Civil Affairs Handbook French Indochina Section 10

8/4/2019 Civil Affairs Handbook French Indochina Section 10

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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRENCH INDO-CHINASECTION 10: PUBLIC WORKS

S'AND UTILITIES

^0\*SAF ri

________ Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con-tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restrictedmaterial may be given to any person known to be in the service of the UnitedStates and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatingin Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the pressexcept by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b,AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES,

- I

I I--- - ILI-~----- -I

I or J uii

5 APRIL 1944


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ARMY SERVICE FORCES IM M 59-Civil Af

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRENCH INDO- CHINASECTION 10: PUBLIC WORKS

AND UTILITIES

^^1"""/ _^\AA

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 5 APRIL 1

S.. *. Dissemination of restricted matter. - The informationtained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restrimaterial may be given to any person known to be in the service of the UnStates and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperain Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the pexcept by authorized military public relations 'agencies. (See also par.AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.) :e.

- -- -- - -- ~ a- I~--------~----a ---- -------- -----7, -- ---. -s.~- i - ~-

~CI '-r ------ 111~


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NUMBERING SYSTEM OFARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS

The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indi-by consecutive numbering within the following categories.

M1 - M99M100 - M199

M200 - M299M300 - M399M400 - M499M500 - M599M600 - M699M700 - M799M800 - M899M900 up

Basic and Advanced TrainingArmy Specialized Training Program and Pre-

InductionPersonnel and MoraleCivil AffairsSupply and TransportationFiscalProcurement and ProductionAdministrationMiscellaneousEquipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction

* * *

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES,Washington 25, D. C., April 5, 1944.

Army Service Forces Manual M 358 - 10 , Civil Affairs Handbook, Public

and Utilities in French Indo-China, has been prepared under the

of The Provost Marshal General, and is published fo r the in-and guidance of all concerned.

EPX 461 (21 Sep 43)-By command of Lieutenant General SOMERVELL:

W. D. STYER,Major General, General Staff Corps,

Chief of Staff. il l

J. A. ULIO,Major General,

Adjutant General.

now#


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This study on Public Works and Utilities in Prench Indo-China was preparedfor the

MILITARY GOVLENT DIVISION, 07710 01 THE, PROVOST MARSHAL GMMkby the

PAR EASTERN UNIT OP THE BUREAU 07 JORZIGN AND DOMESTIC COMM O3U. S. D1PARTM!NT 07 COMMERCE

077103RS USING THIS MAT1ARIAL ABIE R3NU3STID TO MAX SUGGESTIONS ANDCRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVI SIONS OR ADDITIONS WHICH WOULD MAKETHIS MATERIAL MORE USEUL TOR THEIR PUPPOSES. THESE CRITICISMS SHOULDBF SENT TO THE CHIE? 07 THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARYGOVEPNMENT DIVISION, PMGO, 280? MUN1ITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C


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CIVIL AFFAIRS HA1flBO X

Geographical and Social BackgroundGovernment and AdministrationLegal AffairsGovernment 3inanceMoney and BankingNatural ResourcesAgricultureIndustry and CommerceLabor.

. Public Works and UtilitiesTra~nsportation Systems

. Compminications3. Public Health and Sanitation

. Public Safety5. Education

Public WelfareCultural Institutions

st&y on Public Works and -Utilities in French Indo-China was preparedr the MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE 0F THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERALthe PAR EASTERN UNIT OF THE BURhEAU 07 FORUIGN ANDl DOMESTIC OO)O4RCI,. DEPARTMENT 07 COMKERCE


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INTRODUOCTION

Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbook.The basic -urposes of civil affairs officers are (l) to assist the

Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which

will contribute most effect ively to th e conduct of m ili tary operations,(2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damageresult ing from disorder, and (3) to create the conditions which will makeit possible for civilian agencies to function effectively.

The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effortto carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possibl

*The Handbooks do not deal with-plans or policies (which will depend uponchanging and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understood

that they do not , imply any riven official, rogram of action, They arerather ready reference source books containing the basic factual informatineeded for planning and policy making.


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TABLE OF CONTiENTS

Pares

ELECTRICITY, GAS, WATER AND SEWAGE 1A. Electric Power i

1. History, Ownership and Organization .12. Government Policy 113. Location and Capacity of Chief Plants 114. Industrial and Domestic Consumption Statistics 135. Current Characteristics 196. Electrical Development since Japanese Occupation 19

B. Gas Plants, Water Works and Sewage Disposal 21DOCKS, HARBORS, BASES, AND AIDS TO SHIPPING 23A. Saigon-Cholon 23B. Haiphong 29C. Hongay 1 32D. Campha 35E. Port Redon 35F. Port Wallut 36G. Tourane 37H. Camranh Bay 38I. Benthuy 39J. Quinhon 40-K. Nhatrang 40L. Riem Bay 40M. Pnom Penh 40.N. Chaudoc 41HUBLIC fI ILINGS., PARKS AND MIONiT hEN 42

1. Consumption of Electrical Energy by Political Subdivisions 152. Consumption of Electrical Energy by Principal Cities 153. Uses of Electrical Current 164. Average Consumer and Per Capita Consumption 175. Price of Electric Energy Sold to th e Public 186. Government-owned Drydocks of Saigon 28


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MPSPower Plants and Portse, facingPort of SaigonHaiphongCoal Ports of Tonkin

LLUSJThRIONSCentral Plant at Hanoihigh-tension Power Lines

CHARTSTonkin Electric Generating PlantsPowers Lines in the Tonkin Delta

ApPiiNDICEA. Part One, Power of Electric GeneratorsPart Two, Production of Electrical EnergyB.. Current Characteristics

BIBLIOGRAPHY

36

1

4445-.4

ii

ii-


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ULFOF

TONK/N

T H A I L A N D

*Pl.iku

GU

0

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POWER PLANTS ANDPORTS

FRENCHI NDO-CHINA

_ _~_ CI


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1-

.I. EECTIITY, GAS, WARA D SEWAGEA. Electric Power

1. History, Ownershp and Organization: The first electric projectin French Indochina was initiated at Haiphong when Messrs. Hermenier andPlante contracted on Aril 12, 1892to furnish power to that city. Thecontract exempted the Government from responsibility for all accidentscaused by electricity. The Government was obviously. desirous of encourag-ing the project but appears to have been dubious of its success. Only asmall part of Haiphong was covered by the original project, i. e., chieflythe streets which had canals and were the main thoroughfares in that pre-motor age. .Ourrent was supplied only from twilight to dawn in winter, butthroughout the 24-hours during the hot season.

On December 6 of that year (1892) the same company undertook to lighta portion of Hanoi. The plant was built close to the Petit Lac and-atfirst it lighted only that exclusive residential area. Both projects weresuccessful and the Government lent its encouragement to expansion. Thefollowing survey is a free translation of an article "L':]Electrification duTonkin" by P. Drouin, appearing in the :Buletin Economique de lIndochine,in 1938:

"The setup of the new installations reauired a larger capital invest-ment than was believed necessary by the pioneers, and the company ofHerxenier and Plante was recognized as a joint stock company. under thname of 'Societe Indochinoise d.Electricitel which took over operatioand properties by. Government decree of January 15, 1903."While electrical distribution in Hanoi and Haiphong was being develo

rapidly, the electric lighting of other centers of Tonkin was undertakenonly with some delay by the Societe Indochinoise dlectricite, by the

-


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-2-and in some cases by local enterprise.

"Prior to the war of 1914-18 the feasibility of trying to supply elec-to urban centers had been demonstrated, but it still seemed pre-

and risky to install a network of high-tension lines, particularlyas there were insufficient highways to facilitate maintenance of such anetwork.

"After the war investigations were made concerning the supply ofelectricity to new centers, and the first transmission line for publicdistribution was that from Hanoi to Ha Dong which was opened in 1923 withthree-phase current of 34 cycles and 3300 volts. The frequency was de-termined by the necessity of conforming to that of the radio electriccenter at Bach-Mai which at that time was using high-frequency alternators.In 1924-1926 work was started on the construction of high-tension linesfrom Haiphong to Kienan and Doson, the electrification of Namdinh and thesetting up of electric systems by the local governments of Haiduong, Yenbayand Laokay. The center of Quang-Yen was hooked to the neighboring centerof the Societe Miniere et Metallurgique. Since then it seemed desirableto electrify the entire delta and not to confine distribution to a fewprivileged centers. By contract of November 24, 1930, the Societe Indo-chinoise d'Electricite undertook to electrify, according to a well definedprogram, every town in the Tonkin Delta by means of high-tension powerlines, while setting up at Hanoi a modern central plant capable of fill ingall requirements. (See pictures on following pages).

"Thus the Tonkin Delta is supplied by a large network, while certaincenters in Upper Tonkin have been electri.ied by the Government by means

' ! ' j R H ^ X '


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CENTRALE DE HANOIVu e prise du cote de la Salle des Machines.


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'1 , &

CENTR A LE DE HANOIVue prise du cote de la manutention mecanique des combustibles.


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-5-of small local power plants when it was not feasible to connect themwith the main system. We can therefore say that Tonkin now is pro-vided with a well-developed system of energy distribution.

"A special automatic regulation apparatus permits the maintenanceof constant tension on the lines outside Upper Tonkin, and boostingtransformers are provided with commutators automatically operated byservice motors ( servo-moteurs') '.as the needs require. Radio electricconnections on short ,wave lengths have now been established to assureall means necessary for exploitation with maximum security and speed.(See pictures of power lines on following pages).

"In addition to the accomplishments of the Societe Indochinoisedt ~lectricite which serves a great majority of electrified centers wemust not neglect the effort which has been made by the administrationas well as by private enterprise to electrify the principal centers ofthe distant provinces (districts). We have already mentioned the in-stallations of Yenbay, LaoLay and Qytang-Yen. We must add the stationof Chapa (used in the summer only) and Lai-Chau, Bac-Iaen, Ha Giang andHoa-Binh which are served by Government plants, while Langson is servedby the Societe d'Charbonnages du Tonkin and Moncay, and Canbang byother private enterprises.

Akn effort has been made to standardize the types of current andall centers listed on Chart No. 1 (See pages 9 and 10) are served bythree-phase, alternating current, 120/208 volts, 50 cycles with theexception of Laokay' nd Hoa-hi.

"Electrical energy is mostly used for lighting, ventilation and


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ITraversee du Fleuve, Rouge ATin-D& sur pyl~nes de 6o mttres.

II


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Liane de Bac-Ninh -- Sectionneur aerien.


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domestic purposes. It has not yet been sufficiently developed in Ton-ktin to serve as large and intensive a market as in France. We 'may men-tion among the most widely used appliances those which lessen the se-verity of the colonial climate and, in particular, electric fans. Inthe area served by the Societe Indochinoise d'Electricite the numberof fans is more than 26,500, of which 16,800 are the ceiling type. Theuse of household refrigerators in'creased from about 500 at the begin-ning of 1937 to 829 in 1938,

"Moreover it is thought that when air-conditioning eauipment isavailable at a reasonable price it will find a demand, and will providethe much desired amelioration of conditions of life in the hot, humidclimate. .. ....... Finally, the industrial utilization of electricitywhile not comparable to ,that in sections of the Metropole are not in-considerable and appear to be increasing.

"Conclusions: In view of the progress made in its electrificationTokrin has at present a distributing center of greater capacity than isrequired and this will permit the installation of extensions and pro-vide for an important increase in electrical consumption. Favorablelegislation has. permitted the decrease of the price of electricity toa moderate rate, particularly in Hanoi and. Haiohong where low-tensionrates are smaller than in most cities of France, Algiers and the otherFrench colonies.

"Finally, the development of electrical resources provid.es an im -portant element of comfort to x rop ean and native populationswhile providing the means of supplying new industries in: the fAiture. U


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TOflKiM CEflTRE/ ELECTRiriE/N 4 ,, CAPT~nio

TCHEOuCHA PA

D;E1WOEN PHlU0SON LA

06 *

CAT 84

t=-

4=-*4 44

LEGENDE*Centare C/ecr'fid pa.. /a S.LE

* Centre. elecfif/eapar I 4dminsraf/efo Ccntre. a/eclr;f,.5 par O'iverJesnirepr4CCsrveo Centres non /cife


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TAN'-DAO

Co6snesmergenceA PoI atLitMPHU-THO FAUX /0K

ViWne-YENPflUC-YEfl

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PONPAGE PHU-XA

AWA~~~iBARAG DAYCAPoeTN500 KWI

V

AlA

A

---------------

THAI-NIGUYEN/IIhEMA ELECTRIQUE ET CAPA&CiTE( PeTRAfl/PORT

Pu hEEI Pu DELTA wu lOflKif

CALRTE ri2 21000 KW

PHU-LANfG-THLJOMG

THi-CAU -~-Lo

CENTRALE HANOi

GiA-LAMAEAOPOPT DE GIA-LAN

EA HAIDUONAVIA77oIf BACH-HAl

HU(1G YEN

LEGEMDEJCenkrokesPoste e~/voteur 6600/30ooo" LuonG-CO P/tU-LY 4000(WPoste de coupure et de fronsforrotonIPosted obaMsaeur6 450oo/66o0/208 -120' r1000 KW l iHH-GIAMlGfoates abodsseurs 30ooo/660 2 8 -ao2100WPostes o6 ,seurs 30000/208- ,20' II- BiHH NAMf-DIIIPoster abaL 6eurs 6600/208- 120o" 1000KW . A __ A--Li~nes de 45000 vo/ts M**~o 1 ( . THA/-BitHL;3 nes de 60000 vo/s -Ccbles .Soulerroinsde 66oo vo/fs Gore AJL Tibunol3ec/;ner a'~~ .FA.. E..j_. tf.A.c.o.T.0.Troversees de cours deou 1.0.C.O.N. A... CoI@nnjre

D-CAU

DOrIG-rR;EU

1.F. C..

Jit Dill CJMEnTIHA/PHOYG A- CENTRALE

1. .E.LACK -TRAY-.I 400KW

FJEN -A MG r n O e\ A Gnd /IerIWRea~denc.DO-ION Pao~odan\.& Bolte

AC N


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- 11 -

2. Government Policy: From the foregoing description it is evi-.dent that th e Government of Indochina an d th e various local adinistra-

t ions have played a leading role in the development of electrical re-__sources, but that they entered directly into the production and dis -tribution of energy only when private enterprise was no t available. Itis evident that private companies have been regulated probably in a

manner similar to th e regulat ions in Western countries.3. Location any? Capcity of C he Plants: Chart No. 1 shows th e

location of. th e various electric generating plants, while Chart No, 2on the Opposite page, describes th e power lines in th e Tonkin Delta.The only other largeecale electrical development is that of Cochinchina,

the country1 s largest generating plant being located on the boundary

between Cholon and Saigon. This plant belongs to L'nergie Electrique

Indochinoise, th e company which suuplies power to th e tramweys and

telegraph company, and to the Compa nie des Eaux et d'l lectricite. The

latter company has a network of lines covering Saigon, Cholon and such

suburbs as Bienhoa and T1rdaumot, It also has a medium-sized plant of

its own, but appears to receive most of its energy from L'."nergieElectrique Indochinoise . A third company, Societie Coloniale dlclairage

et d{Energie, has Diesel generating plants with which it supplies Vinh-long, Sadec, and Travinh. It has a medium-sized Diesel generator atCantho, from which power is distributed to Soc Trang, Bac-Lieu, Long-xuyen and Chaudoc. The fourth of the large companies operating inCochinchina is th e Union lectri-que d'Indochine, which supplies Cap St.Jacques, Mytho and Ben Tre.


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- 12 -In Cambodia the Compagnie des Eaux e t Electriclte dlndochine,

which plays a leading role in th e Saigon metropolitan area, has a Dieselstation at Pnom Penh while Zaxpot, Siem Reap, Angkor, Battambang, and

Kratie are supplied by gas or Diesel plants of th e Union Electriqued' Indo chine.

The Comagnie des Eaux et Electricite d*Indochine operates aDiesel-powered generator at th e Hill Station at Dalat. The SocieteIndochinoise Pour Le8 Eaux et l'Electricite en Annam has independentgas or Diesel-engine generators at Nhatrang, Qjinhon, P'aifoo, Tourane,Hue, Qangtri, Samson, Dlonghoi an d Thanh Hoa. The Union Electriqued'Indochine supplies Phanthiet , while Banmetiniot is served by a Gov-erment plant .

Appendix A - "Power Plants in Prench Indochina," 'is taken from aconsular report and summarizes th e situation as of mid-1939. The mapat th e front of this section locates th e cities and. towns mentionedin th e table.

It will be noted that two chief plants in th e Tonkin Delta pro-ducing electricity for sale to the public are those at Hanoi andHaiphong. The former is th e more important and carries the load for

th e entire system most of th e time. The Haiphong plant , however,operates while th e Hanoi plant is laid up for repairs or for otherreasons.

Although the Hongay power station off th e Tonkin Coal Company, wasformerly believed to have had only four generators with a capacity of1,250. kilowatts each, more recent information suggests th e possiblift,


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13 -of a total capacity of 15,000 kilowatts. In any case, American bombingattacks appear to have destroyed the plant, or at least to have greatlyreduced its scale of operations.

The Haiphong commercial plant was reportedly of 5,500 kilowattscapacity, and is located about three miles from toun, on the same sideof the river. It is described as' having four boilers, three generatorsof two different sizes, oil-cooled transformers and distribution boards.It used coal from, the nearby fields. The Haiphong cement plant had alarger power plant, with two 5,000 kilowatt turbo-aiternataors and one of2,200 kilowatt capacity. It supplied current for the works and also forthe nearby employee village.

4. Industrial and Domestic Consuntirtion Statistics: It is impos-sible to list consumption statistics relating to the private industrialplants, such as those which belong to the coal and other mineral-pro-ducing companies, the cement factory at Haiphong, the match factory atVinh, etc. Table No. 1 shows consumption of electrical energy by politi'.cal subdivisions insofar as statistics are available. It must be mnder-.stood, however, to relate almost entirely to companies serving the pub-lic. Table No. 2 gives a breakdown for the four chief cities, Table No.3 breaks down distribution according to chief uses by the public. Itwas thought that about 10,000,000 kilowatt hours of electric energy wasused in 1937 for pumping water, nostly in comnection with agriculturalproducts. Table No. 4 shows the number of consumers of electricity inthe .statles other than Cochinchina and in the four chief cities. It willbe noted that Saigon-Oholon consumed a large portion of the total enerf


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6bJ4.

exceeding even the consumption of the whole of. Tonkin. Some samplerates' in 193? are given in Table No. 5 (the piastre at that time wasvalued at 40 cents).


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Table No. 1Consumption of Electrical Energy by Political Subdivisions

(In 1,000 kilowatt hours)Cochind

.anxam Cambodia china3,1453,6233,9323,7233,5903,7604,0524,2704,773

4,4694-,6954,8444,7123,92314,0234,41444,7865, 633

24,83128 , 87127,07026,29324,20923,26125,02027,25731,094

All ofLndo-

Laos Tcnkin China260261314341370413503564

11,70412,85912,69111,70212,15412,35913,32415,02616,290

44,40950,30948,82546,744421743,77347,22351,84258,354

Table lb, 2

Consumption ofElcrical Energ-b Princip.al Cities(In 1,000 kilowatt hours)

Saigon.Cholon21,17225,15523, 56L22,9-520,96720,30521,8-9523,56926, 616

Hanoi

6,2316,5166,4;216,,5426,2216, 5377,2037,633

Haiphong3 ,9444,0913,6583,2543,4333, 7023,5193,6744,146

Year

1929193019311.93219331934193519361937

Year19291930193119321933'19341935x.9361937

P omPenh

3,4{323,6403,6343,6763,0503,0983,4153,7044,350

Offam


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lightinGerent buildingsPriatebuilding a f

2/'g a , ,,,

railway systems ~stations ~

n,7lt

4974679206

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Table No , 3Uses of E1ectrica1 Ourrent, 1934 to 1937

(In thousands of kilowatt hours)937 1936

tota Amount total. u918 5 294 10,2 49 91'8,1

29,552a 6

100,00

2, 910880

159945

51p~842

814110 850,6

100,00

29784811

149950

47,227

6 10,4

8 6

4914100-00

39078551

4,648 1016

149 239

439775

81

48~2100.=0

3,227495

Includes energ supplied gratis for lighting in power stations themselves and in their affiliates.~/Includes energy used for domestic appliances and for industrial' purposes. mainly ice manufacturing,in the affiliates of the power companies.~/Detail of Power"O above,

II-J --I'


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IT7

Table No. 4Aver ae Consumer and Per Capita Consumtion ofE~lectrical Energy in 1937

Political Consumption perSubdivisions private consumer

Number ofinhabitants(~thousands)

Consumption for light-ing (includeing streetlighting) and house-hold appliances.Lightingand fans(in kilovatt hr.)

AnnamCambodiaCo chinchinaLaosTonkin

198369393168311

House-hold ap-.pliancein IV. Hr.679667660915

Total con-sumptionthousandof KW. Hr.

5,6563,0464,6161,0128.700

2,7303,05513,02537010.067

Per capitaonisumptionkilowatthours0.481.002.820.37

Average F1e1cIndochina 335 :748 23,030 29,247 1.27Principal CitiesSaigon- ObolonHanoiHaiphongPnom Penh.

499400490506

665920899667

25615371103

10,0235,691.2,2132,339

39.137.231.222.7

a s


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T',ble No. 5

Price at Which L1ectric Zner~ was Sold. to the Pulcin 1937,(In ho.ndredths of 'a piastre per kilowatt hour)Lighting Low Ten- Household

City and Panis sion Power A~pliancesSaigona-Oholon 17 7 - 9 10Hanoi 16 8 -13 8.83Haiphong 14 7.-11 10- 12PnomnPenh 14.3 7.-9 11N di h212Tonkinelta Towns 30 12-Ohapa 30 -22Vint -Benteri 27.2 9 12Dalat 25 12 14Vientiane 28 15 -..


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-19 -

5. Current Cbaracterist ics: Appendix B from th e 1939 consularreport , which serves as a basis of most information available in Wash-ngtons sets forth 'the characteristics of th e current supplied by th edifferent plants an d also th e ownership of each plant. It will benoted that th e great majority o f th e plants are alternating current ,three-phase and 50. cycles, some supplying current of 220 or 250 volts,but the majority are listed as 120/220 or 120/210, etc. Gas and Dieselengines predominate although the more important plants are powered by

steam. Information as to type of equipment (other than that given atth e beginning of this section), standby and reserve plants, financialresults and labor problems are not available.

6. Electrical Development since Japanese Occu ation: Some reportssuggest the probabil i ty of an electricity shortage in Cochinchina sinceth e main plants were steam-operated, burning coal from Tonkin. It isthought that th e current Japanese shipping shortage plus the overworkedcondition of th e railway line made it difficult to supply th e requiredquanti ty of coal, Many decrees have reportedly been made requiring con-servation of electricity, an d an official Japnese broadcast on April 4,1943 stated that:

"....economy in th e consumption of electric power is being strictlypracticed in the Saigon Area. The citizens in general are closelycooperating in economizing on electric consumption by realizingth e existing situation. The number of shops open at night hasbeen considerably reduced and th e number of french people who

waste electricity by spending their time drinking and making merrylate into th e night has been drastically curtai led.


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- 20 -

Another indication of th e shortege of electricity in the Saigonarea is the reported considerable increase in price. Some Diesel plantshave reportedly been converted to producer gas but information is notavailable as to the extent of this practice or its degree of success.Tfhere is some information to suggest either th e construction of newelectric plants by th e Japanese or th e extensive repair of existingplants with' th e aid of electrical equipment imported from Japan.


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w 21

3. Gas Plants, "Water Works and Sewage DisposalSo far as is known there are no gas plants in Indochina which

supply th e public, although a few electric plants use "producer gas"for fuel.

Medical authorities consider the water supply of most Indochinesecities unsuitable for drinking without boil ing. An exception wasHaiphong, which was supplied from a river in nearby hills through a12-mile pipel ine. Settling basins, slow sand filters and chlorinatingequipment combined to supply excellent water. Ships in the harbor couldbe supplied from a number of wells. It was high in iron an d bicarbo-nate of lime but had no sulphates or phosphates. It was aerated andfiltered after th e removal of iron. In other cities such as PnomPenh, river water was fully t reated before use. The hill station ofDalat had a good water supply, and there as in several other cities th eInstitute Pasteuxr maintained a water- tes t ing service which has receivedhigh praise

There is a complete absence of detai led information regardingsewage disposal facilities. One authority states that there are nomodern sewage disposal plants. However, Americans who have been in

Indochina as late as 1942 report the presence of all ordinary plumb-in g facilities in the leading hotels an d other public buildings ofSaigon, Hanoi and Haiphong. In many urban areas of Indochina, as inOriental cities generally, the, usual night soil removal service ismaintained by coolies with carts an d boats. As in China, th e producthas a widespread use as fertilizer. The absence of data. from villages


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- 22_-and nural areas suggests the absence also of any system of sewage dis-posal---with a corresponding menace to health.


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- 23 -

II. ]J0CS. HARBORS BASES AN"D AIPS TO SIPPI.Nearly all Indochina's ocean.-borne traffic passes across the docks

of Saigon, Haiphong and the coal-*shipping ports in the Hongay region.These ports had modern docks and equipment at the outbreak of war, withthe necessary buoys, lights and lighthouses, and the following descrip-tion is offered of the facilities in the leading ports and several ofthe minor ports. Some minor anchorages have been omitted,A. Sago Choion.

Situated on the west bank of the Saigon River, 53 miles from thesea, at 100 46' N, 060 42' B, this outstanding port has a docking areawhich stretches along the river for '34miles. Population in 1940 wasestimated at 336,000. Saigon is the center of rail, road, air and canaltraffic, and some governmental functions have reportedly been transferredthence from Hanoi.

The commercial port, extending to about the middle of the Saigonwaterfront, includes a number of canals, the most famous being the ArroyoOhinois. The Canal de Derivation and the Canal de Doublement have beendug in recent years, to supplement the Arroyo Chinois, and they are ableto take vessels of greater draft.

The river channel has a minimum of 191 feet in depth at low water.It is 492 feet wide at the narrowest place, and vessels up to 30 feetdraft have visited Saigon. The maximum length, from the standpoint ofturning, is estimated as 656 feet. There are two. turning points---oneopposite the entrance to the Arroyo Ciinois and the other above thenaval port, which borders the commercial port on the north. Tidal


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1I I6 2' - 4-

P OR T O FS A IGONFrom a French chart of 1933

Ca* wdra1 JLL. to 46 ' e4 2N.(SW.spire) 1,g.O641139.lE.SSOUNDINGS IN FATHOMS

Natural) Scale 1:25,000

VARITION... 1.%0,C(g935)1NCRKASIN..,.... I ANNUALLY

68 7 6,1

"..6~ ~ 41 8AJ .,.6 1 M 7S ..........31

Nautala Mile


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25

currents sweep the river free of mud without the necessity of dredg-ing.

The chief docks arc the euai d'Yser or the Xhanh Hoi Wharves,on the right bank of the river, a short distance below the ArroycChinois. They are 3386 feet long, with a depth alongside of 17 to26J feet. The apron width is 115 feet. There are six electric trave.ling cranes of l tons capacity, pius a mobile four-ton crane steam-operated. There are ample rail connections. Capacity is estimated at85,000 tons per mnensem, on the basis of an eight hour day. Most in-coming cargo passed over these wharves. Observers believe the Japan..ese unloaded much more cargo than this during the height of theiroccupation operations, but of course they did not limit their activi-ties by an eight hour day-. There were eleven one-story steel-framedwarehouses, situated about 115 feet from the wharfside, prior to thewar. Each one was 270 by 135 feet, gross area being 400,000 squareft. Refrigeration facilities were available-, It is believed thatthatched warehouses are now available, in addition to the permanentones.

Next in importance is the wharf of the Messageries aritimes,leading wrench steamship line. It is situated between the .rroyoChinois and the Khanh Hoi Wharves. It is 1411 feet 'long, with anapron width of 160 feet, and the water alongside is 29 to 32 feetdeep. It apparently was used more as a passenger station than forfreight, as it appears to have had only hand trucks, instead oftraveling cranes such as its larger neighbor possessed. It had rail


35/59

-26-

connections and its capacity, on the basis of an eight hour day was

estimated at 35,000 tons per mensem,. Lice all the other wharves it.

was electrically l ighted and had power connections. It had considerablewarehouse space, but details are not available.

The Canton Wharf and the Charner Wharf were close to the main partof Saigon, being north of th e Arroyo Chinois. Some maps show them as" -i e Myers de iliers" and "Quafi do l 'Argonne," respectively. Theyare of much less importance than th e Khanh Hoi and Messageries Maritime.wharves, and are rather on th e order of first class river steamer land=.-.ings. The Canton wharf is reported as being 135 feet long, with a 35foot apron and 22 feet of water alongside. It had a railway track andonc- 1 to n hand--operated derrick. Capacity was estimated at 3,500 tonsper mensem, on th e basis mentioned above. The Charner Wharf is 215 feetlong with a 35 foot apron and 17.22, oot depths alongside. Capacity wassaid to be 3,000 tons per mensem.

There were minor wharves above th e naval port , on th e right bank ofth e r iver, and a number of ferry landings near the Charner Wharf, Like-wise th e left bank of th e river was lined with minor wharves, many ofthem belonging to r ice m ills an d other private establ ishments. A lead-in g coal bunkering station was on th e left bankr, about a mile above th eArroyo Chinois, (i. e, opposite th e naval arsenal). There were ware-mhouses at many of these minor wharves, and th e ?4ssageries lluviales,leading river steamship line, had several warehouses at its terminal

on th e left bank.. The Compagnie do Commerce et de Navigation d.'xtremeOrient had 4 warehouses about 1700 feet below the Canal de Derivation

-- :P:'*~ rai


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- 27 -

with a gross floor area of about 60,000 sq. ft. The oStandard, Shelland Texas oil companies had tank farms at a1be, below Saigon, andminor storage facilities in the port. There were numerous minorwarehouses along the c s,

The naval port, with its arsenal, occupies most of the area betweenth e Arroyo de lVAvalanche, at th e north of th e business d1strict and. theStatue of Genouilly, It had a steam plant, using oil for fuel and pro-ducing electricity. About 3,000 workers were employed in its machineshop, foundry, forge shop, boiler, shop, structural shop and boat andwoodworking shop. It could accomodate vessels up to 10,00 tons draft.

The Port Authority operated a 50-ton floating crane, while the-naval arsenal had a 70 ton f loating crane. Both th e Forges Ateliers athantiers d'Indochine and the ?essageries Pluviales had marine repairfacilities. The ,former had its chief works in th e Khanh Hot area, andbuilt barges and minor naval craft. Its machine shops could carry outforgings and castings. The Societe de Constructions de Levallois-Perrethad a machine shop on the Arroyo Chinois at which steel barges could beconstructed, and Andre Grillet reportedly had a shop fo r ship repair butits exact location or specifications are not known,

The Port Administrative Council had 114 steel lighters which wereleased to a private firm. Their capacit ies were 50 to 150 tons, witha grand total of about 15,000 tons, The port 's 600 junks, which helpedhandle cargo, had an estimated total capacity of 60,000 tons. Water,barges were. numerous. Two floating pumps had P capaity of 600 cubic

meters each an d were driven by oil engines,


37/59

-'28-

There were several small floating dry docks. Lloyds Register ofShipping, Volume 2, 19 337, gives the following particulars for thegovernmen .owned drydocke of Saigon,

Table Nohoe 21rrydock o Saitmon

Type Bw a 'ftin~L~glpr~48Pow

Dry 493 1'" 62' 6" 30'Sall dry frgunboats 223' 1" 25' 6" 12'

Floating 164' --- --- 350 tonsSlips 1,3,4 108' 2"2/ ---. 18 tonsSlip 2 19?' 8" -- -- _ 40 tonsfj Presumably 108' 2" each, Lengths of cradle---32' 10".

Saigon has numerous mooring buoys, the total mooring and berthingspace being adequate for 40 to 50 large vessels. There were six tugs,the largest having a horsepower of 300. Signal stations at 'ap St.Jacques and Ehabe communicated with approaching ships.

The foregoing information related to the premvew period. It isalmost certainly inadequate as . description of the present situation.The Japanese are believed to be storing at least 400,000 tons of ricein end around the Saigon-Cholon area. There is conclusive evidencethat they are building numerous new warehouses in this area. News-papers published in french Indochina late in 1943 reported the cornsmencement of the contraction of an important auxiliary port at Nbabebetween Saigon and the sea, It will be noted that there are- umerous


38/59

29 -

petroleum storage tanks at Nhabe already. xtending from Pointe duiLazaret to Pointe di Yeu Rouge---a distance of about eight kilometers,the port is to be on both sides of the Rach Doi River, and a canal isreportedly to be dug which will connect that river with Cholon. Thelower part of the harbor is to consist of o il storage depots in expan-sion of the Texaco, Standard and Shell facilities already there, Thenorthern part of the harbor will contain docks and warehouses for therice and rubber for export as well as the cement, coal and phosphatesto be imported from Tonk~in.

The swamp land in the vicinity is reportedly being reclaimed andthe road to Saigon is being improved.B ph~on

Located at 20 52' N, 106 41' E, n the southern bank of the CuaCam, a mouth of the Thai Binh in the northern Tonkin Delta, Haiphongis about 16 miles from the Gulf of Tonkin. It has edequate connectionsby inland waterway with the chief towns of the delta, and is the termi-nus of the Haiphong-Kunming (now Haiphong.Laokay) Railway. It also hasexcellent highway connections with Hanoi and the other leading towns ofTonkin. The port is about 4 miles long and about 800 feet in width.

The main entrance to the port is through the Kuo Nam Trieu, amouth of the Song Bach Dang, then through the Maritime Canal, abouta mile long with a bottom width of 131 feet to the Cua Cam about 4miles below the city. The Maritime Canal has a minimum depth of 25& feet,but bars in other parts of the route are only 18 to 20 feet below thesurface, even when dredging is kep up . Dredging ordinarily stops during


39/59

i0640' 41' 2 53'53'

Luo ilnl~n ftZlGpta3JeK6amo- ms4C)~~~~A FR 5$52W~

Asa1. I .... G4 It3L or n 2; .&.344

2d d'~ep 21 2j * . . .r ... 6 5i f .4}' 4 4 . LFdMorn

2 31G 444 'c #;:. buy 2 ....

31' 22\ 313 I

4 d J 3 ' oga o.5


40/59

301

the soutiwest G osoomNuercous buoys markedt the northeastern side of the Kuo Nazi Trieu

sntrance,, and pil.ot were taken on at te Hn i i station, where therei s a li t use T re is good ancorage in this region, but the PrenchprohiUbited anchorag in the river and the ca e1, There were 10 berthsat mooring buoys on the left bank of the Cm opposite Haiphong,tw of thens (co pay t re) having been at te naval anchorage ip-1stream,

Tba Commercial wharf occupied about 2,980 of the 3500-odd feet ofbcrt at the docks. Its widths were 30 to 56 feet, and it was con'-nected with the q~uay by 14 bridges, each about 50 feet long and 25 feetwide,

The Transit Wharf, downstream from the Commercial Wharf, was madeof reinforced concrete, 425 feet long by 26 feet wide, being connectedwith the quay by 3 footbridges 64 feet long and 20 feet wide, It wasused by large ships. Depths alongide e the main berths varied from 16to 26 feet. The Hospital Wharf, above the Commercial Wharf, is. -shaped,,measures 150 feet (one report says 100 feet) by 26 feet, and was usedby small ships. Depth alongside is 15 feet, A network of meteruguarailway lines connects the docks wigththe numerous warehouses. Thefour chief transit sheds are said to have a floor space of 64,500,square feet Total covered warehouse space is estimated at 60,000 squaremeters, There are more than 40 acres of-open storage platform for ores,metals, etc,

Haiphong is the chief shipping center for practically all ores pro-


41/59

32 -

duced in the country except coal. An electric crane lifting 20 tons is(or was) on the main wharf. Six smaller electric cranes have l1 tonscapacity each. In addition, several steam and handsoperated cranes liftfrom one to five tons each. On the basis of an 8-hour day the port'scapacity was said to have been 94,900 tons monthly. Bombing attackshave almost certainly lowered this capacity considerably.

The Societe Anonyme des Constructions Mecaniques owns two steelfloating docks, described as 54 feet wide and 9 feet deep, one being 200feet long and the other 108 feet. Their lifting capacities are, listedby Lloyd's Register of Shipping as 1800 and 700 tons respectively. Theycan be coupled together. The Societe des Ateliers Maritimes has a float-ing dry dock over 300 feet long by 38 feet wide, lifting 2,000 tons.Both companies were fitted to perform repair jobs on the largest steam-ers calling at the port, and the Societe d'Oxygene et Acetylene d'ixtremeOrients formerly did welding and furnished welding supplies.

Miscellaneous equipment of the port included:4 floa.ting dredges

30 lighters of 100-200 tons capacity each7 steam lighters with 7,000 to 9,000 cubic feet capacity3 water barges3 dump barges with 3,500 to 7,000 cubic feet capacity4 coal barges2 barges for lifting anchors2 launches4 tugs.

G. Ho. _ .Indochina's chief coal shipping'port is situated a. few miles east

of Haiphong, along the northern shore of the picturesque Bais d'Along,at the eastern side of the Cua Iac entrance to Hongay Bay. Its longi-


42/59

- 33 -

tude is 107 04' E, an d its latitude 20 57' N.The Tonkin Coal Company owns the pier, which is 262 feet long

and 23 feet wide. Its two quays are 230 and 262 feet in length, respect-ively, with a depth alongside of 24 feet, capable of taking steamersup to six or seven thousand tons. A seawall protects the port fromthe southwest monsoon. The pier and quays are connected with thecoal mining area by a company-owned railroad. Hongay is connected byhighway with the chief towns of Tonkin.

The channels of approach are 15 feet in minimum depth, except fora bar with a minimum depth of 12 feet, according to one report, butanother report states that dredging has maintained a minimum depth of16 feet. There are numerous buoys and lights.

North of Hongay on the same bay is Port Courbet, which is report-edly being developed into a first-class port by the Japanese, in viewof the difficulty of making use of Haiphong under war conditions. PortCourbet is approached by an entrance 400 yards wide with depths of 6 to11 fathoms. In the pre-war period Port Courbet had two mooring buoysand two aircraft mooring buoys.

Hongay had a 60-ton floating crane and seven traveling electricgantry cranes, each of six or seven tons capacity. Coal was storedin large open areas. There were two marine railways, a repair shopwith forges, plus foundries and fitting shops. Divers were avail-able, and also lighterage. was estimated at 17,000 tonsmonthly on the basis of an 8-hour day.

slow


43/59

- 34 -

COAL. PORTS OF WCNKIN

G1.1W suum

Siz

Xll0 13 iS

183 14 g1m

13 13

16 1L6 14 1414 n.m .. b

1614 16

11 iS 156

S16 17I.

'mjis.38

s m

s15

10,," 10 A0 "w*it (e 7 7m i isi

16J

16 16g 14

is

as 1

All17

IS a. ab

,j/ 8 mt 8 9

8

26 a.m4'n

12 14

loomm-


44/59

- 35 -

D. CamNa.A few miles east of Hongay, opposite the important island of Kebao

is the kport of Campha, the second most important coal shipping port,located at 21 2'N, 107 22' E., at the entrance to the Tienyen Channel.The best coal mines are about 5 miles southwest at Campha AMines, andsmall vessels can also call there. Rail lines lead from the docks toth e surrounding coal mining areas, and according to one report theyconnect with the Hongay system which the Japanese propose to connectwith the Haiphong-Laokay line at Haiduong. There are highway connectionswith the rest of Tonkin.

The coaling wharf is 985 feet long, according to "Sailing Directionsfor the Western Shores of th e China Sea", 1937 edition. The depthalongside is given as a minimum of 26 feet. The wharf is approachedby a 27 foot channel via Laperouse Pass and Casque Pass to the Soane

Channel. Anchorage is adequate for vessels not over 165 feet in length,but strong currents make anchorage inadvisable.

There are four large cranes each able to load 125 tons of coal perhour, plus electric bridge cranes, traveling on special tracks, parallelto the two railway lines which circle the wharf area, and upon whichone-way traffic is the rule. In addition there is a steam revolvingself-propelled crane of one-half ton capacity.

Electric current is piped from Hongay via steel lattice high-tensionwires. Water is piped to the wharf, but is not considered drinkablewithout boiling.E. Port Redon.

The third in importance among the coal-shipping ports is on theleft bank of the Song Bach Dang, a 4.ti almost due north of


45/59

36

Haiphong, at 200 59' ,1060 46 ' 3, The entrance is through the Kua Hamrieu, as fo r Haiphong. It is th e shipping point fo r the Dong Trieu CoalCompany, which produced about 22 percent. of th e country 's coal, againstseventy percent fo r th e Tonkin Coal Company. There are railway connec-tions with th e Clotilde Louise Mines of Uong :31, 11.8 miles north, an dalso with nearby Helene and Francoise mines,

Vessels of 21 foot draft can reach Port Redon at all times, andvessels of 26 to 28 foot draft during high water, the shallowest waterbetween the Maritime Canal (where th e route separates from that to Hai-phong) and Por t Redon being 60 to 12 feet at low water. There are numer-ous beacons and buoys to facilitate navigation.

Information supplied by the U. 8. Bureau of Mines from a 1933 reportof th e Association des Mines du Tonkin is that :

"There are six bins with a maximwn capacity of 200 tons each alongboth sides of th e wharf which is 48 meters long. These boats aregenerally loaded by turning over cars onto inclined plate. on whichthe breakage of the, coal is believed to be not too great. Forth e anthraci te of th e French grade which breaks up badly into fines,th e loading is accomplished by using baskets. Coal of ordinarygrade can be loaded to the extent of 1500 tons per day or 1000tons fo r French grade. At Port Redon there is astockyard whichcan accommodate 200,000 tons. The Por t also has four movablescreens which can treat each te n tons of coal per hour. It alsohas a crusher. The water for the port is brought in 15 tank cars'of 15 tons capacity each day."

1. Port Wallut.Port Wallut, at 210 i2'B, 1070 34' E is on ' the northwest side of

Kebao Island, near Campha, and was engaged in the export of coal fo rthe Tonkin Coal Company. There is a stone-faced quay with 197 feet ofberthing space, depth alongside being 26 feet. A railway l ine connectsit with nearby mines. It is believed that there was a traveling gantry


46/59

- 37 -

crane of unknown capacity. The coal company had two divers and a work-shop for ordinary ship repairs. Capacity vas said to have been 6,000tons a month, working 8 hours a day.

The only other port to engage regularly in foreign trade was Touraneon the Annam coast a little north of the mid-point between Haiphong andSaigon, Its importance, compared to that of its two chief rivals, wasvery slight, It. location is 160 04' N, 1080 13' E, n the west bankof the Tourane River, as it empties into Tourano 3 , It is on the mainrail and highway lines. The channel is dredged and protected by a dike.Anchorage is sufficient for 100 vessels. There are several sall T- headwharves for handling cargoes from lighters, but no docking facilitiesfo r large vessels. There is an unconfirmed report of the building of newdocks at Tourane since the outbreak of war. The following AssociatedPress dispatch dated Chungking, February 27, 1944 suggests that there arenew developments of military significance at Tourane:

"At Tourance Mitchells demolished five warehouses tand four' railroadbuildings, damaged docks and sank a 1000 ton vessel and a launch."

The same report which mentioned the building of docks also mentioned theconstruction of terminal rail facilities, and it is believed that Touraneis a port of transhiptent for goods between Tonkin and Cochinchina. Thesuggestion has been made that such goods travel by small boat to ThanhHo a and then by rail,past the most dangerous part of the coast to Tour-ane whence the water journey is resumed. In the pre-war period there w.several lighters of 45 to 100 tons capacity and small tugs for towingthem, according to "Sailing Directions." Three cranes of 1* to 5 tons


47/59

38 -

capacity were available, Monthly capacity of the port was estimatedat 3,000 tons monthly, on the basis of an eight hour day. Clearly thecapacity is much greater now If the aforementioned reports of now deve-lopments are correct. aLranh av

3angi is (or was) the only port of any importance on the shoreof this excellent nat 1 arbor, It is situated at 110 54' N and1090 08'1 on the western shore of the bay. A short branch railwayspur connected it with Nga Ba on the in line, while the MandarinRoute-the chief highway between Saigon and foi--.passed throuthe town. It was provided with a telegraph station and a small lend-ing field.

The outer part of th harbor measures about six by two and onee.half miles, with depths of 11 to 20 fathoms, while -the iunner harboris about jby 2~ iles in se with depths of five or six fathoms,The anchorage is safe at all times, and only iaring typhoons is the

aterhmain pier is in the inner harbor at the eastern entrance ofthe Bangoi River, It is 600 feet long, connected. by a 2400 foot cause-way with the mainland, Thist cause i130 feet wide, Prew-war condi'tion of the pier was very poor, It had a traveling bridge crane anda few storage sheds, but no repair facilities and no harbor craft,Two minor piers were just south of 3aisam point, about 200 yards apartat the northeastern end of the harbor, 'while another minor pier was justsouth of Pagoda Point in the eastern part of the inner harbor,


48/59

-39

There was a small diesel plant fo r the supply of power. QaboLake, not far away, had natural storage for 508,300,000 gallons offresh water, but tbere are no reports of waterworks,

Th. foregoing sketch is probably badly out of date, for therehave been nmay rumors of the construction of concrete barracks, under-a.ground fuel storage tanks, retaining walls, and a great submarine base.Confirmation is Jacking, and in an case little additional information

can be published at this time. Pre-war capacity of the port was esti-mated at 11,000 tons monthly, on the basis of an 8-hour day.

benthuy is located three miles to the east of Vinh on the Song [a,l21 miles from the Gulf of Tonkin at 180 391 N, 050 42 ' 3. It isconnected with Yinh by a branch railway line on which are the chief re-pair shops of the country and y a highway spur which meets the MandarinRout, at Vinh,

The harbor, is the estuary of the Song [a, the bar being dredgedonly to 8 feet (low water) according to some, 12 feet according to othersChennel was marked by buoys. Coastal steamers made fortnightly stops,on the Haiphong-Saigon run. There were six wharves, depths being only6* to 10 feet, only the largest having railway tracks nearby, and it isnot known if they extended onto the pier itself, Anchorage was possibleoff the west side of Hon Nieu Island, in 4 fathoms of water. Electricpower came from the 3,450 kw. genrating plant of the match factory, be-tween 3enthuy and inh, There was a small, 42-barrel oil storage tankat Yinh, and coal was available at the railway shops.. Information re-


49/59

40 -

garding warehouses and hoisting facilities is not available.j ~uibaa

quinhon, (also spelled Kwinhon) is on the middle east coast ofnnanam, at 130 46'1 1090 14' Z, and is on the main rail and high-way lines. In 1932 it reportedly had 40,000 tons of water-borne-traffic. Messageries Maritime. vessels made weekly calls. There isa narrow entrance to the harbor, but it is well marked with buoys. Itis only an anchorage, as the minimm depth of water alongside the 300-foot wharf is only six feet. Another report gives depths of 19 feetand three feet beside the two small wharves. A milemlong causeway con-nects the wharf with the mainland. Adequate lighterage was available.

On the vest side of Nhatrang 3 ay, mouth of the Song Ka, Nhatrangwas located at 12 15' N, 109 12' 3. It had no docking facilities forlarge vessels, but a small pier handled. cargo from vessels with a draftof eight feet or leos.L1 ~ie~ 3.ea

Practically all ocean traffic of southern Indochina passes throughSaigon, but Rion Bay, at 100 30' N, 1030 36' 1, on an arm of the Gulfof Thailand, provides a fair anchorage, and has a wharf with 50 footberthing space beside water of 24 foot depth. Two other wharves areaccessible to sampans only. It has highway connections with Pnom Penh.It is a fishing port, and there are many reefs and shoals nearby.

Pnom Penh, capital of Cambodia, is a very important center for inland


50/59

41

navigation, and as such is described in the Civil Affairs handbook ontransportation. Located. at 110 35' N, 1040 551 3, at the junction ofthe -Toni Sap, Mekong and Bassao Rivers, .about 170 miles from the ocean.Ocean-going vessels can ascend the river and anchor in mid-istream wherethey are served by two floating metal landing stages. There are amplequays and embankments for the use of small vessels. Pontoon landingstages accommodate small vessels. The chief stage is 120 feet by 60feet in size.: There are loading cranes, but the source of power and thecapacity are not known.N C audoc.

-Located at 100 43' N, 1050 0?' 3, Chaudoc is at the junction of theBassac and Chaudoc Rivers. It has highway connection with Pnom Penh,besides telephone and telegraph, So far as is nown only the usual river-front landing stages are available.

I~c


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-42-

III. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. PARKS AND MOIUMENTS.

MAany fine government buildings have been erected by the French atSaigon and Pnom Penh. In many cases these buildings are surrounded

broad boulevards-and handsomely landscaped parks. Statues of formerand other French officials and heroes abound in the parks of the

cities, perhaps the most conspicuous being the statue of igault deat the midst of the Saigon waterfront.

There are few monuments to national Annamese or Cambodian heroes, bute royal palaces at Hue, Pnom Penh and Luang Prabang command great respect

the people. The pagodas of the Buddhist part of the country areand any appearance of desecration would be a potential-cause

rioting. Among the Annamese, graveyards take the place of pagodas ase primary objects of veneration, and it is desirable to treat ancestral

with respect.


52/59

- 43 -APPENDIX A -PART ONEh

Poer ofElectric Generators at t emd. of 1937

Poe Plats(Kilowatts)

Tbani HonSamsondo i-xunBenthuyHatinhDong.hoiQuan-triHueTouraneIai ooQuang-ngaiThuaQuinhonTu~y.4oaSong- cau.NkaatrangPheinrangPhan ThietDalatKontuniP luBaxe hud t Total

ambodiPnomn PenhBattamibanigXampotSiemreapKorngpong-ClamTakeoSoairiengKompong ThornK atioStuxng TrengBokor.Kompong ChbnangTotal

2203973 ,450591135604342141399236441029661444228

5,1

2,132140300144280721285566384277

3,474

Saigon-bCholonM~ythoBentreBariaCap Saint JacquesCanthoTravinhSadecThhlongRachgiaGocongRation Total

VientianeLu~ang PrabangSavannakhet

Total

HaiphongLengeonMoncayLaokayCaobangHoa BinhYens-bayChapaBac-kanHa GiangLai Chia.Tuyen QuangQuansg-yen Total

(Kilowatts)26,800325

125761501, 0012016?20046048

30, 103

140703838

286

1,0005,50018864507725806026462022

21,190

Total French

P-q

Indoa.China 61,263


53/59

APP3NDIZ A *"PART. TWOProductin of B1ectr oa1 &ierv in13

Production inthousands ofkilowatt hrs

Thanh BoaSamsonHoi.ziianBenthuyHatinhDoug-hoiQuang-triHueTourane7e~ifooQueng .ngajThuxaQuinhonThy-hoaSong-canNhatrangPhanrangPhan ThietDalatKontumPleikuBanme thuo t Total

CabdaPnom PenhBattambangKampotSiernreapKompong -CharnTakeoSoairiengKompong ThomnKratieStung TrengBokorKorapong ChhnangTotal

23118'31,745982340,1,6285191249316333981029420

1976041517

6,284

5,371374284114224858775125855

16,942

Saigon-CholonM~ythoBentreBariaCap Saint JacquesCanthoTravinhSadecVinhiongflach-giaGocongRatien Total

VientianeLuang PrabangSavannakhotPakee Total

HaiphongLanguonM~oncayLaokayCaobangBoa BinhTen-bayChapaBacmkanHa Gianig.Lai ChanTuyen Qu ngQuang-yen TotalTotal, French Indo-China

Production inthousands ofloaths

34,4445222321112422,55920417022530845

39 ,092

52311094

814

20,183524262i1154

1201962444341.1760

74,739


54/59

45 rF+a

APPENDIX BCurrent Characteristics

The characteristics of the current suapplied by French Indochina,power plants, and the prime movers of the plants are as follows

ANNAOperator,of Plant Ph- Cy-cles Voltage 2Tvpe of Pla

Banmethuot Municipality AC 3 50 220 HydroSoc. IndochinoiseForestiere et desAlumettesCompagnie des Eauxet Electricitede l'IndochineGovernmentSoc. Indochinoisepour lee Eaux etl'Elec. en Annam

Government

AC 3. 50 120/208

AC

DCDC,

DC

3 50 120/210

Bulk

Diesel

to is 110 Bulk & Loca- - 220 Steam & Gas

Engine

- - 110 Semi-DieselHueoc. Indochinoisepour lee Eaux etlElec. en Annam

AC 3 50 120/200 Steam, GasEng. & DiesGovernment an - 110 Bulk

Nhatrang

Phan Thiet

Phan-rangPleikuQuang- lgaiQuang-tri

Doc. Indochinoisepour les. Eaux etV~ec en AnnamUnion ElectriqiedIndochineGovernmentGovernmentGovernment

AC 3 50 120/200 Diesel & GaEngine & Di

AC 3 50 120/200 Diesel & GaEngine- g 110 Bulk & Loca- - 110 Bulk

- 50 120/208Societe Indochinoise AC 3 50 120/200pour lee Eaux etl'Elec. en Annam

Semi-DieselDiesel

Place

Cua-Lo

Dalat

Dong-hoi,Faifoo

Ha-tinh

Kontum

Hue


55/59

- 46.Ph- Cy-

me ass 0e0Operatorof Plant"(continued)

ANNAMVolag .Ty of-Plant

Hoa

Soc. Indochinoisepour le s aux etl' Ele c. en Annam

DC

n it DCGovernment DC -Soc, Indochinoisepour Les Eaux etl'Elec. en Annam

220 Diesel & Steam

220 Semi-Diesel110 Bulk & Local

AC 3 50 120 /200 Steam &GasEngineIi Ea DC

ACGovernment

- 50

220 Steam,~-Gas Eng. &Diesel

110 Semi-Diesel120/200Soc. Forestiereet des AlumettesUnion Electriqued' ndochine.Local GovernmentCie de Su d Indo-chinoise

3 50 120/208 Steam

3 50220 Gas Engine120/208 &Diesel

-Steam

AC 3 50 110/190 Gas Engine&Diesel

UAC' 3 50 .110/190 Dieselii DO 220 Gas Eng. &

.Semi-Diesel

Penhl

ii it I

Union El.etriqued' ndochineCie des Eaux etElsc. de1' ndochine

-Bulk

DC -AC 2 50

110 Steam220 Steam &Diesel

Reap- Ci. du SudIndochinoise

AC 3 50 110/190 Diesel

t


56/59

(continued)ANNAM

Operatorof~Plant Ph- "Cy-Sass Iles Volta~ae Type of Pl

oairieng Ci.. du SudIndochinoise AC 3 50 110/190 DieselTakeo

COCHINCHINA-Bac-lieu Soc. Coloniald'Eclairage etd' EnergieBaria Union Electrique

d'IndochineBaixau

Bentre

Bien-Hoa

Cantho

Cap- St. Jacques

Chaudoc

Giadinh

La thieu

Longs'Xuysn

Soc. ColonialeEclairage etd Energie,Union Electriqued' ndochineCie des Eaux etd E ectricteSioc. ColonialsEclairage etd EnergisUnion Electriqusd'IndochineSoc.. ColonialsEclairage et.d'ne rgieCie des E ux etdEle ctric itsSoc ColonialeEclairage etd' nergieSoc. Colo iialeEclairago etdEnergieUnion Electrique

AC 3 50' 110/190AC . 3 50 . 120/210

AC 3. 50 ,115/200AC 3 50 120/210

- - 110/220

AC 3 50 120/210

Diesel.Bulk

Gas EngineBulk

Gas Engine

Bulk

AC 3 50 120/210 Diesel

220 Gas Engine

AC 3 50 120/210

AC 3 50 120/210

AC '3 50 120/210

AC 3 50 120/210

Bulk

Bulk

Bulk

Bulk

Myto - 110/220 Gas Engineytho

- 47 -

a E,.


57/59

(continued)Cperatcrof 'Plant Ph-e ase Gy-cles Voltageo Type. of Plant

Soo. ColonialeEclairage etd'Energie

n Cie des Eaux etang Soc. ColonialeEclairage d'Energie

Soc. ColonialsEclairage etd EnergieCie des Eaux etd 'Electric ite

DC

ib1AC**

3

110/220 Diesel

120/210120/240AC 3 50 120/210

- .. 110/220

AC 3 50--- 120/210

AC 3 50 120/210Soc . ColonialeEclairage etd Energie

- - 110/220 Diesel

KQUANG-TCHEOU-WANBayard Soc. Indochinoised'letrcieAC50

120/208

AC 3 50 120/208 BulkLAOS

TONKIN&

Local Government

Soc. IndochinoisedElectric iteSoc. Indochinoised Electricite

100

AC 3 50 120/210 Gas EngineAC 3 50 '120/210 Bulk

GovernmentSoc. Indochinoised Electric ite

250 HydroAC 3 50 120/14' Bulk

Power plant at CholcIndochine,Business SectionResidential Section

n and Bulk Supp~ly from l'Energie Electriqu.

Steam &BulkBulk

Diesel

Bulk

Bulk

Diesel

on a"


58/59

Olt

Place(continued)

TonkinHa GiangHai-duong

HaiphongHanoiHung-yenLangsonLaokayMoncayNamndinh

N nh-'binhPho-toPhue -yenPhu-lang-thuongPhu-1ySon-tayTam-daoThai-binhThai-nguyenTyenswuangVietriVinh-yenYen-bay

Operatorof' Plant

GovernmentSoc. indochinoised'Electricite

Soc.*IndochinoiseCie dtElectricitede LangsonGovernmentPrivateSoc. Indochinoised' Ele ctriciteU It

- 49 -Ph- Cy-

T~ase als

ACACDCACACACACACACAC

AC11 AC1z AC11 AC

1r DC

if DC

a ACACAC

* AC

5050

50505050

505050

5050505050

3 503 503 503 50

Voltae

120120/210220/%4120/208120/208120/208

120

12 0/210120

120/210

120/208120/208120/208120/210120/208

120/208120/208120/210120/208

Typ of Pl

DieselGas Engine&BulkSteamSteamBulkDiesel

Gas EngineDieselGas. Engine

BulkBulkBulkGas EngineBulkGas EngineGas EngineBulkBulkSteamBulk

Government AC 3 50 120/210 GsEgnas Engine


59/59

-50

B BLIOGRAPH

American Consulate, Saion:Numerous reports on electrical development andPort facilities.

Annuaire Statistique do l 'Indochine, 1936-37Association des Iines do Tonkin (report for 1933).Bulletin Economique do 1'Indochine (bi-monthly).Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce

Files of th e Far Eastern UnitFiles of th e Trnsportation UnitForeign Commerce Yearbook (annual)Preliminary Survey of th e Economy of French Indochina,

June 2, 1943 (confidential)Far Eastern Review.Foreign Broadcast Intell igence Service (Daily Report).Interviews with former residents of-French IndochinaLloyds Register of Shipping, Volume 2, 1937.United States Hvdrograrhic Office-r--Sailing Directions for th e

Western Shores of th e China Sea, 1937.United States Tariff Commission

Industry in French Indochina, November, 1943. (Confidential)

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Civil Affairs Handbook French Indochina Section 10

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