Appendix F. Secondary Containment for New Construction and Existing Facilities

AbstractThis Appendix reviews the regulations, requirements, and recommendations for secondary containment in both new and existing facilities. It provides guidance on secondary containment for equipment that processes, conveys, and stores solids and liquids. The general principles relating to secondary containment are reviewed, followed by guidelines for specific cases. References are provided to direct the reader to the appropriate environmental regulations. This appendix also provides example designs typically used for both new construction and existing facilities. The reader should review the Introduction, Legal Requirements, and Environmental Factors sections of this Appendix before proceeding to a specific section. Each of the sections contain information on applicable regulations, recommendations for secondary containment in absence of regulations, and a discussion on designs for both new and existing facilities.

Contents Page

F1.0 Introduction F-3F1.1 Secondary Containment

F1.2 Legal Requirements (Federal or Local Regulation)F1.3 Environmental Factors

F1.4 Determining the Need for Secondary Containment

F2.0 Legal Requirements F-4F2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR 260-282F2.2 Oil Spill Prevention - Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention; Spill

Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC), 40 CFR 112F2.3 Air Pollution - The Clean Air Act (CAA), 40 CFR 60F2.4 Water Pollution - The Clean Water Act (CWA) - National Pollutant

Discharge Elimination System, (NPDES), 40 CFR 122F3.0 Environmental Factors F-7F3.1 Toxicity, Mobility, And Persistence Of Chemicals

F3.2 Geology and Soil Conditions

F3.3 Sensitivity of the Site Environment

F3.4 High Activity Areas

F4.0 Designs F-9Chevron Corporation F-1 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualF5.0 Trenches and Sumps F-9F5.1 Regulation of Trenches and SumpsF5.2 Recommendations for Trenches and SumpsF5.3 Designs For New ConstructionF5.4 Designs For Existing InstallationsF6.0 Aboveground And Underground Piping Systems F-12F6.1 Regulations for Aboveground and Underground Piping SystemsF6.2 Recommendations for Aboveground and Underground Piping SystemsF6.3 General Notes For New Construction And Existing Facilities

F6.4 Designs For New ConstructionF6.5 Designs For Existing FacilitiesF7.0 Aboveground Storage Tanks F-16F7.1 Regulations for Aboveground Storage Tanks

F7.2 Recommendations for Aboveground Storage Tanks

F7.3 Designs for New Construction: Aboveground Storage Tanks

F7.4 Designs For Existing Tanks

F8.0 Underground Storage Tanks F-19F8.1 Regulations for Underground Storage Tanks

F8.2 Recommendations for Underground Storage Tanks

F8.3 Design For New Construction

F8.4 Designs For Existing Tanks

F9.0 Process Areas F-21F9.1 General Information

F9.2 Regulations for Process AreasF9.3 Recommendations for Process AreasF9.4 Designs For New Construction

F9.5 Designs For Existing Process AreasF10.0 General Plant Drainage F-24F11.0 References F-24June 1997 F-2 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix FF1.0 Introduction

F1.1 Secondary ContainmentSecondary containment refers to the measures taken to ensure that material leakage does not spread from the process in which it was generated to the adjacent soil, groundwater, surface water, or local environment. Secondary containment is also used as a method for minimizing air emissions from process piping and equipment. Secondary containment should be considered for all equipment that processes, conveys, and stores solids and liquids. Secondary containment strategies include paved surfaces, collection systems, impermeable berms or walls, double-wall vessels, tanks, and piping.

Secondary containment is required in two circumstances:

1. When there is a Federal or local regulation requiring it.

2. A consideration of environmental factors and a risk analysis lead to the conclu-sion that secondary containment is necessary.

F1.2 Legal Requirements (Federal or Local Regulation)Most of the Federal law dealing with secondary containment is found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The CFR generally requires secondary containment for new systems which manage hazardous wastes, used oil products (e.g., spent lubricating oil, spent hydraulic fluid, and spent heat exchanger fluid), or Under-ground Storage Tanks (USTs). The CFR prescribes the minimum standards for containment. State and local laws may be more stringent and require secondary containment for a broader range of conditions. It is important to consult with envi-ronmental engineers regarding local regulations.

F1.3 Environmental FactorsEven when secondary containment is not legally required, sound engineering judg-ment may dictate the need for implementation of a containment strategy. Secondary containment can be inexpensive insurance against substantial liabilities.

F1.4 Determining the Need for Secondary ContainmentAnalyzing both the legal requirements and environmental factors will assist in deciding which secondary containment strategy to employ, if any.

Legal requirements regarding specific materials are as follows:

1. Release of hazardous wastes to soil and groundwater is regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR 260-282Chevron Corporation F-3 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural Manual2. Oil pollution of surface waters is regulated by the Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention; Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC), 40 CFR 112

3. Release of emission to the atmosphere is regulated by the Clean Air Act (CAA), 40 CFR 60

4. Administered Permit Programs: The Clean Water Act (CWA) - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, (NPDES), 40 CFR 122

Environmental factors to consider include:

1. The toxicity, mobility, and persistence of the materials being contained

2. The geology and soil conditions at the site

3. The sensitivity of the site environment to contamination

F2.0 Legal RequirementsPublic health and the environment are protected through a series of regulations designed to protect the air, land, surface waters, and groundwater. The regulations are divided into categories based on the materials they regulate: hazardous waste, oil spill prevention, air pollution, and water pollution.

F2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR 260-282Most secondary containment requirements come from the RCRA, which specifies the definition of wastes and hazardous materials.

To come under the secondary containment provisions of the RCRA, the material must be defined as a hazardous waste, used oil, or a hazardous substance. An abbre-viated list of RCRA hazardous wastes typically encountered in refining and chem-ical plant operations is presented below.

If the material under consideration is defined by the RCRA as a hazardous waste, handling, storage, treating, and disposal equipment must be constructed and oper-ated in compliance with 40 CFR 264.193(b), (c), (d), (e), and (f). Note that 264.193(f) permits exemptions for certain specified equipment if it is inspected on a daily basis. Give careful consideration to the potential for the release of a hazardous waste, the degree of hazard if the material is released, the cost, and the difficulty of remediation before relying solely on the daily inspection exemptions contained in 264.193(f).Once it is determined that the material is a hazardous waste, it is important to know what constitutes secondary containment. The CFR defines secondary containment as liners, vaults, double-walled pipes, tanks or other equipment, or an equivalent acceptable to the Regional Administrator. All of these serve to intercept material before leaks or ruptures can contaminate the soil or groundwater. Secondary June 1997 F-4 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix Fcontainment is also usually provided for ancillary equipment like piping, pumps, and valves.

In addition to requirements for hazardous waste, secondary containment is also required when storing used oil as defined in CFR Section 279 and when storing hazardous substances (fuels, chemicals) in USTs, as discussed in CFR Section 280.

RCRA Hazardous Wastes and ConstituentsThe following regulations define hazardous wastes, hazardous constituents, and materials that may require secondary containment. These regulations also specify the practices required for managing and handling them.

The following materials are commonly encountered in refineries and chemical plants, and are considered hazardous because they exhibit a hazardous character-istic or because they are generated in identified processes or storage equipment. In addition to the examples presented here, the full list includes many common chlori-nated solvents and pesticides. The reader is encouraged to consult the CRTC Health, Environment & Safety Group plus the appropriate section in 40 CFR 261, Subpart C before making final determinations.

40 CFR 148 Restrictions on Underground Injection of Hazardous Wastes 40 CFR 261 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes40 CFR 262 Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Wastes40 CFR 268 Land Disposal Restrictions40 CFR 279 Used Oil Management Standards40 CFR 280 Underground Storage Tanks40 CFR 302 CERCLA Designation, Reportable Quantities, and Notification

Characteristic WastesIgnitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic wastes as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-24. Toxicity can result from materials such as Arsenic, Barium, Benzene, Cadmium, Chloroform, Chromium, Cresols, Lead, Mercury, Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and Selenium.

Listed Wastes (Non-Specific Sources) 40 CFR 261.31Number MaterialF037 Petroleum refinery primary sludges, mainly from process tanks, sumps

and trenches.F038 Petroleum refinery secondary sludges, mainly from IAF/DAF (Induced

Air Flotation/Diffused Air Flotation) units and other equipment in Waste Water Treatment plants.Chevron Corporation F-5 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualF2.2 Oil Spill Prevention - Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention; Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC), 40 CFR 112The SPCC regulations are intended to prevent release of oil (defined essentially as petroleum, petroleum derivatives, sludges, etc.) to surface waters. For refineries, these are petroleum-based materials that are not otherwise covered by the RCRA. The SPCC covers surface treatments for drainage control, piping and storage, as well as berms designed to prevent spills from reaching surface waters. These regu-lations do not require secondary containment, except in the case of metal under-ground oil storage tanks. Refer to 40 CFR 112.7 for design and performance requirements.

F2.3 Air Pollution - The Clean Air Act (CAA), 40 CFR 60As a general rule, air pollution regulations do not require secondary containment of atmospheric contaminants. However, in 40 CFR 60, the Clean Air Act refers to New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). NSPS and NESHAP require implementation of technology that controls emissions to the fullest extent possible. This tech-nology is known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT). Fugitive emissions (volatiles leaked from pump or valve packings, for example) are regu-lated through specified Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs. Emissions of 189 substances, including benzene, benzene from gasoline, cresols, chlorinated solvents and aromatics, are also covered under this regulation.

Refer to the CAA (40 CFR 60) and Air Pollution Control Guidance Document, March 22, 1993 with updates (CRTC), and Fugitive Air Toxic Reduction Design Guidelines, April 19, 1991 with updates (CRTC), for a summary of applicable air pollution regulations including design guidelines and specifications. (These docu-ments are available from CRTCs Health, Environment & Safety Group; CTN-242-4826). In some cases, secondary containment may be the most effective means for controlling fugitive air emissions.

Listed Wastes (Specific Sources), 261.32Number MaterialK048 DAF floatK049 Slop oil emulsion solidsK050 Heat exchanger bundle cleaning sludgeK051 API separator sludgeK052 Leaded tank bottomsJune 1997 F-6 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix FF2.4 Water Pollution - The Clean Water Act (CWA) - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, (NPDES), 40 CFR 122The CWA, through the NPDES permit system, provides technology-based regula-tion of discharges to surface waters or Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW). In refining operations, process and waste waters, which would otherwise meet the definition of hazardous wastes, are usually treated to meet NPDES permit effluent limitations in Waste Water Treatment (WWT) plants. All equipment which is part of the WWT, including the collection system, is regulated by the NPDES, not the RCRA, provided the treatment is done in tanks and the wastewater does not contact the ground prior to disposal. This means components of the WWT plants do not need to conform to RCRA secondary containment standards.

F3.0 Environmental FactorsAn analysis of environmental factors may dictate that secondary containment is a prudent choice, even in the absence of Federal or local regulations. Deciding whether secondary containment is justified in absence of any legal requirements is based on a consideration of the environmental factors reviewed in this section. Additionally, the design engineer should undertake a cost benefit analysis to deter-mine if the costs associated with secondary containment are justified in light of any potential damage.

Aboveground equipment manufacturing pure benzene or benzene-containing gaso-line, for example, would not be subject to secondary containment regulations. Nevertheless, release to the soil of either material would very likely create a level of contamination sufficient to trigger an expensive and complicated cleanup. Benzene is a carcinogen and considered toxic in drinking water when present at greater than 5 parts per billion. Although equipment handling benzene is not required to meet secondary containment standards (because it is not handling wastes or storing a hazardous substance in an underground tank), it may be appropriate to build to such standards if release is considered a significant risk.

Chemical toxicity, chemical mobility, persistence of chemicals, local geology, soil conditions, and sensitivity of the site environment should all be considered when evaluating the need to design for secondary containment of any material. Also, regulations are changing in this area and secondary containment could be required for new aboveground storage tanks at some point in the future. Verify the design of any new facilities with the appropriate professional.

F3.1 Toxicity, Mobility, And Persistence Of ChemicalsThe properties of the chemicals being handled are a primary consideration in whether secondary containment is needed. Secondary containment must be consid-ered for materials that can move quickly through soils and are toxic. Low viscosity, high toxicity, high water solubility, and environmental persistence (non-degrading) are properties that can lead to significant environmental damage, public outcry, and costly cleanup efforts. On the other hand, materials that are high viscosity, low toxicity, and low water solubility are not likely to move offsite and damage human Chevron Corporation F-7 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural Manualhealth or the environment, and therefore, are not a priority for secondary contain-ment.

Examples of problem chemicals include benzene, light-end petroleum fractions (like gasoline fractions which contain benzene), and aromatic solvents. These chemicals typically have a low viscosity, are mobile and toxic.

Methanol is another compound which might require secondary containment based on a consideration of environmental factors. Methanol is a good solvent for other organics, is toxic to bacteria at concentrations greater than a few hundred parts per million, and is water soluble. Thus, depending on the circumstances, a methanol spill will dissolve and mobilize other organics in a soil, move them into the ground-water, and kill bacteria that might otherwise degrade the organics, thus moving them offsite.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons should also give rise to secondary containment consider-ations. They are very mobile, mildly soluble in water, slow to degrade and dense. Thus, they are quick to move from shallow aquifers into deeper aquifers and are very difficult to remove. These characteristics should make the design engineer seriously consider secondary containment.

F3.2 Geology and Soil ConditionsGeology and soil conditions at the site are also important in defining the need for secondary containment. A hydrogeologist should be involved in assessing the potential of a leak to migrate and cause damage. Clay soils have low permeability and spilled materials are not likely to migrate quickly. Conversely, sandy soils provide little resistance to materials flowing through the ground and into ground-water.

The larger geologic picture is also important. Tanks built on rock in hills may seem safe, but this type of terrain will often feed deeper aquifers and leaks could pose unique and difficult problems. Tanks near creeks or other water bodies pose a ready threat, given the short migration path, and should be considered for secondary containment.

F3.3 Sensitivity of the Site EnvironmentAnother factor is the potential for offsite damage. A sensitive environmental receptor (city drinking water, wildlife refuge, etc.) that could be affected by release of a toxic material increases the need for secondary containment. The need for secondary containment is reduced if there is no potential to contaminate drinking water or expose wildlife or humans to toxins.

In some cases, a plant will be built on a previously used site. The contaminants already in the soil may require removal before a fixed facility is placed over it. If the material will remain, assess the site and consider the long term consequences of the unmitigated contamination. The need for secondary containment depends on whether the potential contaminants from the new process will make the problem June 1997 F-8 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix Fworse. The need for secondary containment is less if precautions are already in place to intercept any migration of existing toxins.

F3.4 High Activity AreasHigh activity areas increase the potential for spills or release of oil or chemicals to the ground. Areas where there is frequent maintenance such as around pump pads and filter change-out areas, at tank entries and at vessel and pipe cleanouts, are good examples. In such areas, secondary containment may also be recommended even if the material or process under consideration does not necessarily involve hazardous wastes.

F4.0 DesignsDesigns typically used for secondary containment of trenches and sumps, above-ground and underground piping systems, aboveground storage tanks, underground storage tanks, and process areas are discussed in each of the following sections. Sample designs for new and existing facilities are illustrated in Figures F-1 through F-12, located at the end of this Appendix. The figures are schematic in nature and should be developed further for a particular case.

F5.0 Trenches and Sumps

F5.1 Regulation of Trenches and SumpsTrenches and sumps normally contain leaks and spills and collect stormwater in processing, product transfer, blending and storage areas. The leaks and spills may then be recycled, discarded or discharged in compliance with the sites NPDES permit or the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR 260-282. Waste Water Treatment (WWT) systems permitted under the Clean Water Act (CWA) are exempt from RCRA secondary containment requirements, provided the treatment is done in tanks and the wastewaters do not contact the ground.

The RCRA definition of tanks (40 CFR 260.10) requires that the underlying soil supporting the trench or sump not be essential to its structural integrity. The tank must be self-supporting if the soil was removed. For example, concrete trenches are considered self-supporting whereas plastic or gunnite-lined trenches are not. Though they may be handling hazardous waste waters, trenches and sumps meeting the RCRA definition of tanks which also feed a WWT, are included in the WWT unit and are exempt from secondary containment requirements.

Note that sumps generally meet the definition of Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) in 40 CFR 280.12. As USTs, they require secondary containment under 280.42 if they handle materials defined as hazardous substances under the Compre-hensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Chevron Corporation F-9 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualHowever, three exemptions from secondary containment remove most of Chevrons sumps from the requirements of 280.42:

As a rule, process or contaminated wastewaters should be segregated from storm-water.

Secondary containment is required for hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal (TSD) facilities. TSD facilities and equipment must be constructed and operated in compliance with 40 CFR 264.193(b), (c), (d), (e), and (f). Refer to 40 CFR 112.7 for construction guidelines that apply to oil tanks and ancillaries.

F5.2 Recommendations for Trenches and SumpsSecondary containment is recommended where there is a potential for release of oil or chemicals to the ground. High activity areas create the potential for spills. Examples of high activity areas include around pump pads and filter change-out

280.10(b)(1) Any UST (i.e. sump) holding hazardous wastes is covered by the RCRA (not by CERCLA)

280.10(b)(2) A wastewater treatment tank (trenches and sumps) that is a Clean Water Act WWT unit

280.10(b)(6) Any emergency spill or overflow containment UST (sump) which is expeditiously emptied after use

40 CFR 264 Regulation for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treat-ment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities, Subpart J - Tank Systems. 264.193(b) Secondary containment systems must be designed to

prevent the release of hazardous wastes, and must include leak detection and monitoring capability, which may be by instrumentation or visual observa-tion.

264.193(c) Defines requirements for materials of construction, of foundations, and of leak detection systems. This section also specifies operating capabilities such as containment volume and response times.

264.193(d), (e), and (f)

Defines secondary containment as liners, vaults, double walled sumps & trenches, or an equivalent device acceptable to the Regional Administrator. Ancillary equipment like piping, pumps and valves is also defined.

Part 112 Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention - SPCC112.7 This applies to aboveground and underground bulk

storage tanks for oil. The focus is prevention of contamination of surface waters. Below-ground tanks would be double-walled with leak sensing and collection.June 1997 F-10 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix Fareas, at tank entries, at vessel and pipe cleanouts, and where there is frequent main-tenance.

It is particularly important that construction materials selected for sumps and trenches be compatible with potential spills in order to prevent cracks and further release. Trenches should be designed (sloped) to be free of collected material and sumps should be emptied frequently.

The cost of secondary containment must be weighed against the probability of a leak occurring and the cost and consequences of an actual leak. Inspection programs, corrosion control, and other efforts can reduce the probability of prolonged leakage. Use of secondary containment is a judgment call involving many factors including the specific properties of the chemicals which might be released, materials of construction, local hydrogeology, and existing site contamina-tion. (Refer to Section F3.0, Environmental Factors for further information).

F5.3 Designs For New ConstructionThe following guidelines should be noted where secondary containment will be used for trenches and sumps:

All joint sealants and waterstops must be of a material compatible with the product being contained.

The surface of the concrete that can come into contact with the contained mate-rial may need to be coated or lined to protect it from damage.

All concrete work shall conform to ACI 350R - Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (American Concrete Institute, Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures Report).

The surface of any metal may need to be coated to protect it from the product being contained.

The following drawing and figures show designs for new construction:

Note All figures are located at the end of this Appendix.Standard drawing GD-S1119-2

Secondary containment and leak detection details for concrete basins. (This drawing is located in the Civil and Structural Manual, Volume 2, in the Standard Drawings And Forms Section.)

Figure F-1 Concrete Trench Within Concrete TrenchFigure F-2 Steel Trenches Within Concrete TrenchesFigure F-3 Steel Sump Within A Concrete SumpFigure F-4 Prefabricated Double Contained TrenchChevron Corporation F-11 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualF5.4 Designs For Existing InstallationsThe guidelines that are listed under Designs for New Construction (Section F5.3) are applicable to designs for existing installations as well. With slight modifica-tions, the designs shown in Figures F-1, F-2, and F-3 can be used for existing instal-lations. The modifications necessary when using the designs in Figures F-1, F-2, and F-3 for existing installations are listed below:

Another alternative is to remove existing trenches and sumps and install new secondary containment trenches and sumps. However, this method can be disrup-tive, expensive, and difficult to complete.

F6.0 Aboveground And Underground Piping Systems

F6.1 Regulations for Aboveground and Underground Piping SystemsThe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires secondary contain-ment in systems handling materials defined as both wastes and hazardous. As a practical matter, aboveground piping would be first containment and a paved surface or other catchment to prevent leaks from reaching soil or groundwater is considered secondary containment (if potential leaks would not release air toxins).40 CFR 264.193(f) permits exemptions for piping if it is inspected on a daily basis. However, it is recommended that careful consideration be given to the poten-tial for, and consequences of, a release before depending solely on visual inspec-tions. Refer to the discussion on the Clean Air Act (CAA) above and Air Pollution Control Guidance Document, March 22, 1993 plus updates (CRTC) and Fugitive Air Toxic Reduction Design Guidelines, April 19, 1991 plus updates (CRTC) for a summary of applicable air pollution regulations plus design guidelines and specifi-cations. (These documents are available from CRTCs Health, Environment & Safety Group; CTN-242-4826). Refer also to the RCRA (40 CFR 260-279) for

Figure Modification for Existing InstallationsFigure F-1 Concrete Trench Within Concrete Trench - Coat the inside surface of

the outer existing trench and install a new precast concrete trench inside the existing trench. Cut a small groove on the bottom of the existing trench to provide leak detection.

Figure F-2 Steel Trenches Within Concrete Trenches - Coat the inside surface of the existing trench and install a new steel liner or HDPE liner on the inside. Cut a small groove on the bottom of the existing trench to provide leak detection.

Figure F-3 Steel Sump Within A Concrete Sump - The modification is similar to one required for Figure F-2. Anchor a new steel liner to the inside of the concrete sump and fill the void between the steel and the concrete with grout. Add a channel to the bottom and sides of the steel liner to provide leak detection.June 1997 F-12 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix Fdefinitions of hazardous wastes and constituents commonly encountered in refining environments.

As a general rule, air pollution regulations do not require secondary containment. However, in 40 CFR 60, the Clean Air Act sets New Source Performance Stan-dards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). NSPS and NESHAP require implementation of technology that controls emissions to the fullest extent possible. This technology is known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT). Fugitive emissions (volatiles leaked from pump or valve packings, for example) are regulated through specified Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs. Emissions of 189 substances, including benzene, benzene from gasoline, cresols, chlorinated solvents and aromatics, are also covered under this regulation.

Secondary containment is required for hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal (TSD) facilities. Piping in handling, storage, treating, and disposal equip-ment must be constructed and operated in compliance with 264.193(b), (c), and (f). Refer to 112.7 for metallic tank construction guidelines.40 CFR 264 Regulation for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treat-

ment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities, Subpart J - Tank Systems. Piping is in the category of ancillary equipment, 264.193(f). Note that secondary containment would not be required if the piping and tanks are part of a WWT unit.264.193(b) Secondary containment systems must be designed to

prevent the release of hazardous wastes, and must include leak detection and monitoring capability, which may be by instrumentation or visual observa-tion.

264.193(c) This section defines requirements for materials of construction, of foundations, and of leak detection systems, and specifies operating capability, such as containment volume and response times.

264.193(f) This section defines ancillary equipment like piping, pumps and valves. Secondary containment is not required for piping, pumps, joints, flanges, etc., which can be visually inspected on a daily basis. For the most part, this may be taken to mean aboveground hazardous waste systems do not need double-wall-type secondary containment because providing an impermeable paved surface or trench to capture drips and spills would qualify as secondary containment. Underground hazardous waste systems require double-wall-type secondary containment. Screwed fittings are not permitted, because they are presumed to leak, unless such leaks would be managed by secondary containment, such as being within the containment wall around a tank. Chevron Corporation F-13 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualF6.2 Recommendations for Aboveground and Underground Piping SystemsSecondary containment is recommended where there is a potential for release of oil or chemicals to the ground. High activity areas create the potential for spills. Examples of high activity areas include around pump pads and filter change-out areas, at tank entries, at vessel and pipe cleanouts, and where there is frequent main-tenance. Piping locations where leaks and spills are more likely (drain points, valve and flanges joints, etc.) should also be reviewed for secondary containment.The cost of secondary containment must be weighed against the probability of a leak occurring and the cost and consequences of leaking. Inspection programs, corrosion control, and other efforts can reduce the probability of prolonged leakage. Use of secondary containment is a judgment call involving many factors including the specific properties of the chemicals which might be released, mate-rials of construction, local hydrogeology, and existing site contamination. (Refer to the Section on Environmental Factors for further information.)

F6.3 General Notes For New Construction And Existing FacilitiesThe material selected for the secondary containment should be compatible with the fluid for which containment is ultimately being provided. When the primary piping is intended for chemical transport, the material of the primary piping must corrode at an acceptable rate (metallic materials), and not be susceptible to other forms of corrosion that can lead to a failure (stress corrosion cracking, pitting, etc.).If the primary piping material is nonmetallic, it should be selected such that it will not lose a significant amount of tensile strength, or will not be subjected to a signifi-cant amount of weight gain over its life due to contact with the fluid to be trans-ported. The primary nonmetallic material must also be resistant to other forms of degradation that can lead to failure such as environmental stress cracking and delamination. The material of the secondary containment must also be resistant to the corrosive effects of the surrounding environment. The characteristics of the fluids, the temperature and pressures involved, the stresses inherent in the system design, and the surrounding environment should also be considered.

Systems can be designed in a compartmentalized manner so long as each compart-ment provides an unobstructed, definable annulus for detection of leaks. In installa-

264.193(f)(cont.)

Flanges are acceptable in hazardous waste service.

40 CFR 112 Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention - SPCC112.7 This applies to aboveground and underground bulk

storage tanks for oil. The focus is on prevention of contamination of surface waters. Below-ground tanks would be double-walled with leak sensing and collec-tion.June 1997 F-14 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix Ftions where the primary piping is based on pressure ( 15 psig or 0 psig), the secondary containment system should be designed to the same rating unless:

1. The system is equipped with a self-monitoring automatic leak detection system that is interfaced with a control system capable of shutting off the source of pressure, and with a redundant monitoring device and control system; or

2. The systems annulus is designed with at least one open end. Consider the possibility of pressure accumulation in the annulus if the fluid being trans-ported has a solids content.

At least one low point drain and high point vent should be provided in the annulus, except where the low point is the end of the system, and the system is designed as an open-ended system.

The design engineer should consider the effects of differential thermal expansion and contraction (if applicable), and insure that sufficient flexibility is inherent in the layout of the system so that it will function properly and without failure. Alterna-tively, the system can be devised with a restrained design such that each of the components and joints have sufficient strength to withstand the loads that may be imposed on them. Expansion joints should not be installed as part of the primary piping system unless they are readily accessible for maintenance.

In aboveground installations, expansion devices, joints or couplings may be used on the outer jacket in order to accommodate all or a portion of the thermal expansion and/or contraction. The design engineer should take into account the fact that while such devices can be used to alleviate stresses due to differential thermal expan-sion/contraction, the system as a whole must be laid out to accommodate the differ-ential growth.

In underground installations, the outer jacket is restrained by soil friction and changes in direction. The design engineer should be aware that in a restrained design, the outer jacket is not free to expand and contract simultaneously with the primary pipe.

The primary piping system and the secondary containment piping system should be tested. When testing the secondary containment piping, caution should be taken so as not to collapse the primary pipe system due to the external pressures that are imposed on it.

Systems where there is a likelihood of false leaks due to moisture condensation should be purged with an inert gas.

F6.4 Designs For New ConstructionDouble pipe (pipe-within-a-pipe), trough or trench designs are described in Section 550 of the Civil and Structural Manual. The double pipe system uses a pipe-within-a-pipe so that the inner pipe is the actual liquid drain and the outer pipe will contain any leakage from the inner pipe. The trough or trench containment system consists of a trough or a trench to contain any leakage from the drain.Chevron Corporation F-15 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualThere are many types of leakage detectors on the market. Section 544 of the Civil and Structural Manual discusses various types of leak detection for double pipe and trough and trench containment systems. Three types of leak detectors, observa-tion monitoring, point detection, and continuous monitoring, are discussed below.

Observation monitoring requires inspecting and gathering samples at a series of low points where liquids collect. The presence of a liquid at these low points is assumed to indicate leakage in the upstream system until sample analysis indicates otherwise. This type of system is shown in Figure F-5.

Point detection is another containment strategy worth considering. Point detection involves an electronic device that indicates the presence of liquids. The presence of liquids will electronically send a signal to either a control panel or alarm circuit indicating a leak upstream. This type of system is shown in Figure F-5.

Continuous monitoring is usually done with a leak detection cable or a vapor detec-tion tube within the secondary containment. In either system, the leak detection device is continuous along the length of the system being protected, and is automati-cally monitored. This type of system is shown in Figure F-6.

F6.5 Designs For Existing FacilitiesThere are several methods that can be used to upgrade existing piping facilities to a double-contained system. The methods described in Section 540 of the Civil and Structural Manual require installation of a new internal lining inside the existing pipe with a new primary pipe, as shown in Figure F-7.

Complete replacement with new double-contained systems is another alternative, However, excavation and replacement of sewers is disruptive and expensive.

F7.0 Aboveground Storage Tanks

F7.1 Regulations for Aboveground Storage TanksRegulation of aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) to prevent release of certain speci-fied materials comes from three main sources:

As a practical matter, aboveground (or onground) tanks are considered first containment and a paved surface plus wall surrounding the tank to prevent leaks from reaching soil or groundwater could be considered secondary containment. Additional rules apply to construction of the tank bottom. Refer to the RCRA (40

Release of hazardous wastes to soil and groundwater

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 40 CFR 260-279)

Oil pollution of surface waters The Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention; Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) 40 CFR 112

Releases to the atmosphere The Clean Air Act (CAA), 40 CFR 60June 1997 F-16 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix FCFR 260-279) definitions and handling requirements for hazardous wastes and constituents commonly encountered in refining environments.

As a general rule, air pollution regulations do not require secondary containment. However, in 40 CFR 60, the Clean Air Act sets New Source Performance Stan-dards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). NSPS and NESHAP require implementation of technology that controls emissions to the fullest extent possible. This technology is known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT). Fugitive emissions are regu-lated through specified Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs, which may apply to the appurtenances of the tank. Emissions of 189 substances, including benzene, benzene from gasoline, cresols, chlorinated solvents and aromatics, are also covered under this regulation.

Refer to the CAA (40 CFR 60) and Air Pollution Control Guidance Document, March 22, 1993 with updates (CRTC), and Fugitive Air Toxic Reduction Design Guidelines, April 19, 1991 with updates (CRTC), for a summary of applicable air pollution regulations including design guidelines and specifications. (These docu-ments are available from CRTCs Health, Environment & Safety Group; CTN-242-4826).Secondary containment is required for new hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal (TSD) facilities. Tanks handling, storage, treating, and disposal systems must be constructed and operated in compliance with 264.193(b), (c), and (f). Refer to 112.7 for oil storage tank construction guidelines.40 CFR 264 Regulation for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treat-

ment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities, Subpart J - Tank Systems. Note that secondary containment would not be required if the tank is part of a WWT unit.264.193(b) Secondary containment systems must be designed

to prevent the release of hazardous wastes, and must include leak detection and monitoring capability, which may be by instrumentation or visual observa-tion.

264.193(c) Defines requirements for materials of construction, of foundations, of leak detection systems, and speci-fies operating capability such as containment volume and response times.Chevron Corporation F-17 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualF7.2 Recommendations for Aboveground Storage TanksSecondary containment is recommended where there is a potential for release of oil or chemicals to the ground. High activity areas create the potential for spills. Examples of high activity areas include around pump pads and filter change-out areas, at tank entries, at vessel and pipe cleanouts, and where there is frequent main-tenance.

Tanks can leak for long periods of time if proper detection systems are not in place. This has been a source of significant soil contamination and liability for Chevron. Some locations place double bottoms on all tanks due to soil condition. The cost of secondary containment must be weighed against the probability of a leak occurring and the cost and consequences of leaking. Inspection programs, corrosion control, and other efforts can reduce the probability of prolonged leakage.

Use of secondary containment is a judgment call involving many factors, including the specific properties of the chemicals which might be released, materials of construction, local hydrogeology, and existing site contamination. (Refer to the Section on Environmental Factors for further information.)

F7.3 Designs for New Construction: Aboveground Storage TanksSection 500 and Figure 500-18 of the Tank Manual detail designs typically used for new construction of ASTs. Figure 500-18 shows most of the commonly used designs. The N figures cover the designs that include leak detection for new

264.193(f) Defines tank appurtenances such as piping, pumps and valves. Secondary containment is not required for those which can be visually inspected on a daily basis. For the most part, this may be taken to mean aboveground hazardous waste systems do not need double-wall-type secondary containment because providing an impermeable paved surface or trench to capture drips and spills would qualify as secondary containment. Underground hazardous waste systems require secondary containment. Screwed fittings are not permitted, because they are presumed to leak, unless such leaks would be managed by secondary containment, such as being within the containment wall around a tank. Flanges are acceptable in hazardous waste service.

40 CFR 112.7 Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention - SPCC112.7 This section applies to aboveground and under-

ground bulk storage tanks for oil. The focus is on preventing contamination of surface waters. Below-ground tanks are to be double-walled with leak sensing and collection.June 1997 F-18 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix Finstallations. Figures F-8 and F-9 (this Appendix) show tanks with lined dikes and lined sumps.

F7.4 Designs For Existing TanksThe R figures of Figure 500-18 of the Tank Manual illustrate retrofit designs in cases where a new tank bottom replaces an existing one. Design 1R has been used in many Chevron facilities. Standard Drawing GD-D1120, in the Standard Draw-ings and Forms Section of Volume 2 of the Tank Manual, shows a standard bottom replacement for existing tanks.

F8.0 Underground Storage Tanks

F8.1 Regulations for Underground Storage TanksRegulation of underground storage tanks (USTs) to prevent release of certain speci-fied materials comes from three main sources:

USTs holding petroleum need not be double-walled, but must have leak detection capability as specified in 40 CFR 280.41. USTs holding hazardous wastes or hazardous substances must be double-walled (40 CFR 280.42) and meet the design requirements of 280 Subpart B and D (leak detection).USTs require secondary containment under 280.42 if they handle materials defined as hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). However, three exemp-tions from secondary containment, remove some USTs from the requirements of 280.42. They are:

Except for the exemptions noted above, secondary containment is required for hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal (TSD) facilities and when storing hazardous substances as defined in CERCLA. USTs that handle, storage, treating and disposal systems must be constructed and operated in compliance with 280,

Release of hazardous wastes to soil and groundwater

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 40 CFR 260-280)

Oil pollution of surface waters The Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention; Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) 40 CFR 112

Releases to the atmosphere The Clean Air Act (CAA), 40 CFR 60

280.10(b)(1) Any UST holding hazardous wastes is covered by the RCRA.280.10(b)(2) Any wastewater treatment tank in a Clean Water Act WWT unit.280.10(b)(6) Any emergency spill or overflow containment UST which is expe-

ditiously emptied after use.Chevron Corporation F-19 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualSubparts B, C and D. Refer to 112.7 for UST oil storage tank construction guide-lines.

As a general rule, air pollution regulations do not require secondary containment. However, in 40 CFR 60, the Clean Air Act sets New Source Performance Stan-dards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). NSPS and NESHAP require implementation of technology that controls emissions to the fullest extent possible. This technology is known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT). Fugitive emissions are regu-lated through specified Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs, which may apply to the appurtenances of the tank. Emissions of 189 substances, including benzene, benzene from gasoline, cresols, chlorinated solvents and aromatics, are also covered under this regulation.

Refer to the CAA (40 CFR 60) and Air Pollution Control Guidance Document, March 22, 1993 with updates (CRTC), and Fugitive Air Toxic Reduction Design Guidelines, April 19, 1991 with updates (CRTC), for a summary of applicable air pollution regulations including design guidelines and specifications.

F8.2 Recommendations for Underground Storage TanksSecondary containment is strongly recommended for all USTs in refineries and chemical plants, unless the UST will be storing a material which can be released directly to the ground, such as non-industrial waste water. The cost of secondary

40 CFR 280 Technical Standards and Corrective Action Requirements for Owners and Operators of Underground Storage Tanks (UST). Note that this regulation does not apply to USTs in a Waste Water Treating (WWT) unit, because those are regulated by the Clean Water Act (CWA). 280 Subpart B UST Systems: Design, Construction, Installation

and Notification. Materials of construction, design of appurtenances, and certain record-keeping requirements are defined.

280 Subpart C General Operating Requirements: The design must meet specified overflow protection, inspec-tion and repairability requirements.

280 Subpart D Release Detection: General requirements for, and methods of, release detection are described. Petroleum USTs (280.41) and hazardous substance USTs (280.42) are defined specifically.

40 CFR 112 Regulation of Oil Pollution Prevention - SPCC112.7 This section applies to aboveground and under-

ground bulk storage tanks for oil. The focus is preventing contamination of surface waters. Below-ground tanks are to be double-walled with leak sensing and collection.June 1997 F-20 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix Fcontainment must be weighed against the probability of a leak occurring and the cost and consequences of leaking. Inspection programs, corrosion control, and other efforts can reduce the probability of prolonged leakage. Use of secondary containment is a judgment call involving many factors including the specific proper-ties of the chemicals which might be released, materials of construction, local hydrogeology, and existing site contamination. (Refer to the Section on Environ-mental Factors for further information.)

F8.3 Design For New ConstructionThe standard underground tank for new construction is a composite or a fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) double-walled tank with leak detection for the annulus. Composite tanks have double steel walls with fiberglass resin covering the outer wall. Composite tanks are used more often than FRP tanks. The double-walled tank design is used to avoid groundwater contamination from leaks. Section 1200 of the Tank Manual provides additional information on double-walled underground tanks.

Figures F-10 and F-11 in this Appendix illustrate two other ways to provide secondary containment for USTs. Figure F-10 shows an underground tank with a buried liner. Figure F-11 shows underground tanks contained in a concrete vault.

F8.4 Designs For Existing TanksThere are several ways to provide secondary containment for an existing tank:

Replace it with a new double-walled tank.

Add a buried liner as shown in Figure F-10.

Add a concrete vault as shown in Figure F-11.

F9.0 Process Areas

F9.1 General InformationSecondary containment in process areas is not specifically mandated except for units processing or handling materials defined as hazardous wastes by the RCRA. Secondary containment must be provided in units handling RCRA hazardous wastes (40 CFR 264.193). Examples of compliance include, double-wall vessels and piping, walls and berms around tanks, and addition of an impervious surface cover. Piping, fittings, etc., which can be visually inspected on a daily basis may be exempt from secondary containment requirements; however, judgment should be exercised before relying on this exception. Refer to the Section on Legal Require-ments for further information.

Determining whether secondary containment is justified for units handling non-hazardous constituents or wastes, requires an analysis of the following factors:Chevron Corporation F-21 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural Manual applicable regulations

the physical, chemical, and toxicity characteristics of the contained material

the potential for release of the constituent or waste

the costs and risks of a release

Paved surfaces and catchment systems may provide the secondary containment to piping, tanks and reactors. Accordingly, double-wall vessels and piping are seldom necessary in aboveground service.

Sludges that are generated by the mixing of process wastewaters and oily wastes, and by contamination of stormwater with oily wastes in refineries, are F037 hazardous wastes. As a rule, leaks and spills of refining process materials and hazardous wastes and hazardous constituents should be segregated from storm-water. Furthermore, they should be isolated and recovered within process units and not allowed to exit the unit boundaries. This will minimize hazardous waste management costs.

Non-RCRA process areas experiencing drips, spills and other contamination should generally be surfaced with an impermeable material. Concrete or asphalt is usually sufficient to prevent contamination of soil or groundwater, or releases to surface waters. In some services it may be prudent to add membranes or coatings. The important factors here are material resistance to abrasion, potential drips and spills, and selection of a surface material which will not develop cracks. Runoff from non-hazardous waste service is regulated by either SPCC or NPDES requirements. Consideration of the relevant factors presented here will often lead to the decision to provide continuous, sealed drainage surfaces. (Refer to the Sections on Legal Requirements and Environmental Factors for further information.)

F9.2 Regulations for Process AreasSecondary containment is required if the material being handled meets the defini-tion of an RCRA Hazardous Waste. Handling, storage, treating and disposal equip-ment must be constructed and operated in compliance with 40 CFR 264.193.Note that secondary containment is not required if the equipment is part of a WWT unit. Surface cover is recommended in this service and would, in effect, be part of the overall system which includes trenches and sumps to collect and control leaks, spills and runoff. Double-wall design is usually not required for equipment and piping in process areas. 40 CFR 112.7 applies to drainage and collection systems designed to prevent oily materials and waste from being released to surface waters.

F9.3 Recommendations for Process AreasSecondary containment is recommended where there is a potential for release of oil or chemicals to the ground. High activity areas create the potential for spills. Examples of high activity areas include around pump pads and filter change-out areas, at tank entries, at vessel and pipe cleanouts, and where there is frequent main-tenance.June 1997 F-22 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix FIn the case of process areas, surface paving is recommended to intercept spills and prevent contamination of the ground or groundwater. The cost of secondary containment must be weighed against the probability of a leak occurring and the cost and consequences of leaking. Inspection programs, corrosion control, and other efforts can reduce the probability of prolonged leakage. Use of secondary containment is a judgment call involving many factors including the specific proper-ties of the chemicals which might be released, materials of construction, local hydrogeology, and existing site contamination. (Refer to the Section on Environ-mental Factors for further information.)

F9.4 Designs For New ConstructionThe following considerations should be noted where secondary containment in process areas is required:

Secondary containment in process areas may be obtained by paving, curbing, walls, pits, or combinations of these.

All concrete work shall conform to ACI 350R - Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (American Concrete Institute, Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures Report).

Areas designed for secondary containment should use monolithic pours when-ever possible. Waterstops should be used where joints are required.

All joint sealants and waterstops shall be of a material compatible with the product being contained.

All containment areas should have at least one collection point from which spills can be removed.

Refer to Figure F-12 for a design typically used for new construction requiring secondary containment.

F9.5 Designs For Existing Process AreasThere are several ways to provide secondary containment for existing facilities:

Replace existing paving with new concrete as shown in Figure F-12.

Add new concrete on top of existing paving to withstand maintenance load-ings. This includes waterstops, joint sealants, and new curbs. This alternative is viable only if the change in elevation is acceptable.

The considerations listed in Section 9.4, Designs for New Construction, are applicable to existing process areas.Chevron Corporation F-23 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualF10.0 General Plant DrainageGeneral plant drainage is regulated by either the SPCC (40 CFR 112) or the NPDES (40 CFR 60); secondary containment is usually not required. General plant drainage includes pipeways and off-plot areas. However, a surface impound-ment that stores refinery contaminated wastewaters is regulated by the RCRA, 40 CFR 264 Subpart K, Surface Impoundments.Drainage systems should be designed to segregate stormwater from process and other contaminated waters where possible. Contaminated water usually must be treated in a WWT unit where secondary containment is not required, provided treat-ment occurs in tanks. However, by definition, sludges (from trenches or ditches) generated by mixing process wastewaters and oily wastes, or by contaminating stormwater with oil, are F037 hazardous wastes (in refineries, but not chemical plants) and require secondary containment. Uncontaminated stormwaters may be discharged directly to surface waters or to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) if they meet conditions set in an NPDES permit. Consideration of appli-cable regulations, the physical, chemical, and toxicity characteristics of the collected material, the potential for release of the material, and the costs and risks of a release may lead to a decision to provide continuous, sealed drainage.

Usually a material like concrete or asphalt is sufficient to prevent contamination of soil or groundwater, or release to surface waters. The important factors here are material resistance to potential drips and spills, and selection of a surface material which will not develop cracks.

Surface impoundments are thoroughly regulated in Subpart K, of 40 CFR 264.220-264.231. Multiple liners, leachate collection, and closure requirements make surface impoundments a very undesirable choice among the options for waste and contaminated water management.

SPCC regulations, (specifically 40 CFR 112.7) apply to drainage and collection systems designed to prevent oily materials and waste from being released to surface waters.

F11.0 References1. The American Society of Civil Engineers, Petrochemical Energy Committee,

Task Committee on Secondary Containment, Design of Secondary Contain-ment in Petrochemical Facilities, publication expcected in 1997.

2. Carl C. Faller, In-Place Rehabilitation of Process Sewers, Trenchless Tech-nology, July 1994.

3. DuPont Engineering, Groundwater Protection Practices, April, 1993.

June 1997 F-24 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix FFig. F-1 Concrete Trench Within Concrete Trench Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Fig. F-2 Steel Trenches Within Concrete Trenches Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.Chevron Corporation F-25 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualFig. F-3 Steel Sump Within Concrete Sump Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Fig. F-4 Prefabricated Double Contained Trench Courtesy of DuPont Engineering Existing Trenchless SumpsSecondary Containment

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.June 1997 F-26 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix FFig. F-5 Visual Detection and Point Detection Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Fig. F-6 Continuous Monitoring Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.Chevron Corporation F-27 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualFig. F-7 Secondary Containment for Existing Pipe

Fig. F-8 Storage Tank With Ringwall Foundation Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.June 1997 F-28 Chevron Corporation

Civil and Structural Manual Appendix FFig. F-9 Storage Tank With Earth Foundation Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Fig. F-10 Buried Liner Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.Chevron Corporation F-29 June 1997

Appendix F Civil and Structural ManualFig. F-11 Concrete Vault Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Fig. F-12 Process Area Courtesy of American Society of Civil Engineers

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.

Figure is schematic in nature and should not be used for design.June 1997 F-30 Chevron Corporation

Manual ContentsApp. F ContentsF1.0 IntroductionF1.1 Secondary ContainmentF1.2 Legal Requirements (Federal or Local Regulati...F1.3 Environmental FactorsF1.4 Determining the Need for Secondary Containmen...

F2.0 Legal RequirementsF2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)...F2.2 Oil Spill Prevention - Regulation of Oil Poll...F2.3 Air Pollution - The Clean Air Act (CAA), 40 C...F2.4 Water Pollution - The Clean Water Act (CWA) -...

F3.0 Environmental FactorsF3.1 Toxicity, Mobility, And Persistence Of Chemic...F3.2 Geology and Soil ConditionsF3.3 Sensitivity of the Site EnvironmentF3.4 High Activity Areas

F4.0 DesignsF5.0 Trenches and SumpsF5.1 Regulation of Trenches and SumpsF5.2 Recommendations for Trenches and SumpsF5.3 Designs For New ConstructionF5.4 Designs For Existing Installations

F6.0 Aboveground And Underground Piping SystemsF6.1 Regulations for Aboveground and Underground P...F6.2 Recommendations for Aboveground and Undergrou...F6.3 General Notes For New Construction And Existi...F6.4 Designs For New ConstructionF6.5 Designs For Existing Facilities

F7.0 Aboveground Storage TanksF7.1 Regulations for Aboveground Storage TanksF7.2 Recommendations for Aboveground Storage Tanks...F7.3 Designs for New Construction: Aboveground Sto...F7.4 Designs For Existing Tanks

F8.0 Underground Storage TanksF8.1 Regulations for Underground Storage TanksF8.2 Recommendations for Underground Storage Tanks...F8.3 Design For New ConstructionF8.4 Designs For Existing Tanks

F9.0 Process AreasF9.1 General InformationF9.2 Regulations for Process AreasF9.3 Recommendations for Process AreasF9.4 Designs For New ConstructionF9.5 Designs For Existing Process Areas

F10.0 General Plant DrainageF11.0 ReferencesEngineering SpecificationsStandard Drawings & Forms