree is considered ornamental due to dense foliage, large leaves, and absence of thorns. It is harvested in Israelfrom December through May.

• Shamouti Masry (Egypt) A richer variety than Shamouti• Sunstar (Florida) A newer cultivar, the Sunstar ripens mid-season (December–March. The juice colour is darker

than the competing Hamlin and it is more resistant to cold and fruit-drop than the competing mid-seasonPineapple variety.[28]

• Tomango (S. Africa)• Verna (Algeria, Mexico, Morocco, Spain)• Vicieda (Algeria, Morocco, Spain)• Westin (Brazil)

Navel orangesNavel oranges are characterized by the growth of a second fruit at the apex, which protrudes slightly and resembles ahuman navel. They are primarily used for eating, as the skin is thicker and easier to peel than a common orange, theyare less juicy, and a bitterness from limonin during processing renders them less satisfactory for juice.[22] They arevery popular because of their use as an eating orange, their widespread distribution, and their long growing season;in the United States, they are available from November through April, with peak supplies in January, February andMarch.[31]

A peeled sectioned navel orange. Theunderdeveloped twin is located on the bottom

right.

According to Dorsett, Shamel, and Popenoe (1917) of the U.S.Department of Agriculture who conducted a study at first hand, asingle mutation in 1810 to 1820 in a Selecta orange tree planted at amonastery near Bahia in Brazil, probably yielded the navel orange,also known as the Washington, Riverside, or Bahia navel.[32] However,a researcher at the University of California, Riverside, believes that theparent variety was more likely the Portuguese navel (Umbigo) orangedescribed by Risso and Poiteau (1818–22).[32] The mutation causes theorange to develop a second orange at the base of the original fruit,opposite the stem, as a conjoined twin in a set of smaller segmentsembedded within the peel of the larger orange. From the outside, itlooks similar to the human navel, hence its name.

Because the mutation left the fruit seedless, and therefore sterile, the only means available to cultivate more of thisnew variety is to graft cuttings onto other varieties of citrus tree. It was introduced into Australia in 1824 and Floridain 1835. Twelve such cuttings of the original tree were transplanted[33] to Riverside, California in 1870, whicheventually led to worldwide popularity.[32] The California Citrus State Historic Park preserves this history inRiverside, California, as does the Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center in Los Angeles County, California.Today, navel oranges continue to be produced through cutting and grafting. This does not allow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so not only do the navel oranges of today have exactly the same genetic

Orange 50

makeup as the original tree, and are therefore clones, all navel oranges can be considered to be the fruit of that singlenearly two-hundred-year-old tree. The case is similar to that of the common yellow seedless banana, the Cavendish.On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties.[32]

Cara cara navels

Cara cara orange slices on the left.

Cara cara oranges (also called "red navel") are a type of navel orangegrown primarily in Venezuela, South Africa, and California's SanJoaquin Valley. The bright orange exterior of cara cara oranges issimilar to other navels, but their interior is a distinctive pinkish red.They are sweet and comparatively low in acid.[34]

It is believed to have developed as a cross between the Washingtonnavel and the Brazilian Bahia navel.[35] It was discovered at theHacienda de Cara Cara in Valencia, Venezuela in 1976.[36]

From the major growing regions, South African cara caras are readyfor market starting in August, Venezuelan fruits arrive in October andCalifornian fruits make their seasonal debut in late November.[34] [35]

Other varieties of navels

• Dream Navel• Bahianinha or Bahia• Late Navel• Washington or California Navel

Blood orangesBlood oranges, which are very widely grown in Spain and Italy (as "sangüina" or "sanguigna", respectively) arecharacterized by dark red pigmentation. They are considered, in general, the most delicious juice orange.[22]

Comparison between the inside and theoutside of both the regular and blood

orange.

Blood oranges are a natural variety of C. sinensis derived from abnormalpigmentation of the fruit that gives its pulp a streaked red colour. The juiceproduced from such oranges is often dark burgundy, hence reminiscent ofblood. Original blood oranges were first discovered and cultivated in the 15thcentury in Sicily; since then, however, their cultivation spread worldwide, andmost blood oranges today are hybrids.

The fruit has found a niche as an interesting ingredient variation on traditionalSeville marmalade, with its striking red streaks and distinct flavour. Thescarlet navel is a variety with the same dual-fruit mutation as the navelorange.

Orange 51

Other varieties of blood oranges

• Tarocco is a relatively new variety developed in Italy. It begins to ripen in late January.[26]

• Sanguinelli is cultivated in Sicily and is actually a mutant of the Doble Fina. It was discovered in 1929 atAlmenara, in the Castellón province of Spain.

• Moro (Italy) Originally from Sicily, it is common throughout Italy. The medium-sized fruit has a relatively longharvest, lasting from December through to April.

• Maltese is small and highly-coloured. It is often used in sorbets and other desserts due to the rich burgundycolour. It is generally thought to have originated in Italy as a mutation (although the Maltese claim origin) and hasbeen cultivated there for centuries. It is also extensively grown in southern Spain and Malta.

Acidless orangesAcidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They are also called "sweet" oranges in theUS, with similar names in other countries: douce in France, sucrena in Spain, dolce (or maltese) in Italy, meski inNorth Africa and the Near East (where their peculiar rather bland taste is especially popular), lokkum in Turkey,succari in Egypt, and lima in Brazil.[22]

The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit forprocessing, due to spoilage, so that they are primarily eaten rather than juiced. They remain profitable in areas oflocal consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centers of Europe,Asia, or the United States.[22]

History of cultivationThe sweet orange does not occur in the wild. It is believed to have been first cultivated in southern China,northeastern India, or perhaps southeastern Asia (formerly Indochina).[3]

The Persian orange, grown widely in southern Europe after its introduction to Italy in the 11th century, was bitter. Itwas used primarily for medicinal purposes.[3]

Italian traders might have introduced it to the Mediterranean area after 1450. Portuguese navigators have also beencredited with bringing orange trees to the Mediterranean region around 1500.[3] After introduction of the sweetorange, it was quickly adopted as an edible fruit; it was so highly regarded that wealthy persons grew oranges inprivate conservatories, called orangeries. Certainly by 1646 it was well-known in Europe.[3]

In some South East Indo-European languages the orange was named after Portugal, which was formerly the mainsource of imports of sweet oranges. Examples are Bulgarian portokal портокал, Greek portokali πορτοκάλι, Persianportaghal پرتقال, Albanian portokall, Macedonian portokal портокал, and Romanian portocală. In Italian the wordportogallo to refer to the orange fruit is dialectal.[37] It means literally "Portugal". Similar words are in common usein most Italian dialects across the whole country.[38] Related names can also be found in other languages: Turkishportakal, Arabic al-burtuqal البرتقال, Amharic birtukan, and Georgian p'ort'oxali ფორთოხალი.Portuguese, Spanish, Arab, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. On his secondvoyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus took the seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons to Haiti and the Caribbean.They were introduced in Florida (along with lemons) in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León, to Californiaby the Franciscans in the 18th century, and were introduced to Hawaii in 1792.Spaniards undoubtedly introduced the sweet orange into South America and Mexico in the mid-1500s, and probably the French took it to Louisiana. It was from New Orleans that seeds were obtained and distributed in Florida about 1872 and many orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange onto sour orange rootstocks. Arizona received the orange tree with the founding of missions between 1707 and 1710. The orange was brought to San Diego, California, by those who built the first mission there in 1769. An orchard was planted at the San Gabriel Mission around 1804. A commercial orchard was established in 1841 on a site that is now a part of Los Angeles. In

Orange 52

1781, a surgeon and naturalist on the ship Discovery collected orange seeds in South Africa, grew seedlings on boardand presented them to tribal chiefs in the Hawaiian Islands on arrival in 1792. In time, the orange became commonlygrown throughout Hawaii, but was virtually abandoned after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly, and the fruit isnow imported from the United States mainland.[3]

Attributes

Nutritional value

Orange, raw, Florida

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 192 kJ (46 kcal)

Carbohydrates 11.54 g

- Sugars 9.14 g

- Dietary fiber 2.4 g

Fat 0.21 g

Protein 0.70 g

Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.100 mg (9%)

Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.040 mg (3%)

Niacin (vit. B3) 0.400 mg (3%)

Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.250 mg (5%)

Vitamin B6 0.051 mg (4%)

Folate (vit. B9) 17 μg (4%)

Vitamin C 45 mg (54%)

Calcium 43 mg (4%)

Iron 0.09 mg (1%)

Magnesium 10 mg (3%)

Phosphorus 12 mg (2%)

Potassium 169 mg (4%)

Zinc 0.08 mg (1%)

Percentages are relative to US recommendations foradults.

Source: USDA Nutrient Database [30]

Orange 53

AcidityLike all citrus fruits, the orange is acidic: pH levels have been reported by reliable sources as low as 2.9[39] and ashigh as 4.0[39] [40]

Grading

Florida

• Whole oranges: The USDA has established the following grades for Florida oranges, which primarily affectsoranges sold as fruit: U.S. Fancy, U.S. No. 1 Bright, U.S. No. 1, U.S. No. 1 Golden, U.S. No. 1 Bronze, U.S. No.1 Russet, U.S. No. 2 Bright, U.S. No. 2, U.S. No. 2 Russet, and U.S. No. 3.[41] The general characteristics gradedare colour (both hue and uniformity), firmness, maturity, varietal characteristics, texture, and shape.

Grade numbers are determined by the amount of unsightly blemishes to the skin and firmness of the fruit (which donot affect consumer safety). The USDA separates blemishes into three categories:

• General blemishes, including: ammoniation, buckskin, caked melanose, creasing, decay, scab, split navels,sprayburn, undeveloped segments, unhealed segments and wormy fruit.

• Injuries to fruit, including: bruises, green spots, oil spots, rough, wide, or protruding navels, scale, scars, skinbreakdown, and thorn scratches.

• Damage caused by dirt or other foreign material, disease, dryness or mushy condition, hail, insects, riciness orwoodiness, and sunburn.[41]

The terms Bright, Golden, Bronze and Russet apply solely to discolouration. Fancy, the highest grade, requiresthe highest grade of both colour and blemishes.

• Fruit for juice: The USDA uses a separate grading system for oranges used for juice (where appearance andtexture is irrelevant). There are only two grades, U.S. Grade AA Juice and U.S. Grade A Juice. (Note that this is agrade given to the oranges prior to processing.) Juice grades are determined by three factors: (1) the juiciness ofthe orange; (2) the amount of solids in the juice (at least 10% solids being required for the AA grade); and (3) theproportion of anhydric citric acid to fruit solids.

Orange peelAlthough not as juicy or delicious as the inside of an orange, the peel is edible, and has been consumed particularlyin environments where there is scarcity of resources and where maximum nutritional value must be derived andminimal waste generated (for example, on a submarine.) The peel of an orange has increased vitamin C and fiber,however one should only consume the peels of organically grown and processed oranges, where chemical pesticidesor herbicides would not have been used on the peel.[42]

Orange peel contains citral, an aldehyde that antagonizes the action of vitamin A. Therefore, anyone eating orangepeels should make certain that their dietary intake of Vitamin A is sufficient.[43]

ProductionTwo areas dominate orange growth and especially production of orange juice. The southeast coast of Brazil,surrounding São Paulo, produces more oranges than the next three countries combined. As almost 99% of the fruitfrom this region is processed for export, it is the overwhelming giant in worldwide orange juice production.Mid-south Florida produces about half as many oranges as Brazil; however, the bulk of its orange juice is solddomestically. The Indian River area of Florida is known for the high quality of its juice, which is often sold fresh inthe US. Because of the low yield and high quality of Indian River oranges, their juice is often blended with juicefrom other regions.[44]

Orange 54

Production of orange juice between these two makes up roughly 85% of the world market. Brazil exports 99% of itsproduction, while 90% of Florida's production is consumed in the US.[45]

Orange juice is traded internationally in the form of frozen concentrated orange juice to reduce the volume used, sothat storage and transportation costs are lower.[46]

Orange output in 2005

Top orange producers(million tons)

2005 2008

 Brazil 17.8 18.5

 United States 8.4 9.1

 India 3.1 4.4

 Mexico 4.1 4.3

 China 2.4 3.7

 Spain 2.3 3.3

 Iran 2.0 2.6

 Italy 2.2 2.5

 Indonesia 2.2 2.3

 Egypt 1.8 2.1

 Pakistan 1.6 1.7

World Total 61.7 68.5

Source:UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[47]

Oranges grown for commercial production are grown in groves and are produced throughout the world. Brazil is byfar the greatest producing area, followed by Florida, which accounts for 80% of the United States' crop.

BrazilBrazil is the largest orange-producing nation in the world, and production is located primarily in the state of SãoPaulo, which accounts for approximately 80% of Brazil's production and 53% of total global FCOJ (frozenconcentrated orange juice) production (in the region of Campinas, São Carlos, São José do Rio Preto and Barretos,and the western part of the state of Minas Gerais). In Brazil, the four major orange varieties of orange used forprocessing orange juice are the Hamlin, Pera Rio, Natal and Valencia.[48] [49]

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Cultivation

PropagationPropagation of orange trees is deceptively difficult, because hardy edible oranges are not generally grown from seed.Cultivars that produce good quality fruit are highly susceptible to root diseases. Grafted trees also begin bearing fruitmany years earlier than trees reproduced by seed.[50]

Other benefits of grafting include more accurate reproduction of good fruit traits than plants derived from seed, andthe opportunity to alter tree size, productivity, and other traits through rootstock influence, while maintainingidentical fruit characteristics.[50]

Almost all orange trees are propagated in two stages. First, rootstock is grown from seed. When the seedling iswell-established, the leafy top is cut off, and budwood from an existing tree is grafted onto the rootstock. It is thebudwood that determines the variety of orange that is grown.Sour orange, resistant to phytophthora parasitica (root rot or "foot rot"), was the preferred rootstock in Florida,especially in low hammock and flatwoods soils with high water table, until the discovery of the virus disease tristezain Florida orange groves in 1952. Some were grown on sweet orange or rough lemon rootstock, but these are poorchoices. Sweet orange is highly vulnerable to numerous pests and diseases, especially root rot, and lemon rootstockresults in oranges that lack juice and sugar. Lemon rootstock, however, produces rapid growth and early fruiting.Sour rootstock is itself susceptible to a number of diseases, most notably the tristeza virus, which is carried bynematodes.As citrus-growing stretched southward into high pineland, rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) rootstock gained favourand was found to induce more rapid and vigorous growth and earlier bearing, counterbalancing its sensitivity to coldand tendency toward foot rot. Rough lemon became the dominant rootstock in Florida until it was found to beextremely susceptible to blight and was abandoned. Sour orange has been reinstated in recent years because tristezahas been more or less dormant since the 1940s and sour orange is now the prevailing stock for 50% of the orangetrees in the state.[3]

Principle rootstocks – United States

Today, five types of rootstock predominate in (comparatively) cool climates where there is chance of cold, orespecially freezing, weather (notably Florida and Southern Europe):• Sour rootstock ("standard sour orange") is still used and is the only one of the five that is actually an orange; it is

highly drought resistant and generally vigorous.• Poncirus trifoliata. Poncirus trifoliata is a close relative of the Citrus genus, and is actually known as the

"trifoliate orange" and "Chinese bitter orange"; in fact, it is sometimes classified as Citrus trifoliata. It is grown asan ornamental flowering shrub and is extremely cold tolerant compared to true citrus.

It makes excellent rootstock under certain conditions; it is especially resistant to cold, tristeza virus andphytophthora parasitica (root rot), and grows well in heavy clay/loam soil. It is the slowest growing of therootstocks, however, and has poor resistance to heat and drought. It is primarily used in China, Japan, andparts of California with heavy soils.[51]

• Swingle citrumelo. On April 1, 1974, the U.S. Department of Agriculture released to citrus nurserymen andgrowers the 'Swingle' citrumelo citrus rootstock. This rootstock selection was hybridized by Walter TennysonSwingle at Eustis, Florida, in 1907, from Citrus paradisi Macf. 'Duncan' grapefruit X Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.Swingle citrumelo is tolerant of tristeza virus and Phytophthora parasitica (root rot) and moderately tolerant ofsalt and freezing.[52]

• Citrange (Troyer citrange and Carrizo citrange). Citranges are hybrids of the Washington navel orange and Poncirus trifoliata. The original crosses were made in the early 1900s by the United States Department of Agriculture with the intention of producing cold tolerant scion varieties. They were later identified as being

Orange 56

suitable for use as rootstocks.Commercial use of these rootstocks began in Australia in the 1960s. They have become very successful orangerootstock; the Troyer variety is generally found in California, while the Carrizo variety is used in Florida. Thebenefits are phytophthora (root rot) tolerance, nematode tolerance, tristeza virus tolerance, good coldtolerance, and reasonable vigor. They are also highly polyembryonic, so growers get multiple plants from asingle seed. Citrange, however, does not do well in clay, calcareous, or high pH soil, and is sensitive to salinity(all except clay being characteristic of coastal areas). (It also is not usable as rootstock for mandarin scions, asit "overgrows" them, i.e. the rootstock will produce branches of its own in competition with the graftedbudwood.)[53]

• 'Cleopatra' mandarin. Cleopatra mandarin originated in India and was introduced into Florida from Jamaica in themid 19th century. Cleopatra mandarin has been widely distributed and trialled as a rootstock throughout theworld. It is used primarily in Florida, Spain and Australia for shallow alkaline soils, due to its rare ability totolerate alkalinity and salinity often present in such otherwise ideal environments as south Florida. Dade County,Florida, for example, has 85% calcareous soil, as is typical of land previously under water.[54] In most otherrespects, it is an inferior rootstock.[55]

Other rootstock varieties – United States

• African shaddock X trifoliate hybrid[32]

• Benton citrange trifoliate hybrid[32]

• Borneo Rangpur lime[32]

• Bitters C-22 citrange ('X Citroncirus sp.' Rutaceae) Bitters C-22 is not related to the bitter orange, but was namedin honor of William P. Bitters. It was hybridized at the USDA US Date and Citrus Station in Indio, California,and developed further by the University of California, Riverside. It is used primarily as rootstock for naveloranges in California; however, a recent report suggested its usefulness in Texas to replace sour orange due to itstolerance of calcareous soil conditions.[56] [57]

• Carpenter C-54 citrange[57]

• C-32 citrange trifoliate hybrid[32]

• C-35 citrange trifoliate hybrid[32]

• Calamondin kumquat hybrid[32]

• Carrizo citrange trifoliate hybrid[32]

• Citradia trifoliate hybrid[32]

• Citremon trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1449)[32]

• Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid C190[32]

• Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1452)[32]

• Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 4475)[32]

• Citrus macrophylla (Alemow)[32]

• Citrus volkameriana Volkamer lemon[32]

• Cleopatra mandarin[32]

• Cleopatra mandarin X trifoliate hybrid X639[32]

• Flying dragon trifoliate (CRC 3330A)[32]

• Fraser Seville sour orange[32]

• Furr C-57 citrange[57]

• Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 3929)[32]

• Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 4004)[32]

• Grapefruit seedling (CRC 343)[32]

• Pomeroy trifoliate[32]

• Rangpur lime X Troyer citrange hybrid[32]

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• Rich 16-6 trifoliate[32]

• Rubidoux trifoliate[32]

• Rusk citrange trifoliate orange[32]

• Satsuma X trifoliate hybrid[32]

• Schaub rough lemon[32]

• Small-leaf trifoliate[32]

• Smooth Flat Seville sour orange[32]

• Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin[32]

• US 119 (Grapefruit X trifoliate) X Sweet Orange hybrid[32]

• Vangassay rough lemon[32]

• Yuma Ponderosa lemon pummelo hybrid[32]

• Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3930)[32]

• Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3981)[32]

Climate

Orange tree in the National Botanic Garden ofBelgium – Plant Palace – Meise (Belgium).

Oranges can be grown outdoors in warmer climates, and indoors incooler climates. Like most citrus plants, oranges will not do well unlesskept between 15.5 °C – 29 °C (60 °F – 85 °F). Orange trees grownfrom the seeds of a store-bought fruit may not produce fruit, and anyfruit that is produced may be different than the parent fruit, due tomodern techniques of hybridization. To grow the seed of astore-bought orange, one must not let the seed dry out (an approachused for many citrus plants). One method is to put the seeds betweenthe halves of a damp paper towel until they germinate, and then plantthem. Many just plant them straight into the soil, making sure to waterthem regularly. Oranges require a huge amount of water and the citrusindustry in the Middle East is a contributing factor to the desiccation ofthe region.

Oranges are sensitive to frost, and a common treatment to prevent frost damage when sub-freezing temperatures areexpected is to spray the trees with water, since as long as unfrozen water is turning to ice on the trees' branches, theice that has formed stays just at the freezing point, giving protection even if air temperatures have dropped farlower.[58]

Another strategy to prevent freezing of orange crops and trees is burning fuel oil in smudge pots (also known as achoofa or orchard heater). These burn with a great deal of particulate emission. Condensation of water vapor onparticulate soot prevents condensation on plants and raises air temperature very slightly. Smudge pots were firstdeveloped after a disastrous freeze in Southern California in January 1913 wiped out a whole crop.[59]

Orange 58

HarvestingCanopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are increasingly being used in Florida to harvest process oranges. Currentcanopy shaker machines use a series of six- to seven-foot long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constantshaking stroke and frequency.[60]

Diseases and pests

Cottony cushion scale

The first major pest attacking orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi),which was imported from Australia to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it had wiped out the citrus industryaround Los Angeles and seriously limited orange growth throughout California.In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia to study the scale in its native habitat. He brought back withhim specimens of an Australian ladybird beetle, Novius cardinalis, and within a decade the scale had been controlledor eradicated throughout the state.[25]

Citrus greening disease

As of 2010, the most serious threat to orange production is Citrus Greening Disease (Liberobacter asiaticum), aninsect-vectored bacterium. Although common in parts of Asia, it was first reported in the Western Hemisphere in2004 in Brazil, by Fundecitrus Brasil. (The insects that carry it were discovered in Florida in 1998.) Since then, it hasattacked nearly 100% of the trees in Florida.[61] As of 2009, 87% of the trees in Brazil's primary orange growingareas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 50% over 2008.[62]

The disease is characterized by blotchy mottle on the leaves, and misshapen, poorly coloured, off-tasting fruit. Inareas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees may live for only 5–8 years and never bear usable fruit.[61]

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is an invasive insect pest of citrus in Brazil andFlorida. It is an efficient vector of the bacterium, Liberobacter asiaticum, causal organism of citrus greening diseaseor "Huanglongbing" (HLB). The pest was first detected in Florida in 1998 and now occurs on all citrus throughoutthe state. HLB was first detected in Florida 2005 and is spreading rapidly. Generalist predators such as theladybeetles, Curinus coeruleus, Olla v-nigrum, Harmonia axyridis, and Cycloneda sanguinea, and lacewings such asCeraeochrysa spp. and Chrysoperla spp. make significant contribution to the mortality of ACP, resulting in80–100% reduction in psyllid populations.In contrast, parasitism by Tamarixia radiata, a species-specific parasitoid of ACP, is variable and generally low insouthwest Florida, averaging less than 12% during May through September and 50% in November 2006.Foliar applications of insecticides reduced psyllid populations for a short time at best, but also suppressed thepopulations of predatory ladybeetles. Soil application of aldicarb provided limited control of ACP while drenches ofimidacloprid to young trees were effective for two months or more.[63]

Management of citrus greening disease is difficult and requires an integrated approach including use of clean stock,elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in the citruscrop, and biological control of psyllid vectors in non-crop reservoirs. Nowhere in the world where citrus greeningdisease occurs is it under completely successful management.[61]

Orange 59

Greasy spot

Greasy spot, caused by Mycosphaerella citri, produces leaf spots and defoliation of orange trees reducing tree vigorand yield. The fungus produces air-borne ascospores from pseudothecia in decomposing leaf litter on the grovefloor.[64]

Storage and processingAfter harvesting, oranges have a shelf life of about one week at room temperature and one month refrigerated.[65] Ineither case, they are optimally stored loosely in an open or perforated plastic bag.[65] Oranges produce odours thatare absorbed by meat, eggs and dairy products.[65]

DegreeningOranges cannot be artificially ripened and must be mature when harvested. (In Texas,[66] Arizona, California, andFlorida, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption.) Ripe oranges, however, often have somegreen or yellow-green colour in the skin. Ethylene gas is used to turn green skin orange. The process is called"degreening", or sometimes, "gassing", "sweating" or "curing". Its purpose is to remove the green colour fromotherwise mature fruit.Degreening is used primarily in the early fall when night temperatures have not been low enough for the peel todevelop its characteristic mature colour. Late oranges such as Valencia sometimes regreen during the spring growthflush and may also be degreened.Recommended degreening conditions include 82 to 85 °F temperature, 92 to 95% relative humidity and 1 to 5 ppmethylene. Air circulation within the degreening room should produce about one change per minute. In addition,outside air ventilation should be adequate to maintain carbon dioxide level below one percent, which normallyrequires about one complete change of air per hour.Degreening time varies with the amount of green colour, size of fruit and some cultural practices, e.g., excessivenitrogen fertilization promoting vigorous growth and oil-emulsion sprays after mid-July. Maximum degreening timesin the US are 48 to 60 hours for oranges, but the degreening period should be as short as possible.[66]

EtymologyThe word orange is derived from Sanskrit नारङ्ग nāraṅgaḥ "orange tree."[67] The Sanskrit word is in turn borrowedfrom the Dravidian root for 'fragrant'. In Tamil, a bitter orange is known as நரண்டம் 'Narandam', a sweet orange iscalled நகருகம் 'nagarugam' and நாரி 'naari' means fragrance.[68] In Telugu the orange is called నరిఙ 'naringa'.The Sanskrit word was borrowed into European languages through Persian نارنگ nārang, Armenian նարինջ nārinj,Arabic نارنج nāranj, (Spanish-language naranja and Portuguese laranja), Late Latin arangia, Italian arancia orarancio, and Old French orenge, in chronological order. The first appearance in English dates from the 14th century.The forms starting with n- are older, and this initial n- may have been mistaken as part of the indefinite article, inlanguages with articles ending with an -n sound (e.g., in French une norenge may have been taken as une orenge), aprocess called juncture loss. The name of the colour is derived from the fruit, first appearing in this sense in 1542.Some languages have different words for the bitter and the sweet orange, such as Modern Greek nerantzi andportokali, respectively. Or in Persian, the words are narang and porteghal (Portugal), in the same order. The reasonis that the sweet orange was brought from China or India to Europe during the 15th century by the Portuguese. Somelanguages refer to it as Applesin (or variants), which means "Apple from China", while in Puerto Rico "jugo dechina" refers to orange juice,[69] The bitter orange was introduced through Persia.Several Slavic languages use the variants pomaranč (Slovak), pomeranč (Czech), pomaranča (Slovene),pomarańcza (Polish) from old French pomme d'orenge.[70]

Orange 60

Juice and other products

Oranges and orange juice

Kinnow, a variety of Mandarinorange widely cultivated in Pakistan

Marmalade

Octyl ethanoate is responsible for thefragrance of oranges.

Oranges are widely grown in warm climates worldwide, and the flavours oforanges vary from sweet to sour. The fruit is commonly peeled and eaten fresh,or squeezed for its juice. It has a thick bitter rind that is usually discarded, butcan be processed into animal feed by removal of water, using pressure and heat.It is also used in certain recipes as flavouring or a garnish. The outer-most layerof the rind can be grated or thinly veneered with a tool called a zester, to produceorange zest. Zest is popular in cooking because it contains the oil glands and hasa strong flavour similar to the fleshy inner part of the orange. The white part ofthe rind, called the pericarp or albedo and including the pith, is a source ofpectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh.

Products made from oranges

• Orange juice is one of the commodities traded on the New York Board ofTrade. Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed bythe USA. It is made by squeezing the fruit on a special instrument called a"juicer" or a "squeezer." The juice is collected in a small tray underneath. Thisis mainly done in the home, and in industry is done on a much larger scale.

• Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filteredorange juice.[71]

• Sweet orange oil is a by-product of the juice industry produced by pressingthe peel. It is used as a flavouring of food and drink and for its fragrance inperfume and aromatherapy. Sweet orange oil consists of about 90%d-limonene, a solvent used in various household chemicals, such as tocondition wooden furniture, and along with other citrus oils in grease removaland as a hand-cleansing agent. It is an efficient cleaning agent which ispromoted as being environmentally friendly and preferable to petroleumdistillates.

However, d-Limonene is classified from slightly toxic to humans[72] to very toxicto marine life[73] in different countries. Its smell is considered more pleasant bysome than those of other cleaning agents.

Although once thought to cause renal cancer in rats, limonene now is known as achemopreventive agent[74] with potential value as a dietary anti-cancer tool inhumans.[75] There is no evidence for carcinogenicity or genotoxicity in humans.The Carcinogenic Potency Project estimates that it causes human cancer on alevel roughly equivalent to that caused by exposure to caffeic acid via dietarycoffee intake.[76] The IARC classifies d-limonene under Class 3: not classifiableas to its carcinogenicity to humans.[77]

• The orange blossom, which is the state flower of Florida, is highly fragrantand traditionally associated with good fortune. It has long been popular inbridal bouquets and head wreaths for weddings.

• Orange blossom essence is an important component in the making of perfume.

Orange 61

• The petals of orange blossom can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented version of rosewater; orangeblossom water (aka orange flower water) is a common part of both French and Middle Eastern cuisines, mostoften as an ingredient in desserts and baked goods.

• In the United States, orange flower water is used to make orange blossom scones and marshmallows.• The orange blossom gives its touristic nickname to the Costa del Azahar ("Orange-blossom coast"), the Castellon

seaboard.• In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and then used to make tea.• Orange blossom honey, or actually citrus honey, is produced by putting beehives in the citrus groves during

bloom, which also pollinates seeded citrus varieties. Orange blossom honey is highly prized, and tastes much likeorange.

• Marmalade, a conserve usually made with Seville oranges. All parts of the orange are used to make marmalade:the pith and pips are separated, and typically placed in a muslin bag where they are boiled in the juice (and slicedpeel) to extract their pectin, aiding the setting process.

• Orange peel is used by gardeners as a slug repellent.• Orange leaves can be boiled to make tea.• Orange wood sticks (also spelt orangewood) are used as cuticle pushers in manicures and pedicures, and as

spudgers for manipulating slender electronic wires• Orange wood is a flavouring wood in meat grilling much as mesquite, oak, pecan and hickory are used.

Footnotes[1] "Citrus sinensis information from NPGS/GRIN" (http:/ / www. ars-grin. gov/ cgi-bin/ npgs/ html/ taxon. pl?10782). www.ars-grin.gov. .

Retrieved 2008-03-17.[2] "Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) (maxima × reticulata) sweet orange" (http:/ / plants. usda. gov/ java/ profile?symbol=CISI3).

Plants.USDA.gov. .[3] Morton, J., Fruits of Warm Climates (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ orange. html) (1987) Miami, FL, pp. 134–142.[4] Nicolosi, E.; Deng, Z. N.; Gentile, A.; La Malfa, S.; Continella, G.; Tribulato, E. (2000). "Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important

species as investigated by molecular markers". TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100 (8): 1155–1166. doi:10.1007/s001220051419.[5] Webber, Herbert John; rev Walter Reuther and Harry W. Lawton; Willard Hodgson (1967–1989) [1903]. "4" (http:/ / lib. ucr. edu/ agnic/

webber/ Vol1/ Chapter4. html). The Citrus Industry, Horticultural Varieties of Citrus. Riverside CA: University of California Division ofAgricultural Sciences. .

[6] Citrus sinensis – Encyclopedia of Life (http:/ / www. eol. org/ pages/ 582206). EOL. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[7] Bailey, H. and E. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third. Cornell University MacMillan. N.Y. p 275.[8] Citrus sinensis information from NPGS/GRIN (http:/ / www. ars-grin. gov/ cgi-bin/ npgs/ html/ taxon. pl?10782). Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on

2011-10-02.[9] "States Which Produce the Most of Popular Kids Food" (http:/ / www. consumersunion. org/ food/ 0908fooddc998. htm). . Retrieved

November 17, 2011.[10] FAO Statistics (http:/ / www. fao. org/ es/ ess/ top/ commodity. html?lang=en& item=490& year=2005) Statistics for 2008. Retrieved on

2011-01-16.[11] Harper, Douglas. "orange" (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?term=orange). Online Etymology Dictionary. .[12] sinaasappel – English translation – bab.la Dutch-English dictionary (http:/ / en. bab. la/ dictionary/ dutch-english/ sinaasappel). En.bab.la

(2011-03-24). Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[13] (http:/ / www. food-dictionary. com/ definition/ Chinese-apple. html)[14] Superspecies (http:/ / www. scientific-web. com/ en/ Biology/ Taxonomy/ Superspecies. html). Scientific-web.com. Retrieved on

2011-10-02.[15] Organisms (http:/ / www. citrusgenomedb. org/ organisms). Citrus Genome Database[16] Tangerines (mandarin oranges) nutrition facts and health benefits (http:/ / www. nutrition-and-you. com/ tangerines. html).

Nutrition-and-you.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[17] "Plant of the Week. Hardy Orange or Trifoliate Orange. Latin: Poncirus trifoliat" (http:/ / www. arhomeandgarden. org/ plantoftheweek/

articles/ hardy_orange_2-9-07. htm). University of Arkansas. Division of Agriculture. .[18] Seed and Fruits (http:/ / www. esu. edu/ ~milewski/ intro_biol_two/ lab_4_seeds_fruits/ Seeds_and_Fruits. html). Esu.edu. Retrieved on

2011-10-02.[19] pip – Definition with thesaurus, examples, audio and more (http:/ / www. yourdictionary. com/ pip). Yourdictionary.com (2011-09-23).

Retrieved on 2011-10-02.

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[20] pith – Definition with thesaurus, examples, audio and more (http:/ / www. yourdictionary. com/ pith). Yourdictionary.com (2011-09-23).Retrieved on 2011-10-02.

[21] Scion – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary (http:/ / www. merriam-webster. com/ dictionary/ scion).Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.

[22] Kimball, Dan A. (June 30, 1999). Citrus processing: a complete guide (2d ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 450. ISBN 0834212587[23] Webber, Herbert John; rev Walter Reuther and Harry W. Lawton (1967–1989). The Citrus Industry (http:/ / lib. ucr. edu/ agnic/ webber/ ).

Riverside CA: University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences.[24] Home Fruit Production – Oranges, Julian W. Sauls, Ph.D., Professor & Extension Horticulturist, Texas Cooperative Extension (December,

1998), aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu (http:/ / aggie-horticulture. tamu. edu/ citrus/ oranges. htm)[25] John Eliot Coit (1915). Citrus fruits: an account of the citrus fruit industry, with special reference to California requirements and practices

and similar conditions (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=M54UAAAAYAAJ). The Macmillan Company. . Retrieved 2 October 2011.[26] Material Identification Sheet (http:/ / www. webcapua. com/ hmcapua/ cropmarketfr. htm). Webcapua.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-02 (in

French).[27] Citrus Pages / Sweet oranges (http:/ / users. kymp. net/ citruspages/ sweetoranges. html#cadenera). Users.kymp.net. Retrieved on

2011-10-02.[28] James J. Ferguson Your Florida Dooryard Citrus Guide – Appendices, Definitions and Glossary (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/

20100203161504/ http:/ / edis. ifas. ufl. edu/ hs123). edis.ifas.ufl.edu[29] Orange (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ orange. html). Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[30] Lue Gim Gong (http:/ / www. volusia. org/ history/ luegimgong. htm). Volusia.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[31] Types of Oranges – Blood, Navel, Valencia (http:/ / www. sunkist. com/ products/ oranges. aspx). Sunkist. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[32] Staff of the Citrus Experiment Station, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (1910-2011). "Sweet Oranges and Their Hybrids"

(http:/ / www. citrusvariety. ucr. edu/ citrus/ sweet_oranges. html). Citrus Variety Collection. University of California (Riverside). . RetrievedJanuary 19, 2011.

[33] William Saunders, "Experimental Gardens and Grounds", in USDA, Yearbook of Agriculture 1897, 180 ff; USDA, Yearbook of Agriculture1900, 64.

[34] "UBC Botanical Garden, Botany Photo of the Day" (http:/ / www. ubcbotanicalgarden. org/ potd/ 2007/ 02/ citrus_sinensis_cara_cara. php)..

[35] Allen Susser (1 May 1997). The Great Citrus Book: A Guide with Recipes (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=tsaCbFmmiOoC). TenSpeed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-855-7. . Retrieved 2 October 2011.

[36] Cara Cara navel orange (http:/ / www. citrusvariety. ucr. edu/ citrus/ caracara. html). UC Riverside[37] "Hoepli italian online dictionary" (http:/ / dizionari. hoepli. it/ Dizionario_Italiano/ parola/ portogallo. aspx?idD=1& Query=portogallo&

lettera=P). .[38] (Italian) Citrus × sinensis – Wikipedia. It.wikipedia.org (2011-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[39] Walton B. Sinclair, E.T. Bartholomew, R. C. Raamsey (1945). "ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIC ACIDS OF ORANGE JUICE" (http:/ /

www. plantphysiol. org/ cgi/ reprint/ 20/ 1/ 3. pdf). Plant Physiol 20 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1104/pp.20.1.3. PMC 437693. PMID 16653966. .[40] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (July 16, 1999). "Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Muenchen Infections Associated with

Unpasteurized Orange Juice – United States and Canada, June 1999" (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ mmwr/ preview/ mmwrhtml/ mm4827a2. htm).Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (Centers for Disease Control) 48 (27): 582–585. PMID 10428096. .

[41] United States Standards for Grades of Florida Oranges and Tangelos (http:/ / www. ams. usda. gov/ AMSv1. 0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5050382) (USDA; February, 1997)

[42] "Is It Healthy to Eat Orange Peels?" (http:/ / www. livestrong. com/ article/ 401623-is-it-healthy-to-eat-orange-peels/ ). . RetrievedNovember 17, 2011.

[43] Audrey H. Ensminger, 'Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia', Volume 1, (Ensminger Pub Co, January 1983)ISBN 0-941218-05-8.[44] History of the Indian River Citrus League (http:/ / www. ircitrusleague. org/ history. html), Indian River Citrus League (2008: Vero Beach,

Florida)[45] USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. "USDA – U.S and the World Situation: Citrus" (http:/ / www. fas. usda. gov/ htp/ horticulture/ citrus/

2004 Citrus. pdf) (PDF). .[46] Thomas H. Spreen. Projections of World Production and Consumption of Citrus to 2010 (http:/ / www. fao. org/ documents/ show_cdr.

asp?url_file=/ DOCREP/ 003/ X6732E/ x6732e02. htm). .[47] FAO Statistics (http:/ / www. fao. org/ es/ ess/ top/ commodity. html?lang=en& item=490& year=2005) Statistics for 2005 and 2008.

Retrieved on 2009-06-19 and 2011-01-16.[48] GAIN Report Number: BR10005 (http:/ / gain. fas. usda. gov/ Recent GAIN Publications/ Citrus Semi-annual_Sao Paulo

ATO_Brazil_17-6-2010. pdf), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (6/15/2010)[49] Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ) Commodity Market, Credit and Finance Risk Analysis (http:/ / www. credfinrisk. com/ fcoj.

html). credfinrisk.com[50] Citrus Propagation (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100528003825/ http:/ / www. ars-grin. gov/ ars/ SoAtlantic/ fp/ hb/ bowman/ citrus.

html). Research Program on Citrus Rootstock Breeding and Genetics. ars-grin.gov[51] "Poncirus trifoliata" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110221180126/ http:/ / www. citrusaustralia. com. au/ aspdev/ resources/ documents/

Poncirustrifoliatascreenpdf. pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. citrusaustralia. com. au/ aspdev/ resources/ documents/

Orange 63

Poncirustrifoliatascreenpdf. pdf) on 2011-02-21. .[52] Citrus Propagation And Rootstocks (http:/ / www. ultimatecitrus. com/ pdf/ tncitrus. htm). Ultimatecitrus.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[53] "Troyer & Carrizo citrange" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110221180343/ http:/ / www. citrusaustralia. com. au/ gen_pdfs/

TroyerCarrizocitrange. pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. citrusaustralia. com. au/ gen_pdfs/ TroyerCarrizocitrange. pdf)on 2011-02-21. .

[54] SL 183/TR004: Calcareous Soils In Miami-Dade County (http:/ / edis. ifas. ufl. edu/ tr004). Edis.ifas.ufl.edu (2009-07-10). Retrieved on2011-10-02.

[55] "Cleopatra mandarin" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110221180020/ http:/ / www. citrusaustralia. com. au/ PDFs/ resources/ varieties/Cleopatra_mandarin. pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. citrusaustralia. com. au/ PDFs/ resources/ varieties/Cleopatra_mandarin. pdf) on 2011-02-21. .

[56] bittersC22 (http:/ / citrusvariety. ucr. edu/ citrus/ bittersC22. html). Citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.[57] "Summary of Rootstock Trials (Roose program" (http:/ / plantbiology. ucr. edu/ faculty/ Summary-of-Active-Rootstock-Trials-5-09v5. pdf).

Plantbiology.ucr.edu. 5/12/09. .[58] "How Cold Can Water Get?" (http:/ / www. newton. dep. anl. gov/ askasci/ gen01/ gen01243. htm). NEWTON BBS. Argonne National

Laboratory. 2002-09-08. . Retrieved 2009-04-16.[59] Moore, Frank Ensor (1995). Redlands Astride the Freeway: The Development of Good Automobile Roads. Redlands, California: Moore

Historical Foundation. p. 9. ISBN 0–914167–07–3.[60] R. Ehsani et al. "In-situ Measurement of the Actual Detachment Force of Oranges Harvested by a Canopy Shaker Harvesting Machine"

(http:/ / www. fshs. org/ Meetings/ 2007/ FSHS_2007_abstracts. pdf). Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida StateHorticulture Society. (June, 2007)

[61] Asian Citrus Psllids (Sternorryncha: Psyllidae) and Greening Disease of Citrus, by Susan E. Halbert and Keremane L. Manjunath, FloridaEntomologist (September 2004) p. 330 FCLA.edu (http:/ / www. fcla. edu/ FlaEnt/ fe87p330. pdf)

[62] GAIN Report Number: BR9006 (http:/ / gain. fas. usda. gov/ Recent GAIN Publications/ Commodity Report_CITRUSSEMI-ANNUAL_Sao Paulo ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009. pdf), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (June, 2009)

[63] Jawwad A. Qureshi and Philip A. Stansly (June, 2007) "Integrated approaches for managing the Asian citrus psyllid (Homoptera: Psyllidae)in Florida" (http:/ / www. fshs. org/ Meetings/ 2007/ FSHS_2007_abstracts. pdf). Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the FloridaState Horticulture Society

[64] S.N. Mondal, et al. (June, 2007) "Effect of Water Management and Soil Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers, Petroleum Oils, and Lime onInoculum Production by Mycosphaerella citri, the Cause of Citrus Greasy Spot" (http:/ / www. fshs. org/ Meetings/ 2007/FSHS_2007_abstracts. pdf). Abstracts for the 2007 Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society

[65] Canadian Produce Marketing Association > Home Storage Guide for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables (http:/ / www. cpma. ca/ en_hea_storage.asp) Retrieved August 2010.

[66] Harvesting and Pre-pack Handling, Alfred B. Wagner and Julian W. Sauls (Horticultural Sciences Department, Texas A&M University,2010).

[67] "Orange" (http:/ / dictionary. reference. com/ browse/ orange). Reference.com. 2008. . Retrieved 2008-01-31.[68] Katzer, Gernot (1999-02-03). "Orange (Citrus sinensis [[L. (http:/ / www. uni-graz. at/ ~katzer/ engl/ Citr_sin. html)] Osbeck)"]. University

of Graz. . Retrieved 2009-10-16.[69] Charles Duff (1 January 1971). Spanish for beginners (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0buuN5kapGwC& pg=PA191). HarperCollins.

p. 191. ISBN 978-0-06-463271-3. . Retrieved 4 August 2011.[70] Hoad, T. F. (1996). "orange" (http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ doc/ 1O27-orange. html). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English

Etymology. HighBeam Research. . Retrieved May 19, 2010.[71] Chet Townsend. "The Story of Florida Orange Juice: From the Grove to Your Glass" (http:/ / www. ultimatecitrus. com/ Story/ oj_story.

html). .[72] Kegley SE, Hill BR, Orme S, Choi AH. "Limonene" (http:/ / www. pesticideinfo. org/ Detail_Chemical. jsp?Rec_Id=PC32811). PAN

Pesticide Database. Pesticide Action Network. .[73] "D-LIMONENE" (http:/ / www. inchem. org/ documents/ icsc/ icsc/ eics0918. htm). International Programme on Chemical Safety. April

2005. .[74] Crowell PL (1999). "Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes". The Journal of Nutrition 129 (3): 775S–778S.

PMID 10082788.[75] Tsuda H; Ohshima Y; Nomoto H et al. (2004). "Cancer prevention by natural compounds". Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 19 (4):

245–63. doi:10.2133/dmpk.19.245. PMID 15499193.[76] "Ranking Possible Cancer Hazards on the HERP Index" (http:/ / potency. lbl. gov/ pdfs/ herp. pdf). . Retrieved 2007-03-19.[77] IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans (http:/ / monographs. iarc. fr/ ENG/ Monographs/ vol73/ mono73-16.

pdf). 73-16. 1999. pp. 307–27. .

Orange 64

References• McPhee, John. Oranges (1966) – focuses on Florida groves.• Sackman, Douglas Cazaux. Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden (2005) comprehensive,

multidimensional history of citrus industry in California• Train, John. Oranges (2006)

External links• Citrus sinensis List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases) (http:/ / sun. ars-grin. gov:8080/ npgspub/ xsql/ duke/

plantdisp. xsql?taxon=282)

Persian lime 65

Persian lime

Persian lime

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. latifolia

Binomial name

Citrus latifoliaTanaka

Persian lime (Citrus latifolia), also known as Tahiti lime or Bearss lime (named after John T. Bearss, whodeveloped this seedless variety about 1895 in his nursery at Porterville, California), is a citrus fruit sold simply as a"lime" in the United States. The fruit is about 6 cm in diameter, often with slightly nippled ends, and is usually soldquite green, although it yellows as it reaches full ripeness. It is larger, thicker-skinned, and less aromatic than the keylime (Citrus aurantifolia), which has a wider agricultural distribution worldwide. The advantages of the Persian limein commercial agriculture compared to the Key lime are the larger size, absence of seeds, hardiness, absence ofthorns on the bushes, and longer fruit shelf life. They are less acidic than key limes and don't have the bitterness thatlends to the key lime's unique flavor. Persian limes are commercialized primarily in six sizes, known as 110's, 150's,175's, 200's, 230's and 250's. Once grown primarily in Florida in the U.S, it rose to prominence after Key limeorchards were wiped out there by a hurricane in 1926, though Persian lime orchards themselves were devastated byHurricane Andrew in 1992. Large numbers of Persian limes are grown, processed, and exported every year primarilyfrom Mexico[1] to the American, European and Asian markets. U.S. Persian lime imports from Mexico are handledmostly through McAllen, Texas.[2]

Persian lime 66

Tree characteristicsSeed type: AngiospermLeaf shape: Ovate shaped with whole marginsLeaf position: AlternateType of fruit: Hesperidium

Notes[1] Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook /FTS-333/ July 30, 2008, page 16, by Agnes Perez and Susan Pollack, Economic Research Service, United

States Department of Agriculture. http:/ / www. ers. usda. gov/ Publications/ FTS/ 2008/ 07JUL/ FTS333. pdf[2] Mexican lemons, limes attract U.S. importers, 6/9/2008, by Don Schrack at http:/ / www. bovinevetonline. com/ newsCN.

asp?contentid=326811 accessed October 26, 2009

External links• Tahiti lime botany, agriculture, and history (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ morton/ tahiti_lime. html)• history and use of limes (http:/ / www. tonytantillo. com/ fruits/ limes. html)• history and varieties of limes (http:/ / www. innvista. com/ health/ foods/ fruits/ limes. htm)

Rangpur 67

Rangpur

RangpurCitrus × limonia

Rangpur fruit

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. × limonia

Binomial name

Citrus × limoniaOsbeck

Rangpur, Citrus × limonia, also known as lemandarin, is a hybrid between the mandarin orange and the lemon. It isa citrus fruit with a very acidic taste and an orange peel and flesh.

Nomenclature

Citrus × limonia' - Rangpur, flower and foliage.

Common names for the this fruit include rangpur, named afterRangpur, Bangladesh, a city is known for this and other citrusfruits. This is where the word originated in the Bengali language.The rangpur is known as a Canton lemon in South China, a himelemon in Japan, a cravo lemon in Brazil, and mandarin-lime in theUnited States.

HistoryCitrus × limonia was introduced into Florida from Bengal in thelate nineteenth century by Reasoner Brothers of Oneco, whoobtained seed from northwestern India.[1]

Rangpur 68

Uses

A bottle of 'Tanqueray Rangpur gin'.

Citrus × limonia' - Rangpur, fruit and foliage.

Rangpurs are highly acidic and can be used as a substitute forcommercial limes. However the name lime in connection with thisfruit is often misleading, because there are very few similaritiesbetween the rangpur and other fruits called limes.In 2006, Diageo, Plc, introduced a rangpur-flavored version ofTanqueray gin, known simply as Tanqueray Rangpur.

CultivationCitrus × limonia is cultivated as an ornamental tree for planting ingardens and a container plant on patios and terraces in the UnitedStates. Outside the U.S. it is used principally as a rootstock.[1]

References[1] U.C. Riverside Citrus Profile: Rangpur - Citrus × limonia (http:/ / www.

citrusvariety. ucr. edu/ citrus/ rangpur. html)

Tangerine 69

Tangerine__notoc__

Tangerine

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus

Species: C. tangerina

Binomial name

Citrus tangerinaTanaka

The tangerine (Citrus tangerina)[1] is an orange-colored citrus fruit which is closely related to the Mandarin orange(Citrus reticulata). Taxonomically, it should probably be formally named as a subspecies or variety of Citrusreticulata; further work seems to be required to ascertain its correct scientific name[2] . Tangerines are smaller thanmost oranges, and are usually much easier to peel and to split into segments. The taste is often less sour, or tart, thanthat of an orange.What can be considered by some to be a good tangerine will be firm to slightly soft, heavy for its size, andpebbly-skinned with no deep grooves, as well as orange in color. Peak tangerine season lasts from October to Aprilin the Northern Hemisphere. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten out of hand. The fresh fruit is alsoused in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is dried and used in Sichuan cuisine. Fresh tangerine juice andfrozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States. The number of seeds in each segment (carpel)varies greatly.A popular alternative to tangerines are clementines, which are called seedless tangerines and are also a variant of themandarin orange.

Tangerine 70

HistoryTangerines have been cultivated for over 3,000 years in China. They are also high in concentration in present dayBurma. Tangerines have been found in many shapes and sizes, from as small as a small walnut, to larger than anaverage orange.

VarietiesHoney tangerines (murcotts as it is called in the industry) are the most widely grown tangerine,[3] trailed by thesunburst tangerine,[4] and with lowest amount of acreage the fallglo.One of the oldest and formerly most popular varieties is the Dancy tangerine, but it is no longer widely grown.[5] TheDancy was known as the zipper-skin tangerine, and also as the kid-glove orange, for its loose, pliable peel.The ponkan or Chinese honey tangerine is very popular around Melrose, Florida, where it was introduced fromChina by a missionary, Rev. Barrington, in 1883. It is easily peeled, much like a Satsuma mandarin, but has moreflavor and grows true from the seeds. Growing tangerines from the seeds may take longer, as usually seven or eightyears are required before the first fruit, but the trees will be more cold hardy than a similar grafted tree (even ifgrafted onto the cold hardy trifoliate orange rootstock) and larger. Seedlings must be kept moist until planting. Ifthey dry out they will not germinate. Oranges do not always come true from seeds due to pollination andhybridization problems, but nearly all tangerines can be grown true from seed, contrary to popular notions.

NutritionTangerines are a good source of vitamin C, folate and beta-carotene.They also contain some potassium, magnesiumand vitamins B1, B2 and B3. Tangerine oil, like all citrus oils, has limonene as its major constituent, but alsoalpha-pinene, myrcene, gamma-terpinene, citronellal, linalool, neral, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, geraniol, thymol,and carvone.New research from The University of Western Ontario has discovered a substance in tangerine skins that not onlyprevents obesity in mice, but also offers protection against type 2 diabetes, and even atherosclerosis, the underlyingdisease responsible for most heart attacks and strokes. Murray Huff, a vascular biology scientist at the SchulichSchool of Medicine & Dentistry, along with Erin Mulvihill, a PhD student, studied the effects of a flavonoid intangerines called Nobiletin. Their research is published in the journal Diabetes.<ref name=undefined.[6] [7]

Origin of the nameAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "tangerine" was originally an adjective meaning "Of orpertaining to, or native of Tangier, a seaport in Morocco, on the Strait of Gibraltar" and "a native of Tangier." TheOED cites this usage from Addison's The Tatler in 1710 with similar uses from the 1800's. The adjective was appliedto the fruit, once known scientifically as "Citrus nobilis var. Tangeriana" which grew in the region of Tangiers. Thisusage appears in the 1800's. See the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.

Tangerine 71

ReferencesNotes[1] "Synonymy of C. tangerina at The Plant List" (http:/ / www. theplantlist. org/ tpl/ record/ kew-2724391). .[2] "Synonyms of C. reticulata at The Plant List" (http:/ / www. theplantlist. org/ tpl/ record/ kew-2724336). .[3] http:/ / edis. ifas. ufl. edu/ ch078[4] http:/ / edis. ifas. ufl. edu/ ch079[5] Dancy Tangerine (http:/ / edis. ifas. ufl. edu/ CH074)[6] "Substance in tangerines fights obesity and protects against heart disease" (http:/ / schulich. uwo. ca/ news/ index. php?article=001444). .[7] "Tangerine chemical can protect against cancer" (http:/ / www. nhs. uk/ news/ 2011/ 04April/ Pages/

tangerines-prevent-diabetes-obesity-claim. aspx). .

Article Sources and Contributors 72

Article Sources and ContributorsCitrus  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463762198  Contributors: (, (jarbarf), 2z2z, 48states, AA, Acroterion, Ahoerstemeier, Aitorbk, AlistairMcMillan, Amaltheus, Andycjp,AnnaP, Aranea Mortem, Ashish Bakshi, AtticusX, Ayanoshihorina, BD2412, BIGBALLSyummy, Badagnani, Baffle gab1978, Baru, Bastin, Ben-Zin, BenFrantzDale, Bencherlite, Berean Hunter,Bjwebb, Bobo192, Bongwarrior, BoxWear, Brambleshire, Brianga, Brooker, Bruinfan12, Bryan Nguyen, Bumhoolery, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Casliber, Cedro,Chandrawp, ChrisRuvolo, Chrkl, Chuckiesdad, Clarin, Cmdrjameson, Cnilep, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Coolhandscot, Curtis Clark, DAJF, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DamianLu,DanBLOO, Dancing pineapples, DanielCD, Danielle001, DannyWilde, Dante Alighieri, Davidals, De728631, Defenestrating Monday, Dekimasu, Dforest, Dina, Dinesh smita, Dmmaus,DocWatson42, DoubleBlue, Dracontes, Duncan, Dysmorodrepanis, Edward, Eleassar, Ellmist, Ellywa, EncycloPetey, Epbr123, Erianna, EricLaporteEn, Esanchez7587, Eulerianpath, Fabullus,Faizhaider, Favonian, Feedmecereal, Femto, Ffx, Fir0002, Flakinho, Flcitrusmutual, Fledgeling, Francisco Valverde, Fuzheado, Gabbe, Garkeith, Gdo01, Gilliam, Gir390907, Gothgospel,Graham87, Grandia01, Grendelkhan, Gruzd, Gwr2004, HagiMalachi, Haham hanuka, Halmstad, Hardyplants, Harrypotter445, Headbomb, Heimstern, Hengsheng120, Henriette, Heron,Hesperian, Hi2, Hippophaë, IceKarma, Icep, Idbdl2009, Imc, It Is Me Here, J.delanoy, JForget, Jambolik, January2007, Jayen466, Jeffrey Mall, Jengod, Jeronimo, Jerzy, Jgritz, John Moss,Johnbrewe, Jon Stockton, Jonkerz, Jpatokal, Juliancolton, K12u, KFP, Kanonkas, Karen Johnson, Kazvorpal, Keegan, Kembangraps, Kevlarmry, Khoikhoi, Khono, King of Hearts, Koibeatu,Koppas, Kralizec!, Kristen Eriksen, Kristofferjay, Kubigula, LeaveSleaves, Lesnail, LizardJr8, Longhair, Luna Santin, Lyonsbane, MONGO, MPF, Mac Davis, Mahjongg, Mahogany h00r,Manburger 486, Manxmancelt, Markfindlay, Marmite1998, Marshman, Martytheroo, Mat8989, Matt the great IC, MattReid, Mav, Melchoir, Menchi, Mendel, Mgiganteus1, Midnight Green,Mjbmr, MoonMan, Moshe Yakob, Mr.Ripp, MrDarwin, Nadiatalent, Nauticashades, Neo-Jay, NickW557, Nihiltres, Nimmolo, Nkedel, NorthernFire, Number1336, Ohnoitsjamie, Omnibus,Open2universe, PDH, Packergreg, Pakaran, Palaeologos, Palx, Persian Poet Gal, Peter Moss, Phantomsteve, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phe, Philip Trueman, Phonix, Picapica, PierreAbbat,Pinethicket, Plantmeister, Plexust, Poopypants1019, Postlebury, PuzzletChung, Quasispace, Qxz, RJaguar3, Raining girl, Red Sunset, RedWolf, Ricardo Carneiro Pires, Richard Barlow, Rjensen,Rmhermen, Roadrunner, RobertG, Roberta F., Rod57, Ronhjones, Rutherfordgarfield, SJP, Se`hk, Secretlondon, Seglea, Shoteh, Sluzzelin, Snowmanradio, Somanypeople, Sparky the SeventhChaos, Speck-Made, Spykumquat, Stepnwolf, SteveHopson, Sunholm, Synchronism, TDogg310, TJDay, TaintedMustard, Techguy78, TheEditrix2, TheKMan, Thegraham, Thehelpfulone,Timofonic, Tlusťa, Tomdo08, Tomi, Tristanb, Trovatore, Twas Now, Ugen64, Unara, UninvitedCompany, VMS Mosaic, Vgranucci, Vicki Rosenzweig, Vrenator, Vuong Ngan Ha, Weedgarden,Wetman, WikiDisambiguation, Wikiklaas, Will Beback Auto, WoodenPickle, Woohookitty, Xeos, Yara13, Yath, Yekrats, Zeamays, ZooFari, Ávila, 334 anonymous edits

Citron  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459744146  Contributors: A. Parrot, Aaron Solomon Adelman, Acalamari, Adashiel, Ahoerstemeier, Alborz Fallah, Ariel., B.wilson,Badagnani, Bellemichelle, Bevo, BilCat, Blacksand, BriefError, Brya, Captainfergus, Cedro, Chochopk, Chowbok, CitricAsset, Critisizer, DanielCD, Danny, DeLarge, Dogcow, Eog1916,Erianna, Fbriere, Finnrind, Forteblast, Franzeska, Gigemag76, Gilgamesh, Hasiru, Hede2000, HereToHelp, Hesperian, Hongooi, IOLJeff, Imz, Jaimetout, Japanese Searobin, Jason526, John ofReading, Johnbrewe, Jonkerz, Justlettersandnumbers, Kaldari, Kazvorpal, Kloth, LilHelpa, Llywrch, Look2See1, Lou Sander, Luna Santin, MPF, MacAuslan, Mgiganteus1, Moshe Yakob,MosheA, NYL, Neelix, Nick Denkens, Nipisiquit, Oknazevad, Oli Filth, Open2universe, Ordinary Person, PAROH, Pawebster, Peter Phillipson, Philip Trueman, Psygnet, RHaworth, Recury,Ricardo Carneiro Pires, Rosiestep, Royote, SMcCandlish, Secfan, Shafei, Shirahadasha, Shoteh, Skier Dude, Sourenaa, SpacemanSpiff, Stambouliote, Taosein, Taxman, The Sanity Inspector,TheEditrix2, Tomdo08, Tournesol, Ugen64, VidGa, Vojtech.dostal, Wendolpho, Wetman, Wikidemon, Wikiplantjud, Wikiuser100, Woohookitty, WriterHound, Wwheaton, Yakov shalom,Yidisheryid, 169 anonymous edits

Key lime  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459008333  Contributors: 24ip, Acalamari, Ahoerstemeier, Averette, BD2412, BarleyHops, Betoseha, Bjwebb, Bluefoxicy, BryanNguyen, D3j4vu, Dan Harkless, DanielCD, DannyWilde, Drbreznjev, Dumarest, Dysmorodrepanis, ENeville, Erianna, EricLaporteEn, Erpert, Fledgeling, Floquenbeam, Gentgeen, Hesperian,Hippophaë, Huhsunqu, JamesAM, Jaxl, Jonkerz, Justin Herbert, Kintetsubuffalo, LarryMorseDCOhio, Lectonar, LoopZilla, Luna Santin, MPF, Macktyner, Magalhães, Mandakins88,Materialscientist, MatthewBurton, Mikearion, Neutrality, Nick Denkens, Numbo3, Patch86, Roozbeh, Rpyle731, Shimgray, Sionus, Stevegallery, Svick, Tauʻolunga, Unyoyega, Vacice, Wetman,Wfaulk, WinTakeAll, Wtstoffs, Zeeshan.rahim, Zimmy717, 56 anonymous edits

Mandarin orange  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464761465  Contributors: 9.75 Hinomaru, A45520, Aaron Brenneman, Academic Challenger, Agamemnon2, Alaniaris,Alansohn, Alborz Fallah, Allentchang, Alpinwolf, Alsandro, Anclation, Andrexng, Andrwsc, Antrozous, AstroNomer, AtticusX, Baffle gab1978, Bart133, BattaYattaB, Bernburgerin, Biruitorul,Bkalafut, Bobblewik, Bongwarrior, Brusk, Bumm13, CarolSpears, Caspian blue, Chris the speller, Comesturnruler, CommonsDelinker, CryptoDerk, Cult of the Sacred Or nge, DanielCD,DannyWilde, Dav4is, Deekay22, Deelkar, DerHexer, Destroyer000, Discospinster, Dj Capricorn, Drummaniac28, Eliz81, Elwikipedista, EoGuy, Epbr123, EscapingLife, Eyrian, FDwiki, FastRita, Fir0002, Glegoo, Gombi101, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Gonzy, GraemeLeggett, Grafen, Grim23, Guoguo12, Guy Peters, Haham hanuka, Hesperian, IAmTheCoinMan, Iamunknown,IceCreamAntisocial, Ixfd64, JamesAM, Jason Recliner, Esq., Jauhienij, JoJan, Jonkerz, Jujutacular, Juliancolton, Justinbb, KennethTom, Keno, Koavf, Kollision, Kowey, Kristof vt, Kungming2,Kyriosity, LachlanA, Lahiru k, Lambman123, Leone, Liftarn, Litalex, Lowellian, Luna Santin, MER-C, Marc Esnouf, Masparasol, Mathonius, Mcontreras1, Mellonbank, Mfugue,Mineminemine, Mjkb, Mohsin12345, Narracan3824, Neumeiko, Neweco, Nv8200p, Orangeshahaha, Ospalh, OzEnigma, P199, PalaceGuard008, Piano non troppo, Picapica, Pinkadelica,Pollinator, Pooh-winnie, Portillo, Praseprase, PrincessWortheverything, Puffin, Purpletoucan, Pzrmd, Quercus basaseachicensis, Raafat, Ranveig, Ravik, Rmhermen, Rsilbe, Ryoske, SCEhardt,SMcCandlish, Sammmttt, Scarian, SirSadiq, Siva1979, Sluzzelin, Snigbrook, Softlavender, Sonia, SpookyMulder, Steady21, Stephenb, Subversive.sound, Taamu, Tea with toast, The Thing ThatShould Not Be, TheLeopard, Tommy2010, Tonyisaweirdo, Tristanb, Turnstep, Vicki Rosenzweig, Wayne Slam, Wiki wiki1, Wikiuser100, Willking1979, Xanzzibar, Xeos, Yandman, Zoe,ZooFari, 今天不回家, 霧木諒二, 250 anonymous edits

Pomelo  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464483612  Contributors: Aatox, Abrahami, Ahoerstemeier, Ahura21, Airplaneman, Aitias, Allentchang, Alsandro, Ambidexter,AnaZ, AndrewHasKilled, Androl, Andromon58, Andycjp, Anwar saadat, Arch dude, Aristitleism, Asaba, Astanhope, Athenapyros, Augustus the Pony, Azolotkov, BD2412, Badagnani, Ben Ben,Bine Mai, Bjwebb, BlastOButter42, BorisAndDoris, Brainscar, Bueller 007, Calamity jones, Calibas, Cam, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Caspian blue, Catamorphism, ChildofMidnight,Chris2005 howe, Chun-hian, Chzz, Ckatz, Cnguyen, Cristush, Cyfal, Cépey, DHN, Dalampasigan, Danger, DanielCD, DarkAsSin, Davidals, Dietzel, Discospinster, Dj Capricorn, Doremítzwr,Dougofborg, Dr.frog, Dunnhaupt, E Wing, Earth, Ekabhishek, Elirasa2, Enlil Ninlil, Erianna, Eurosong, Faizhaider, Flcelloguy, Frankie0607, FriscoKnight, Ganrang, Ganymead,Geocachernemesis, Ghw69, Gigemag76, Gkagan, Haham hanuka, Hesperian, Horseytown, Horsten, Hu, IVP, Icarusgeek, Imz, Iph, Ivirivi00, J.delanoy, JamesAM, January, Jayson28, Jengod,Jhartmann, Jklin, Joegraff, John, John Bonzo, John254, Jojit fb, Jonkerz, Joshpalapar, Jpatokal, Jusdafax, Kaid100, Kanags, Kguirnela, Kintetsubuffalo, Kornfan71, Kukikei, Kwiq8, Lalitstar,LcawteHuggle, Luna Santin, Lylenorton, MPF, Macktyner, Maher27777, Marcosdiv, Mcyclemad76, Menchi, Mendel, Momet, Mr. G. Williams, Mrh30, Muchi, Murphy2010, NJGW, Nakon,Niduzzi, Nipisiquit, Noldoaran, Olivier, Oniows, Oreo Priest, PM Poon, Palestinian1948, Paymeister, Pedro, PrinceRegentLuitpold, Ragib, Rajah, Rbankson, RexNL, Rje, Robdb2, RoyBoy,Ryan.mcneal, SMcCandlish, Seaphoto, Sengkang, Shreth, Sleigh, StuffOfInterest, Svsunilvarma, TED, Taragui, Techguy78, Thabick, The Thing That Should Not Be, The king of Zimbabwe,TheKMan, TheTrueMikeBrown, ThomasPusch, Tide rolls, Tochatlalticpac, Tuckerj1976, Tvarnoe, Tzven, Uthantofburma, VMS Mosaic, Viswaprabha, Wagaung, Woohookitty, XL3000,Xenoglossophobe, Xurxsper, Zarbon, Zello, Zzuuzz, 273 anonymous edits

Bitter orange  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463114279  Contributors: A.Octavia, Badagnani, Barticus88, Basstonic, Bjwebb, Bonadea, Budg123, C.Löser, Calder87,Calicore, Canadian-Bacon, Ceneri, Cocoaguy, Crystallina, Cuaxdon, Cult of the Sacred Or nge, DanielCD, Dannown, Defenestrating Monday, Delirium, Dforest, DrGaellon, E2v, Edgealong,Erianna, Foobar, Giftlite, Gigemag76, GoEThe, Grapoomelon2, GregorB, Hesperian, IceCreamAntisocial, Icorderom, JamesBWatson, JimVC3, Jimfbleak, Jonkerz, Kaare, KeepOpera,KnightRider, Krnntp, Kupirijo, Kylvag, LeadSongDog, LeinSora, Locke9k, Look2See1, MPF, Maderibeyza, Mangoe, Mani1, Marimarina, MastCell, Michael Bailes, Morostheou, MusicalLinguist, Nandesuka, Neji2112, Nipisiquit, Nocazador, Oknazevad, PDH, Panterka, Pol098, Prime Entelechy, Procrastinatrix, RekishiEJ, Ricardo Carneiro Pires, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen,Rotemdanzig, SMcCandlish, Saeed1410, SaintCahier, Sertrel, Smjg, Sonjaaa, Stemonitis, Sylph, TDogg310, Tauʻolunga, Teemu Ruskeepää, Valdemarasl, Waltloc, Wiml, WriterHound,Xxjumpman2387xx, Zantesantiago, Zaphraud, Zereshk, 76 anonymous edits

Grapefruit  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=465043234  Contributors: A9l8e7n, Abrahami, Acaeton, Adambro, Aflm, Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, AlexGWU, AlexSpurling, Alexis4478, Amaltheus, Anastrophe, Andux, Anodyne, Anwar saadat, Ashley Pomeroy, Atlant, Avalyn, Aveekbh, Axyjo, Bad ideas, Badagnani, Balthaser, BarretBonden, Bcorr, Behnamnaderi, Ben Ben, Bienfuxia, BlankVerse, Blindleaf, Bluerasberry, Bmg916, Bn100, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Boricuamark, BozoTheScary, Brimba, Buecherfresser, Bumm13, Bumpusjones, Butros, C0N6R355, CRGreathouse, Callmeace2001, Caltas, CanadianLinuxUser, CanisRufus, Captain panda, CarRamRodd, CaribDigita, CatherineMunro, Cblack2, Chaim Shel, Chocolatefrogx, Chun-hian, CloudNine, Colorfulpie:), Comesturnruler, Cometstyles, Coolhandscot, Cowww, Crazymonkeydonkeyjumper, Crossroads24, Cybercobra, Cyrus Andiron, Cépey, D, DCEdwards1966, DanielCD, Danny, DannyWilde, Danski14, Dary3113, Daven200520, Davewho2, David H Braun (1964), Davidruben, Debollweevil, December21st2012Freak, Dekisugi, Denisarona, Denrachsar, Deor, Dfan, Dforest, Dfrg.msc, Diannaa, Discospinster, Diuy, Dlohcierekim, Dougluce, Download, Doyley, Dp76764, Dppowell, DrHobson, DrJGMD, Dripp, Dungodung, E&eauthor, Edgar181, Ee00224, Eequor, EhJJ, Elirasa2, Ellywa, Epbr123, Erianna, Erud, Evillan, Excirial, Faizhaider, Falcon8765, Fatbabysunshine, Filll, Fir0002, Frecklefoot, Fredcondo, Fruitpeace, Future2008, Fyrael, Fys, Fyseng, Gabbe, Galaxiaad, Giftlite, Gigemag76, Glegoo, Glenn, Gogo Dodo, Gothgospel, GrapefruitFarmer, Grugugug, Grukagong2, Guanaco, Gzuckier, H2O, Hankwang, Haruo, Hdante, Hellbus, HenkvD, Hesperian, Heymid, HiDrNick, Historicole, Hmains, Hoffmanbike, Hooperbloob, Hyödytön, I dream of horses, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Itami-chan, J.delanoy, JForget, James086, JamesBWatson, Janet13, Jcaraballo, Jdog2323, Jeff G., Jimboisbeast, Jmn100, JodyB, Joeyceevee, John, John Bonzo, Johnleemk, Jonkerz, Joshyajerk, Jpatokal, Ju66l3r, Jusdafax, Jza84, Kalamkaar, Kanadano, Karen Johnson, Kazkaskazkasako, Kerotan, Kevin chen2003, Kilo-Lima, Kintetsubuffalo, Knulclunk, Kosebamse, Kri407, Ksheka, LOLlobbys, Lar, Lars Washington, Laurence G Harris, Lawikitejana, Lcarscad, LecDer, Lesnail, Leuko, LinuxPickle, Lteppo, Lukep913, Luna Santin, MER-C, MPF, Magnus Manske, Manticore, MapsMan, Mardochaios, Marek69, MartinezMD, Masterpjz9, Matt Fitzpatrick, Matt Yeager, Maximus Rex, Mbecker, Meitner, MeltBanana, Mendel, Micahbrwn, Michael Bailes, Michael Hardy, Mindmatrix, Minimac, Missdube, Mjroots, Mkg15, Mnot, Momet, Money3000, Moriori, MynameisPhillip258, NellieBly, Nguyen Thanh Quang, Nicknygy, Ninjakeliko, Nishkid64, Njaard, Noldoaran, Nono64, Noobanarchy, Norm, O'Dea, Ohnoitsjamie, Olivier, Opelio, Ourange, Owen, PDuncitup, PL290, Pb30, Pekinensis, PerryTachett, Pesopeshev, Petrb, Philip Trueman, Pol098, Pollinator, Portalian, Proofreader77, Pughero444, PuzzletChung, Qutezuce, RDBrown, Rada, Raeky, Raoul-Duke, Rasmussene, Raven4x4x, RazorICE, Reaper Eternal, Redlark, Reinsarn,

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Remurmur, Revth, Rfc1394, Rhopkins8, Rich Farmbrough, Rich66219, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richiecannata, Rmhermen, Rodney F, Roo72, Roscoe x, Ruakh, Ryulong, SLSB,SMcCandlish, SWAdair, Salamurai, Samuella, ScienceJen, Scohoust, Seansinc, Seb az86556, Sengkang, Seraphimblade, Serinde, Shaffer65, Shoteh, Signalhead, Sionus, Sir Vicious, SkyCaptain,Slon02, Slugmaster, Smalltowngirl, Snowolf, Sohale, SquidSK, Srich32977, Stassats, Stephenb, Stone, Summus, Supersuperspiderpig, Takowl, Tatterfly, Tbhotch, Teles, Teneriff, Texasbacon,Texture, The Legendary Sky Attacker, The Pikachu Who Dared, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Wiki ghost, The myoclonic jerk, The rasberry, TheFeedback, Thu, TimTay, TitaniumDreads,Tomdo08, TonyW, Towel401, Trainra, TrevorBG, Tristanb, Tuchomator, TucsonDavid, TwoOneTwo, Ucanlookitup, Unal1239, Uncle Milty, UninvitedCompany, UtherSRG, VMS Mosaic,Vanished user 39948282, Versus22, Vicarious, Victuallers, Vojtech.dostal, WLU, Walrusfunk, Wasbeer, Wayne Miller, Wetman, WhisperToMe, Wiki alf, Wikieditor06, William Avery,Wiwaxia, Woggly, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, WordsExpert, WormRunner, Wyatt915, YellowMonkey, Yenisey, Yintan, Yowhatupbro, Ypacaraí, Zalgo, Zeamays, Zhou Yu, Zimriel, ²¹², هاويةanonymous edits 625 ,التغذية

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Persian lime  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460137934  Contributors: Blarrrgy, Brya, Charlton, DanielCD, Drovetto, ENeville, EncycloPetey, Erianna, Eugene van der Pijll,Ferdinand Pienaar, GeoWPC, Gilgamesh, GraemeL, Hesperian, JonHarder, Jonkerz, Kintetsubuffalo, LarryMorseDCOhio, Lime in the Coconut, MPF, Oneeye, PDH, Paxse, Penguinlover32,Porlob, Postazoic, Rembecki, SMcCandlish, SimonP, Skysmith, Sturm br, Thegaminggamer, Tjunier, Wetman, Zadcat, Zeeshan.rahim, Zimmy717, 30 anonymous edits

Rangpur  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458902831  Contributors: Acalamari, Badagnani, Elderberry, Eleassar, Gigemag76, Green caterpillar, JD79, Jonkerz, Lambiam,Look2See1, Rama's Arrow, Rangpur, Richmeister, Rosarinagazo, 18 anonymous edits

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 75

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:OrangeBloss wb.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:OrangeBloss_wb.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Ellen Levy Finch (Elf)Image:Citrus fruits.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_fruits.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Photo by Scott Bauer.Image:Limes.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Limes.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Loyna, SteveHopson, Xxxx00, 4anonymous editsImage:Mandariner Citrus deliciosa.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mandariner_Citrus_deliciosa.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: PaucabotFile:Citrus leaf.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_leaf.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ZooFariImage:Orangerie Kruidtuin Leuven.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orangerie_Kruidtuin_Leuven.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: AthenchenImage:Citrus canker on fruit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_canker_on_fruit.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ies, PDHFile:Hauptanbaugebiete-Zitrusfrüchte.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hauptanbaugebiete-Zitrusfrüchte.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: chris 論Image:NIH citrus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NIH_citrus.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AlbertCahalan, OpponentImage:Cedri BMK.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cedri_BMK.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: User:BMKImage:Citrus australasica red whole.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_australasica_red_whole.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploaderwas Rjk at en.wikipediaImage:Sweetie (Citrus).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sweetie_(Citrus).jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Yot(he:משתמש:יות)File:Yemenite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yemenite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BlackDotImage:Clementinepeeled.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Clementinepeeled.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: w:User:TokugawapantsImage:Citrus unshiu-unshu mikan-2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_unshiu-unshu_mikan-2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: TomomarusanImage:Ambersweet oranges.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ambersweet_oranges.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Amada44, Anna reg, Berrucomons,Didactohedron, Doruk Salancı, Jaranda, Jat, Jonkerz, Norro, Ranveig, ThokenImage:Citrus hystrix dsc07772.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_hystrix_dsc07772.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:User:David.MonniauxImage:Lemon-edit1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lemon-edit1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: André Karwath aka Akafile:Citrus medicus fruit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_medicus_fruit.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Ahoerstemeier,BlackDot, Cillas, RasbakFile:Buddhahand2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buddhahand2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Wrong Sidefile:Ripekeylime.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ripekeylime.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Original uploader was Averette aten.wikipediaImage:keylime-flower.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Keylime-flower.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Photograph byd3j4vu (D3j4vu at en.wikipedia)file:Mandarina.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mandarina.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Aurevilly, Cillas, Img, 1 anonymous editsImage:Mandarin oranges canned.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mandarin_oranges_canned.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Scott EhardtImage:Harvest Kinnow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harvest_Kinnow.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: SirSadiq at en.wikipediaImage:Mandarin_tree_closeup.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mandarin_tree_closeup.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Guety,Look2See1, Mike Dillon, PixeltooImage:Korean fruit punch-Milgam hwachae-01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_fruit_punch-Milgam_hwachae-01.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: by ~Nisa at FlickrFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Flag of Spain.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Spain.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Brazil.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Morocco.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Denelson83, Zscout370File:Flag of South Korea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Egypt.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Open Clip ArtFile:Flag of Turkey.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: David Benbennick (original author)File:Flag of Iran.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iran.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Thailand.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370file:Citrus grandis - Honey White.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_grandis_-_Honey_White.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: uploaderFile:Pomelo seedling.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pomelo_seedling.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DavidalsImage:South Indian Pomello.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:South_Indian_Pomello.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ViswaprabhaImage:South Indian Pomello cut in Half.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:South_Indian_Pomello_cut_in_Half.png  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:ViswaprabhaImage:Pummelos.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pummelos.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Glenn, Orchi, RomanmImage:Pummelo_cut.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pummelo_cut.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AllentchangImage:Pummelo_sectioned.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pummelo_sectioned.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Glenn, Orchi,RomanmImage:Pummelo_flesh.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pummelo_flesh.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AllentchangImage:Citrus maxima0.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_maxima0.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Cillas, Fb78, Garitzko,GlennImage:Mid-Autumn Festival 33, Chinatown, Singapore, Sep 06.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mid-Autumn_Festival_33,_Chinatown,_Singapore,_Sep_06.JPG License: Copyrighted free use  Contributors: Jonkerz, SengkangImage:Pomelo3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pomelo3.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Original uploader was Kguirnela aten.wikipediaImage:Pomelo flower.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pomelo_flower.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: WingkLEEfile:Citrus aurantium.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_aurantium.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: A. Barra

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 76

file:Citrus_paradisi_(Grapefruit,_pink)_white_bg.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_paradisi_(Grapefruit,_pink)_white_bg.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Citrus_paradisi_(Grapefruit,_pink).jpg: א (Aleph) derivative work: — raeky (talkFile:2005grapefruit and pomelo.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2005grapefruit_and_pomelo.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader wasAnwar saadat at en.wikipediaFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of South Africa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos,BRUTE, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15,Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, SKopp, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 34 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the armsby Juan Gabino.File:Flag of Syria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Syria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: see belowFile:Flag of Israel.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnonMoos, Bastique, Bobika, Brown spite, CaptainZizi, Cerveaugenie, Drork, Etams, Fred J, Fry1989, Geagea, Himasaram, Homo lupus, Humus sapiens, Klemen Kocjancic, Kookaburra, Luispihormiguero, Madden, Neq00, NielsF, Nightstallion,Oren neu dag, Patstuart, PeeJay2K3, Pumbaa80, Ramiy, Reisio, Rodejong, SKopp, Sceptic, SomeDudeWithAUserName, Technion, Typhix, Valentinian, Yellow up, Zscout370, 31 anonymouseditsFile:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Argentina.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Work of Dbenbenn about a national signFile:Flag of Cuba.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: see belowFile:Caligrapefruit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caligrapefruit.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bn100File:Grapefruit-mercaptan-2D-skeletal-vertical.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grapefruit-mercaptan-2D-skeletal-vertical.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Benjah-bmm27file:P1030323.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:P1030323.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Elena Chochkovafile:Lemon.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lemon.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: André Karwath aka AkaImage:Lemon-ripening.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lemon-ripening.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: SuperflewisFile:Citrus x limon flowers.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_x_limon_flowers.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ben CodyFile:Lemon-citrus limon seedling.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lemon-citrus_limon_seedling.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:DavidalsImage:Marmalade spread on bread.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marmalade_spread_on_bread.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Anna reg, FlickreviewR, GeeJo, MPF, Mindmatrix, ParaImage:MoroccanlemonS.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MoroccanlemonS.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: GilabrandImage:Lemon Orchard in the Galilee by David Shankbone.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lemon_Orchard_in_the_Galilee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: David Shankbone (attribution required)File:Flag of Italy.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomiefile:OrangeBloss_wb.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:OrangeBloss_wb.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Ellen Levy Finch (Elf)File:Orange and cross section.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orange_and_cross_section.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Amada44, Fir0002, J.delanoy,Jonkerz, Mindmatrix, Nova, Pinar, UpstateNYerFile:Satsuma mandarin-cutout.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Satsuma_mandarin-cutout.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Anna reg,Batholith, CarolSpears, TystoFile:Navel orange sectioned.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Navel_orange_sectioned.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Originaluploader was Allentchang at en.wikipediaImage:Caracaraorange.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Caracaraorange.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Jamesm113File:Oranges blood vs regular.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oranges_blood_vs_regular.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Shadiac at en.wikipediaFile:2005orange.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2005orange.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: en:user:Anwar saadatFile:Flag of Indonesia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:GabbeFile:Citrus sinensis JPG01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_sinensis_JPG01.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Jean-Pol GRANDMONTFile:Oranges and orange juice.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oranges_and_orange_juice.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: USDA photo by Scott Bauer.Image Number K7237-8.File:Harvest Kinnow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harvest_Kinnow.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: SirSadiq at en.wikipediaFile:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Amanda Slater from Coventry, EnglandFile:Ocyl acetate.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ocyl_acetate.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edgar181file:Limes.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Limes.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Loyna, SteveHopson, Xxxx00, 4anonymous editsfile:Rangpur limette.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rangpur_limette.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bernhard Voß at de.wikipediaFile:Citrus x limonia (Osbeck) Lemandrine 001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_x_limonia_(Osbeck)_Lemandrine_001.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 3.0  Contributors: Amada44Image:Rangpurgin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rangpurgin.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Craig HatfieldFile:Citrus x limonia (Osbeck) Lemandrine 003.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Citrus_x_limonia_(Osbeck)_Lemandrine_003.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 3.0  Contributors: Amada44file:TangerineFruit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TangerineFruit.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:w:User:BarfoozBarfooz (Brent Ramerth)

License 77

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/