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Urban Planning in Berlin, London, Paris and Chicago1910 and 2010
Introduction p.1
100 Years General Town Planning Exhibition in Berlin
Town planning concerns everyone. It influences not just where and how we live and work, and how much we move around, but ultimately our happiness and well-being and that of our descendants. But it also has an impact on the ‘costs’ of urban living, today and in the future.
Planning creates hopes and visions for a better, more liveable city. Over the years it has also been the subject of criticism and outrage. It has a long history and has been practised since cities came into exist-ence. It is only since shortly before the First World War, however, that town planning was established as a profession with its own visions, principles and methods. And back then it was a success story.
General Town Planning Exhibition in Berlin 1910
On 1st May, the ‘Allgemeine Städtebau-Ausstellung’ (General Town Planning Exhibition) opened its gates at the Royal Arts Academy in Charlottenburg at Harden -bergstrasse (today Berlin’s University of the Arts).
The exhibition was inspired by the urban planning competition for Greater Berlin, the results of which were shown alongside many projects and plans from Germany and abroad. It reached a broad audience, attracting 65,000 visitors; success which came as a surprise to some. The feedback from abroad was equally positive. In August of the same year, it was shown in Düsseldorf and in the autumn some sections of the exhibition were presented at the International Town Planning Conference in London.
Introduction p.3
Berlin | Paris | London | Chicago
The exhibition concentrates on Berlin, Paris, London and Chicago, four outstanding metropolitan cities, whose approaches to town planning attracted a lot of attention in 1910 as it does today.
Berlin
In 1910 Berlin was trying to find answers to the challenges of unplanned growth in the industrial age. 100 years later Berlin is considered a model city of the post-industrial society.
Paris
Paris in 1910 was characterised by the big plans and visions of Eugène Hénard. Today’s Grand Pari(s) initiative marks an era of a new national urban development policy.
London
Previously Greater London was the birthplace of the Garden City Movement, which aimed to decentralise the metropolis in an orderly way. Today it has become the model of a renaissance of urban centres.
Chicago
In Chicago the world famous plan of Daniel H. Burnham was introduced in 1909. This aspired to enhance a city seen as lacking in beauty. Chicago Metropolis 2020 presents itself as a new strategic plan to develop a sustainable metropolitan region.
Introduction p.2
City Visions 1910 | 2010
The exhibition City Visions 1910 | 2010 is a celebration of the anniversary of the General Town Planning Exhibition. It compares two key moments in time: The years around 1910 and 2010.
1910
The planning exhibition of 1910 presented the summation of contemporary urbanist thought and knowledge. It was the first time that an exhibition had given a comprehensive account of the reality of the built environment of metropolitan areas in the industrial age. The aim was to find solutions ‘for the demands of traffic as well as beauty, public health and economic efficiency’. The main message was that the problems of large cities could only be overcome with a multi-disciplinary approach.
2010
A hundred years later today’s agenda in the post- industrial metropolis is determined by a sustainable design approach. The big themes have remained the same to some degree; their context has changed dramatically, however. A new understanding of urban development is finding its way into town planning strategies, which are often broad in approach and controversial in design. At the same time new prob-lems that threaten the integrity of cities are emerging such as a dramatic weakening of the influence of the public sector, the encroachment of private companies on the public realm and new forms of social polarisation as a result of de-industrialisation and immigration.
CityPortraits
Berlin
One hundred years ago Berlin was going through immense growth, encouraged by private initiatives. This raised numerous key issues: at the fore were the issues of hous-ing provision, transport capacity and the availability of public open space. At the same time planning professionals considered Berlin to be an urban laboratory, where new visions and new approaches to planning were tested. Many of these ideas were made visible at the Town Planning Exhibition in 1910.
After the First World War the circumstances changed dramati-cally. Berlin was decentralised, the construction of housing in urban areas largely ceased and urban planning became public sector led. By the end of the Second World War, East and West Berlin faced grave housing shortages. Social housing delivery, however, was primarily concentrated in suburban areas. The compact and densely populated fabric of Berlin that had been severely decimated by bombings was further de-creased by demolition programmes and car-oriented infrastructure schemes.
In the years following the First World War, Berlin relied on strict planning policy controls and heavy subsidies. Since the fall of the Wall
in 1989, Berlin’s public sector-led approach to urban planning has faced new challenges. Nowadays, an ageing population, increased social polarisation and climate change require new wasys of working. This comes at a time when the public sector is drasti-cally reducing its lead role.
Today, Berlin is concentrating its scarce resources on the central district. Alongside its historic splendour, the inner city is still home to former industrial sites and a great deal of former working-class areas with dense tenement housing, which suffer from social exclusion but are also places to experiment.
The outer districts, especially their vast social housing develop-ments, are also important. The major city region of today is larger than its predecessor in 1910 and it is stretching beyond Berlin’s administrative boundaries into the federal state of Brandenburg. Limiting urban sprawl on one hand and addressing the renaissance of the southern half of the city region, catalysed by the new Berlin Brandenburg International Airport and the revitalisation of Potsdam, require combined efforts from the authorities of Berlin and Brandenburg.
10miles
Population1910:1.67million2010:3.46million
Size1910:66km2(25.5mi2)2010:892km2(344mi2)
London
In 1910, London — the heart of the British Empire — was the capital of the largest political system in the world and the largest city in Europe. In this era, many urban planning strategies were designed to improve imperial London, such as the con-struction of the ceremonial route, The Mall and the Kingsway through Holborn. This followed half a century from 1855 when large scale urban infrastructure projects such as sewers and underground railways had been pioneered in London. Large and all-encompassing urban plans, however, did not really stand a chance in London around 1900, at least in central London. The urban structure of the inner city experienced little change until the widespread destruction caused by the Second World War. Efforts to decentralise metropolitan areas, through the development of garden suburbs and new towns, were meticulously executed over decades. London doubled in size between 1918 and 1939 but lost population in the 1950s and 1960s at the height of the decentralisa-tion to the new and expanded towns such as Harlow, Stevenage and Peterborough, regaining its upward growth from the 1980s.
Industrial decline in London has freed up many industrial sites for redevelopment. One of the largest such sites, was the port of the
West India Docks in East London, which was redeveloped into the Canary Wharf business district during the 1980s. This vast project has moved the financial centre of London eastwards. The late 1990s brought a u-turn in policy from de centralisation towards re-urban-isation, and focused on increased competition and innovation within the service and tourism sectors.
The cuts to the system of local politics and planning made by the Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher, reached their zenith in 1986 with the abolition of the Greater London Council, London’s regional governing body. Its functions were transferred to the boroughs and the Government Office for London. The city was in desperate need of coordinated, regional planning and so, in the year 2000, under Tony Blair’s Labour government, the Greater London Authority (GLA) was estab-lished. The GLA is an institution that sees London’s urban develop-ment as a top priority. Strategically placed urban projects, steered by a comparatively lean authority, equipped with similarly lean budgets, are intended to support the regeneration of targeted areas within London. The aim is to turn London into a city that is economi-cally thriving, inclusive and sus-tainable, with high-quality design.
10miles
Population1910:7.16million2009:7.8million(in2009)
Size1900:311km2(120mi2)2001:1,623km2(627mi2)
(GreaterLondonin2001)
CityPortraits
Paris
By 1910 Paris had accomplished its dramatic redevelopment pro-gramme, begun during the second half of the 19th century. This re-development, associated with the name of prefect Georges Eugène Haussmann, continues to affect the fabric and image of the central city today. Until 1910, its connecti-vity to the outer areas was strongly limited by the historic city wall. At that time, all attempts to break this ring failed. The construction of the underground metro since 1900 and later the introduction of the regional-high speed-rail system in the 1970s, however, has since connected the inner city with outer areas. Since the 1960s the urban ring road, Boulevard Périférique, forms a new barrier.
Neither government nor any other official planning policy co-ordinated metropolitan planning / activities for a long time. The ‘banlieue’, or urban fringe, remained dominated by ‘pavillonnaire’, single dwelling suburban housing. The construction of five new satellite cities, ‘villes nouvelles’, from 1965 onwards has not changed the situation notably. However, over the last ten years some new ideas have emerged. In 2007 the dispute over the competition for the conversion of the covered market, Les Halles, led to a change in opinion about
the importance of this central location for the entire metropolitan area.
In June 2009 the cross-borough partnership, Paris Métropole, was founded. The historically single centre-focused Paris is moving away from splendid isolation.
An expert study by 10 invited planning groups, Le Grand Pari du Grand Paris (The Big Challenge for Greater-Paris), began in 2008 and promised a comprehensive urban vision. The study envisages a metropolis suited to the post- Kyoto Protocol era committing to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, in terms of mobility, density, densification of the ‘pavillonaire’ (single dwelling suburban housing areas), regeneration of the ‘grands ensembles’ (large social housingestates), urban agriculture and, lastly, a new structuring of the spatial organisation of the entire metropolitan area. The details of the overall process are highly debated by the public. The history of ‘Grand Paris’ might have to be rewritten.
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Population1914:2.9million
GreaterParisregion:>4millionsince1904
2010:2.2millionGreaterParisregion:10.2million
Size1910:approx.100km2(39mi2)2010:105km2(40mi2)
GreaterParisregion:2.8km2(1051mi2)
CityPortraits
Chicago
The second half of the 19th century brought a phase of incredible growth for Chicago — which had not even existed prior to 1800 and was only made a city in 1836. Within a few decades the city turned from a small military town on Lake Michigan to the second biggest city in the USA and into one of largest industrial metropolitan areas in the world. The city be-came famous for its dynamism and prosperity. The unmanaged growth that accompanied Chicago’s rapid industrialisation, however, was characterised by housing shortages, social conflict, traffic chaos and unsanitary conditions. The business elite of the city, in a group called the Commercial Club, responded to these problems by commission-ing the Plan of Chicago (1909). The Plan, designed by Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett, delivered a regional approach to planning of hitherto unknown scale. It was recognised as exemplar well beyond the borders of the US.
Unfortunately this dynamic ‘Spirit of Chicago’ could not prevent the post ‘Great Depression’ and World War II decline of the city which accelerated because of suburbani-sation and deindustrialisation. Until the early 1980s, Chicago was still suffering from the conse-quences of this decline and of comprehensive Urban Renewal
programmes, the construction of inner city motorways, which were mostly implemented after World War II, despite its many modernist architectural gems. Many parts of the city were dominated by urban decline and poverty, with the declining central business district surrounded by derelict, post- industrial quarters.
Nowadays, Chicago’s inner city area is an attractive workplace, popular leisure centre and most of all a desirable residential location. Its reputation comes mainly from an innovative approach regarding urban revitalisation since the 1990s, but also from a clever combination of market orientated development policies and strategic planning. Once again the Commer-cial Club helped to deliver change to the City through planning. Of particular importance for the change in planning strategy was the support given by Richard M. Daley, Mayor of Chicago since 1989. The socially ambivalent consequences of this market- orientated development are very much apparent in Chicago’s urban fabric today, mainly in buzzing public spaces and parks or re-used historic buildings.
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Population1910:2.19million2010:2.70million
GreaterChicagoregion:9.8million
Size1920:500km2(192.8mi2)2010:approx.606km2(234mi2)
ofwhichapprox.588km2(227mi2)islandsurface.
CityPortraits
The Big Plan
1910 Chapter#1
The big urban plan, and its presentational medium, the bird’s eye view, was considered a driving force of urban planning by 1910. This approach formed part of a clear style of 20th century planning, distinct from planning practices in the 19th century. This later form of planning used more pragmatic urban extension plans to steer the enormous growth of cities in the era of industrialisation. The competition ‘GroßBerlin 1908/1910’ for example, demanded a comprehensive reform of the entire metropolitan region including the historic centre and the suburbs.
In the 19th century town planning was mostly based on defining the border between public and privately owned land, the regulation of building heights, and initiatives to improve the city’s technical and transport infra structures. A more holistic approach to planning developed in the 20th century, which included subjects such as road and rail infrastructure, public recreation spaces healthy living conditions and the grouping of grand civic buildings.
Fascination with the ‘big plan’ was an international phenomenon. The laborious images were no longer directedexclusively at aristocrats or planning experts, but were looking to appeal to a broad section of the population to convince them of the need for radical plans. The American City Beautiful Movement is a prime example. In 1909 politicians and civilians alike were particularly drawn to the Plan of Chicago because of its impressive bird’s eye views painted by Jules Guerin. This popular plan,effective as an advertisement yet extremely complex, became the subject of a local, national and international media hype. Today the Plan of Chicago continues to symbolisethe ‘big plan’.
Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s blood […]. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once record ed will never die, but long after we are gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with evergrowing insistency.
QuoteattributedtoDanielH.Burnham,speechattheTownPlanningConference,London1910
1910 #1—TheBigPlan Berlin p.1
Hermann Jansen
Plan for the spatial development of Greater Berlin
Contribution to the urban planning competition for Greater Berlin 1908/1910
The plan for the spatial development of Greater Berlin (Grundplan für die bauliche Entwicklung von Groß-Berlin)is one of two projects that were awarded the first prize in the urban planning competition for Greater Berlin 1908/1910. The main topic of Hermann Jansen’s contribution was ‘within the limits of possibility’. Jansen became Professor
of Urban Planning at the Technische Hochschule BerlinCharlottenburg in 1923. The plan at a scale of 1:10,000 roughly covers the area of Berlin today, a size which was initially reached in 1920. The plan includes eyecatching features, including parklands and open spaces, and a railway network, both above and underground.
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1HermannJansenContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,overviewCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.20513
Albert Gessner
Vision for Berlin’s urban city regionContribution to the urban planning competition
for Greater Berlin 1908/1910
This aerial view shows a vision of an ordered, urban metropolis. It clearly demonstrates how Greater Berlin was perceived on a regional level. The lower third of the picture shows Kreuzberg Hill. In the background is Berlin’s green hinterland, with numerous waterways. The picture was part of the contribution by Berlin’s architect Albert Gessner for the competition for Greater Berlin 1908/1910 and it won a special prize of the jury. It followed the motto ‘Become the most comfortable place to live in the world’ (‘Werde der wohnlichste Wohnort der Welt’).
2AlbertGessnerContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,SüdbahnhofstreettoLakeMüggel,bird’seyeviewCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.80142
1910 #1—TheBigPlan Berlin p.2 1910 #1—TheBigPlan Paris p.2
Léon Jaussely / Roger-Henri Expert / Louis Sollier
Plan for redevelopment and extension of Paris
The plan for the redevelopment and extension of Paris by Léon Jaussely, RogerHenri Expert and Louis Sollier won the first prize in a competition for the extension and beautification of Paris in 1919. The basis for the competition, run by the Département Seine was the release of a new town planning law from 1919 (Loi Cornudet). The awardwinning planis considered to be a summary of urban visions for Grand Paris in the 1910s. The design is reminiscent of the (also awardwinning) plan, which Hermann Jansen submitted for Berlin in 1910.
Framedfacsimile:LéonJaussely,Roger-HenriExpert,LouisSollierPlanfortheredevelopmentandextensionofParis,1919Courtesy:Académied’architecture/Citédel’architectureetdupatrimoine/Archivesd’architectureduXXesiècle
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Paul Waterhouse
An Imaginary Plan for London
This plan is a curious manifesto of idealism and coherence. Waterhouse reconfigured the patchwork chaos of London’s urban fabric into a geometrically ordered plan, but kept the most important sites, such as a Royal Palace which would have replaced Buckingham Palace, in their historicallydetermined locations. His plan was a retroactive manifesto as it maintained the randomness of historical evolution, and so demonstrated how London could have been shaped by a general plan when there was no desire to have such a plan.
Framedfacsimile:PaulWaterhouseAnImaginaryPlanofLondon,1907Courtesy:RIBALibraryDrawings&ArchivesCollections
1910 #1—TheBigPlan London p.1
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1910 #1—TheBigPlan Chicago p.2
Daniel H. Burnham / Edward H. Bennett
Plan of ChicagoBird’s-eye view looking at Chicago
on the banks of Lake Michigan
Chicago’s strategic position on two important waterways, and its importance as a railway centre, turned the city into a key infrastructure hub in North America in the second half of the 19th century. Burnham’s vision for the Plan of Chicago was illustrated with watercolour paintings drawn in Burnham’s office but coloured in by Jules Guerin. The vast extent of the area depicted in the drawings matches the scale of opportunities available to the rapidly growing Chicago. The existing transport infrastructure in the region facilitated Chicago’s expansion plans.
2DanielH.Burnham,EdwardH.BennettPlan of Chicago,bird’seyeviewoverChicagoonthebanksofLakeMichigan,1909Drawing:JulesGuerinCourtesy:ChicagoHistoryMuseum
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MonumentalCity Centre
1910 Chapter#2
The exceptional growth of large urban regions put enormous pressure to modernise on many preindustrial cities in Europe. Next to traditional civic buildings like churches, castles and town halls, new buildings were erected such as universities, museums, theatres, monuments to trade and commerce, hotels, and government and administrative buildings. The development of the contemporary city centre most notably grew around train stations and along high streets. Medieval historic centres were rendered less relevant and became sites for radical redevelopment and demolition, often to clear the way for new infrastructure.
The main objective of the ruling classes in the era before the First World War was the construction of the Monumentalstadt (Monumental City). An impressive ‘arrangement of monumental buildings’ was intended to give the public realm a new and impressive dimension.
The unchallenged model for these kinds of transformations was Paris, which in 1853 was given a modern yet artful compact shape by GeorgesEugène Haussmann. Haussmann concentrated on the meticulous application of classic design principles such as ‘axis’ and ‘symmetry’ and therefore focused on a historically grounded understanding of ‘monumentality’. Via the Parisian
École des Beaux-Arts, which had a strong influence on urban planning in the United States, the idea of monumentality was adopted by Daniel H. Burnham in the Plan of Chicago of 1909 and informed the City Beautiful Movement.
In London the redevelopment of the Mall embodied a symbol of global power, though was relatively small in size, and its impact on the city as a whole was not great. Paris followed with projects by Eugène Hénard. At the Greater Berlin competition 1908/ 1910, Eber stadt, Möhring & Petersen proposed to transform the Königsplatz (the King’s Square) into the Reichsforum (National Forum) of imperial grandeur, while Bruno Schmitz, with his bird’s eye view of a monumental Berlin, even outplayed Burnham’s civic design for Chicago.
Most large cities only show character in their city centres.
TranslatedfromWernerHegemann,in:‘DerStädtebaunachdenErgebnissenderAllgemeinenStädtebau-AusstellunginBerlin’,Vol.1,Berlin1911
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Framedfacsimile,top:Havestadt&Contag,SchmitzundBlumContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,New-BerlinaroundNorthCentralStation,bird’seyeviewCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.8010
bottom:Havestadt&Contag,SchmitzundBlumContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,New-BerlinaroundSouthCentralStation,bird’seyeviewCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.8008
Havestadt & Contag / Schmitz & Blum
Monumental City CentreContribution to the
urban planning competition for Greater Berlin 1908/1910
The most startling contribution to the Greater Berlin competition was the set of large charcoal drawings made by respected preservationist Bruno Schmitz. The drawings displayed a vision for Berlin, which overstated the scale of Berlin as a world city. A ‘monumental city’ (Monumentalstadt) north of the Koenigsplatz, accommodating palaces of the arts and civic buildings, form the largest of five areas included in the expansion of Berlin’s city centre. To avoid disturbing the artistic expression of his drawings, Schmitz did not define any specific uses.
1910 #2—MonumentalCityCentre Berlin p.1
1910 #2—MonumentalCityCentre Berlin p.3
Joseph Brix / Felix Genzmer
Upgrading of Königgrätzer Street between Anhalt Station and Potsdam Station
Contribution to the urban planning competition for Greater Berlin 1908/1910
Like other competitors, Brix and Genzmer proposed a northsouth railway line to be run under Berlin’s central park (Tiergarten). With two stations close to Potsdamer Platz there was not enough space to cope with the number of people moving to and from the station. This was solved by directing commuter trains to Potsdam Station (Potsdamer Bahnhof) and national rail to Anhalt Station (Anhalter Bahnhof). Both were strategically linked by a newly widened street, which freed up space for the expansion of the business district around Leipziger and Potsdamer Platz.
3Brix&GenzmerContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,perspectiveviewofthewidenedKöniggrätzerStreettobecomeagrandboulevardadjacenttothestation.Painting:OttoGünther-NaumburgCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.20132
4Brix&GenzmerKöniggrätzerStreet,locationplanCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin
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1910 #2—MonumentalCityCentre Paris p.1
Eugène Hénard
Promenade and viewing corridor between Champs Élysées and Invalides
Only a few of the ideas of Eugène Hénard were ever realised. One of them was the magnificent promenade and visual axis, which was created for the World’s Fair in 1900. The promenade, which spanned the River Seine, was designed to connect two significant areas of the city, the Champs Élysées and the Esplanade des Invalides. The Alexander III Bridge (Pont Alexandre III) was built specifically to form this link. Hénard’s promenade effectuated one of the most significant transformations in the layout of Paris since the extensive interventions of GeorgesEugène Haussmann in the 19th century.
1EugèneHénardThenewpromenadeChampsÉlysées–EsplanadedesInvalides,bird’seyeviewCourtesy:Citédel‘architectureetdupatrimoine/Archivesd‘architectureduXXesiècle(Reproductionofunknownorigin)
2EugèneHénardThenewpromenadeChampsÉlysées–EsplanadedesInvalides,plan,1894/1900Courtesy:Citédel‘architectureetdupatrimoine/Archivesd‘architectureduXXesiècle(Reproductionofunknownorigin)
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1910 #2—MonumentalCityCentre London p.1
Aston Webb
Design for the Queen Victoria Monument
Plan and bird’s eye view
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The redesign of The Mall, by Aston Webb in the early 20th century, forms the centrepiece of imperial urban planning in London. The large statue of Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace, and Admiralty Arch, which forms the entrance to The Mall, were part of Webb’s redesign. Webb also added the very thin stone facing to the palace’s façade.
1AstonWebbDesignfortheQueenVictoriaMonumentandtheredevelopmentofTheMall,bird’seyeview,1903Courtesy:RIBALibraryDrawings&ArchivesCollections
1910 #2—MonumentalCityCentres London p.2
Paul Waterhouse
Central Plan of London
2PaulWaterhouseCentralPlanofLondonshowingchangestothetwomainroadsaswellasoneadditionalthoroughfaresouthoftheThames,1907Courtesy:RIBALibraryDrawings&ArchivesCollections
With his plan to create a new thoroughfare in the centre of London, Paul Waterhouse hoped to improve eastwest circulation of traffic. His street layout, however, was not straight like GeorgesEugène Haussmann’s design for Paris, but curved, following John Nash’s design
for Regent Street. Waterhouse thought the composition would create surprising moments and enable the design of interesting commercial buildings.
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1910 #2—MonumentalCityCentre Chicago p.1
Daniel H. Burnham / Edward H. Bennett
Plan of ChicagoBird’s-eye view looking from the west with
proposed Civic Center Plaza as urban centre
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The planners of Chicago paid special attention to its core or central area, where central junctions were identified as ideal locations for grand civic buildings. At the terminus of an impressive boulevard, was a 50,000 square metre forum for civic administration, with the town hall at its heart. The administrative cluster was never realised and its site is now a huge motorway junction.
1DanielH.Burnham,EdwardH.BennettPlan of Chicago,bird’seyeviewlookingoverthecityfromthewest,showingproposedCivicCenterPlazaascentralhubofasystemofmaintrafficthorough-faresandsurroundings,1909Drawing:JulesGuerinCourtesy:ChicagoHistoryMuseum
New Models for Dense Urban Living
1910 Chapter#3
‘The housing problem’ formed the central debate in the European town planning discourse. Criticism was focused on the living conditions of workers in denselybuilt and overcrowded tenement housing areas. Towards the end of the 19th century these stretched well beyond the boundary of the city centres into new developments in the outskirts.
Planners generally saw their own cities as a ‘bad example’ and looked to others to draw inspiration. While Ebenezer Howard wanted to get rid of the chaos of London, Daniel H. Burnham recommended GeorgeEugène Haussmann’s Paris as a role model for Chicago’s reorganisation. This in turn was a nightmare prospect for many reformers in Germany, who viewed London with its suburbs as a role model.
This international climate of criticism and propaganda furthered impressive urban alternatives to highdensity city centres. Berlin was one of the centres of discussion and a testing ground for new ideas. Experiments with new urban block typologies, private roads, mixeduse developments and new district centres in the urban fringe were manifold. Eugène Hénard invented a new ‘stepped’ building structure for Paris which allowed façades to project into the streets they flanked, an alternative that never saw the light of day.
London’s slums began to be replaced with modern workers’ quarters funded from the public purse and charities. Daniel H. Burnham was inspired by an allembracing streamlining of the large city. All these alternatives insisted on dense urban patterns, urban streets and public spaces.
The biggest new invention was a new type of largescale urban project; new city districts built in one go by a new generation of private land development companies. These were typ ically narrow building blocks with courtyards and were mainly targeted at highincome residents. To some progressive planners of the era such private land development companies were nothing more than speculative developers. Their rented apartments were compared to working class tenements and urban design exhibitions largely ignored these typologies.
1,088,269 of Berlin’s residents (excluding Greater Berlin) are living in flats, where every single heated room contains between 3 and 13 people. Berlin has got a population of 2,040,148.
TranslatedfromStatisticalInstituteBerlin(ChairmanHeinrichSilbergleit),attheTownPlanningExhibition1910
1910 #3—NewModelsforDenseUrbanLiving Berlin p.2
Hermann Jansen
Development of the Tempelhofer Feld Contribution to the urban planning competition
for Greater Berlin 1908/1910
The development of the western Tempelhofer Feld (Field) caused one of the biggest disputes in Berlin prior to the First World War. Hermann Jansen submitted a design proposal to the Greater Berlin 1908/1910 competition, for a residential quarter, with an urban block structure that omitted lateral blocks and side wings. The bird’s eye view from 1910 shows an attractive urban alternative to the outdated, dense tenement stock, and a generous green belt can be seen in the background. Jansen’s proposal was never realised.
Framedfacsimile:HermannJansenContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,bird’seyeviewoftheproposedbuildingsonthewesternpartofTempelhoferFeldCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.20563
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2HermannJansenContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,proposeddesignforTempelhoferFeldCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.20553
3LandparcelsplanofTempelhoferFeldCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.20570
1910 #3—NewModelsforDenseUrbanLiving Paris p.1
Eugène Hénard
Boulevard à Redans
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With his Boulevard à Redans — ‘stepped boulevard’, Eugène Hénard developed an alternative to the outdated boulevards of 19th century Paris. While Hénard’s concept did not greatly alter building density or landownership rights, interlocking building frontage elements allowed
1AstonWebbPlandesQueen-Victoria-DenkmalsunddieNeuordnungderMall.SituationsplanundVogelschauQuelle:RIBALibraryDrawings&ArchivesCollections
1EugèneHénardBoulevard`aRedans,1903,section,planSource:EugèneHénard,‘ÉtudessurlestransformationsdeParis’,1903–1909
2ComparisontotraditionalboulevardSource:EugèneHénard,‘ÉtudessurlestransformationsdeParis’,1903–1909
3Boulevard`aredans,perspectiveCourtesy:EugèneHénard,ÉtudessurlestransformationsdeParis,1903-1909
for increased window sizes, improving access to natural light and broke up the wall created by building frontages Hénard’s idea, however, was never implemented.
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Carl-James Bühring
The Civic Forum WeißenseeNew centre in a growing metropolitan region
In the heyday of local municipal competition, some suburban authorities developed local town centres, with the hope of supporting localised urbanisation and creating local identities. This helped to establish the base for Berlin’s polycentric structure. One example is the Civic Forum (Kommunales Forum) of the Weißensee borough. This forum, which was built between 1907 and 1912, was based on plans by the local development director, CarlJames Bühring.
4Carl-JamesBühringPlanoftheCivicForumWeißenseeSource:‘ModerneBauformen.MonatsheftefürArchitekturundRaumkunst’,6/1915,p.214
5SecondaryschoolattheCivicForumSource:‘ModerneBauformen.MonatsheftefürArchitekturundRaumkunst’,6/1915,p.213
6HospiceattheCivicForumSource:‘ModerneBauformen.MonatsheftefürArchitekturundRaumkunst’,,6/1915,p.219
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It comprised a hall for community uses, a public pool, an innovative high school, fire station and housing for civil servants arranged around a small lake. Civic development in Weißensee was made possible by the establishment of a land acquisition fund, a public initiative to acquire the necessary properties.
1910 #3—NewModelsforDenseUrbanLiving Berlin p.3
1910 #3—NewModelsforDenseUrbanLiving London p.1
London County Council (LCC), Architects’ Department
Condition before and after redevelopment 1893–1900
1BoundaryStreetScheme,beforerenewal,1893Courtesy:CityofLondonandLondonMetropolitanArchives
2BoundaryStreetScheme,afterrenewal,1900Courtesy:CityofLondonandLondonMetropolitanArchives
The Boundary Street Estate in Bethnal Green (1893–1900) was the first big project initiated by the Architects’ Department of the London County Council (LCC) to clear slums and replace them with flats for workers. The simple, red brick buildings, which featured traditional, residential decorative elements such as gables, surrounded a circular green. The LCC applied ideas from the Arts and Crafts Movement to the design of buildings. Despite their configuration in rows — rather than perimeter blocks — a mixeduse quarter with many urban functions was formed.
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1910 #3—NewModelsforDenseUrbanLiving Chicago p.1
1DanielH.Burnham,EdwardH.BennettPlan of Chicago,bird’seyeviewlookingoverthecityfromthewest,showingproposedCivicCenterPlazaascentralhubofasystemofmaintrafficthorough-faresandsurroundings,1909Drawing:JulesGuerinCourtesy:ChicagoHistoryMuseum
Chicago’s transport system could not cope with its volume of pass engers, and its business quarter in particular was heavily congested. One solution proposed by the planners was the widening of Michigan Avenue, which had the purpose to separate goods and service deliveries from the elegant lives of shoppers. Planned as a grand boulevard, the entire road was to be elevated so that the eastwest traffic could pass under neath with help of ramps. A doubledecker bridge was to then lead the traffic unhindered across theChicago River.
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Daniel H. Burnham / Edward H. Bennett
Plan of ChicagoPlanned boulevard connecting
north and south sides of the river
Green Belts,Corridors and Parks
1910 Chapter#4
An orderly growth of metropolitan areas with help of green grids and green belts or green wedges was seen by many social reformers as a way to achieve health and well being of the metropolitan population. Dense development of these areas was to be structured with ‘decorative, productive, outer and inner parks’ and flooded with light and air. Public parks and baths, lidos and large recreational areas for play and sport were mostly planned for the working classes. It was believed that a healthy population would lead to an increase in productivity.
In this context the work of landscape architects came to the fare. The park section of the Town Planning Exhibition 1910 was a favourite amongst the visitors.
In Paris Eugène Hénard designed a plan with nine parks, which, connected through the ‘Boulevard à Redans’ alongside the former city wall, were supposed to surround the inner city. The entries for the Greater Berlin competition 1908 contained a multitude of concepts to make the metropolitan region greener. While Hermann Jansen proposed two concentric green belts, Bruno Möhring envisaged green strips that connected the city centre with the city fringe.
In the US, park planning reached hitherto unknown dimensions. The Plan of Chicago, introduced in 1909 by Daniel H. Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, envisaged several rings of parks and thus linked their plan conceptually to the Park networks of the Olmsted Brothers. The aim was to provide every resident in the city with a park in walking distance. These American park systems became a much admired model for Europe.
These parks and open space networks of the American cities comprise everything that people living in dense large cities need for their recreation.
TranslatedfromLeberechtMigge,in:‘DieGartenkulturdes20.Jahrhunderts’,Jena1913
1910 #4—GreenBelts,CorridorsandParks Berlin p.1
Joseph Brix / Felix Genzmer
Plan for Green SpacesContribution to the urban planning competition
for Greater Berlin 1908/1910
2
The establishment and protection of green infrastructure was a central concern for the Greater Berlin competition 1908/10. The plan by Brix and Genzmer, two professors at the Technical University, aimed to maintain surrounding woodlands as well as significantly expanding green spaces. Brix and Genzmer also suggested creating an association with the purpose of acquiring and managing the woodlands. However, the jury criticised the plan, arguing that the ‘green bands’ did not enter deep enough into the urban centre.
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1Brix&GenzmerContributiontotheurbanplanningcompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,planforgreenspacesCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.20122
2SchemedrawingofthearrangementofgreenspacesSource:Eberstadt,Rudolf/Möhring,Bruno/Petersen,Richard:‘Groß-Berlin.EinProgrammfürdiePlanungderneuzeitlichenGroßstadt’,Berlin1901,p.5
1910 #4—GreenBelts,CorridorsandParks Berlin p.2
Friedrich Bauer
Schillerpark in Berlin
Before the World War I there was widespread criticism of the lack of playgrounds and usable small urban spaces (playgrounds, parks, promenades) in Berlin. One attempt to rectify this situation was the Schillerpark, built 1909–1913 in the North of Berlin and designed by landscape architect and ‘gardening poet’ Friedrich Bauer of Magdeburg. This park was widely praised at the time, Werner Hegemann called the Schillerpark the
3FriedrichBauerPlanoftheSchillerparkinBerlin,1909–1913Source:‘BerichtüberdieGemeinde-VerwaltungderStadtBerlinindenVerwaltungs-Jahren1906bis1910’,Vol.1,Berlin1912,afterp.222
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‘first modern park in Berlin’, as it allotted large spaces to be used for playing sports and games. The ‘meadow for citizens’ on the left was intended for relaxation purposes, while the ‘meadow for students’ on the right was for sport.
1910 #4—GreenBelts,CorridorsandParks Paris p.1
Eugène Hénard
Expansion of Paris
Eugène Hénard’s plan from 1905, which was never implemented, addressed a public debate about the extremely low proportion of green spaces in Paris. The planning area included the suburban area (Grand Paris) and comprised 165 km2 with 3.47 million residents (1906). The plan proposed a homogenous distribution of new parks, particularly in areas where parks were lacking. Furthermore Hénard suggested a total merge of the suburbs (banlieue) with Paris — an idea which still preoccupies planners today.
1EugèneHénardExtensionofPariswithexistingandnewlycreatedgreenspaces,1909Source:‘DerStädtebau’,7/1910,table1/2
2EugèneHénardPopulationdensityinParisandsurroundings,1909Source:‘DerStädtebau’,7/1910,table1/2
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Grant Park occupies the central part of the urban waterfront of Lake Michigan. The park itself was intended to be Chicago’s cultural centre, with museums and a library dedicated to the arts and sciences. In front of the park a marina was proposed, while to the north and south, water parks with lagoons, beaches and promenades were to be added. Their purpose was to offer recreational facilities for Chicago’s residents, especially during the hot summer months.
Framedfacsimile:DanielH.Burnham,EdwardH.BennettPlan of Chicago,bird’seyeviewofGrantPark,themarina,lagoonsandparkonthesouthside.Drawing:JulesGuerinCourtesy:ChicagoHistoryMuseum
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1910 #4—GreenBelts,CorridorsandParks Chicago p.3
Daniel H. Burnham / Edward H. Bennett
Plan of ChicagoBird’s eye view of Grant Park with planned marina, lagoons and park on the south side
2ParkNo.2Source:WernerHegemann,‘DerStädtebau’,Vol.2,Berlin1913,fig.305
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Chicago’s park system included several neighbourhood parks, which were comparatively small (on average 4 hectares). They were used for recreation and child play. Park No. 2, for example contained a large sports field, which could be turned into an ice skating rink in the winter. It also contained a race track, a swimming and paddling pool, a playground and playing field for children as well as a comm u nity centre. Such facilities were typical of Chicago’s new parks.
1910 #4—GreenBelts,CorridorsandParks Chicago p.2
Frederick Law Olmsted / John Charles Olmsted
Park No.2
New Garden Suburbs
1910 Chapter#5
Suburbs had long existed alongside large cities, but the arrival of railways meant they could be far larger and further from the city centre. The prospect of more space and escape from the increasingly dense, noisy and unhealthy central areas gradually made them favoured residential districts for the middle class.
In 1898 Ebenezer Howard proposed a radical new urban model, the ‘garden city’. It was conceived of as a selfsufficient urban community, cooperatively organised, made greener and restricted to 32,000 residents. It aimed for an ideal synthesis of city and countryside.
This idea was convincing. What made the ‘garden cities’ distinctive and attractive, in particular to the middle classes, was their landscaping, small commercial centres and good transport connections to the central city. Raymond Unwin planned the first, Letchworth, and with his partner Barry Parker produced a memorable architectural idiom that slyly adjusted vernacular architectural forms for civic and private life.
The very attractiveness of the image they produced undermined the purity of Howard’s social ideals, because the architecture was easier to imitate than the social programme was to inculcate. Consequently what looked like garden cities were at best garden suburbs, extensions to towns that were not selfsufficient in the way Howard envisaged.
The Garden City Movement hadbarely begun to take off when it was absorbed as yet another suburban typology. Almost all contributions to the Greater Berlin competition 1908/1910 used this typology. Examples were the Garden City Frohnau in Berlin (1908), London’s Hampstead Garden Suburb (1905), also planned by Unwin, and the CitéJardin du Grand Paris (1919) in Paris.
The garden suburb of the early 20th century was built around its own local centre and train station, which differs from later suburbs, characterised by autocentric, urban sprawl.
City and countryside need to ‘wed’ and the outcome will be new hope, new life and a new culture.
EbenezerHoward,in:‘GardenCitiesofTomorrow’,London1902
1910 #5—NewGardenSuburbs Berlin p.1
Joseph Brix / Felix Genzmer
Garden City Frohnau
In 1907, the construction of Frohnau, a commercial garden city was planned for the Northern edge of Berlin. The client was the Berliner TerrainCentrale. The design of Frohnau was decided through a competition in 1908, won by Joseph Brix and Felix Genzmer, both professors at the Technical University of Berlin. As the land parcels plan from 1913 shows, the garden city had a distinctive centre with a square either side of the station, surrounded by a system of curved streets.
1FelixGenzmerPlansforBerlin-Frohnau,1908Courtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.1273
2PlanoftheGardenCityFrohnauSource:‘GartenstadtFrohnauanderNordbahnzwischenHermsdorfundStolpe’,advert,Berlin1913
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1910 #5—NewGardenSuburbs Berlin p.3
Hermann Jansen
A perfect small settlementContribution to the urban planning competition
for Greater Berlin 1908/1910
Shortly before the World War I a radical change took place in the typology of suburban housing. The aim was to develop small settlements and single house types to make life outside the city centre increasingly accessible to the less privileged social classes. As part of the Greater Berlin competition 1908/10 Hermann Jansen presented a small residential estate with grouped terraced houses. Jansen succeeded in creating a relatively urban typology for this project.
5HermannJansenCompetitionforGreaterBerlin1908/1910,estatewithsmallresidences(Kleinwohnungssiedlung),bird’seyeviewCourtesy:ArchitekturmuseumderTechnischenUniversitätBerlin,Inv.Nr.B2619,06
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2BaryParker,RaymondUnwinProposalforHampsteadGardenSuburb,plan,1905Courtesy:CityofLondonandLondonMetropolitanArchives
3BaryParker,RaymondUnwinPlanofHampsteadGardenSuburbshowingEdwinLutyens’designforthetownsquareCourtesy:LondonMetropolitanArchives
4RaymondUnwinDesignforgroupofeightnon-detacheddwellingsforHampsteadGardenSuburb,perspective,1905Courtesy:FirstGardenCityHeritageMuseum,Letchworth
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Hampstead Garden Suburb was the most sophisticated and convincing plan for a new garden suburb in London. Garden suburbs differed from garden cities in that they were attached to existing cities, rather than selfcontained social and economic entities. It had begun as a social enterprise by the philanthropist Henrietta Barnett. In the first plan, Unwin and Parker suggested an informal and curved network of streets, which, together with the traditional English village green, aimed to give people a sense of traditional village life. In 1908 Edwin Lutyens turned the Green into a geometrically ordered town square with the main frontage formed by an educational building with two churches at either side.
Unwin did not have typical suburban singlefamily dwellings in mind when he designed Hampstead Garden Suburb. Even if the single dwelling formed the basic typology these were part of a wider spatial plan. Groupings of eight white walled and red roofed single family homes were designed, which created a unified aesthetic, but allowed for slight differences on second glance. In addition, they were assembled around a communal courtyard and grouped using shared walls and roofs to create an enclosed ensemble.
1910 #5—NewGardenSuburbs London p.2
Barry Parker / Raymond Unwin
Hampstead Garden Suburb
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MetropolitanMobility
1910 Chapter#6
The traffic problem was hotly debated at the Town Planning Exhibition in 1910. The prime objective was an improved organisation of the expanding metropolitan area with the help of a system of radial highspeed rail and primary roads. The centre was to make way for the modern age of transport with numerous projects to drive new roads through historic urban fabric. Metropolitan regions and masstransport have since become important subjects in terms of town planning.
The extreme growth of many metropolises in the early 20th century, made new transport infrastructure projects inevitable. The old road network could no longer cope with the new requirements of passenger and freight transportation.
The rail lines serving suburban commuters already played an important role in 1910. In the early 20th century newly built and extended railway and underground systems in Berlin, Paris, London and Chicago improved connections between the city centre and the region. These were funded by private companies or by the public sector.
Whether lines were planned above or below ground was often controversial. Technical, design quality and financial arguments had to be weighed up. Costs for overground lines were more affordable, but elevated railways on viaducts were not only a source of noise but also unsightly. Visions of highlevel railways joining the tops of buildings did not come to fruition.
Many of the plans to open up new streets inside the city centres, which were exhibited at the Town Planning Exhibition in 1910, never saw the light of day. That spared catastrophic consequences for the urban fabric of many cities.
[…] for the first time ever there has been a planning strategy for the transport in metropolitan areas.
WernerHegemannontheimportanceoftransportissues,in:‘DerStädtebaunachdenErgebnissenderAllgemeinenStädtebau-AusstellunginBerlin’,Vol.2,Berlin1913
1910 #6—MetropolitanMobility Berlin p.1
Erich Giese
Design for a high-speed rail network in Greater Berlin
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1ErichGieseDesignforahigh-speedrailnetworkforGreaterBerlin,1916Courtesy:ErichGiese, ‘DaszukünftigeSchnellbahnnetzfürGroß-Berlin’,ed.VerbandGroß-Berlin,Berlin1919,table13
Railways generated rapid growth in greater Berlin during the second half of the 19th century. Around 1900 highspeed rail was the primary driver of deurbanisation as it brought more distant areas within reach. In response to this pressure, plans for expanding the rail network became a central part of submissions for the Greater Berlin competition 1908/10. The proposal by Eric Giese from 1916 shows the fast growing rail network, which was slowed down abruptly by World War I.
1910 #6—MetropolitanMobility Berlin p.2
August Scherl
Proposal for an elevated railway
Radical alternatives to the outdated metro railway system were a frequent topic of discussion in the years before World War I, due to the increasing importance of highspeed rail transport for the metropolitan region. August Scherl, publicist and media mogul proposed an elevated railway in 1909. He recommended a radialperiphery system with several concentric rings, served by radial railways terminating at a central station. The elevated trains never came to fruition but they did attract a lot of publicity.
2AugustScherlProposalforthecentralstationforanelevatedrailway,1909Courtesy:AugustScherl,‘EinneuesSchnellbahn-System.VorschlägezurVerbesserungdesPersonen-Verkehrs’,Berlin1909,p.95
3AugustScherlProposalforanelevatedrailway,1909Courtesy:AugustScherl,‘EinneuesSchnellbahn-System.VorschlägezurVerbesserungdesPersonen-Verkehrs’,Berlin1909,p.95
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1910 #6—MetropolitanMobility London p.1
Ebenezer Howard
Diagram of a central city with surrounding garden cities
Arthur Crow
Map of the Ten Cities of HealthWith his original Garden City concept of a central city for 58,000 inhabitants, surrounded by six wellconnected small garden cities of 32,000 inhabitants, Ebenezer Howard proposed a metropolitan planning vision as an alternative to the chaotically growing city. A schematic translation of this diagram is presented in the proposal of Ten Cities of Health in London’s hinterland, presented by Whitechapel’s district surveyor at the London Town Planning Conference of the RIBA in 1910. It shows how a social idea with utopian goals can gradually be translated into reality. This idea was only realised after World War II in the new towns that followed Patrick Abercrombie’s Greater London Plan of 1944, the New Towns Act of 1946 or the Town and Country Planning Act of 1947.
1EbenezerHowardDiagramofcentralcitywithsurroundinggardencitiesSource:EbenezerHoward,‘GardenCitiesofTomorrow’,2ndedition,London1902
2ArthurCrowMapoftheTenCitiesofHealth,1910Source:TownPlanningConference,RIBA1910
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1910 #6—MetropolitanMobility Chicago p.1
Daniel H. Burnham / Edward H. Bennett
Plan of ChicagoPlan of the outer, concentric
and radial highways
1DanielH.Burnham,EdwardH.BennettPlan of Chicago,planoftheouter,concentricandradialhighways,1909Courtesy:ChicagoHistoryMuseum
The design of the Plan of Chicago was based on contemporary forecasts of population growth from two to thirteen million people over 30 years. The developed area of the region around the southern part of Lake Michigan had to grow in size
accordingly. A system made of radial and concentric streets, the longest with a radius of 90 km, were to provide a future structure, interconnecting suburbs and linking them back to the centre.
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2010 Chapter#7
SustainableMobility
The idea of ‘mobility’ is the trademark of the 20 th and 21st century. It is the embodiment of progress, advancement, and of the future itself. Pioneers in mobility can be found in England, Germany, France and in the US. Despite highspeed rail and electric vehicle innovation, the car, with its immense appetite for fossil fuels, is still at the centre of investment in mobility — a potent symbol of individual freedom.
Mobility continues to dominate urban planning. The construction and extension of motorways is top of the priority list. This is no longer accepted by everyone, however, and remains highly controversial, as it nearly always has been. The public is aware of the increased destruction of the countryside and air and noise pollution. Traffic congestion is everyone’s urban nightmare. Overcrowded public transport is not a meaningful alternative while increasing ridership and huge costs make it difficult to satisfy demand economically. Slowly but surely, however, more sustainable means of transport, which conserve resources and reduce space consumption are gaining importance.
Sustainable mobility must become an integral part of urban planning. New transport infrastructure is the armature of our future regions. Dependence on the car will only decline if alternatives like trams and electric buses, new inner city rail stations and the urbanisation of airports, receive sufficient investment.
Political initiatives like congestion charging, promotion of cycling and public space programmes also play an important role. Metropolitan regions are once again ‘paving the way’ for new types of mobility, as they did a hundred years ago.
Suddenly I had the thought that the balance between parks and car parks could be the best indicator for quality of life in our cities.
LesterR.Brown,in:‘PlanB2.0:RescuingaPlanetunderStress&aCivilizationinTrouble’,WashingtonDC,2006
2010 #7—SustainableMobility Berlin p.1
J. S. K. International / gmp
Turn 3 into 1— The Transformation of Berlin’s Airports
The new Berlin Brandenburg International Airport is being built in southeast Berlin. It will cost more than 3 billion and will be complemented by a wide range of facilities including an underground railway station and a business park. It will have a big impact on movement patterns in the metropolitan area and on the hier archy of urban areas. Berlin’s planning department expects areas along the axis between the airport and central train station in Berlin’s centre to undergo strong redevelopment. In South Berlin areas of which some have been prosperous since the 19th century will gain even more importance. In contrast, combined with the closure of the existing Tegel Airport, the North will lose out.
Client:BerlinBrandenburgInternationalAirport(BBI):FBSFlughafenBerlinSchönefeldGmbH
MasterplanGatewayBBI:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment,Berlin
Planning:Terminal:J.S.K.InternationalArchitektenundIngenieureGmbH/gmpgeneralplanungs-gesellschaftmbH
MasterplanGatewayBBI:Machleidt&Partner
When:1996–2012
Size:Airport:1,470hectares
Terminal:280.000m²grossbuildingarea
AirportCity:16hectares,148.000m²grossfloorspace
MasterplanGatewayBBI:450hectares
Budget:around3billionEuro
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1MasterplanGatewayBBICourtesy:Machleidt&PartnerwithThomasJansenOrtsplanung
2BBIAirportCity,aerialperspectiveCourtesy:gmpArchitects/JSKInternationalVisualisation:BjörnRolle
2010 #7—SustainableMobility Berlin p.2
The Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development has been seeking to increase the proportion of bicycles among Berlin’s transportation options since 2006. At the moment bicycle trips make up 13% of all journeys. This should increase to 25% in the inner city area. Berlin’s cycle lane network, which covers 125 km, is being extended by a further 30 km. New cycle lanes will be largely located on roads. Simultaneously, the German rail authority, Deutsche Bahn, with the city of Berlin, is developing the StadtRAD project, which will enable public transport ticket holders to make use of cycle hire.
Client:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment,Berlin
When:until2011
3Extensionofbicycleroutenetwork,July2010Courtesy:SenatsverwaltungfürStadtentwicklungBerlin
4StadtRaddockingstationatPotsdamerPlatz,2010Photo:ThomasSpier
Berlin’s Cycling Strategy
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2010 #7—SustainableMobility Paris p.1
Le grand huit — The Big Eight
The 130 km new highspeed regional railway project, which consists of two overlapping rings, is intended to improve connections between Paris and its hinterland. It will serve the most important existing transport hubs and development opportunity areas including airports, train terminals, and destinations like La Défense, MarnelaVallée, Saclay and SaintDenis. The controversial project is part of the government’s major action plan to strengthen the region in terms of sustainability, attractiveness and quality of life.
Client:Frenchgovernment
Planning:Secrétariatd’Étatchargédudéveloppementdelarégioncapitale
When:untilca.2020
Budget:21.4billionEuro
1Le grand huit,thenewhigh-speedregionalrailproject,plannedroutesCourtesy:SociétéduGrandParis
2IncreaseinpopulationofgreaterParisuntil2030Courtesy:SociétéduGrandParis
3LocationofParis’businessandemploymentcentresuntil2030Courtesy:SociétéduGrandParis
Cergy-le-HautPontoise
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AéroportCharles de Gaulle
AulnayLe BourgetAéroport
Trianglede Gonesse
Sevran-Livry
Sevran-Beaudottes
Clichy-Montfermeil
Chelles
Noisy-Champs
Parc des ExpositionsRER B
Villepinte-TremblayParc des Expositions
Villiers-sur-Marne-Le Plessis-Trévise
Saint-Lazare
Madeleine
Pyramides
Châtelet
Gare de Lyon
Olympiades
Bercy
Cour St-EmilionBibliothèque François Mitterrand
ChampignyLe Plant
Créteil l’Echat
Le Vert deMaisonsLes Ardoines
Vitry Centre
Villejuif InstitutGustave Roussy Villejuif
Louis Aragon
M.I.N Portede Thiais
Aéroport d’OrlyMassy - Palaiseau
Saclay Sud
Versailles Matelots
Rueil
Versailles Chantiers
NanterreLa Défense
Grande Arche
Ile Seguin
Bécon-les-Bruyères
Gennevilliers RER C
Port deGennevilliers
Saint-DenisPleyel
Les Agnettes
Les Grésillons
Mairie de Saint-Ouen
Saint-OuenRER C
Porte de Clichy
Kremlin-Bicêtre Hôpital
Arcueil - Cachan
Bagneux M4
Châtillon - Montrouge
Les Moulineaux
Pont de Sèvres
Saint-CloudTransilien
Suresnes Centre
Le BourgetRER B
TGV
TGV
TGV
H
H H
J
J
L
L
L
L
L
K
P
P
N
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Ligne rouge
RESEAU DE TRANSPORT STRUCTURANT DU GRAND PARIS
Tracé variante
Tracé variante
Tracé variante
Gare TGV
Gare optionnelle
gare
Ligne bleue
Ligne verte
gare
variante
Source fond de plan : © IGN 2010
Ligne 14 actuelle
Ligne du
Corridor de tracés possibles
Ligne 14 actuelle
réseau existant
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2010 #7—SustainableMobility London p.1
University College London / Gort Scott / URS / Fluid / East
Mapping Suburban High Streets — High Street 2012
London’s high streets are to be strengthened in recognition of their importance for the urban fabric. Many used to be historic corridors for trade. Some date back to Roman times. High streets suffer from competition with shopping centres, heavy traffic and congestion. The High Street 2012 project will extensively redesign the stretch between Aldgate and Stratford in east London, showcasing one of London’s key high streets during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The quality of the public realm is to be upgraded and the distinctive character of the areas along the corridor is to be enhanced and celebrated.
1HighStreet2012,overviewCourtesy:DesignforLondon/LDA
2SketchofredesignofWhitechapelMarketCourtesy:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign
3CharacteristicmixedusesalonghighstreetsCourtesy:GortScott
Project:HighStreetLondon(report)
Client:DesignforLondon
Projectteam:SirTerryFarrell/JoyceBridges/UniversityCollegeLondon/GortScott/URS
When:since2009
Project:HighStreet2012
Client:GLAGroup/LondonBoroughofTowerHamlets/LondonBoroughofNewham
Planningteam:Fluid/EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign(DetailWhitechapelMarket)
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2010 #7—SustainableMobility London p.2
5th Studio / Regeneris / Marks Barfield
Crossrail and Crossrail Urban Impact: Thamesmead / Abbey Wood
Crossrail, the UK’s largest high speed regional railway infrastructure project, is likely to have several dramatic effects on inner and outer London and the parts of its catchment area affected by Crossrail’s route. From 2018 onwards the new route will connect Heathrow, the West End, the City of London and Canary Wharf. Design for London and Crossrail’s Urban Integration Team are involved in urban design studies to define regeneration priorities and to embed individual stations like Abbey Wood in Thamesmead within their surroundings, focusing on public realm improvements and high quality developments. This work will help to maximise the potential of these locations for urban regeneration.
Project:Crossrail
Client:CrossLondonRailLinksLimited(TransportforLondon,DepartmentforTransport)
When:2008–2018
Project:CrossrailUrbanIntegrationStudy(fig4)
Client:LondonDevelopmentAgency/DesignforLondon
Consultants:5thStudio/Regeneris
When:2009/10
Project:Thamesmead/AbbeyWoodCrossrailUrbanImpactStudy(fig5)
Client:LondonBoroughofBexley/LondonBoroughofGreenwich/GLAGroupincl.DesignforLondon/Crossrail
Consultants:5thStudio/MarksBarfield
When:2008/09
4CrossrailoverviewCourtesy:5thStudio/DesignforLondon
5VisionfortheAbbeyWoodCrossrailstationCourtesy:5thStudio/DesignforLondon/LDA
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2010 #7—SustainableMobility Chicago p.1
The Chicago Metropolis 2020 framework proposes to strengthen and enhance the core city, existing centres and districts in the inner urban area. Urban growth will be concentrated within regional centres, with a diverse social structure and a mix of uses. Local public transport will connect these centres with suburban employment areas. A regional green grid will secure recreational areas close to residential settlements. Lastly, the plan aims to create a powerful metropolitan planning agency.
Client:CityofChicago
When:2008–2020
1TheexpansionofChicagoCourtesy:ChicagoMetropolis2020
2‘IntermodalVillages’inthewiderChicagoregionCourtesy:ChicagoMetropolis2020
Chicago Metropolis 2020 — Connectivity
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2010 Chapter#8
Urban Land Recycled
Vacant brownfield sites and derelict buildings are a big challenge and a unique opportunity for major cities. Mixeduse quarters and large developments, hard to accommodate in inner cities, can be built on these sites.
The redevelopment of vacant land has increased dramatically. Sites include disused military and industrial areas, railway sidings and docks as well as derelict commercial buildings like empty department stores in Germany and redundant shopping centres in the US.
Berlin has a vast offering of brownfield sites that include a redundant airport and former border zones. In London, Paris and Chicago there is still plenty of land for development within the urban area, despite great demand for growth. The Lower Lea Valley in East London, where the 2012 Olympic Park is sited, is a wellknown example.
A combination of historic fabric, romantic notions of former uses, low values and locational advantages make urban wasteland areas attractive for urban pioneers with unusual concepts for temporary uses. This can have mixed effects. Landowners and investors’ objectives often differ from the requirements of temporary users and existing residents, but they generally benefit in the longer term. The initial conflict frequently causes issues for less wellprepared local authorities. A well known case study for this issue is the eastern area of the River Spree in Berlin, known as ‘Mediaspree Areal’.
Unused spaces and wastelands are not a constraint but a base condition for urban regenera tion. They act as a ‘future room’ and offer a field for learning and experimenting with the future city. They are part of the richness of this city.
TranslatedfromIngeborgJunge-Reyer,in:‘UrbanPioneers.Berlin:StadtentwicklungdurchZwischennutzung’,Berlin2007,p.18
2010 #8—UrbanLandRecycled Berlin p.1
ASTOC / Studio UC Klaus Overmeyer / ARGUS
Urbanisation of the Main Station Area
1NewquarteraroundBerlinmainstation,overviewoftheschemes.DevelopmentsshowninwhiteareproposedCourtesy:CAD-Daten:SenatsverwaltungfürStadtentwicklungBerlinProjectLehrterStrasse:Vivico/BayerHealthcare/BarkowLeibingerArchitects
Visualisierung:AljoschaHofmann,RingoBigalk
Until recently Berlin’s central railway station sat in isolation on a large vacant site in the former border area between East and West Berlin. A new urban district is now developing around the station on the basis of the Masterplan Berlin Heidestrasse (April 2009), which proposes a flexible approach to development. The pharmaceutical company Bayer Healthcare is also planning to expand its campus towards the North Harbour in the northern part of the masterplan area. Appropriate station forecourts have yet to be designed and implemented.
Client:MasterplanHeidestraße:BerlinBoroughofMitte/SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment/VivicoRealEstateGmbH/DeutscheBahnAG
LehrterStraße:VivicoRealEstateGmbH
PharmaCampusBayerHealthcare:BayerHealthcare
Humboldthafen:LiegenschaftsfondBerlin/SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment,Berlin
LehrterStadtquartier:VivicoRealEstateGmbH/MotelOne/MeermannChamartinGruppe
Planning:MasterplanHeidestraße:ASTOCArchitects&Planners/StudioUCKlausOvermeyer/ARGUS
LehrterStraße:carpaneto.schöninghArchitekten,FATKOEHLArchitekten
PharmaCampusBayerHealthcare:BarkowLeibingerArchitekten
Humboldthafen:WinkensArchitekten/AugustoRomanoBurelli,Architetto,KahlfeldArchitekten
LehrterStadtquartier:O.M.Ungers(southofInvalidenstraße),MaxDudler(northofInvalidenstraße),
Stationforecourts:LandschaftsarchitektenSchwartz/Kiefer
When:untilca.2030
Size:Heidestraße:40hectares
LehrterStraße:ca.6,5hectares
Humboldthafen:ca.10hectares
LehrterStadtquartier:ca.17hectares
PharmaCampusBayerHealthcare:18hectares
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2010 #8—UrbanLandRecycled Berlin p.3
Faber / Klenzendorf / Söcknick GbR
Bar 25 —Temporary Uses at the Spree
Bar 25 was one of the most prominent temporary uses along the eastern embankment of the River Spree. The popular waterside drinking spot was created on the site of a former port area previously occupied by the Berlin Wall. Since 2002 the city’s municipality has been trying to attract media businesses into the area. This has been a controversial plan which threatened to force temporary uses out of the area, of which Bar 25 is a prime example. For years it fought to stay, but was eventually closed down in October 2010. It remains unclear who owns the waterside of the Spree and who will be allowed to use it in the future.
Licencee:Faber,Klenzendorf,SöcknickGbR
When:until2010
Size:ca.10,500m2
5BarextensionJohannesburg 24,2010Photo:CarolinSaage
6Bar 25,plan
7Bar25,locationSitesurveybytheTUBerlinDepartmentsforSociologyofPlanningandArchitectureandBuildingHistory,2009SurveyteamledbyAljoschaHofmannandTobiasRütenick.Students:Anne-MarieArera,SveaEsins,NikolaiKaindl,JanettePannek,JanineSempf,DanielWiestEditing:AljoschaHofmann
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2010 #8—UrbanLandRecycled Paris p.1
Atelier Christian de Portzamparc /Institut d’urbanisme de Paris / Laboratoire CRÉTEIL
Fenêtre Paris NordMasterplan
The masterplan for the socalled ‘North Window’ stretches from the stations Paris Nord to Paris Est and from the suburb of Aubervilliers to Saint Denis. Architect Christian de Portzamparc, one of the practices involved in the Grand Pari(s) study of 2008, proposes to close the railway stations, but to preserve the glamorous station concourses, dating back to the 19th century. Redundant railway tracks from Paris Nord could be transformed into a green corridor with new residential buildings alongside its edges. At Paris Est these could also be used for a new, dense and mixeduse residential quarter, whose main spine could extend along the Boulevard Sébastopol to the newly proposed Europe Station.
Client:Frenchgovernment,studyLeGrandPari(s),2008
Planning:AtelierChristiandePortzamparc/Institutd‘urbanismedeParis,UniversitéParisXII/LaboratoireCRÉTEIL
When:since2007
1GareduNord(shownbottomleft)withagreencorridortoreplacedis-usedrailwaytracks.ThenewNordEuropestationreplacesbothexistingstationsGareduNordandGaredel’Est.Courtesy:AtelierChristiandePortzamparc
2NewNordEuropestationwithbusinessdistrict,residentialbuildingsandcircularrailwayconnection.Courtesy:AtelierChristiandePortzamparc
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2010 #8—UrbanLandRecycled London p.1 2010 #8—UrbanLandRecycled London p.2
The Olympic Legacy for the Lower Lea Valley
2OlympicparkviewinlegacyCourtesy:OlympicParkLegacyCompany
Client:OlympicSite:OlympicParkLegacyCompany/OlympicDeliveryAuthority
OlympicFringe:DesignforLondon/LondonDevelopmentAgency/LondonThamesGatewayDeliveryCorporation/LBNewham/LBHackney/LBTowerHamlets/WalthamForestArchitectsinclude:OlympicSite:AlliesandMorrisonArchitects/AECOM/ZahaHadid/HopkinsArchitects/Populous/MakeArchitects/HargreavesLDADesign
OlympicLegacy:Allies&MorrisonArchitects/MaccreanorLavingtonArchitects/WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects/VogtLandscapeArchitects
OlympicFringe:mufarchitecture/art/5thStudioArchitects/StudioEgeretWest/EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/KinnearLandscapeArchitects/ChurchmanLandscapeArchitects/UrbanInitiatives/UrbanPractitioners/AECOM
When:2005–2012/2035
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London’s Olympic project is a catalyst to the delivery of muchneeded investment in East London and aims to dramatically improve the quality of life for the communities of the Lower Lea Valley and surrounding areas. The Olympic Park itself will be transformed after the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games into a new urban district with 4 Olympic sporting venues and the new park at its heart. This redevelopment will take around 25 years, and will deliver around 10,000 new homes, neighbourhoods which connect into the surrounding areas, new schools, workplaces and transport connections.
The areas around the Olympic Park itself are referred to as the ‘Olympic Fringe’, and it is expected that the new developments in thse areas will accommodate around 35,000 new residents, especially around Stratford, Bromley by Bow, Leyton and Hackney Wick. The Mayor of London and the Boroughs, and the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation are working together on masterplans and are already delivering new public spaces, connections and community facilities to ensure that all this investment creates sucessful places which will have a longlasting benefit for current and future local communities.
2010 #8—UrbanLandRecycled London p.4
Design for London / East / Terry Farrell / muf / Landroom / Maccreanor Lavington / AECOM amongst others
The Royal Docks
The Royal Docks in East London are one of the biggest regeneration opportunities in the UK. Derelict since the 1980s, large swathes of land have lain dormant for the last three decades, despite large amounts of investment and a number of attempts at masterplans. In 2010 the local Mayor of Newham and the Mayor of Londo launched a new vision for the Royal Docks, presenting a strong partnership, using the combination of land holdings and the local planning powers to form a ‘virtual development corporation’. The plan is to develop a ‘flexible strategy’ able to last over a longerterm development phase, focus a spatial plan on raising the standard of the in between spaces, attract temporary ‘meanwhile uses’ for 2012 to coincide with the Olympics, and work with the private sector to establish para meters for development without being too prescriptive.
Client:GreaterLondonAuthority/LondonDevelopmentAgency/LondonBoroughofNewham
Planning:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/TerryFarrellwithDesignforLondon/mufarchitecture/art/Landroom/MaccreanorLavington/Aecom
When:since2006
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6FrameworkplanCourtesy:DesignforLondon/LondonDevelopmentAgency
7SiemensUrbanSustainabilityCentre,3Dview(underconstruction)Courtesy:WilkinsonEyreArchitects
8ThamesBarrierParkandtheRoyalDocks,aerialphotographPhoto:DavidCopemanCourtesy:DesignforLondon/LondonDevelopmentAgency
2010 #8—UrbanLandRecycled Chicago p.1
Office for Metropolitan Studies OMA
McCormick Tribune Campus Center
The Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is situated on the south side of Chicago, an area with pockets of social and economic deprivation. As part of a new masterplan for the campus, Rem Koolhaas has designed a campus centre, nicknamed The Tube. The design includes a noiseabsorbing steel tube which wraps the elevated railway above the centre. The centre itself is a flat building with cafes, shops, exhibition andconference spaces.
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1McCormickTribuneCampusCenterfloorplan(groundfloor)Courtesy:OfficeforMetropolitanArchitectureOMA
2McCormickTribuneCampusCenterandrailwaystationPhoto:PhilippeRuault
Client:IllinoisInstituteofTechnology
Architects:OfficeforMetropolitanStudiesOMA
When:Completed2003
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2010 Chapter#9
Alternatives to Suburban
SprawlSuburban sprawl has become one of the most serious global concerns in urban planning. Suburban development, once a beacon of hope for the orderly growth of cities, has lost some of its appeal in recent years. Sprawl, it is now thought, can compromise the social and cultural coherence of society. Its dependence on cars and fossil fuels contributes considerably to climate change.
Sprawl is an issue in all countries but the most critical debate is taking place in the US. There is a shared view amongst US professionals, media, community initiatives and in politics, particularly under President Obama, that urban sprawl needs to be confined. The aim is to move away from its landhungry, car dependent typology. An updated version of the historic garden city has been trialled incorporating higher densities, social and functional diversity and good public transport. Examples can be found in the Chicago region.
Suburban sprawl is no longer as common in Europe where different problems have arisen. Formerly sprawling metropolitan regions have shrunk and reurbanisation has taken place — a model that has been promoted in the US. Curiously Europe
has also been importing some suburban models of development from the US such as ‘gated communities’, although these are increasingly resisted as being socially exclusive.
The metropolitan regions of London and Paris have become laboratories to test out new models to contain sprawl. The aim is to cut back subsidies, intensify dispersed comm unities by adding small centres, encourage the reuse of brownfield sites and make life in centres more attractive. Development of greenfield sites is heavily regulated and must focus on key transport hubs.
[…] if the Regional Coordin at ing Council were even partially successful in creating intermo dal transportation hubs in the region and bring about large mixeduse developments surrounding these hubs, more suburban residents would choose to live and work in one of these intermodal villages.
ElmerW.Johnsonin:‘ChicagoMetropolis2020’,Chicago2001,p.141
2010 #9—AlternativestoSuburbanSprawl Paris p.2
Cooper Robertson & Partners
Val d’Europe
Thirty kilometres east of Paris near Euro Disney, the suburb of Val d’Europe is being built. Val d’Europe will have fortythousand residents by 2017. A large shop ping centre adjacent to the local station, several business and residential areas, large parks and a golf course have already been built. The entire town is planned and managed by Euro Disney S.C.A. and located adjacent to the theme park, surrounded by car parking.
Client:DisneyDevelopmentCompany,EuroDisneyS.C.A.
Planning:CooperRobertson&Partners
Size:660hectares
When:Completionca.2017
4Vald‘Europe,designconceptCourtesy:Cooper,Robertson&Partners
5Residentialquarterquartier du parcCourtesy:Cooper,Robertson&Partners
6SquareatVald’EuropestationwithaccesstoshoppingcentreCourtesy:Cooper,Robertson&Partners
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2010 #9—AlternativestoSuburbanSprawl London p.1
East / Witherford Watson Mann / Gustafson Porter / Allies & Morrison
Woolwich Town CentreModels for urban renaissance
Woolwich Town Centre in SouthEast London is an important area for growth. It is well known as the former location of the biggest ammunition factory of the British Empire, the Royal Arsenal. The area has become more attractive for investment because of enhanced public transport connections. A total of approximately 3,700 new units are planned on the former factory site alone. A variety of newly designed open spaces will make Woolwich Town Centre more attractive for pedestrians and stitch together old and new parts of the urban fabric.
Project:WoolwichTownCentre(fig1–3)
Client:LondonBoroughofGreenwich/GreenwichWaterfrontRegenerationAgency/GLAGroupincl.DesignforLondon
Planning:FrameworkStudy(fig1):EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/SergisonBatesArchitectsPublicRealm(fig2&3):WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects/GustafsonPorter
When:2007–2012
Project:RoyalArsenal(fig4)
Client:LondonBoroughofGreenwich/GLAGroup/BerkelyHomes
Architect:AlliesandMorrisonArchitects
When:Since2008
1WoolwichFramework:urbanregenerationprojectsinWoolwichCourtesy:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/SergisonBatesArchitects
2OverviewofpublicrealmtoconnectWoolwichtowncentrewiththeRoyalArsenaldevelopmentareaCourtesy:WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects
3WoolwichTownCentre:newlandscapingCourtesy:WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects
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2010 #9—AlternativestoSuburbanSprawl London p.2
2010 #9—AlternativestoSuburbanSprawl Chicago p.1
William Johnson, Peter Lidsay / Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Prairie CrossingSustainable urban sprawl
The development of Prairie Crossing, which refers to itself as a ‘conservation community’, is a residential area located in the outer fringe of the metropolitan regions of Chicago and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It consists of only 359 houses, one school, an organic farm and a comm u nity centre. The original plan to develop the centre of the community with medium density residential buildings and shops was only partly realised. Special attention was given to an energyefficient construction technique, sustainablysourced materials and sensitive integration into the local landscape and ecology.
Client:PrairieHoldingsCorporation
Architects:WilliamJohnson,PeterLidsay(Masterplan)withSkidmore,Owings&MerrillLLP
When:1998–2004
Size:274hectares
1PrairieCrossingMasterplanCourtesy:CrossingInstitute
2NewdevelopmentsetintonaturereservePhoto:BarbaraSchönig
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2010 Chapter#10
The Green City
Green spaces are enjoying a renaissance in the metropolitan areas of Europe and the US. Brownfield sites are being turned into new urban quarters with large parks; gardens and parks of various scales are key requirements in planning policy. They increase attractiveness and value.
Berlin’s former Tempelhof Airport is currently available for temporary uses, seen as part of a phased and participatory approach to planning. Chicago’s Meigs Field Airport has been turned into a park in recent years. The development of the Lower Lea Valley in London for the 2012 Games will include a vast new urban park. The study Le Grand Pari(s) also suggests the redevelopment of old industrial and port areas into new parks.
Allotments and urban agriculture are playing an increasing role. Urban agriculture in Chicago is used for food production and social integration. Berlin has developed ideas about how these businesses can offer leisure and entertainment as well as food retail. Making public green spaces multifunctional has become a key aim of city councils and park operators.
Climate change and global loss of biodiversity give urban green space a new meaning. New policies demand increases in green space, living roofs and green walls.
In addition to the large green space projects led by local government, bottomup community greening, such as ‘guerrilla’ gardening initiatives, are contributing to the greening of our cities. Urban policy has begun to recognise the importance of these unplanned projects.
We are not doing this because it is fashionable, but because it makes sense. It improves the public health, makes the city more beautiful, increases the quality of life, saves money and will leave a legacy for generations to come.
TheMayorofChicagoRichardDaleyonsustainableurbandevelopmentandgreenroofs,September2006
2010 #10—TheGreenCity Berlin p.1
Senate Department for Urban Development, Berlin
Tempelhofer Feld — a Park for Pioneers
A strategy for the reuse of the large area of the former airport Tempelhof (386 hectares) was agreed in the mid 1990s. The former airfield was to remain a meadow with development to be allowed only along the fringes. One aspect of the open landscape competition ‘Parklandscape Tempelhof’ (ParklandschaftTempelhof) which took place in 2010was to clarify future management of the park despite decreasing investment from the authorities. The design of the open spaces is to culminate in an international garden exhibition in 2017.
Client:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment,Berlin
Planning:IdeasWorkshop:raumlaborberlin/StudioUCKlausOvermeyer/MichaelBraumundPartner
Internationalcompetition:sixteamswereinvitedtodevelopideas,amongthem:Topotek1Landschaftsarchitekten(Berlin)/DürigArchitekten(Zurich)/gross.max.LandscapeArchitecture/SutherlandHusseyArchitects(Edinburgh)
When:IdeasWorkshop:2006
Internationalcompetition:2010
InternationalGardenExhibitionIGA:2017
Size:386hectares
Budget:Coststomaketheformerairportsiteaccessibletothepublicin2010:ca.800,000Euro
estimatedcostsofIGA:50.5millionEuro
estimatedcoststoturnTempelhofairportintoapark:ca.61.5millionEuro
1&2TempelhoferFeldopenedasapublicparkin2010Photo:CordeliaPolinna
3MasterplanforTempelhoferFeldCourtesy:SenatsverwaltungfürStadtentwicklungBerlin
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2010 #10—TheGreenCity Paris p.1
LIN Finn Geipel & Giulia Andi
Grand Pari(s)Multifunctional Landscapes
As part of their contribution to the study Grand Pari(s), LIN propose that habitation, water retention, food production, pro tection of biodiversity and energy prod uction should all be able to coexist in equal measure in the ‘multifunctional landscapes’. The architects suggest insert ing ‘green poles’ and ‘ecological microcentres’ into a number of sparsely pop ulated suburbs of Paris. These could become the link between residential areas, small ecological businesses and agricultural zones. Additionally, LIN propose the idea of ‘market lanes’, where community members can buy fresh produce from local farmers.
Client:Frenchgovernment,studyLeGrandPari(s),2008
Planning:LINFinnGeipel&GiuliaAndi
When:since2007
1Urbanagriculturalzoneswithintersecting‘marketroads’Courtesy:LINFinnGeipel&GiuliaAndi
2Multifunctionallandscapes,withaco-existingvarietyofdifferentprogrammesCourtesy:LINFinnGeipel&GiuliaAndi
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2010 #10—TheGreenCity London p.1
Witherford Watson Mann Architects
Bankside Urban Forest
The open space strategy, Bankside Urban Forest, will improve the quality of public realm in the Bankside area south of the River Thames. This area has a lack of green space and is crisscrossed by railway viaducts and busy roads. The Urban Forest establishes a network of clearings, meandering paths and mysterious spaces along the railway viaducts. Footpaths and bicycle lanes will be extended and upgraded, tree planting will make the area greener and serene gardens will make the area more attractive for residents.
Client:LondonBoroughofSouthwark/DesignforLondon/LondonDevelopmentAgency/Council/BetterBankside/Tate/ArchitectureFoundation/CrossRiverPartnership
PlanningStartegy:WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects
ArchitectFlatironSquare:WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects
When:since2007
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1Visionofthe‘mature’stateofBanksideUrbanForestwitharichdiversityofgreenandopenspacesCourtesy:WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects
2SketchfortheredesignandpedestrianisationofFlatironSquareCourtesy:WitherfordWatsonMannArchitects
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2010 #10—TheGreenCity London p.2
3LeaRiverPark,overallviewCourtesy:5thStudio
2010 #10—TheGreenCity London p.3
5th Studio / Jonathan Cook Landscape Architects / Churchman Landscape Architects
Lea River Park(The Fatwalk)
The Lea Valley is the largest regen eration area in London. Together with the 2012 Olympic Park, the Lea River Park will finally realise a 26mile connection — first envisaged in the Greater London Plan of 1944 — between London’s Green Belt and the River Thames. The ‘Fatwalk’ is the primary project in the realisation of the Lea River Park. It will form a generous walking and cycling route between the River Thames and the Olympic Park, as well as creating new crossvalley connections linking surrounding communities to the River Lea for the first time. Initial works will establish a continuous route as the backbone of the future park and projects therefore address physical severances and obstructions with new bridges, a new
Client:LondonThamesGatewayDevelopmentCorporation/LeaValleyRegionalParkAuthority/DesignforLondon/LondonDevelopmentAgency
Planning:5thStudio/JonathanCookLandscapeArchitects
ThreeMillsGreen:ChurchmanLandscapeArchitects
When:Phase1:2008–2012
4LeaRiverPark,3DviewCourtesy:5thStudio
5The‘Fatwalk’inThreeMillsGreen,3DviewCourtesy:5thStudio
6‘Fatwalk’PoplarReachBridge,3DviewCourtesy:5thStudio
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lift connection and green links. These early pieces of infrastructure are regarded as catalysts for converting what is currently land used for gas storage, sewage pumping and transport infrastructure into diverse park spaces of the Lea River Park: turning what is today an industrial backwater into the foreground of a new public space which people can start to access, use and enjoy
2010 #10—TheGreenCity Chicago p.1
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP / Frank O. Gehry
Millennium Park
Millennium Park completes the historic layout of Grant Park designed by Daniel Burnham. As with Grant Park, it was necessary that transport infrastructure — in this case a railway station and car park — was sunk below grade to make room for the new park. The exciting landscape features several recreational facilities and stages, sculptures and fountains. The Jay Pritzker Pavilion and the BP Pedestrian Bridge, both designed by Frank Gehry, are particularly notable. Chicago City Council provided $270 million and private donors gave $205 million for the development of the park.
Client:CityofChicago
Architects:Skidmore,Owings&MerrillLLP/FrankO.Gehry(J.K.PritzkerPavilion)
When:1998–2004
Size:10hectares
Budget:475millionUSDollar
1Aerialphoto,June2006Photo:OkrentAssociatesInc./LawrenceOkrent
2MillenniumPark,locationplanCourtesy:ChicagoParkDistrict
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2010 #10—TheGreenCity Chicago p.2
JJR Landscape Architecture / Studio Gang Architects
Northerly Island ParkRe-development of an airport close to the city centre
According to local newspapers Chicago’s Mayor Richard Daley arranged to demolish the runway of Merill C. Meigs Field Airport on the night of 30th March 2003 in what some would describe as a ‘cloak and dagger’ operation and in breach of a contract with federal airport authorities. Since then, the area has been open to the public. Open air events are being held and former airport buildings and open areas are being converted into a new park. A themed landscape design was proposed in 2010 showcasing principles of nature conservation and sustainability as part of a development framework.
3NortherlyIsland,formerlyMerillC.MeigsFieldAirport,aerialperspectiveCourtesy:ChicagoParkDistrict/JJRArchitects
4NortherlyIsland,planCourtesy:ChicagoParkDistrict/JJRArchitects
Client:ChicagoParkDistrict
Architects:JJRLandscapeArchitecture/StudioGangArchitects
When:Developmentframework2010–2035
Size:37hectares
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2010 Chapter#11
Renewal of Working-Class
NeighbourhoodsPockets of social and economic deprivation have developed in many cities as a consequence of the decline of the urban industrial sector in Europe and America. These areas often function as testing grounds for the coexistence of different ethnic groups, while challenges posed by the transition to a primarily postindustrial economy are endemic.
Former workingclass areas are often characterised by highdensity housing and redundant postindust rial brownfield sites. They are often close to the revitalised urban centre. An increasing number are becomingattractive residential areas for the reurbanised upper middle classes. Both ‘gentrification’ and revitalisation can have negative impacts, such as displacement of existing residents and business owners.
Versatile support programmes address the problems of former workingclass areas with varying success. Since the 1980s the modernisation of residential buildings has turned Berlin into a model of ‘gentle urban regeneration’.
For the past ten years support has been focused on improving social structures while issues surrounding urban planning and housing policy took a back seat. It is only now that regeneration projects are progressing with the aim of strengthening the neighbourhood centres of problematic quarters. In London, much focus has been placed on schemes that emphasise cultural, social and spatial conditions.
Important aspects of the future of our metropolitan regions are being determined within these innercity former workingclass areas. They become a benchmark for weaknesses as well as opportunities and strengths in terms of diversity and social incl usion. Due to their density, mix of uses and good public transport, these quarters can become a model for the sustainable city.
Value what is there. Nurture the possible. Define what is missing.
mufarchitecture/artandJ&LGibbonsLLPin‘MakingSpaceinDalston’,2009
2010 #11—RenewalofWorkingClassNeighbourhoods Berlin p.1
Jahn, Mack & Partner
Revitalisation of the Local Centre Müllerstraße
The rundown district centre of Müllerstraße is located in Wedding, a former workers’ quarter. In 2008 planning consultants Jahn, Mack & Partner presented a development proposal with the slogan ‘rediscover Wedding at the Müllerstraße’ (‘An der Müllerstraße den Wedding neu entdecken’). The proposal seeks to revitalise the ‘hidden treasures’ of the district centre: the historic Leopoldplatz, the new areas of Rathausplatz and Müllerstraße, an extension of the existing library and the main arterial road. The concept is funded by Active Town Centres, a Federal State programme.
Client:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment,BerlinBoroughofMitte
Architects:Jahn,Mack&Partner(fig1)Haberlandarchitekten(fig2)
When:since2008
1ActionplanCourtesy:SenatsverwaltungfürStadtentwicklungBerlin/Jahn,Mack&Partner
2Theextensionofthelocalpubliclibrary,sectionandlocationplanCourtesy:BerlinBoroughofMitte/HaberlandArchitekten
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2010 #11—RenewalofWorkingClassNeighbourhoods Berlin p.3
Plus 4930 — Architektur
Campus Rütli — CR²
In 2006, in the wake of teachers protesting about abusive behaviour by students at the RütliSchule in Neukölln, an event which caused something of a ‘mediastorm’ in Germany, an ambitious regeneration project was started. The project, which proposes to cluster education and welfare institutions, is led by the Zukunft Berlin Trust (Future Berlin) and the local council in Neukölln. A masterplan competition took place in May 2009, but entries were unable to fulfil the brief’svision for a new and wellconnected innercity district centre.
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6CampusRütli,3DvisualisationCourtesy:Plus4930—Architektur
7CampusRütli,planCourtesy:Plus4930—Architektur
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2010 #11—RenewalofWorkingClassNeighbourhoods London p.3
muf architecture/art / J&L Gibbons LLP
Making Space in Dalston
Dalston, in the London Borough of Hackney, is a vibrant and dynamic neighbourhood. As a relatively afford able neighbourhood that is close to Central London, there is increasing development pressure on the area culminating in the development around the new East London Line Station. In close collaboration with residents a network of high quality open spaces has been created to ensure the community benefit from the transformation processes. One of the key projects is the ‘Eastern Curve’ community garden, a temporary project built on a disused railway cutting.
Client:LondonBoroughofHackney/DesignforLondon/LondonDevelopmentAgency
Architects:J&LGibbonsLandscapeArchitectsandmufarchitecture/art
When:since2009
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5MakingSpaceinDalston,examplesofprojectsCourtesy:mufarchitecture/art/J&LGibbonsLLP
6PrinciplesofMakingSpaceinDalstonCourtesy:mufarchitecture/art/J&LGibbonsLLP
7DalstonEasternCurveGarden,2010Courtesy:mufarchitecture/art/J&LGibbonsLLP
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Client:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopmentinco-operationwiththeBerlinBoroughofNeukölln
Architects:Plus4930—Architekturwonthe1stprizeinacompetitionin2009
When:Planning:2008–2010
Size:ca.47,900m²
Budget:ca.24millionEuro
2010 #11—RenewalofWorkingClassNeighbourhoods London p.1 2010 #11—RenewalofWorkingClassNeighbourhoods London p.2
Bordering the City of London to the east is the culturally rich urban quarter of Spitalfields, which has become a centre for the BangladeshiSylheti community and has traditionally been an area where immigrants first settle in London. Brick Lane, in particular, is famous for its curry houses and has been branded ‘Banglatown’. The booming popularity of Brick Lane’s street market and the influx of ‘loft’ dwellers, fash ionable shops, bars, cafés, restaurants and creative businesses however is rapidly changing the area’s character. Extensive improvements to
Client:LondonBoroughofTowerHamlets
Architects:Minaret-likestructure:DavidGallagherAssociates
When:BrickLaneCulturalTrailopenedin2010
2Entrancegateto‘Banglatown’atthesouthendofBrickLane,2010Photo:CordeliaPolinna
3BilingualstreetsignsinEnglishandBengali,BrickLane,2009Photo:CordeliaPolinna
4BrickLaneCulturalTrailSpitalfields,orientationmapCourtesy:LondonBoroughofTowerHamlets
David Gallagher Associates
Brick Lane Cultural Trail
historic buildings and the public realm have been carried out since the end of the 1990s to make the area more attractive for businesses and tourists. The public spaces and streets have been made more pedestrianfriendly. A culture trail including information boards and an illuminated Minaretlike structure has been implemented in 2010 to make the multicultural background of the area more accessible and visible.
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2010 Chapter#12
Housing Estate Renewal
After almost a century of investment in stateled social housing programmes, large housing estates of the post war period in Europe and the United States continue to present many urban challenges and some severe problems.
In France, England and the US, they have in some extreme instances become the ‘slums’ they were intended to eradicate. Many social housing buildings have lacked neces sary maintenance and witnessed the closure of critical social and cultural facilities despite being well thought out, designed and constructed. Deindustrialisation, job losses and falling household incomes exacerbated problems. Those with better incomes often move to other neighbourhoods and are replaced by immigrants, often with low levels of education. Similar trends can be seen in the vast housing areas of Berlin, the banlieues in Paris, the council housing estates in London and the projects in Chicago.
All four cities developed spatial, social and economical programmes to deliver the framework for estate regeneration ranging from refurbishment to demolition. Each city has enjoyed some success, mostly addressing spatial, rather than social conditions. New quarters often include real streets and places, better linkages with the urban fabric and a focus on greater mix of tenure. While these
are sensible objectives, they hardly constitute a solution for the problems of the spatiallyisolated, most deprived parts of society.
The significant housing problem of the 21st century — which includes London’s severe shortage of affordable housing, the rapidly increasing number of households brought about by demographic change, and the need for housing to help tackle climate change issues — has yet to become an integral, substantial part of today’s discourse in urban planning in the way it was earlier in the century.
Nowadays urban policies tend to turn towards areas of opportunity, rather than areas simply in need. A change in political priorities would be seen as a return to oldfashioned socialism and wealth redistribution with negative impacts on economic growth.
Metro, boulot, dodo (commute, work hard, kip)
Graffitodatingbackto1968asareactiontobuildinglargehousingestatesinFrance.TranslatedfromHartmutHäußermannin:‘Nichtpendeln,nichtmalochen,nurnochpennen’,DieZeit,10November2005
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2010 #12—HousingEstateRenewal Berlin p.1
Büro Stadt Akzent
Regenerating Marzahn Nord: Ahrensfelder Terrassen
The Ahrensfelder Terrassen in Marzahn, East Berlin, is Germany’s largest residential estate built with prefabrication techniques during the GDR era. Today, the estate is considered a successful part of the urban regen eration of East Berlin. Originally including 1,670 flats in eleven storey buildings, the development was reduced to 409 rented and 38 privatelyowned flats in buildings that ranged from three to six stories. The large roof terraces are extremely popular, but the public open spaces remain a cause for concern and the overscaled and cardominated streets are even less attractive when surrounded by buildings of reduced height.
AwardingAuthority:FederalStateofBerlin
Client:WohnungsbaugesellschaftMarzahn/DEGEWO-Gruppe
Planning:BüroStadtAkzent
When:2002–2004
Size:sizeoforiginalscheme:78,900m²sizeofnewscheme:27,900m²
Budget:ca.31.5millionEuro
1AhrensfelderTerrassenafterredevelopment,2010Photo:ThomasSpier
2AhrensfelderTerrassenpriortoredevelopmentCourtesy:DEGEWOPhoto:JensRötzsch
3RedevelopmentofhousingestatesinMarzahnandHellersdorf buildingtobedemolished buildingtobereduced
inheightCourtesy:PlanergemeinschaftDubachKohlbrennerPlan:BezirksamtMarzahn-HellersdorfvonBerlin(Editor):‘ImWandelbeständig.StadtumbauinMarzahnundHellersdorf’,Berlin2007,p.23
2010 #12—HousingEstateRenewal Paris p.1
Atelier Xavier Bohl
Rebuilding Le Plessis-Robinson
Le PlessisRobinson, a social housing estate on the inner fringe of the southern banlieue of Paris, is a classic garden city. The first garden city on this site, built between 1924 and 1939, was demolished in the late 1980s following steady decline. It was replaced in 2006–09 with a new version of the Garden City based on a masterplan by Xavier Pohl, including a mixeduse city centre. Mayor Philippe Pemezec, a member of the conservative UMP party led by President Nicolas Sarkozy and key champion of the redevelopment, was keen to recreate a tradition al settlement in the suburbs (banlieue) of Grand Paris, an area dominated by highrise development.
Client:CityofPlessis-Robinson
Planning:AtelierXavierBohl
When:Planning:2006–2009
1LePlessis-RobinsonMasterplan,2000Courtesy:AtelierXavierBohl
2GardencityLePlessis-Robinson,2008Courtesy:AtelierXavierBohlPhoto:MichelEinsenlohr
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2010 #12—HousingEstateRenewal London p.2
AHMM / muf / Peter Barber / East / Sergison Bates amongst others
Revitalising Barking Town Centre
Barking Town Centre, once blighted by neglected public spaces and council housing following the decline of local manufacturing — is now benefiting from a series of integrated urban design and public space proposals and projects and 8,000 new homes. The revital isation of Barking Town Centre improves quality of life and creates a sense of coherence and identity for the local population.
Client:LondonBoroughsofBarkingundDagenham/GLAGroupincl.DesignforLondon
Architects:TownSquareDevelopment:AlfordHallMonaghanMorris/mufarchitecture/art
TannerStreet:PeterBarberArchitects
FrameworkPlan:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign
When:since2005 6
TannerStreetQuarterhasbeenrebuiltafterthedemolitionofapost-warhousingestateCourtesy:PeterBarberArchitectsPhoto:MorleyvonSternberg
7OverviewofurbanregenerationprojectsinBarking,2004Courtesy:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/SergisonBates
4Newmixed-usedevelopmentincludingalibraryandresidentialflats,2010Photo:PaulClarke
5Newtownsquarewitharboretum,2010Courtesy:mufarchitecture/art
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2010 #12—HousingEstateRenewal Chicago p.1
With CHAnge — Plan for Transformation the Chicago Housing Authority launched a programme to demolish more than 18,000 apartments in the city’s large housing estates in 1999, widely known as centres of extreme social deprivation. They are to be replaced by residential areas with a more diverse social and functional mix in a traditional layout. The Robert Taylor Homes (4,230 units) and Stateway Gardens (1,644 units) form a long band along the South Side of Chicago and border the renowned Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). This area is to become the renamed Legends South and Park Boulevard settlements. The former will include 851 social housing, 800 affordable and 800 units for the private market, the latter a further 439 social housing, 437 affordable and 438 private market flats.
1ParkBoulevard/StatewayGardensMasterplan.Fromlefttoright:planin1949;planin2001;currentlayout,2005–2010Courtesy:SkidmoreOwings&Merrill
2&3‘ReplaceStatewayGardensHousingProjectwithamixedincomeneighbourhood’—DemolitionandnewbuildingsCourtesy:SkidmoreOwings&Merrill
Client:ChicagoHousingAuthorityCHA
Planning:Skidmore,Owings&MerrillLLP(ParkBoulevard,CHA)
When:since1999
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (Park Boulevard, CHA)
Park Boulevard / Stateway Gardens Masterplan
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2010 Chapter#13
New City Centre —Mirror of
the City RegionIn Europe and the US most city centres are going through a highly visible urban renaissance which significantly alters their shapes and functions. This is particularly true of cities such as Berlin, London and Chicago, where the city centres lost some of their vitality in the postwar period — although Paris was perhaps an exception — prior to a post industrial renaissance.
Recent thinking in urban planning has played an important role in the renaissance of city centres. Many public spaces have been redesigned to become more pedestrianfriendly rather than caroriented. Waterfront locations like the South Bank in London have benefitted from investment. New parks are being developed which can help to mitigate climate change and add attractiveness. Chicago’s Millennium Park is a good example.
After decades of indifference, historic assets which make cities special and unique are once again in demand. Historic buildings and spaces are conserved or reconstructed and, as in Berlin, historic urban plans are being recreated. While some unpopular modern buildings from the postwar period have been demolished exciting new landmark developments are becoming symbols for the innovative strength of metropolitan regions, but are quite often controversial.
The renewal of urban centres also has a social impact. Tourists are attracted by the recreational qualities of the enhanced centres and there is a ‘gold rush’ atmosphere to invest private capital. This effect was seen in Berlin when the Wall came down and is still evident in London, even after the 2008 ‘Credit Crunch’ and record prices are still being achieved for developments with global appeal.
This effect can result in rushed and unsympathetic designs of key, central sites, as well as increasing privatisation and control of public spaces. Successful urban centres need not only be beautiful, rich in history and culture, pedestrian and cyclefriendly, but must also be socially diverseand inclusive.
The creation of dynamic town centers that include a mix of housing, offices, stores, civic buildings, and theaters — all in a pedestrianfriendly setting — is one of the most important trends in real estate and planning today.
CharlesC.Bohlin:‘PlaceMaking.DevelopingTownCenters,MainStreets,andUrbanVillages’,WashingtonD.C.2002
2010 #13—NewCityCentre Berlin p.1
David Chipperfield Architects / Franco Stella
Museum Island and Humboldt Forum
The masterplan of Berlin’s Museum Island (Museumsinsel) proposes the redevelopment of the Northern Island in the River Spree (Spreeinsel) in the city’s historic centre. The existing buildings (Altes Museum, Neues Museum, the Pergamonmuseum, Alte Nationalgalerie and BodeMuseum) will be refurbished, modernised and connected through a newly created Archaeological Promenade for 1.5 billion. The controversial reconstruction of the HumboldtForum on the other side of the Lustgarten (Pleasure Garden) park on the island, envisaged as ‘an international forum for art, culture and science’, will add another 552 million to the overall cost. These projects will strengthen Mitte, Berlin’s central district, as an international cultural destination.
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Client:MuseumIsland:StiftungPreußischerKulturbesitz
Humboldt-Forum:StiftungBerlinerSchloss–Humboldtforum
Planning:Masterplan:internationalcompetitionin1993
MuseumIsland:Hilmer&Sattler,HeinzTesar,HGMärz,Head:DavidChipperfieldArchitects
Humboldt-Forum:internationalcompetitionwonbyFrancoStella,2008
When:1998–2015
Size:Museumsinsel:around1km²
Budget:MuseumIsland:around1,5billionEuro,Humboldtforum:552billionEuro
1MasterplanMuseumIsland:UndergroundArcheologicalPromenadeCourtesy:PlanungsgruppeMuseumsinsel
2NeuesMuseum,centralstaircaseandEgyptiancourtyardCourtesy:DavidChipperfieldArchitects/StiftungPreußischerKulturbesitzPhotocentralstaircase:UteZscharntFotoEgyptiancourtyard:ChristianRichters
3ViewofMuseumIslandwithplannedJamesSimonGalleryVisual:StiftungPreussischerKulturbesitz/ImagingAtelier
4JamesSimonGalleryVisual:StiftungPreussischerKulturbesitz/ImagingAtelier
5VisualisationofHumboldt-Forums,viewnfromLiebknechtbridgeCourtesy:Stella/StiftungBerlinerSchlossHumboldt-Forum
6ViewfromtheinnercourtyardtothehistoricportalCourtesy:Stella/StiftungBerlinerSchlossHumboldt-Forum
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2010 #13—NewCityCentre Berlin p.2
David Chipperfield Architects / Graft / Kiefer Landschaftsarchitekten
Vision for Berlin’s Town Hall Forum
The future of the huge parcel of land between Berlin’s Fernseh turm (TV Tower) and the River Spree is highly contested. Proposals for the site range from reconstructing the medieval urban fabric to a massive water basin. Any substantial development will have to wait until 2017 however, as there are underground railway works underway. This redeveloped ‘Old Centre’ is to become a symbol of 800 years of vibrant history and act as an important spatial connector between East and West as well as North and South Berlin.
Client:Visionaryconcepts(fig9):SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment
Planning:BerndAlbers(withoutcommission,fig8):Proposalfornewcityquarteronhistoricstreetlayout
VisionaryconceptsoftheSenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment(fig9):DavidChipperfieldArchitects,Graft,KieferLandschaftsarchitekten
When:2017onwards
Size:around14hectares
7AerialpictureoflargeopenspaceinBerlin’shistoriccentrePhoto:PhilippMeuser
8NewquarterproposedbetweenTVTowerandRiverSpreeCourtesy:BerndAlbers
9a–cProposalsfor‘Futurespacehistoriccentre’:citystage/beachterraces/citygreenProjectteam:DavidChipperfieldArchitects,Graft,KieferLandschafts-architektenCourtesy:Client:SenatsverwaltungfürStadtentwicklungBerlin
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2010 #13—NewCityCentre Berlin p.4
Projektgemeinschaft City West / Christoph Mäckler Architekten / SAQ
New Heart of the ‘City West’
‘City West’, the centre of West Berlin, has been in economic decline since reunification. This became apparent when mainline trains no longer stopped at the local Zoologischer Garten station and the permanent site for Berlin’s film festival was moved to Potsdamer Platz. Planning guidance for City West, developed in 2009, attempts to address this decline. At the heart of City West is Breitscheidplatz (Breitscheid Square) which will soon be framed by new buildings. Amongst them is an interesting building, the Zoofenster, a 118m tall skyscraper by architect Christoph Mäckler.
Client:CityWestDesignCode:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment
Zoofenster:HarvestUnitedEnterprises,AbuDhabi
BikiniBerlin:BayerischeBau-undImmobiliengruppe
Architects:CityWest:Projektgemeinschaft City West:Urbanizers–BürofürstädtischeKonzepte,PlanungsgruppeStadt+Dorf,consultants:Prof.LuiseKing
Zoofenster(fig14:Prof.ChristophMäcklerArchitekten
BikiniBerlin(fig12):SAQStudio
When:Zoofenster:Completionmid2011
Size:Zoofenster:ca.53,420m²grossfloorarea
BikiniBerlin:ca.90,000m²netfloorarea
Budget:Zoofenster:ca.150–200millionEuroBikiniBerlin:ca.100millionEuro
12BikiniBerlin,RedevelopmentoftheBikinihaus,3DvisualisationCourtesy:SAQ
13LocationplanshowingdevelopmentsitesatCityWestinredCourtesy:SenatsverwaltungfürStadtentwicklungBerlin
14ZoofensterCourtesy:Prof.ChristophMäcklerArchitekten
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2010 #13—NewCityCentre Paris p.1
David Mangin / Groupe SEURA / Patrick Berger /Jacques Anziutti
Forum des Halles
The Forum des Halles replaced Paris’ famous central wholesale market demolished in 1971 and is now the busiest local commuter interchange in Europe. Considered to be confusing and unattractive, the planning process for its second transformation started in 2004. The group SEURA / David Mangin was commissioned for the masterplan and landscape design. Architects Patrick Berger and Jacques Anziutti won the international competition in 2007 for a large building — La Canopée — which will replace the aboveground buildings. The redesign of the Forum des Halles will bring more visibility to the market and become the main gateway for Paris.
Client:CityofParis
Planning:Masterplan:DavidMangin,Jean-MarcFritz,GroupeSEURA/PatrickBerger,JacquesAnziutti
Landscapedesign:GroupeSEURAwithPhilippeRaguin
Playgrounds:HenriMarque,ImaginalIngénierie,AEParchitectespaysagistes
When:2009–2015
Budget:760millionEuro
1ForumdesHalles,aerialviewperspectiveCourtesy:LaCanopée:PatrickBergeretJaquesAnziuttiarchitectesPerspective:StudiosezzAerialphoto:PhilippeGuiguardAirimages
2ForumdesHalles,MasterplanCourtesy:SEURA—J.-M.Fritz,D.Mangin
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2010 #13—NewCityCentre London p.3
William Whitfield / Allies & Morrison amongst others
Paternoster Square and St Paul’s Environs
One of the longestrunning architectural debates, in which Prince Charles became involved, came to a close with the redevelopment of Paternoster Square in the City of London in 2003. The new office quarter, assembled around a public square adjacent to St Paul’s Cathedral, was built in accordance with a masterplan created by William Whitfield. The architecturally controversial design embodies a significant change in direction from a rather dull financial quarter to a mixeduse, multifunctional centre, albeit still dominated by major office buildings,
Client:MEC/CorporationofLondonSt.Paul’sEnvironsisoneof36selectedprojectsintheMayor’sGreatSpacesInitiative,whichispartofLondon’sGreatOutdoorsprogramme
Planning:Masterplan:WilliamWhitfield
individualbuildingsby:MacCormacJamiesonPrichard,EricParryArchitects/SheppardRobson,AlliesandMorrison,WhitfieldPartnerswithSidellGibson
When:1996–2003,StPaul’sEnvirons:since2009
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4PaternosterSquare,St.Paul´sCathedral,MillenniumBridgeandTateModern,aerialview,April2010Courtesy:SkyEyeAerialPhotographyLtd
5St.Paul’sChurchyard:EnhancementoflandscapinginproximityofSt.Paul’sCathedral(planninginprogress)Courtesy:CityofLondon
6ViewofPaternosterSquare.Thecolumnalsoactsasaventshaftforthecarparkbelow.Photo:CordeliaPolinna
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which now also attracts a good number of tourists. More recently the area has been revitalised through high quality landscape improvements led by the city of London and Jean Nouvel’s new shopping centre ‘One New Change’.
2010 #13—NewCityCentre London p.2
Herzog & de Meuron / Vogt / Foster and Partners / ARUP
Tate Modern and the Millennium Bridge
The development of the Tate Modern and the Millennium Bridge, two projects financed through the Millennium Lottery Fund, led to the radical transformation of the South Bank of the River Thames which had been in decline for several decades, following the closure of the nearby docks on both sides of the river. Since the opening of the Tate Modern — in the disused Bankside Power Station — and the Millennium Bridge, the area has turned into a desirable real estate location, popular tourist destination and wellused public space. It has also become an icon of aspirational planning in London. A dramatic new extension of Tate Modern is under construction on site.
Project:MillenniumBridge
Client:Competition1996:FinancialTimesandLondonBoroughofSouthwark
Architects:FosterandPartners/Arup/AnthonyCaro
When:19996–2002
2TransformingTateModernandadjacentnewdevelopments,aerialvisualisationCourtesy:Herzog&deMeuron/VogtLandschaftsarchitekten
3SketchoftheconnectionPaternosterSquare–SouthbankwithTateModernCourtesy:NormanFoster
Project:TateModern/TransformingTateModern
Client:TateFoundation
Architects:BanksidePowerStation:SirGilesGilbertScottTateModern/TransformingTateModern:Herzog&deMeuron/VogtLandschaftsarchitekten
When:BanksidePowerStation:1947–1963TateModern:1995–2000TransformingTateModern:2006–2012
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2010 #13—NewCityCentre London p.1
2010 #13—NewCityCentre Chicago p.1
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Chicago Central Area Planning
The Central Area Plan of Chicago, supplemented in 2009 with the Central Area Action Plan, provides guidance for the development of the city centre in three categories: land use and spatial design; waterfront and public realm; and public transport. It seeks to strengthen the city centre by attracting business, developing more office space, creating a science hub and improving cultural attractions. The adjacent former indust rial quarters will be developed with middleincome housing, parks and attractive public open spaces.
Client:CityofChicago(DepartmentofPlanningandDevelopmentinco-operationwithDepartmentofTransportationandDepartmentofEnvironment)
Planning:Skidmore,Owings&MerrillLLP
When:2000–ongoing
1ProposalfordeckingoverofKennedyExpresswayCourtesy:Skidmore,Owings&Merrill
2ChicagoCentralAreaPlan,visionimageCourtesy:Skidmore,Owings&Merrill
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2010 #13—NewCityCentre London p.4
East
Farringdon Urban Design Study
In 2018, when Crossrail, the new major railway link through Central London, will be completed, the urban quarter of Farringdon will become a key focus of regeneration. The specific character of the area — located in the Northern fringe of the City — will be preserved with the aid of a spatial strategy, which will also help steer the expected
momentum for growth. The railway tracks that run through the area and are parallel to the subterranean River Fleet are to be partially decked over to make room for new public spaces and create a better visual connection with St. Paul’s Cathedral.
Client:CityofLondon/Crossrail/GLAGroup/LondonBoroughofCamden/LondonBoroughofIslington
Architects:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign
When:2009–2029
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7PublicrealmstrategyforFarringdonCourtesy:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/
DesignforLondon/LDA
8‘TurnFarringdonoutsidein’:openingofrestrictedaccessareasCourtesy:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/
DesignforLondon/LDA
9DecksovertherailwaytracksinFarringdoncreatenewpublicspacesandsportsfacilitiesCourtesy:EastArchitectureLandscapeUrbanDesign/
DesignforLondon
2010 Chapter#14
The Strategic Plan
Today, the ‘strategic plan’ is considered a magic wand in urban planning; the answer to all new challenges facing major cities in Europe and the US. ‘Competition’, ‘quality of life’ and ‘sustainability’ are catchwords found in most strategic plans. How these plans are produced, their targets implemented and who is involved differs widely.
The plans identify opportunity areas that should be given development priority. Economic, social, ecological and cultural ‘goalposts’ are also defined. Major topics in Berlin, Paris, London and Chicago are the demise of the industrial sector, how to increase the ability of locations to compete, as well as a focus on the environment and how to dampen the blow of these transformations. The implementation of these aims focuses on carefully selected strategic pilot projects.
Paris, London and Chicago are prime examples of the new renaissance in strategic planning. The London Plan is the central planning tool of the Mayor of London. The study, Le Grand Pari(s), was initiated on anational level as a project for the city region. In Berlin strategic planning is mainly the duty of the city council. The US plan — Chicago: Metropolis 2020 — was not commissioned by
the government but by the Com mercial Club, a consortium of 300 members from business, politics, civil society and science backgrounds, which had also commissioned the Plan of Chicago 1909.
A strategic plan needs expert political guidance, which selfconfidently communicates a clear vision supported by a competent administration. A strategic plan also needs close cooperation between representatives from politics, administration, civil society, economics and science. This cooperation demands a public discussion around common targets and projects.
[…] London will not only lengthen its lead as the greatest city on earth. It will come to be seen as the best big city on earth, the best big city to live in. I believe these strategies will help us to achieve that ambition.
LondonMayorBorisJohnson,forewordtothe‘DraftReplacementLondonPlan’,2009
2010 #14—TheStrategicPlan Berlin p.1
Senate Department for Urban Development, Berlin
Berlin’s Strategic Areas
In 2006 the Senate Department for Urban Development presented a plan covering the entire city, pointing out areas of strategic significance. The plan shows that the new Berlin Brandenburg International Airport will significantly change the hierarchy of Berlin’s urban quarters. Southeast Berlin will gain in importance while the northern section will lose its economic advantage. The map sets out the vision of the political leadership, its priorities and where to steer development. It plays an important role in promoting investment in strategic areas.
Client:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment,Berlin
Planning:SenateDepartmentforUrbanDevelopment,Berlin
When:Planning:2006–2010
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1Berlin’sstrategicareasCourtesy:SenatsverwaltungfürStadtentwicklungBerlin
City West
Gleisdreieck
Historische Mitte
Medienstadt
Zukunftsraum Tegel
Umfeld Hauptbahnhof
Wissenschaftsstadt Adlershof
Tempelhofer Feld
Flughafen BBI
Landschafts- und Naturraum“ „Zukunftstechnologien imForschungs- und Industriepark
Graphik: Studio UC / Unverzagt. Visuelle Kommunikation / bit-better visualisierungen
© Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung, Abteilung Stadt- und Freiraumplanung, 2006 - Aktualisierung: Dezember 2009
Freizeit, Kultur Wohnen am Wasser
Medienstandorte kreative BranchenStadtumbau Zwischennutzungen
Verkehrsknoten SüdbahnhofInnerstädtischer NaturparkWohnen und Arbeiten am Park
Forschungs- und BildungsstandorteWirtschaft und Wissenschaft
Messe, Events
Industrielle Kerne, Hafen
StadtumbauVielfältiges WohnungsangebotZwischennutzungen
Kreative BranchenQuartiersmanagementInnerstädtisches Wohnen
Zukunftsraum Tegel Buch - Medizin im Park
Wohnen mit Weitblick
Innovation und Entertain-ment am Spreeufer
LandschaftsraumSpree - Dahme
EntwicklungsachseInnenstadt - Flughafen BBI
Innovative urbane Milieus
Wirtschaft im Westen
Schaufenster am Westkreuz
Wissenscampus Dahlem
Innenstadt - Herz der Metropole
TransformationsraumSüdkreuz - Gleisdreieck
Gesundheits- und Wissenschafts-standorteWohnen im GrünenErholung
Regierungs- und CityfunktionenWirtschaft und MedienInternationalität und HeadquartersInnerstädtisches Wohnen
Flughafenumfeld BBIWissenschaft und WirtschaftVerkehr und LogistikWohnen und Soziale Stadt
S T R A T E G I E R Ä U M E
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2010 #14—TheStrategicPlan London p.1
Mayor of London / Greater London Authority
The London Plan
One of the main tasks for the Mayor of London is to produce a spatial development strategy for London which defines a strategic approach for all pressing issues in the metropolitan region. One of the central ideas is to absorb the large projected population growth within the existing footprint of London, i.e. to avoid the expansion of the urban area into the green belt. The London Plan itself lacks detailed spatial plans but is supplemented with a number of guidance documents. It can be seen as the benchmark for planning strategies in metropolitan areas in the 21st Century. Design for London has been instrumental to communicating and developingthe Mayor’s spatial strategies.
Project:SpatialPlanningStrategy—LondonPlan
Author:MayorofLondon/GreaterLondonAuthority
When:2004onwards
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1TownCentres—showingthe‘CentralActivitiesZone’and‘International,MetropolitanundDistrictCentres’Courtesy:DesignforLondon/LDA
2MapofLondonHighStreetsCourtesy:GortScott
3Mapshowingthe‘OpportunityAreas’,‘AreasofRegeneration,AreasofIntensification’andthewiderdevelopmentarea‘ThamesGateway’Courtesy:DesignforLondon/LDA
4MapshowingtheGreenGridandParksCourtesy:DesignforLondon/LDA
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2010 #14—TheStrategicPlan Paris p.1
LIN Finn Geipel & Giulia Andi
Paris — ‘Soft Metropolis’
The French President Nicholas Sarkozy is keen to turn the metropolitan region of Paris into a sustainable ‘postKyoto landscape’ with the focus of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. In 2008, under the label Le Grand Pari(s), ten teams led by architects and planners were commissioned to develop ideas of how to achieve this goal. The team LIN Finn Geipel & Giulia Andi proposes that
existing residential and mixeduse hubs should be intensified. Wetlands along the numerous rivers in the region and green spaces should be protected and renaturalised. Given that there are eight Départements and 1,281 local authorities in the Region Île de France it will be a challenge in the realization to overcome the fragmented structure of local authority.
Client:Frenchgovernment,studyLe Grand Pari(s),2008
Planning:LINFinnGeipel&GiuliaAndi
When:since2007
1Thenewmetropolitanregion,bird’seyeview3DvisualisationCourtesy:LINFinnGeipel&GiuliaAndi
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2010 #14—TheStrategicPlan Chicago p.1
In 1999, the Commercial Club of Chicago, a consortium of 300 members from business, politics, civil society and science backgrounds, published the strategic development plan, Chicago Metropolis 2020. The document argues that urban sprawl is reducing Chicago’s competitive edge by dispersing the benefits of agglomeration which cities thrive on. The proposed solution calls for sustainable regional development strategies and political reforms. The Commercial Club founded the nonprofit organisation, Chicago Metropolis 2020, to promoteits ideas.
Client:CommercialClubofChicago
Implementation:ChicagoMetropolis2020
When:1999–2020
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1‘ChoicesfortheChicagoRegion’Courtesy:ChicagoMetropolis2020
Chicago Metropolis 2020Development Plan
Credits
Berlin exhibition (October – December 2010)
Hosted by Museum of Architecture of the Berlin University of Technology
Initiators Harald Bodenschatz (Professor for Sociology of Planning and Architecture at the Berlin University of Technology) and Hans-Dieter Nägelke (Head of the Museum of Architecture of the TU Berlin)
in cooperation with Harald Kegler (Bauhaus University Weimar) and Wolfgang Sonne (Dort-mund University of Technology)
Curated by Christina Gräwe (Kuratorenwerkstatt)
London Exhibition
Curated by Cordelia Polinna (TU Berlin/Think Berl!n), Tobias Goevert and Kalin Coromina (Design for London)
Editorial support Lee Mallett, Jeremy Melvin (Urbik), David Dunster
Exhibition designAxel Feldmann, Siaron Hughes, Niki Lampaski (objectif)
Contributors Harald Bodenschatz (TU Berlin), Dorothee Brantz (TU Berlin), Sonja Dümpelmann (University of Maryland), Dieter Frick (TU Berlin), Si-mone Goevert, Christina Gräwe (Kuratorenwerkstatt), Aljoscha Hofmann (TU Berlin), Corinne Jaquand (Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture de Clemont-Ferrand), Harald Kegler (Bauhaus University Weimar), Hans-Di-eter Nägelke (TU Berlin), Cordelia Polinna (TU Berlin/Think Berl!n), Bar-bara Schönig (TU Darmstadt), Wolfgang Sonne (TU Dortmund), Design for London team including Mark Brearley, Paul Clarke, Eleanor Fawcett, Tobias Goevert, Eva Herr, Tim Rettler, Ed-mund Bird, Alison Mayor, Charlotte Khatso
in cooperation with Regula Lüscher (Director of the Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin), Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin, Borough of Berlin-Mitte.
Sponsors
City Visions 1910 | 2010 has been organised by
The Museum of Architecture, Berlin University of TechnologyDesign for London
Funded by
German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development — Office for Building and Regional PlanningDesign for London / London Development AgencyBarratt HomesJohn McAslan + PartnersBritish Council
Supported by
Mayor of LondonLondon Development AgencyTransport for LondonLondon Borough of HackneyHackney Access ProjectOpen Dalston