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DEPARTMENT OF THE ABMY FlLD MANUAL

CIVIL DISTURBANCESAND DISASTERS

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYSEPTEMBER, 1958

AGO 384C--Jul

FM 19-15C 1

FIELD MANUAL

CIVIL DISTURBANCES AND DISASTERS

FM 19-15 HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

CHEAN.rS NO. 1 WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 25 February 1960

FM 19-15, 8 September 1958, is changed asfollows:

Throughout the manual, substitute the term irri-tant agent(s) for the terms, "riot control agents"and "riot control gas(es)," or derivations from thelatter, such as riot control gas munitions, riot con-trol gas grenades, gases, and gas, except where usedin equipment nomenclature.

21. Legal Restrictionsa. General.

(1) (Superseded) The "Posse Comitatus Act"provides that whoever, except in cases andunder circumstances expressly authorizedby the Constitution or Act of Congress,willfully uses any part of the Army or theAir Force as a posse comitatus or other-wise to execute laws shall be fined not morethan $10,000 or imprisoned not more thantwo years, or both (18 U.S:C. 1385).

* * * * *

119. Operational Applicationa. General. Although the quantity * * * for this

purpose (app. II).T *AG * 5 * *

TAGO 4848C-Feb. 520496--60 1

(2) (Superseded) Foliage and high grass by"capturing" CN or CS micropulverizedpowder assist in making it effective in anarea for a longer time than it would be in abarren area. Individuals who have beenexposed to CN or CS micropulverizedpowder may continue to be affected for sev-eral hours unless properly decontaminated.

134. Military PersonnelNormally, troops that * * * to being committed.

* * * * *

j, (Superseded) During and following a majordisturbance, Civil Affairs (CA) personnel or unitsmay be utilized to perform those functions normallyperformed by CA units.

* * e * *

136. Employment of ForceThe following measures * * * the responsible

commander:

d. (Superseded) Employment of chemical agents(smoke, CN, CS, or DM).

* * * * *

2 TAGO 4343C

APPENDIX 1

CHEMICALS AND THEIR USESIN RIOT CONTROL

2. Types of Chemical Agents Used in Riot ControlOperations

a. (Superseded) Irritant Agents. Of the irritantagents suitable for use in riot control operations, themost important, because of their peculiar nonlethalcharacteristics, are the tear agents: CN and CS usedalone or in combination with the vomiting agentDM. Although CN-DM and CS-DM are classi-fied as nonlethal, these agents must be employedwith caution because of their physiological effectson persons. DM combinations poison open food andwater supplies. The micropulverized powder formof these agents is more dangerous in this respect.Treatment of chemical warfare casualties is coveredin FM 21-11 and TM 8-285. For irritant agentor smoke munitions employed in riot control opera-tions, see tables I, II, and IIA.

* * * * *

3. Types of Mechanical Gas Dispersers

The following mechanical * * * riot c o n t r ol

gases:a. (Superseded) irritant Gas Disperser, Skid

Mounted, GED, 5000 CFM, M2 (E12R1) (formounting in 3/4-ton, 1-ton, or 21/2 -ton truck). Dis-perses 40 pounds of micropulverized CN, CS, DM,or a mixture of tear-vomiting agents in about 3

TAGO 4343C 3

minutes. The irritant agents are projected approxi-mately 50 feet prior to billowing out into a cloud.The disperser, when truck or trailer mounted, cancover a 500-foot frontage with ease.

* * * * *

4. Application of Irritant Agents and Smoke* * * * *

b. Selection.(1) (Superseded) Tear agents. CN and CS

produce a temporary effect and do not pre-vent a mob from reforming. A tear agentin the form of a micropulverized powderis more persistent than in vapor form.Powdered tear agents dispersed inside abuilding may remain persistent for days oreven weeks. Persons exposed to a cloud ofmicropulverized CN or CS powder inhaleit; the powder gets into their eyes, hair, andclothing and on their skin. Such personsmay be affected for several hours. When abaseball grenade explodes, the area of in-tolerable concentration of the agent is about10 yards in diameter, which is larger thanthe area of the cloud. The cloud producedby a bursting type grenade travels muchless than that produced by a burning type.

(2) (Superseded) Tear agent-vomiting agentcombination. It may be necessary to usea combination of tear and vomiting agents(CN-DM or CS-DM) against a violent

mob. To produce the maximum effect DM

4 TAGO 4343C

requires 15 to 30 minutes; accordingly, it is

usually combined with CN or CS to pro-

duce an effect more quickly. The physicalreaction to DM is sufficiently violent and

lasting to incapacitate persons for several

hours after exposure. If a DM combina-tion is employed, a chemical officer andmedical personnel should be present whenpracticable.

c. (Superseded) Quantity. Irritant agents must

be used in sufficient quantities to produce an immedi-

ate and decisive effect. Sufficient ammunition must

be available to produce the proper concentration of

the irritant agent in the cloud and to maintain the

required concentration until the mob has been dis-

persed. When a larger quantity of the irritant agent

is required than can readily be obtained by the use

of standard type grenades, CN, CS, or combina-

tions of either irritant agent and DM, it may be

dispersed from mechanical chemical dispersers (par.

3). If the supply is limited, a heavy concentration

of the irritant agent should be placed on the critical

point. The minimum ammunition requirements for

producing chemical clouds in quelling disturbancesare shown in table III.

TAGO 4343C 5

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[AG 370.6 (1 Feb 60)1

By Order of Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of theArmy:

L. L. LEMNITZER,

General, United States Army,

Official: Chief of Staff.

R. V. LEE,Major General, United States Army,

The Adjutant General.

Distribution:Active Army:

OSD (2) Regt/Gp/Bg (5)Tech Stf. DA (2) Sep Bn (5)TPMG (2) MP Bn (5)CofCh (2) MP Co (10)TAG (2) Ft Belvoir (5)Tech Stf Bd (2) USACGSC (50)Chaplain Bd (2) USAWC (20)MP Bd (2) Br Svc Sch (20) exceptTAG Bd (2) TAGSUSA (150)USCONARC (10) USA Ord Sch (250)OS Maj Comd (5) PMGS (2300)OS Base Comd (2) USAES (100)MDW (5) USATS (200)Armies (10) except First USA QM Sch (400)

USA (12) USAAMS (1600)Corps (2) PMST Sr Dlv MP Units (1)Div (10) USA Corps (Res) (3)

NO: State AG '3): units--Dlv (1); Bn (1).USAR: Div (1) Bn (1).For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.

TAGO 4343C 9U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE' 1960

*FM 19-15

FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 19-15 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 8 September 1958

CIVIL DISTURBANCES AND DISASTERS

Paragraphs PagePART ONE. POLICIES AND LEGAL

CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

Section I. General _____________----. 1-3 4

II. Crowds and mobs _____---. 4-9 6

CHAPTER 2. POLICIES

Section I. Use of military forces in 10-12 13domestic civil disturb-ances and disasters.

II. Use of United States mili- 13-16 15tary forces in civil dis-turbances and disastersin foreign areas.

CHAPTER 3. LEGAL CONSIDERA- 17-26 17TIONS.

PART Two. A GUIDE FOR PLAN-NING, TRAINING,AND OPERATIONSOF MILITARYFORCES IN THESUPPRESSION OFCIVIL DISTURB-ANCES

*This manual supersedes FM 19-15, 24 April 1952.

AGO 384C l

Paragraphs Page

CHAPTER 4. PLANNING ANDTRAINING FORCIVIL DISTURB-ANCES

Section I. General.------------------ 27-30 29

II. Intelligence planning___--- 31, 32 32

III. Logistical planning _______ 33-47 33

IV. Operations planning___--_- 48-53 37

V. Training __________-_---- 54-59 39

CHAPTER 5. RIOT CONTROLFORMATIONS

Section I. General___ -------------- - 60-70 42

II. Squad formations _____--_. 71-75 54

III. Platoon formations 76-87 58(4-squad).

IV. Platoon formations 88, 89 78(3-squad).

V. Company formations ------ 90-96 81

VI. Vehicles and foot troops__.. 97-101 94

CHAPTER 6. OPERATIONS INCLUD-ING TACTICS ANDTECHNIQUES

Section I. Intelligence ------------- 102-104 102

II. Security ____________---. 105-109 104

III. Patrolling __________---- 110-113 106

IV. Application of riot control 114-117 107formations.

V. Employment of chemicals_ 118, 119 109

VI. Road blocks-------------. 120-124 112-

VII. Communications and 125-130 116signals.

VIII. Operations-------------- 131-154 118

2 AGO 384C

ParagraphsSection IX. Restrictions on civil popu- 155-162 133

lation in the UnitedStates.

X. Termination of opera- 163, 164 137tions.

PART THREE. ROLE OF MILITARYPOLICE IN DIS-ASTER RELIEF

CHAPTER 7. PLANNING FOR DIS- 165-170 138ASTER RELIEFOPERATIONS UN-DER CONDITIONSOTHER THANMARTIAL LAW.

8. OPERATIONS IN DIS-ASTER RELIEFUNDER MARTIALLAW.

Section I. General_________________ 171, 172 142II. Military police missions 173-178 143

under martial law.

APPENDIX I. REFERENCES__-______. ______- 147

II. CHEMICALS AND -______ 151THEIR USES IN RIOTCONTROL.

III. PROCLAMATIONS AND .______ 166MESSAGES.

IV. SAMPLE OPERATION -______ 177ORDER FOR CIVILDISTURBANCEMISSION.

V. MARTIAL LAW____ ______ 188

INDEX______________________________ --- ______ 223

AGO 384C 3

PART ONE

POLICIES AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Section I. GENERAL

1. Purpose and Scope

a. This manual is a guide for the training anduse of military forces in the control and suppres-sion of disturbances and the use of military policein disaster relief operations. The manual coversthe legal considerations, policies, and proceduresregarding the suppressing of domestic disturb-ances and the control, by Federal military forces,of mobs, riots, and mutinies.

b. The material presented herein is applicablewithout modification to both atomic and non-atomicwarfare.

2. United States Army's Role

The United States Army has the responsibilityof protecting the United States. Usually, thisresponsibility is related to a hostile nation orgroup of nations. However, there are other realand dangerous threats to the welfare of the UnitedStates that the United States Army must be pre-pared to meet. A widespread public disturbanceis a threat to the effective functioning of a gov-

4 AGO 384C

ernment, lowers public morale, and destroys publicrelationships, confidence, and progress. There isalso the constant threat of natural disasters thatresult in loss of life, property, and resources andthat are detrimental to the economic, political, andsocial welfare of the United States.

3. Definitions

a. Crowd. A crowd is a large number of personstemporarily congregated. Generally, the membersof a crowd think and act as individuals and arewithout organization. A "physical" crowd is acasual and temporary collection of persons, suchas people in a shopping area. A "psychological"crowd is a group of people with a common interestand may be classified as-

(1) Casual. The common interest may be anyevent receiving the crowd's attention fora few minutes.

(2) Intentional. The common interest may beany event receiving the crowd's attentionfor several hours.

b. Demonstration. A demonstration is an as-semblage of persons exhibiting sympathy with, oragainst, authority or some political, economic, orsocial condition or movement.

c. Insurrection. Insurrection consists of an actof revolting against civil or political authority orthe established government.

d. Major Disaster. A major disaster means anyflood, drought, fire, hurricane, earthquake, storm,or other catastrophe. In the United States, a major

AGO 384C 5

disaster is one which, in the determination ofthe President, is or threatens to be of sufficientseverity and magnitude to warrant disaster as-sistance by the Federal Government under PublicLaw 875, 81st Congress, 30 September 1950, (64Stat. 1109) as amended (42 U. S. C. 1855 et seq.).

e. Mob. A mob is a crowd whose members,under the stimulus of intense excitement or agita-tion, lose their sense of reason and respect forlaw and follow leaders in lawless acts.

f. Natural Disaster. A natural disaster refersto the extreme conditions resulting from excessiveor uncontrolled actions of natural phenomena, suchas floods, forest fires, excessive snow, earthquakes,tornadoes, typhoons, or hurricanes, or from acci-dental explosions, fires, collisions of ships, andescape of lethal substances, such as chemicals,radioactive materials, and bacteria.

g. Riot. A riot is a breach of the peace commit-ted in violence by three or more persons in further-ance of a common purpose to execute some enter-prise by concerted action against anyone who mayoppose them. (A breach of the peace is an unlawfuldisturbance of the peace by an outward demonstra-tion of a violent or turbulent nature.)

Secticn II. CROWDS AND MOBS

4. Causes of Disturbances

a. Social. Social causes of disturbances resultfrom racial or religious differences or from excite-ment stemming from a celebration, a sports event,or a social activity.

6 AGO 384C

b. Economic. Economic causes of disturbancesarise from disagreements between labor and man-agement or from such extreme conditions of priva-tions or poverty that the people will resort toviolence to obtain the necessities of life.

c. Political. Political causes of disturbances re-sult from attempts to gain political power by otherthan lawful means.

d. Disaster. Conditions following disasters maygenerate violent disturbances among people be-cause of the fear of further catastrophic actions;lack of food, clothing, or shelter; or action of law-less elements.

e. Absence or Failure of Constituted Authority.The absence of authority or inability or failure ofauthorities to exercise their responsibilities maycause a disturbance because persons believe theycan violate the law with impunity.

5. Transformation of a Crowd into a Mob

A crowd develops into a mob when all or mostmembers of the crowd have been instilled with apurpose and with an intent to carry out theirpurpose regardless of the consequences. Trans-formation can be made, for example, by the force-ful harangue of a crowd leader, the appearanceof an individual of importance to the crowd, orsuccessful accomplishment of an act of violence.

6. Mob Types and Characteristics

Mob types and characteristics are as follows:

a. An aggressive mob riots and terrorizes as in

AGO 384C 7

the case of race riots, lynchings, political riots, orprison riots.

b. An escape mob is in a state of panic. In theirattempt to secure safety by flight, members of anescape mob may lose their power of reasoningwhich may lead to their destruction.

c. An acquisitive mob is motivated by a desireto acquire something. Mobs in food riots are ac-quisitive mobs.

7. Psychological Influences Causing Mobs

a. Numbers. The principle of numbers appliesitself to a number of persons in a mob giving tothe members a feeling of strength and security.

b. Suggestion. The principle of suggestion ap-plies itself to the spread of ideas without consciousrealization and without raising rational thoughtor objections on the part of individuals. Membersof a mob will accept ideas of a dominant member.

c. Contagion. The principle of contagion appliesitself to communication of influence from personto person and the transmission of ideas amongmembers of a mob. A mob tends to attract morepeople.

d. Novelty. When an individual is confrontedby new and strange circumstances, he may notrespond according to his usual pattern of action.The specific stimuli which usually govern his ac-tions may be absent, and the lessons of previousexperiences, which were employed in solving cus-tomary problems, may not be applied. Subcon-

a AGO 384C

sciously, the individual may even welcome thebreak in his normal routine and may react en-thusiastically to new circumstances.

e. Anonymity. An individual tends to lose self-consciousness because his identity may be lost inthe mob; consequently, he may feel that he willnot be blamed for his actions, whatever they maybe.

f. Release from Repressed Emotions. The prej-udices and unsatisfied desires of the individualwhich are normally held in restraint are readilyreleased in a mob. The temporary release is apowerful incentive for an individual to participatein mob action because it gives him an opportunityto do things which he has wanted to do but whichhitherto he has dared not do.

g. Imitation. The urge to do what others aredoing may cause mob actions.

8. Mob Actions

a. General. Members of mobs are limited onlyby their ingenuity and training of their leaders,and the weapons, supplies, equipment, and ma-terials available to them. Leaders may be trainedenemy agents who are determined to create tur-moil. The degree of violence will depend upon anumber of factors, such as composition of a mob,number of people involved, location, cause of thedisturbance, and weapons.

b. Verbal Abuse. Verbal abuse in the form ofobscene remarks, taunts, ridicule, and jeers canbe expected from a mob.

AGO 384C 9

c. Attacks on Small Groups and Vehicles. Mobs

may vent their hatred upon an individual or small

group who may be beaten, seriously injured, or

killed. Vehicles may be overturned, set on fire,

damaged otherwise, or looted.

d. Throwing Objects. These objects may in-

clude rotten vegetables and fruits, rocks, bottles,

and improvised bombs. The objects can be thrownfrom various vantage points, such as windows and

roofs of nearby buildings.

e. Rolling Vehicles or Objects Against Troops.

When troops are located on a slope or at the bottom

of a slope, dangerous objects can be rolled toward

the troops. Wheeled vehicles can be driven under

their own power toward troops, and the drivers

can jump out before the vehicles reach the target.

f. Use of Fire. In using fire, mobs can-

(1) Set fire to buildings to block the advanceof troops or to create confusion or diver-sion.

(2) Flood an area with gasoline or oil and

ignite it as the troops advance into thearea.

(3) Pour gasoline or oil down a slope towardthe troops or drop it from buildings andignite it.

g. Demolitions. Mobs can employ natural gas,

dynamite, or other explosives in one of the follow-

ing ways:

(1) Charges can be placed in a building and

timed to explode as troops or vehicles

10 AGO 384C

are opposite the building or explodedahead of the troops or vehicles so thatthe rubble blocks the street.

(2) Demolition charges can be buried instreets and exploded as troops or vehiclespass over them.

(3) Vehicles rolled or driven against thetroops can contain explosives.

(4) Dogs or other animals with explosivesattached to their bodies may be driventoward the troops. The charges may beexploded by remote control, fuses, or atime device.

(5) Demolition charges may be employed tobreach a dike, levee, or dam to flood anarea, or the charges may be employed toblock an underpass by demolishing theoverhead bridge.

h. Firing at Troops. Leaders can direct thatweapons be fired against troops to encourage themob to more daring and violent action. Firing attroops may take the form of sniping or a heavyvolume of fire from buildings or from the mob.

i. Others.(1) Mob leaders may place women and chil-

dren or wounded war veterans in thefront rank nearest the troops to play onthe sympathy of troops and to discouragethe troop commander from employingriot control gases or fire power.

(2) The mob can attach grapples, chains,wires, or ropes to barriers and pull them

AGO 384C 11

down. Poles or spears of wood or metalcan be employed to force troops awaywhile the lines are being fastened.

(3) Vehicles can be crashed against barriersto breach them.

9. Panic

a. Panic is caused by overpowering fright whichresults in unreasoning or frantic efforts to securesafety by flight. Panic may be started by rumors,fires, explosions, or the use of riot control gases.

b. Panic resulting from a disaster. Public prep-aration for a disaster will greatly reduce masspanic. The situation may exist where thousandsof injured, confused, or stunned survivors areseeking to escape from fires and from other sourcesor danger. Here the major problem is the likeli-hood that large numbers of people will convergeupon limited escape routes.

12 AGO 384C

CHAPTER 2

POLICIES

Section I. USE OF MILITARY FORCES IN DOMESTICCIVIL DISTURBANCES AND DISASTERS

10. Basic Policies

a. Military assistance to civil authorities indomestic civil disturbances and disasters is ren-dered by the United States Army when such as-sistance is requested or directed in accordance withthe laws and executive orders cited in paragraph17. Such assistance will not be undertaken bycommanders without authority cited in paragraph17, unless-

(1) The overruling demands of humanitycompel immediate action to prevent star-vation, extreme suffering, or propertyloss.

(2) Local resources available to State andmunicipal authorities are clearly inade-quate to cope with the situation.

b. Major commanders should be prepared tofurnish assistance to civil authorities in domesticcivil disturbances and disasters and should utilizeresources that are not required in the executionof their essential military missions. In makinghis resources available to civil authorities, a mili-

AGO 384C 13

tary commander is subject to no authority exceptthat of his superiors.

c. The military service having available re-sources nearest the affected area has the responsi-bility for providing initial assistance to civil au-thorities in domestic emergencies. Further opera-tions will be in accordance with the mutual agree-ment between the senior service commandersconcerned.

11. The Military Commander's Relations With Other Author-ities

a. General. In case of intervention with mili-tary forces, military commander cooperates to thefullest possible extent with the Governor andother State and local authorities, unless such co-operation interferes with the accomplishment ofhis mission. The military commander bears inmind that the suppression of violence withoutundue force is a worthy military achievement.

b. Liaison.(1) The commander maintains liaison with

other authorities in order to attain max-imum cooperation and coordination inproviding military aid and assistance.The liaison may deal with-

(a) Preservation of law and order.(b) Custody of offender.(c) Documentation of evidence.(d) Traffic control.(e) Reports of disturbances, unusual move-

ments, or other information of intelli-gence value.

14 AGO 384C

(f) Care of the injured.(g) Evacuation, housing, and feeding.(h) Protection, isolation, and decontamina-

tion of key areas or facilities.(2) Because a civil disturbance is primarily

a law enforcement problem, the commandjudge advocate and provost marshalshould establish liaison with civil lawenforcement agencies, from the outset.

12. Public Information

Owing to the sensitivity of public informationrelating to the employment of Federal militaryforces in a domestic emergency, public relationsaspects of military activities assume great im-portance and should be actively encouraged andsupported. Civilian news media follow such eventsclosely and the presence of troops is always men-tioned prominently. The immediate commandershould have the assistance of experienced publicinformation personnel to control news releases.

Section II. USE OF UNITED STATES MILITARY FORCES INCIVIL DISTURBANCES AND DISASTERS IN FOREIGN

AREAS

13. In a Theater of Operations During WarIn a belligerently occupied area, the action of

the commander is based upon his responsibilityfor the establishment and maintenance of orderand for governing the local population. When themilitary situation permits, the civil population isencouraged to plan and organize the civil facilities

AGO 384C 15

available for maintenance of law and order anddisaster relief within the limits prescribed by themilitary commander.

14. In Occupied Areas

In occupied areas, the maintenance of law andorder and disaster relief operations are responsi-bilities of the military commander until such timeas directives, agreements, or treaties promulgatedby the United States Government change this re-sponsibility.

15. In Areas Where United States Military Forces AreStationed By Consent or Agreement

If United States forces are located in a foreignarea pursuant to consent or agreement, militaryresponsibility for use of troops during disturbancesand for disaster relief operations should be in-cluded in the consent or agreement and should bedeveloped cooperatively with the appropriate civilauthorities. Action during disturbances and dis-asters is taken by the military commander withinthe scope of instrument under which he operates.

16. In Friendly Foreign National Territory

The provision for the use of United Statesmilitary resources in an emergency in a friendlyforeign nation is based on a mutual agreementbetween the United States Government and thegovernment of the affected nation.

16 AGO 384C

CHAPTER 3

LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

17. Types of Intervention and Aida. General. In addition to the provisions of the

United States Constitution and other basic legalprinciples, there are statutes authorizing inter-vention with Federal military forces in case ofdomestic violence, disaster, or for other specificpurposes (AR 500-50, AR 500-60, and AR 500-70).

b. To Aid a State at Request of That State.Section 4, Article IV of the Constitution makesit the duty of the Federal Government at the re-quest of the legislature of any State or Executive(when the legislature cannot be convened) toprotect a State against domestic violence. Con-gress has authorized the President to intervenewith Federal military forces for this purpose(10 U.S. C. 331).

c. To Enforce the Laws of the United States.Section 3, Article II of the Constitution makes itthe duty of the President to see that the laws ofthe United States are faithfully executed. When-ever, in the judgment of the President, it is im-practicable by reason of unlawful obstructions,combinations, assemblages of persons, or rebellion,to enforce the laws of the United States withinany State or territory by the ordinary course of

AGO 384C 17

judicial proceedings, he is authorized by Congressto intervene with such Federal military forces ashe deems necessary for such enforcement or tosuppress the rebellion (10 U. S. C. 332).

d. To Protect the Civil Rights of Citizens Withina State. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Con-stitution forbids any State to deny the equal pro-tection of the laws to any citizen of the UnitedStates within its jurisdiction. In implementationof this provision, Congress has provided thatwhenever insurrection, domestic violence, unlaw-ful combinations or conspiracies in any State soobstruct or hinder the execution of the laws ofthat State and of the United States, as to depriveany part or class of people of that State of rights,privileges, and immunities named in the Constitu-tion and secured by law, and the constituted au-thorities are unable, fail, or refuse to provide suchprotection, it will be deemed a denial by that Stateof the equal protection of the laws. In such case,and in cases involving insurrection, domestic vio-lence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy whichoppose or obstruct the execution of the laws ofthe United States or impede the course of justiceunder those laws, the President may take suchmeasures, including the use of the militia or thearmed forces or both or by other means, as he maydeem necessary to suppress such disturbances (10U. S. C. 333).

e. Protection of Property.

(1) Government property. The right of theUnited States to protect its property by

18 AGO 384C

intervention with Federal military forcesin an emergency is an accepted principle.The exercise of this right is an executivefunction and extends to all Governmentproperty of whatever nature and wher-ever located, including premises in thepossession of the Federal Government.Intervention is warranted where the needfor protection of Federal property existsand the local authorities cannot or willnot give adequate protection.

(2) Private property. By Executive Order8972, 12 December 1941, the Presidentauthorized and directed the Secretary ofWar to establish and maintain militaryguards and patrols and to take otherappropriate measures to protect frominjury or destruction national-defensematerials, premises, and utilities.

f. Public Law 875.

(1) Public Law 875, 81st Congress, 30 Sep-tember 1950, authorizes Federal assist-ance to States and local governments inmajor disasters to alleviate damage andsuffering. The United States militaryforces are thereby authorized when di-rected by the President to provide suchassistance. The law also provides thatthe President shall determine whether adisaster is a major disaster.

(2) Executive Order 10427, 16 January 1953,delegates to the Administrator, Federal

AGO 384C 19

Civil Defense Administration (FCDA)the authority of the President under theabove act to direct and coordinate otherFederal agencies in rendering assistanceto State and local governments during amajor disaster declared by the President.

(3) Section 5 of the Flood Control Act of 1941(55 Stat. 650) as amended (33 U. S. C.701n) authorizes the Chief of Engineersto provide assistance in connection withrescue operations and other emergencyflood 'control activities. ZI army com-manders, when requested, assist the CivilWorks field agencies of the Corps ofEngineers in providing such assistance(AR 10-50).

g. Public Law 920.

(1) Public Law 920, 81st Congress (TheCivil Defense Act of 1950) provides aplan of civil defense in the United States,vests primary responsibility therefor inthe several States and their subdivisions,and establishes a Federal Civil DefenseAdministration to provide necessary co-ordination, guidance, and assistance.Upon the declaration of a civil defenseemergency, and solely for the purpose ofcoping with that emergency, the Presi-dent may direct, after taking into con-sideration the military requirements ofthe Department of Defense, any FederalDepartment or agency to provide its

20 AGO 384C

personnel, materials, and facilities to theAdministrator for the aid of the States.

(2) Executive Order 10346, 18 April 1952,directs each Federal department andagency to prepare plans for providingits personnel, materials, facilities, andservice to civil authorities in civil defenseemergencies pursuant to section 302 ofthe Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950.

18. Intervention or Aid During Domestic Violence

Application by a State for Federal aid shouldbe made directly to the President (par. 17b).Should such application be presented to a localcommander, he should inform the CommandingGeneral, USCONARC, or the appropriate UnitedStates Army commander in a territory or in theCommonwealth of Puerto Rico by the most expedi-tious means and should include a statement of allmaterial facts for the consideration and actionof the President (AR 500-50, AR 500-60).

a. Presidential Proclamation. No orders will beissued by the Department of the Army for thepurposes indicated in paragraph 17b, until thePresiaent has published a proclamation demand-ing that the insurgents disperse and retire peace-ably to their respective abodes within a specifiedlimited time (10 U. S. C. 334).

b. Department of the Army Approval. While noPresidential proclamation is required by law forthe purpose of protecting Government premisesor property, such action will not be taken until the

AGO 384C 21

need therefor has been reported to the Departmentof the Army through proper channels, and specificinstructions have been received, unless action inan emergency is justified as discussed in para-graph 19.

19. Emergency Intervention or Aid

Before the receipt of instructions, an officer ofthe United States Army in command of troopsmay take such action as the circumstances reason-ably justify in cases of sudden invasion, ordomestic violence, endangering public propertyof the United States; or of attempted or threatenedrobbery or interruption of the United States mail;or of earthquake, fire, or flood, or public calamitydisrupting the normal processes of government;or of other equivalent emergency so imminent asto render it dangerous to await instructions fromthe Department of the Army requested throughthe speediest means of communication available.Such action of necessity must be prompt and vigor-ous, and should be for the preservation of orderand protection of life and property until such timeas instructions from higher authority may be re-ceived rather than as an assumption of functionsnormally performed by civil authorities. Theofficer taking such action should immediately re-port the action and the circumstances requiringit to the Department of the Army by the speediestmeans of communication available in order thatappropriate instructions may be issued at theearliest possible moment.

22 AGO 384C

20. Command

a. When intervention with Federal militaryforces takes place, the duly designated militarycommander acts to the extent necessary to accom-plish his mission. In the accomplishment of hismission reasonable necessity is the measure of hisauthority.

b. Federal military forces used for interventionin aid of civil authorities are not placed under thecommand of an officer of the State Guard, theNational Guard not in Federal service, or anyState, local, or Federal civil official.

c. State Guard or National Guard troops notin Federal service cannot be commanded by aUnited States Army officer except with the consentof the State. The commanding general of a ZIarmy is responsible for securing, whenever pos-sible, agreements by State authorities to insurefull cooperation of State Guard or National Guardtroops not in Federal service with the militarycommander in the affected area in the event ofintervention with Federal military forces. Theemployment by a State of its own forces mustnot interfere with or impede Federal functions oractivities.

21. Legal Restrictions

a. General.(1) The "Posse Comitatus Act" provides that

whoever, except in cases and under cir-cumstances expressly authorized by theConstitution or Act of Congress, willfully

AGO 384C 23

uses any part of the Army or the AirForce as a posse comitatus or otherwiseto execute laws shall be fined not morethan $10,000 or imprisoned not morethan two years, or both. This section doesnot apply in Alaska (18 U. S. C. 1385).

(2) The prohibition cited in (1) above doesnot extend to the employment of Federalmilitary forces in protecting Federalproperty or Federal officials against vio-lence or forcible obstruction of theirfunctions (but not to aid them in servingprocess), or in time of war or nationalemergency, in guarding war materials,vital utilities, industries, and installa-tions, even though the action contem-plated may, and usually does, serveincidentally to facilitate the execution ofthe laws.

b. Elections. Federal law prohibits any officeror other person in the civil or military service ofthe United States from ordering, bringing, keep-ing, or having under his authority or control anytroops or armed men at any place where a generalor special election is being held, unless such forceis necessary to repel armed enemies of the UnitedStates (18 U. S. C. 592).

c. Labor Management Disputes. Labor manage-ment disputes-which take the form of violence aretreated as any other disorder. Troops avoid anyindication of partiality toward labor or manage-ment groups and are concerned only with restora-tion of law and order as directed.

24 AGO 384C

d. Protection of National Defense Materials.Appropriate measures may be taken to protectvital national defense materials, premises, andutilities without express Department of the Armyinstructions, unless a labor dispute is involved.In the latter case, Department of the Army instruc-tions must be obtained through the Deputy Chiefof Staff for Military Operations unless damage ordestruction is imminent (AR 500-50).

22. Martial Law

a. General. Martial law depends for its justifi-cation upon public necessity. The extent of themilitary force used and the actual measures taken,consequently, will depend upon the actual threatto order and to public safety. The decision toimpose martial law normally will be made 'by thePresident, who will ordinarily announce his deci-sion by a proclamation. See appendix V for detailsof martial law.

b. Legal Effects of Martial Law. In an areawhere martial law is maintained by Federal mili-tary forces, the civil and criminal laws continuein force, except so far as their actual enforcementmay be suspended for the time 'being because ofthe inability of the civil authorities to function.Civil and criminal laws may also be suspendedby order of the President or of the military com-mander acting under authority of the President.In an area under martial law, the President hasthe power to cause military agencies to apprehendcivilians charged with offenses against the specialrules and regulations issued by the military com-

AGO 384C 25

mander by authority of the President, and to de-tain them in military custody until they can safelybe released or delivered to appropriate civil au-thorities for trial.

23. Penalty for Violation of Military Restrictions

Under Title 18, United States Code, section1383, Congress has imposed criminal penalties inconnection with the violation of restrictions im-posed in certain designated military areas orzones.

24. Civil and Criminal Liability of Military Personnel

When Federal military forces are employed inthe United States and its territories, whether ornot martial law prevails, the acts of individualmilitary personnel are subject to review by thecivil courts in actions for damages or in criminalproceedings. In a criminal prosecution, the civilcourts ordinarily will not convict a military sub-ordinate for acts done in good faith in obedienceto orders from superior military authority. How-ever, if its illegality is so obvious as to be im-mediately apparent to a person of average intel-ligence, the obedience to the order probably wouldnot prove a valid defense. The use of necessaryforce to accomplish a military mission does notmake an otherwise lawful act by military per-sonnel illegal. The reckless or malicious use ofunnecessary force may subject the offender to civilor criminal liability, or both.

25. Right to Trial by Federal Court

When any civil or criminal prosecution is com-

26 AGO 384C

menced in any court of a State of the United Statesagainst any member of the Armed Forces of theUnited States because of any act done under colorof his office or status, or in respect to which heclaims any right, title, or authority under any lawof the United States respecting the armed forcesthereof, or under the law of war, such suit orprosecution may at any time before the trial orfinal hearing thereof be removed for trial into thedistrict court of the United States in the districtwhere the same is pending in the manner pre-scribed by law, and the cause shall thereupon beentered on the docket of such district court, whichshall proceed as if the cause had been originallycommenced therein and shall have full power tohear and determine said cause (sec. 19, Act of10 August 1956 (70A Stat. 676; 28 U. S. C.1442a) ).

26. Writ of Habeas Corpus

The writ of habeas corpus is an order issued bya competent court and addressed to the custodianof a prisoner directing that the custodian bringthe prisoner into the court for the judicial deter-mination of the legality of his apprehension anddetention. A Federal military officer is bound toobey the writ when issued by a Federal courtprovided he has taken the action prescribed in theManual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951,and has received appropriate instructions fromcompetent military authority. To such a writ is-sued by a State court, however, the officer or hislegal adviser, in the absence of instructions to the

AGO 384C 27

contrary, should make a respectful return to theeffect that the prisoner is held by authority of theUnited States. For details as to both actions andthe proper return forms, see the MCM.

28 AGO 384C

PART TWOA GUIDE FOR PLANNING, TRAINING, ANDOPERATIONS OF MILITARY FORCES IN THE

SUPPRESSION OF CIVIL DISTURBANCES

CHAPTER 4PLANNING AND TRAINING FOR CIVIL

DISTURBANCES

Section I. GENERAL

27. Mission of Troops During DisturbancesNormally, the mission of troops during civil

disturbances will be to restore and maintain order.This is usually accomplished by dispersing un-authorized or prohibited assemblages and demon-strations of people and by patrolling the distur-bance area to prevent reassembly. During opera-tions to restore order in a large center of popula-tion, some troops may establish road or areablocks, others may disperse crowds, release chem-icals, patrol, or may be used as a security force orreserve. The successful execution of such missionswill depend to a large extent upon planning, thor-ough training, adequate intelligence information,a sound tactical plan of operation; coordinatedaction of individuals and units, and bold aggres-sive leadership.

AGO 384C 29

28. Purpose and Extent of Planning

Planning provides for the action to be takenbefore, during, and after, disturbances. A militaryunit preparing for riot control duty passes throughtwo general phases: planning and training phase,and alert phase.

a. The planning and training phase encom-passes all preparations that are made prior to theunit being alerted. Included in this phase arepreparation of unit alert plan and standing oper-ating procedures, reconnaissance of areas androutes, preparation of tentative plans for probableareas of disturbances, preparation of riot controldevices and equipment, instructions in riot controloperations, and rehearsals with equipment.

b. The alert phase may be of short duration ormay extend over a period of days. During thisphase, the unit is fully prepared and ready tomove. Vehicles are loaded and in formation.Troops are dressed in the prescribed uniform andequipment. Weapons, ammunition, riot control gasmunitions, and supplies are issued. If the unitis not ordered to move immediately, the troopsshould be allowed as much rest as possible. Troopsshould be fully briefed on the situation and prob-able mission. Talks by company commanders andplatoon leaders should prepare the troops psycho-logically for the forthcoming missions.

29. Unit Alert Plan

Each battalion and company size unit whichmay be involved in riot control duty should have

30 AGO 384C

a detailed unit alert plan, based upon the areaalert plan or the alert plan of the next higher unit.

a. The alert plan brings the unit to a state ofoperational readiness which enables it to performassigned missions promptly.

b. The alert plan may be employed in the eventof fire, disaster, attack, movement, tactical opera-tion, or civil disturbance.

c. The alert plan should be based upon localconditions. It should be revised as a result ofexperience gained by rehearsals or as necessaryto conform to changes in the alert plan of the nexthigher headquarters. It should include authenti-cation of the alert order, the manner of alertingthe unit during both duty and nonduty hours;action to be taken by the unit's staff sections andindividuals to include uniform, weapons, ammuni-tion, riot control gas munitions, organizationaland individual equipment, supplies, vehicles, for-mation or march column, special equipment, se-curity, tactical and administrative details, breifingof troops, and issuance of the operation order.

d. The alert plan should be thoroughly under-stood by each individual in the unit. Each indi-vidual must know both his personal and his unit'sduties; he must also know the duties of his nextsenior and be prepared to replace him.

e. The alert plan should be classified in accord-ance with AR 380-5.

30. Standing Operating Procedure

a. Administrative standing operating proce-

AGO 384C 31

dures include, but are not limited to, matters suchas food and water, aid station, casualty reporting,basic load of ammunition, chemicals, resupply pro-cedures, types of vehicles and their distribution,and communications.

b. Tactical standing operating procedures in-clude, but are not limited to, matters such as con-struction, defense and displacement of road blocks,patrols, security, designation of and instructionsto selected marksmen, plans for the release ofchemicals, and designation of personnel to imple-ment the plans.

Section II. INTELLIGENCE PLANNING

31. General

Intelligence planning for disturbances requiresthe collection of essential information to permitappropriate and effective planning for coping withdisturbances.

32. Elements of Information for Use in Planning

a. Probable locations of disturbances.

b. Probable causes of disturbances.

c. Probable types of people who will create thedisturbances.

d. Estimated number of people who will be in-volved.

e. Probable assembly areas for crowds.

f. Known leaders.

g. Plans, activities, and organization preparedby the leaders.

32 AGO 384C

h. Prominent people, newspapers, radio or tele-vision stations, and persons who are friendly withthe leaders of the disturbance and are sympatheticwith their plans.

i. Location of arms, equipment, and suppliesavailable to the leaders.

j. Location of other arms, equipment, and sup-plies which if unguarded may be seized by rioters.

k. Location of important buildings.

1. Location of communications systems, publicutilities, and stores of volatile fuel.

Section III. LOGISTICAL PLANNING

33. General

Logistical planning should outline actions to betaken when determining supplies, equipment,transportation, shelter, and other logistical sup-port needed and available for civil disturbances.Alternate plans should be prepared.

34. Equipment

a. Plans should provide for an adequate supplyof heavy, single strand wire or barbed wire, heavystakes, heavy nails or spikes, hammers, wirecut-ters, gloves, shovels, picks, axes, and rope. Thesesupplies are used in preparing street blocks andbarricades. Signs for use with street blocks shouldaccompany barricade material.

b. Usually, individual equipment prescribed fortroops in the field should be sufficient for troopsin riot control operations. Special equipment for

AGO 384C 33

individuals and units may be required and shouldbe planned for. Examples of special equipmentare mechanical gas dispersers, searchlights, moviecameras, public address systems, bulldozers, andtank dozers.

35. Transportation

Plans must provide for sufficient transportationfor all personnel and required equipment.

36. Basic Loads

Normally, basic loads are established by majorcommands. Depending on the gravity of the situ-ation in a riot control operation, the ammunitionmay be either stored in a central location in thearea of operations or it may be issued to the troopsprior to committing them in the operation.

37. Prepared Signs

a. Plans should provide for the immediate avail-ability of signs for use when units are orderedinto a riot control operation. This may be doneby using quick drying paints.

b. Wording of signs should be appropriate tothe situation and expected disturbance problems.For example, signs for use in front of barricadesmay read DO NOT PASS THIS LINE.

38. Aid Stations

Plans should provide for establishment of aidstations manned by the minimum number of per-sonnel necessary to give emergency medical atten-tion to military personnel and civilians. Plans

34 AGO 384C

should cover ambulance service, medical facilities,medical supplies, medical evacuation, graves regis-tration service, casualty reporting, and other ap-propriate considerations.

39. Personnel Loading Plan

It is imperative that tactical units be kept in-tact for immediate employment. Unit integrity ismaintained by loading and moving units intact.

40. Equipment Loading Plan

In continuation of unit integrity, the equipmentloading plan insures that each platoon moves withrequired equipment, weapons, and supplies. Thesupply situation may make it advisable that, inaddition to required equipment, each platoonshould carry part of its organizational equipmentand a reserve of ammunition, chemicals, and sup-plies.

41. Motor Movement

a. In moving into an area to reestablish orderduring a civil disturbance, the commander shouldplan for the use of reconnaissance patrols wellahead of the column.

b. Bivouac and detrucking areas in the vicinityof an affected area should be selected prior to thearrival of a column, and alternate detruckingpoints should be provided.

42. Rail Movement

a. Normally, special trains are used in the move-ment of troops.

AGO 384C 35

b. The commander plans for the necessary se-curity and for the exclusion of all unauthorizedindividuals from the entraining point.

c. If it is suspected that an explosive has beenplaced along a track, several flatcars may bepushed ahead of the engine.

d. It may be necessary to deploy some of the firsttroops to arrive to cover the .detraining of later ar-rivals. Detraining should take place with a mini-mum of public notice. If possible, action againstlawless elements is deferred until troops havereached and occupied their bivouac areas fromwhich outposts are extended far enough to protectthe main body from possible small-arms fire ofrioters.

43. Airlift

In movement by air, the main body of troopsshould be preceded by a party of sufficient strengthto prevent interference with the landing operation.

44. Water Transport

Large numbers of troops with heavy equipmentmay be moved by water. Where the scene of a dis-turbance is at or near a port complex, considerationshould be given to the possibility of retaining atransport in the area to be used as headquarters forthe operations. A vessel is ideal for this purposesince it is capable of providing billets and commu-nications.

45. Foot Movement

Movement planning for foot marches should in-

36 AGO 384C

elude consideration as to the distance to be traveledby the troops and their fatigue prior to being com-mitted.

46. Selection of Routes

Since demonstrators or rioters can effectively de-lay the arrival of troops, movement planning shouldinclude the selection of routes to the scene of thedisturbance which are believed to be shortest indistance and least vulnerable to danger.

47. Assembly Area

The assembly area selected by the military com-mander should be out of sight of a mob but withinreasonable marching distance to the scene of thedisturbance.

Section IV. OPERATIONS PLANNING

48. General

Planning for disturbances is conducted by eachlevel of command in order to execute the broadplans of the next higher command.

49. Selection and Reconnaissance of Areas of ProbableOperations

a. Determination will be made of probableareas or locations of disturbances. Industrial cent-ers are especially important. Local plans will beprepared by subordinate commanders as desig-nated.

b. Each area should be reconnoitered. Routes andalternate routes to each area should be selected.

AGO 384C 37

Maps and aerial photographs should be secured anddetailed sketches made.

50. Army Aircraft

Planning should include the use of Army aircraft(helicopters and fixed wing light aircraft) for com-munications, observation, and reconnaissance.

51. Tentative Plans for Each Area

Tentative plans should be prepared for eacharea. Plans should be prepared for dispersing mobsby the use of chemicals. Each plan should indicatean assembly area and routes thereto, locations ofroad blocks, observation posts (location of closesttelephones), a tactical plan, a patrol plan, tempo-rary quarters for billeting and feeding troops, andother necessary details. Necessary plans, maps,overlays, and sketches should be distributed to ap-propriate commanders and a reserve supply shouldbe maintained.

52. Preparation of Proclamation

To save time in an emergency, draft copies ofproclamations should be prepared in English andthe local language, if in a foreign country. Normal-ly, the senior troop commander at the disturbancewill issue a short oral proclamation prior to com-mencing operations. Consideration should be givento the psychological value of reading the entireproclamation if the tactical situation permits. Seeappendix III for suggested proclamations.

53. Preparation of Scripts for Broadcasts

Scripts for broadcast over a public adress system

38 AGO 384C

are a type of psychological force. These scriptsshould be prepared in English and the local lan-guage, if in a foreign country. The force of the mes-sage must not be lost in translation to the local lan-guage. Scripts should be prepared for each majoraction taken by troops.

Section V. TRAINING

54. General

Training should include offensive and defensiveoperations for both daytime and nighttime condi-tions.

55. Physical Training

Riot control duty imposes a severe physical strainon troops. The importance of the mob seeing well-disciplined soldiers requires that the troops be information with bayonets fixed. Training should pre-pare the troops physically for this type of duty.

56. Psychological Training.

a. Riot control training is combat training.Troops must be impressed with the need for thistype of training and the importance of riot controlduty. Each riot control operation is a tactical opera-tion which must be brought to a successful conclu-sion by the troops employing the special tactics,techniques, and equipment covered by this manualand adapted to the particular situation.

b. During riot control operations, troops mustobtain all food and beverages from an authorizedsource. Food and beverages from unauthorizedsources may be contaminated.

AGO 384C 39

57. Protective Gas Mask

a. In operations, troops may be required to wearprotective gas masks for extended periods of time;consequently, periods of training should be devotedto drills or exercises with the troops wearing pro-tective masks. Troops should be trained to donmasks while in formation.

b. Consistent with the security of the troops, anyof the following methods may be employed:

(1) Every other man drops back one or twopaces, dons his mask, then resumes hisplace in the formation. The other half ofthe formation performs the same act.

(2) Remaining in formation, troops in everyother squad put on their masks. Then re-maining troops don their masks.

(3) If there is sufficient space between troopsand a crowd, all men may don their masksat the same time.

(4) Reserve units put on masks and replaceunits in the line. This act is repeated untilall troops are masked and a new reserveis constituted.

58. Special Equipment

Items of special equipment employed by troopsduring riot control operations should be made avail-able to them for training. These items include me-chanical gas dispersers, movie cameras, public ad-dress systems, searchlights, fire apparatus, bull-dozers, Army aircraft, and road block materials,such as wire barricades and vehicles. Wire barri-

40 AGO 384C

cades for road blocks should be constructed bytroops during the training phase. When trainingwith special equipment cannot be accomplished be-fore commitment of units, experienced operatorsshould be provided.

5_9. Unit Training

a. In order to train a unit to function as a team,special exercises or field problems should be con-ducted.

b. Rehearsals of alert plans should be held asfrequently as determined necessary to reach andmaintain the required degree of proficiency.

AGO 384C 41

CHAPTER 5

RIOT CONTROL FORMATIONS

Section I. GENERAL

60. Types of Riot Control Formations and Their Uses

a. Line.(1) As an offensive formation, the line is used

to push or drive mobs straight back oracross an open area or up a city street.

(2) As a defensive formation, the line is usedto hold mobs or deny access to restrictedstreets or areas.

b. Echelon, Right or Left. An offensive forma-tion used to turn mobs in either open or built-upareas.

c. Wedge.(1) As an offensive formation, the wedge is

used to penetrate and split mobs.(2) The wedge may be modified into a dia-

mond for all-round security when re-quired (par. 115d)

61. Normal Preliminary Procedure

To use the show of force to the greatest advan-tage against mobs, troops should make a surprise,formidable appearance. To insure this, the follow-ing procedures should be used:

42 AGO 384C

a. When employed to disperse a mob, troopsshould dismount and assemble at some point beyondthe sight of the mob. This point should be as nearthe mob as practicable to save time and to conservetroop energy, and yet far enough from the scene ofthe disturbance to insure security.

b. The troops fix bayonets and lock and loadweapons.

c. In column formation, the unit marches to areasonably safe distance from the mob and withinplain view to the mob.

d. The unit halts and remains in formation. Thetroops hold their weapons at high port while thecommander delivers the proclamation. Followingthe proclamation, the commander informs the mobthat it has a specified time in which to comply withthe order to disperse.

e. If the mob does not disperse within the giventime, the commander then employs whatever mea-sures necessary to disperse the mob.

62. Special Preliminary Procedure

If a mob is known to be well-armed and intelli-gence reports indicate that the rioters intend toopen fire as soon as troops appear, the commandermay not make a show of force, but may launch achemical attack from covered or concealed posi-tions.

63. Basic Weapons

a. The rifle with bayonet is the most practicalweapon for general use by troops in riot controloperations.

AGO 384C 43

b. If the rifle is not available, the carbine with

bayonet or the shotgun, riot type, with bayonet may

be used.

64. Auxiliary Weapons

a. Shotgun. One shotgun, riot type, should be is-

sued to each squad and should be carried by the as-

sistant squad leader. It is used to cover breaches in

a formation until supporting troops can be commit-ted and to fire at selected targets when a short

range weapon is advisable.

b. Sniper Rifle. Normally, each platoon has one

sniper rifle which is carried by a sharpshooter to

fire at selected targets as directed by the platoonleader or company commander. The sniper riflemay be issued to selected marksmen.

c. Submachine Gun or Automatic Rifle. Gen-

erally, one per platoon is issued and is carried by a

member of platoon headquarters. It is used to fire

at selected targets as directed by the platoon lead-er or company commander.

d. Hand Weapons. Hand weapons may be carried

by commanders, drivers, grenadiers, members ofcrew-served weapons, and other personnel when it

is impractical to carry rifles. They are used pri-marily as defensive weapons.

e. Machine Gun.

(1) This weapon may be used to protect bar-riers; to guard bivouac, assembly, and de-

trucking areas; and to.protect troops onmotor marches.

(2) It may be mounted on vehicles used with

44 AGO 384C

foot troops in riot control formations forpsychological effect.

f. Chemicals. For a detailed discussion of chemic-als and their employment, see appendix II.

65. Position for Carrying Weapons

At the discretion of the unit commander, thetroops may carry their weapons in any of the posi-tions prescribed by FM 22-5. (The positions forhigh port and short guard (a and b below) are forriot control formations. They are slightly differentfrom the combat positions illustrated in FM 23-25). The following positions are used as indicated:

a. High Port.(1) Command. HIGH PORT (one count).(2) Position (fig. 1).

(a) Right hand grasps the small of thestock with the right forefinger to therear of the trigger guard.

(b) Left hand grasps the weapon just belowand touching the upper sling swivel,hand around the sling, sling facing out.

(c) Upper left arm is parallel to theground, and forearm is as perpendicu-lar to the ground as body conformationpermits.

(d) Elbows are held as close to the body asbody conformation permits.

(e) Heel of the rifle butt is held slightly tothe right of the waist belt buckle.

(f) Weapon is held just diagonally enoughacross the body to permit the individual

AGO 384C 45

o I

I I'

Figure 1. High port.

46 AGO 384C

to look straight to the front over theright side of the stock.

(3) Use.(a) The high port position is extremely

useful in making a show of force beforerioters. Bayonets in this elevated posi-tion can be seen by members of the mobwho are in the rear, and they give animpression of a great number of troopsand of the troops' power.

(b) Troops move into and assemble from allriot control formations with weaponsin the high port position. The com-mand, HIGH PORT, (although moreeasily executed from the position ofport arms, it may be executed from anyother position) is given while troopsare in column prior to execution of anyriot control formation. Troops will au-tomatically assume high port positionbefore reassembly from a riot controlformation.

(c) Commanders should use the high portposition to impress rioters. However,troops should not be required to main-tain the position for extended periodsof time as it is very tiring.

b. Short Guard.(1) Command. SHORT GUARD (one count).(2) Position (fig. 2).

(a) Right hand grasps the small of thestock, holding weapon waist high, po-

AGO 384C 47

sitioned so'that the small of the stock isagainst the right hip; butt of the stockextends to the rear of the buttocks.

(b) Left hand'grasps the stock just to therear of the upper sling swivel; hand isaround the sling; sling is facing down;left arm is slightly bent.

(c) Bayonet is raised to throat level.(d) When at the halt, the feet are together

as in the position of attention.(3) Use. The short guard position is one of

semireadiness. It is less tiring than theon guard position and should be used torest troops when circumstances permit.For example, as troops advance against amob, they should maintain the shortguard position until just before contact ismade or resistance is expected and thenshould be ordered to the on guard posi-tion. The short guard position can also beused when troops are pursuing a mobwhich is withdrawing without resistance.

c. On Guard.(1) Command. ON GUARD (one'count).(2) Position.

(a) Right hand grasps the weapon at thesmall of the stock to the rear of thetrigger guard; the under and inner partof the forearm against the comb of thestock; the base of the butt pressedsnugly against the side of the right hip(FM 23-25).

48 AGO 384C

/o I - J

Figure 2. Short guard.

AGO 384C 49

(b) Left hand grasps the upper hand guardjust forward of the upper slingswivel; left arm is slightly bent at theelbow.

(c) Bayonet is raised to throat level.(d) When at the halt, the feet are apart in

a boxer's stance with the left footslightly ahead of the right; the weightof the body is distributed on both legs;the legs are slightly bent at the knees;the body is bent slightly forward at thewaist.

(3) Use.(a) On guard is a position of complete read-

iness and should be used whenevertroops are in contact with a mob whichis showing any kind of resistance orhesitance to withdraw.

(b) It is a tiring position to maintain forextended periods of time. Troop com-manders should rest troops at every op-portunity by using less tiring positions.

66. Unit Organization for Riot Control Formations

The formations covered in this chapter (12 mansquad, 4 squad platoon, 3 squad platoon, 3 platooncompany with 4 squad platoons) are for illustrationand not intended to require unit reorganization.Any size squad, platoon, or larger unit can be em-ployed and riot control formations adapted to fitunit organization.

50 AGO 384C

67. Commands

a. Oral Commands.(1) The commands, HIGH PORT, SHORT

GUARD, and ON GUARD are given inone count.

(2) All other commands are given in twocounts, with a preparatory command fol-lowed by a command of execution.

b. Hand Signals. When necessary, hand signalsshould be used by commanders in conjunction withoral commands. Hand signals for riot control for-mations are identical to those used in combat for-mations (FM 21-60). The signals for the threebasic formations are described as follows:

(1) Line. Raise both arms to the side untilhorizontal, arms and hands extended,palms down.

(2) Echelon right (left). Face the unit beingsignaled and extend the arm downwardto the side at an angle of 450 below thehorizontal in the direction in which theunit is to be echeloned, palm to the front;extend the other arm upward and to theside at an angle of 450 palm to the front.

(3) Wedge. Extend both arms downward andto the sides at an angle of 450 below thehorizontal, arms and hands extended,palms down.

68. Cadencesa. The normal cadence for movement into and

assembly from all riot control formation is doubletime (180 steps per minute).

b. The normal cadence for movement of troopsAGO 384C 51

while in any riot control formation is at quick time(120 steps per minute). While in the on guard po-sition, the cadence is approximately 60 steps perminute.

c. Cadence may be increased or decreased at thediscretion of the unit commander to meet varyingsituations.

d. A unit may be ordered into or assembled fromriot control formations from the halt or whilemarching. As each man reaches his proper position,he automatically faces in the direction of the unit'sintended advance and comes to a halt. He remainsat the halt in the high port position and awaits fur-ther orders.

69. Position of Commander and Leaders

a. When in column, the commander at each eche-lon normally assumes his position at the head of thecolumn (FM 22-5).

b. When in riot control formations, squad leadersand their assistants, platoon leaders and their as-sistants, and company commander take positionsin the rear of the assault elements of their respec-tive units where they can best direct and controltheir units. In the illustrations of riot control for-mations, the platoon and squad leaders are notshown uniformly in order to illustrate the flexibilityof their positions behind the formations. Forsymbols used in riot control formations, see figure3.

c. When in column, messengers (radio opera-tors), sharpshooters, automatic weapons men, andother members of platoon headquarters normallytake positions at the front of the column.

52 AGO 384C

COMPANY COMMANDER ----. .

PLATOON LEADER-- -

PLATOON SERGEANT---------------

SQUAD LEADER ----- -----------[

ASSISTANT SQUAD LEADER ------------- …------

RIFLEMAN ------ ------------------- 0

MESSENGER AND RADIO OPERATOR --------------

SHARPSHOOTER --------------------------

AUTOMATIC WEAPONS MAN…------… - - -_ -

VEHICLE . .........

Figure 3. Key to symbols used in illustrationof riot control formations.

d. When a unit is in a riot control formation,headquarters personnel at the discretion of the unitcommander are positioned near the commander. Ifthe situation precludes this, they may be positionedbehind the assault element.

70. Interval and Distance

a. Interval is the lateral space between elements

AGO 384C 53

r 2

wmE - 1]NTERVALI I IDISNa

Figure4.IntdINTERVAL DISTANPaCE

Figure 4. Interval and distance.

and distance is the space between elements in col-umn. The normal interval and distance betweenmen in riot control formations are one pace (30in.), as indicated in figure 4.

b. The interval and distance may be adjusted tomeet particular situations.

c. In any echelon formation with normal intervaland distance, the angle made by the formation andthe route of advance will be approximately 45 ° .The angle formed by the two wings of any wedgeformation will be approximately 900 when normalinterval and distance are used.

Section II. SQUAD FORMATIONS

71. General

When executing squad riot control formationsfrom the column, the squad leader takes one ormore steps to the right and faces his squad. As hegives his preparatory command, he points to the lo-cation at which he desires the formation to beformed. If he does not point. the squad forms on theposition of the number 2 man (base man) of thesquad.

54 AGO 384C

72. Squad Line

a. Command. SQUAD AS SKIRMISHERS, MOVE.

b. Execution.

(1) At the command of execution, the baseman advances to the position designatedby the squad leader. The even-numbermen aline themselves in sequence on linewith the base man, one pace to the rightof each preceding man. The odd-numberedmen aline themselves in sequence on linewith the base man, one pace to the left ofof each preceding man (fig. 5).

(2) If the commander desires and the situa-tion requires, he may designate a specifiednumber of paces between men in the for-mation by so indicating in his preparatorycommand. For example, SQUAD AS SKIRM-ISHERS, TWO PACES, MOVE. If no intervalis specified in the command, the unit willautomatically assume a one-pace interval.

73. Squad Echelon (Left)

a. Command. SQUAD ECHELON RIGHT (LEFT),MOVE.

b. Execution. At the command of execution, thebase man advances to the position designated bythe squad leader. The men aline themselves in se-

Figure 5. Squad line.

AGO 384C 55

1 Squad echelon right

Figure 6. Squad echelon right or left.

quence on the base man, one pace to the right(left) and one pace to the rear of each precedingman (fig. 6).

74. Squad Wedge

a. Command. SQUAD WEDGE, MOVE.

b. Execution. At the command of execution, thebase man advances to the position designated by thesquad leader. Even-numbered men aline themselvesin sequence on the base man, one pace to the right

56 AGO 384CS6 AGO 384C

2 Squad echelon left

Figure 6-Continued.

and one pace to the rear of each preceding man.Odd-numbered men aline themselves in sequence onthe base man, one pace to the left and one pace tothe rear of each preceding man (fig. 7).

75. Assembling a Squad

a. Command. SQUAD ASSEMBLE, MOVE.

b. Execution. The squad leader moves to thefront of his squad. As he gives his preparatory com-mand, he points to the location at which he desiresthe squad to assemble. If he does not point, the

AGO 384C 57

® 0

Figure 7. Squad wedge.

squad forms on the position of the base man. At thecommand of execution, the base man advances tothe position designated by the squad leader. Theother men form the column in proper sequence be-hind the base man. The squad leader then takes hisposition at the head of the column.

Section III. PLATOON FORMATIONS (4-SQUAD)

76. General

a. Platoon headquarters should consist of the fol-lowing five persons. (For their positions in riotcontrol formations, see par. 69.):

(1) Platoon leader.(2) Platoon sergeant.(3) Sharpshooter.(4) Automatic weapons man.(5) Messenger (radio operator).

58 AGO 384C

b. In forming all riot control formations fromthe column, the platoon leader moves out to theright or left of his platoon and faces it when givinghis commands. As he gives his preparatory com-mand, he points to the approximate location atwhich he desires the platoon to form. If he does notpoint, the formation is formed immediately in frontof the column. The platoon leader should pause be-tween his preparatory command and command ofexecution to permit each squad leader to issue apreparatory command to his squad.

77. Platoon Line

a. Command. PLATOON AS SKIRMISHERS, MOVE.

b. Execution. Immediately following the platoonleader's preparatory command, the squad leaderscommand FOLLOW ME. At the platoon leader's com-mand of execution, the 2d and 3d squads move tothe front and spread out. At the same time, the 1stand 4th squads move forward to their left andright flanks, respectively. The squad leader of the2d squad establishes a squad line at the positionindicated by the platoon' leader. The squad leadersof the 1st, 3d, and 4th squads establish squad linesindividually and close and dress on the 2d or basesquad (fig. 8).

78. Platoon Line with Two Support Squads

a. General Support. Whenever the command forestablishing a riot control formation contains thephrase, IN SUPPORT, without modification, it meansthat the support element is to remain in generalsupport.

AGO 384C 59

I @F:9

o

(1) Command. PLATOON AS SKIRMISHERS, 2DAND 3D SQUADS IN SUPPORT, MOVE.

(2) Execution. The 1st and 4th squads executethe line, while the 2d and 3d squads re-main in the column; number 2 man of the4th squad is the base man of the forma-tion (fig. 9).

b. Lateral Support.(1) Command. PLATOON AS SKIRMISHERS, 2D

IST 4THSQUAD SQUADso . PI s o rto

AG 0 3D 0 0 (D 0 1

00

0 ®AGO 384 613

® ®

Figure 9. Platoon line with two squads in general support.

AGO 384C 61

AND 3D SQUADS IN LATERAL SUPPORT,MOVE.

(2) Execution.(a) The 1st and 4th squads execute the line

as before, while the 2d and 3d squadsstand fast. After the line has beenformed by the 1st and 4th squads, thesquad leaders of the 2d and 3d squadscommand LEFT FLANK and RIGHTFLANK, respectively. At the commandof execution, MOVE, the 2d and 3dsquads move out to their flanks, close inon the ends of the line already formed,and face the direction of the platoon'sadvance (fig. 10).

(b) Similarly, the 2d and 3d squads may becommitted from general to lateral sup-port at any time by the platoon leader.

ST 4TH I

®0o 0

0 ®

® ®

(a~- 58QAD i,, 5BAD-

Figure 10. Platoon line with two squads in lateral support.

62 AGO 384C

He commands 2D AND 3D SQUADS, LAT-ERAL SUPPORT, MOVE.

(c) To have the 2d and 3d squads join theline from either general or lateral sup-port, the platoon leader commands 2DAND 3D SQUADS, EXTEND THE LINE,MOVE. The 2d and 3d squad leaderscommand SQUAD AS SKIRMISHERS, andpoint to locations for number 2 men.On command, MOVE, the squads estab-lish individual lines closing and dres-sing on existing line.

c. Close Support.

(1) Command. PLATOON AS SKIRMISHERS, 2DAND 3D SQUADS IN CLOSE SUPPORT, MOVE.

(2) Execution. The 1st and 4th squads exe-cute a line as before. The 2d and 3dsquads execute a similar line in the rearof the leading line and close in on theleading line. The men in the supportingline cover the intervals betwen men in theleading line (fig. 11).

- ® SQUA . SQUAD A

20 SO30SUAD SQUAD

Figure 11. Platoon line with two squads in close support.

AGO 384C 63

d. Assembling the Support Squads. To assemblethe support squads from any position to generalsupport, the platoon leader commands 2D AND 3DSQUADS, ASSEMBLE, MOVE. The 2d and 3d squadsthen return to the column in rear of the line formedby the other two squads.

79. Platoon Line With One Support Squad

a. Command. PLATOON AS SKIRMISHERS, 3DSQUAD IN SUPPORT, MOVE.

b. Execution. The 2d squad moves out and exe-cutes a squad line. The 1st and 4th squads formlines on the 2d squad to left and right, respectively.The 3d squad remains in the column.

c. Use of Support Squad. The support squadmay be used in lateral support on one or both sidesof 'the formation, or as close support to any seg-ment of the formation (fig. 12).

80. Platoon Echelon Right

a. Command. PLATOON ECHELON RIGHT, MOVE.

b. Execution. Immediately following the platoonleader's preparatory command, the squad leader ofthe 1st squad commands FOLLOW ME. The squadleaders of the 2d, 3d, and 4th squads commandSTAND FAST. At the command of execution, the 1stsquad moves out and executes an echelon right atthe location designated by the platoon leader. Aseach squad clears the column, the next successivesquad moves out individually and extends the eche-lon already formed by the preceding squad (s)(fig. 13).

64 AGO 384C

a"

® .~Noc

AGO 384 6

AGO 384C 65

(iO~) IdSVSTla lto SQUAD

2DSQUAD

F-s31 E Jl en 3D

i~3 SQUAD

4THSQUAD

Figure 13. Platoon echelon right.

81. Platoon Echelon Left

a. Command. PLATOON ECHELON LEFT, MOVE.

b. Execution. The platoon echelon left is formedin the same manner as the echelon right except ininverse order. The 4th squad is the base squad andthe remaining squads extend the echelon in inversesequence (fig. 14).

66 AGO 384C

SQUAD 1 e

SQUAD

StUADO w i

071

SQUAD~y9(i) 5 Q

1I2

Figure 14. Platoon echelon left.

82. Platoon Echelon With Support

The 2d and 3d squads are used in general, lateral,and close support with the echelon right and left inthe same manner as with the line (figs. 15-18).

83. Platoon Wedge

a. Command. PLATOON WEDGE, MOVE.

b. Execution. Immediately following the platoon

AGO 384C 67

0®

, 0

00 .4HI

®SAO®

68 AGO 384C

SQUAD0

4 \

4THSQUAD

0

® ®

20 SQUAD 3D SQUAD

general support.

AGO 384C SU9

00

Figure 16. Platoon echelon right with two squads ingeneral support.

AGO 384C 69

00

4TH SQUAD 0 e _D SQUAD

00C

I ST SQUADa) (i, o SOUAm.

Figure 17. Platoon echelon left with two squadsin close support.

leader's preparatory command, the squad leadersof the 1st and 4th squads command, FOLLOW ME.

At the same time, the squad leaders of the 2d and3d squads command STAND FAST. On the platoonleader's command of execution, the 1st and 4thsquads move directly to the front. When the lastmen of the 1st and 4th squads have cleared thefront of the 2d and 3d squads, the squad leaders ofthe 1st and 4th squads command SQUAD ECHELON

LEFT, MOVE and SQUAD ECHELON RIGHT, MOVE,respectively. The number 2 man of the 4th squad is

70 AGO 384C

ISUAM

®03

®

Si _ AST SOUA•

Figure 18. Platoon echelon left with one squadin lateral support to the left.

AGO 384C 71

1S S@UA

AGO 384C 71

the base man for the formation; the 4th squad exe-cutes an echelon right. The 1st squad executes anechelon left on the base man. When these move-ments are completed, the squad leaders of the 2dand 3d squads command SQUAD ECHELON LEFT,MOVE and SQUAD ECHELON RIGHT, MOVE, respec-tively, pointing to the rear elements of the wedgeformed by the 1st and 4th squads. On the com-mands of execution, the 2d and 3d squads moveout and complete the formation (fig. 19).

84. Platoon Wedge With Two Support Squads

a. General Support.

(1) Command. PLATOON WEDGE, 2D AND 3DSQUADS IN SUPPORT, MOVE.

(2) Execution. The 1st and 4th squads exe-cute the wedge as explained in paragraph83, while the Zd and 3d squads remain inthe column (fig. 20).

SQUAD® G 4TH

Figure 19. Platoon wedge.

72 AGO 384C

0c 0 ~r0 0xl0~, 4 O~~@

~~,O ~ ~ Oba`0am mrnYE

Figre19 Patonweg 050 ®G 34

(D 30

® ®

general support.

AGO03 0

0l 0

0®

b. Lateral Support.

(1) Command. PLATOON WEDGE, 2D AND 3DSQUADS IN LATERAL SUPPORT, MOVE.

(2) Execution.(a) The 1st and 4th squads execute the

wedge while the 2d and 3d squads standfast. After the wedge has been formedby the 1st and 4th squads, the squadleaders of the 2d and 3d squads com-

OSQUAD

70

(i 0 2D 30SQUAD SQUAD

0

O ®

Figure 21. Platoon wedge with two squadsin lateral support.

74O 384C74 AGO 384C

mand LEFT FLANK and RIGHT FLANK,respectively. At the command of exe-cution, MOVE, the 2d and 3d squadsmove out to their flanks, close in on therear elements of the wedge, and face inthe direction of the platoon's advance(fig. 21).

(b) To commit the 2d and 3d squads fromgeneral to lateral support, the platoonleader commands 2D AND 3D SQUADS,LATERAL SUPPORT, MOVE.

(c) To have the 2d and 3d squads join thewedge from either general or lateralsupport, the platoon leader commands2D AND 3D SQUADS, EXTEND THE WEDGE,MOVE. The 2d and 3d squad leaderscommand SQUAD ECHELON LEFT andSQUAD ECHELON RIGHT, respectively,and the platoon wedge is formed.

c. Close Support.(1) Command. PLATOON WEDGE, 2D AND 3D

SQUADS IN CLOSE SUPPORT, MOVE.(2) Execution. The 1st and 4th squads exe-

cute a wedge. The 2d and 3d squads exe-cute a similar wedge and close in on theleading wedge. The men in the supportingwedge cover the intervals between themen in the leading wedge (fig. 22).

d. Assembling the Support Squads. To assemblethe support squads from any position to generalsupport, the platoon leader commands 2D AND 3DSQUADS, ASSEMBLE, MOVE. The 2d and 3d squads

AGO 384C 75

orm. 4TH

. Platoon edge ith Squad

Figure 22. Platoon wedge with two squadsin close support.

a. Command. PLATOON WEDGE, 3D SQUAD IN SUP-

PORT, MOVE.b. Execution. The 2d squad moves out and exe-

cutes a squad wedge. The 1st and 4th squads formechelons left and right, respectively, on the 2dsquad. The 3d squad remains in the column (fig.23).

86. Assembling a Platoon

a. Command. PLATOON ASSEMBLE, MOVE.b. Execution. The platoon leader moves out in

front of his platoon. As he gives his preparatorycommand, he points to the location at which theplatoon is to assemble. If he does not point, the pla-toon assembles directly in front of its present loca-tion. Immediately following the platoon leader's

76 AGO 384C

20SQUAD

0so

0 3 (i) SQUAD

(3

Figure 23. Platoon wedge with one squadin general suppo7rt.

preparatory command, the squad leaders move tothe head of their respective squads and commandFOLLOW ME. At the command of execution, thesquads follow their respective squad leaders totheir appropriate positions to form a platooncolumn.

87. Variations in Platoon Formations

a. During riot control operations, the platoonleader may rotate his squads in the leading or as-

AGO 384C 77

sault elements of the formations to give any squador squads a rest. He is not bound to use only thosesquads that are specified in the preceding para-graphs in the leading or assault elements of hisplatoon formations. By merely changing his prep-aratory command, he may select the squads to leadhis unit. For example, if the 1st and 3d squadsare to lead his platoon wedge, he issues the com-mand, PLATOON WEDGE, 2D AND 4TH SQUADS IN SUP-

PORT, MOVE. By designating the support squad (s)in the preparatory command, the platoon leadertells the other squad (s) that they are to lead theassault.

b. The platoon leader may also relieve any twosquads in the assault element by forming a likeformation with the support squads and have thesupport element pass through the leading element.This procedure is frequently necessary when gasmasks are put on for a chemical attack.

Section IV. PLATOON FORMATIONS (3-SQUAD)

88. Execution of Formations

The execution of riot control formations using a3-squad platoon is essentially the same as a 4-squadplatoon, with the following exceptions:

a. The 1st and 3d squads are normally used asthe assault or leading element in all formations inwhich one squad is used as general or lateralsupport.

b. The 2d squad is the base squad in a platoonline formation when all three squads are committedinitially to the assault element.

78 AGO 384C

c. The support squad (usually the 2d squad)may be held in general support in single column orin column of twos.

(1) Single column.(a) Command. PLATOON AS SKIRMISHERS

(ECHELON RIGHT, LEFT, or WEDGE), 2D

SQUAD IN SUPPORT, MOVE.(b) Execution. The 1st and 3d squads

execute the formation while the 2dsquad remains in column.

(2) Column of twos.

| ST SOUAD 3 0 SQUAD

Cj).2 D SQUAD

0

Figure 24. Platoon line with one squad in general support.

AGO 384C 79

(a) Command. PLATOON AS SKIRMISHERS

(ECHELON RIGHT, LEFT, or WEDGE), 2D

SQUAD IN SUPPORT IN COLUMN OF TWOS,

MOVE.(b) Execution.

1.The 1st and 3d squads establish theformation. The 2d squad, at the com-mand of its squad leader, executes a col-umn of twos to the right (FM 22-5).

2. When the support squad is committedto either lateral support or to extendthe existing formation, the even-num-bered men move to the right and theodd-numbered men to the left. Theyexecute these movements in the same

|--- I ST SQUAD 3 D SO

®®®® ®®®®®®®® ®( ®®®®®®

ODD-NUMBERED MEN ( (i

)EVEN-NUMBERED MEN

OF 2D SQUAD - (®G)-OF 2D SQUAD

Figure 25. Platoon line with support squad ingeneral support in column of twos.

80 AGO 384C

IST SQUAD 3 o0D SQUAD l

® ® ® ®®®®®®®®®®®®

F ODD-NUMBERED ME26 l ienLw EVEN-NUMBERED MEN l-OF D SOQUAD OF 2D SDUAD

Figure 26. Platoon line with one squad in lateral support.

manner as the support squads in a4-squad platoon.

3. The squad leader normally takes con-trol of the even-numbered men and theassistant squad leader the odd-num-bered men (figs. 24, 25, and 26).

89. Assembling a Platoon

A 3-squad platoon is assembled in the same man-ner as a 4-squad platoon.

Section V. COMPANY FORMATIONS

90. Company Headquarters

a. Personnel. The company commander may useas many personnel as needed for his headquarters;however, it is advantageous to use as few personsas possible. Personnel not in formation and notwith the company commander may be used to se-cure vehicles or they may remain at the unit'sadministrative area. Minimum additional person-nel in company headquarters should be a messenger(radio operator) and a sharpshooter.

AGO 384C 81

b. Equipment. The company commander shouldhave the following equipment:

(1) Communications to maintain contact withhis headquarters and with next higherheadquarters.

(2) Sufficient transportation to keep an ade-quate supply of chemical munitions avail-able.

91. Designating Locations of Formations

When the company commander orders his com-pany into riot control formations from the column,he moves out to the left or right near the head ofthe column where he can be seen by his platoonleaders, and faces the company. As he gives hispreparatory command, he points to the approxi-mate location for the formation. If he does notindicate a location, the company forms immediatelyto the front of the leading platoon.

92. Company Line in Depth

a. Command. COMPANY AS SKIRMISHERS IN

DEPTH, MOVE.

b. Execution. Immediately following the com-pany commander's preparatory command, eachplatoon leader gives the command, PLATOON ASSKIRMISHERS. The squad leaders follow with theirrespective commands to their squads to form theplatoon line. At the command of execution, eachplatoon establishes a platoon line immediately to itsfront (fig. 27).

(1) If the company commander wants a moreformidable formation, he gives the

82 AGO 384C

I ST PLATOON

n-- t O PLATOON

a/--d SO PLATOON

Figure 27. C ompany line in depth.

Figure 27. Company line in depth.

command, 2D PLATOON, CLOSE SUPPORT,MOVE. The men of the 2d platoon moveforward and cover the intervals betweenthe men of the leading platoon and auto-matically assume the same position asthe men of the leading platoon, which willnormally be the on guard position. Theplatoon leader of the 3d platoon thenmoves his platoon forward to occupy the

AGO 384C 83

__ I ST PLATOON ,- D PLATOON

a]/- EdDf PLATOON ED

- 30 PLATOON

Figure 28. Company line with two platoons inmass and one platoon in depth.

position formerly held by the 2d platoon(fig. 28).

(2) If the 3d platoon is called upon to supportthe line, it moves forward and takes upa position directly behind the 2d platoon.The men of the 3d platoon hold theirweapons at high port. Platoon and squadleaders and their assistants mutually as-sist each other in controlling the company.

93. Company Line in Mass

a. Command. COMPANY SKIRMISHERS IN MASS,MOVE.

b. Execution. The company line in mass is thesame formation described in paragraph 92b(2).However, in this case, the company commander in-dicates his desire for this formation in his initial

84 AGO 384C

iN 8

,l B

! 1

AGO 384C 85

command. The platoons each form a line indi-vidually and the 2d and 3d platoons close on the1st platoon without further command (fig. 29).

94. Company Line With Support

a. In company formations, the 1st platoon nor-mally forms the assault element and the 2d and 3dplatoons are used in support. The support platoonscan be employed in the same manner as the sup-port squads in platoon formations. Some variationsof a company with support are illustrated in figures30 and 31.

b. When the company commander desires to ro-tate his assault platoon, he merely moves anotherplatoon up to the head of the column prior toissuing his command for the formation to be em-ployed. One platoon can be relieved from the as-sault element by another platoon while in riot

IST PLATOON

vl d4 4rnEd .-

IST AND SD2D0 AND 4THSQUADS OF SQUADS OFtD PLATOON 20 PLATOON

OD PLATOON

Figure 30. Company line with one platoon in lateralsupport and one platoon in general support.

86 AGO 384C

SD PLATOON I ST PLATOON

__E 4 4 4@ _

I ST AND 20 S AND 4TH-SQUADS OF SQUADS OF30 PLATOON 3D PLATOON

Figure 31. Company line in mass with oneplatoon in lateral support.

3 D AND 4 TnSQUADS OF 2D

IST PLATOON ~ PLATOON

/= ii4/

2s ounos~s -~o eoof 2D 3D PLATOON

SQFigure 32. Company echelon let with one platoon in

Figure s2. Company echelon left with one platoon inlaterG l support and one platoon in general support.

AGO 384C 87

control formation by having a support platoon passthrough the assault platoon.

95. Company Echelon and Wedge

The company echelon (right or left) and com-pany wedge are formed in the same manner andwith the same variations as the company line (figs.32-39).

I ST AND 20 _SQUADS OF 3D - \ \PLATOON

2 0 PLATOON

IST PLATOON

SD AND 4 TH [|SQUADS OF 3 DPLATOON [|

Figure 33. Company echelon right in mass withone platoon in lateral support.

88 AGO 384C

IST PLATOON

C/A

LwJ

/s Jo rxPL1A 2TD PLATOON

L/ / el

/ 3D PLATOON l

I/I~~~~~~~~~~~C&

Figure 34. Company echelon left in depth with

one platoon in general support.

AGO 384C 89

3D PLATOON

Figure 35. Company echelon right in mass withone platoon in general support.

90 AGO 384C

ID PLATOON

E O

30 PLATOON

Figure 36. Company wedge with two platoonsin general support.

AGO 384C 91

IST AND 20 3D AND 4THSQUADS OF W', SQUADS OFIST PLATOOW 'E IST PLATOON

IST AAGW@ S OS 0 W'

_ 1ASN T AND D AND 4TH 0U A SOQUADS OF SQUADS OF

SLATOO2D PLATOON 2D PLATOON

96. ST A ND sembling a CompanyAND 4TH9 SOQADS OF SQUADS OF

3D PLATOON $0 @

Figure 37. Company wedge in mass with one platoonin lateral support.

96. Assembling a Company

A company assembles from riot control forma-tions in the same manner as a platoon or squad.However, when assembling from a massed forma-tion, the platoons assemble one at a time, the lead-ing platoon first. The platoons do not halt im-mediately after assembly, but continue to doubletime in the direction specified by the company com-mander until space has been cleared for the lastplatoon to assemble. The platoon leaders then halttheir respective platoons and await further com-mands.

92 AGO 384C

I ST PLATOON

U-71 C$C~ i- D P ATOON

2D PLATOON l

Figure 38. Company wedge with one platoon in lateralsupport and one platoon in general support.

AGO 384C 93

2 D F O

IST AND 2D 3D AND 4THSQUADS OF SQiADS OF3D PLATOON 3 PLATOON

Figure 39. Company wedge with one platoon extendingthe wedge and one platoon in lateral support.

Section VI. VEHICLES AND FOOT'TROOPS

97. Considerations in the Use of Vehicles

a. When meeting large mobs, it may be ad-vantageous to employ vehicles with foot troopsin riot control formations. While vehicles addstrength to any formation, certain precautionarymeasures should be taken.

(1) Windshields of vehicles should be re-moved or completely depressed.

(2) Shields or mobile barriers may be con-structed with a wooden or metal framestrung with barbed wire and mountedacross the front of a vehicle.

94 AGO 384C

(3) Foot troops in the formation should walkas near the front corners of each vehicleas possible to prevent rioters from attack-ing the sides and rear of the vehicles.

b. Armored vehicles should be employed whenavailable and practicable because of their psycho-logical effect and the protection they afford theiroccupants.

Vehicles should be moved only in conjunctionwith foot troops.

d. Whenever vehicles and foot troops are em-ployed, the commander of the foot troops com-mands the unit. He joins the leader of the motorsection in the command (number 1) vehicle wherehe has a position of vantage (fig. 40). In everyinstance, his commands are executed through thesubordinate leaders. A position that facilitatesmoving into a riot control formation employingfoot troops and vehicles is illustrated in figure 40.

e. If possible, headquarters personnel shouldtravel with the commander.

98. Company Line With Support

a. Command. The commands for vehicles andfoot troops are the same as for foot troops alone.Because of the additional noise and distances in-volved, the company commander gives the arm andhand signal for the line. The command and signalapply to the lead platoon only. The other platoonsremain in general support until further directed.

b. Execution. The motor section moves out first.The number 2 vehicle moving to the right passes

AGO 384C 95

i ~ VEHICLES

IST PLATOON

20 PLATOON

3D PLATOON

Figure 40. A position for foot troops and vehiclesprior to executing riot control formations.

96 AGO 384C

the lead vehicle and establishes the position forthe center of the line. At the same time, the 3dand 4th vehicles swing out to the left and right,respectively, and form to the left and right andslightly to the rear of the number 2 vehicle. The2d and 3d squads of the lead platoon then move

/-ST SQUAD 0D SQUAID SQUAD -4 TN SQUAD

- 2 PLATOON

3 0 PLATOON

Figure 41. Company line (foot troops and vehicles)with two platoons in general support.

AGO 384C 97

forward and form lines to the left and right, re-spectively, and on the front end of the number 2vehicle. As soon as the troops are in position, the3d and 4th vehicles close in on the left and rightand tighten the formation. The 1st squad of thelead platoon then forms a line to the left of thethird vehicle and the 4th squad to the right of the4th vehicle to complete the company line. The com-mand vehicle takes up a position behind the linewhere the commander can best direct and controlthe unit. The 2d and 3d platoons move forward

IST SQUAD OF 7 20 SQUAD OF 30 SQUAD OF 4TH SQUAD OFIST PLATOON ST PLTOO ST PLATOON IST PLATOON

3 2 4

1ST AND 20 SQUADS 3D AND 4TH SQUADS- OF 20 PLATOON OF 20 PLATOON -

3D PLATOON

Figure 42. Company line (foot troops and vehicles)with one platoon in lateral support and one platoonin general support.

98 AGO 384C

and are used in general, lateral, or close support(figs. 41, 42, and 43). In some instances the foottroops may move into position first and the ve-hicles join the formation as needed.

99. Echelon or Wedge

To form an echelon right (left) or wedge, thesame procedures for forming a line are followed(fig. 44).

100. Assembling Foot Troops and Vehicles

The command vehicle moves to a position in ad-vance of the formation; the commander, facing theformation, gives the motor section the hand signalfor assembly. Immediately, the other vehicles re-turn to their proper positions in column behind thecommand vehicles, while the troops stand fast. The

.. 20 PLATOON I ST PLATOON

-30 PLATOON

Figure 43. Company line in mass (foot troops andvehicles) with one platoon in general support.

AGO 384C 99

I ST PLATOON

40 0

0X S cmS E: 0

/·/ 3 0 AND 4DT/ /SSQUADS OF ID

PLATOON

1ST AND ID- SQUADS OF 2D

PLATOON . 3 D PLATOON

Figure 44. Company echelon left (foot troops andvehicles) with one platoon in lateral support

and one platoon, in general support.

100 AGO 384C

second in command then assembles the foot troopsin the usual manner.

101. Variations of Formations

Many suitable variations to the formations de-scribed and illustrated above may be employed andappropriate commands and signals may be devisedto execute them. Because of the somewhat compli-cated nature -and coordination required in theseformations, however, new variations should bepracticed extensively before they are used in actualriot situations.

AGO 384C 101

CHAPTER 6

OPERATIONS INCLUDING TACTICS ANDTECHNIQUES

Section I. INTELLIGENCE

102. Collection of Information

Conferences with well-informed representativesof civil agencies may provide much valuable infor-mation as to the causes and development ofdisturbances. Police agencies must not be over-looked. The interrogation of persons taken fromamong the mob or passed through the lines maydisclose valuable information. The civil police maybe especially helpful in this connection by perform-ing the actual interrogation while intelligence per-sonnel observe either overtly or covertly. Reportsfrom air and ground patrols, together with weatherreports and other reported information, are com-bined to form the intelligence estimate for guidingthe commander. All known information is placedin the intelligence journal.

103. Essential Elements of Information

Among the essential elements of informationthat should be collected immediately before or dur-ing troop action in civil disturbances are-

a. Time and place of demonstrations.b. Number of persons involved and their activi-

ties.

102 AGO 384C

c. Compositions, such as age and labor, and or-ganization of persons involved.

d. Plans of the participants.

e. Arms of the participants.

f. Methods of communications.g. Leaders.

(1) Who they are?(2) How did they become leaders?(3) Are they subversive?

h. Location of-(1) Ammunition, arms, and explosives.(2) Schools, colleges, and important public

buildings.(3) Police stations and communications sys-

tems.(4) Public utilities, including stores of volatile

fuel.(5) Food supplies.

104. Observations

Observation of activities of participants in dis-turbances are made from a number of observationposts.

a. Observation aircraft, particularly helicopters,are valuable. Observation aircraft also may beused for photoreconnaissance. As observations aremade, reports should be made directly by radio tothe commander or command post.

b. Ground observation posts should be estab-lished at points of advantage, such as upper stories

AGO 384C 103

of buildings which provide a view of importantareas.

c. Observers may be posted in the crowd togather and report information gathered from directcontact with participants in the disturbance. Be-cause of the undercover nature of an observer'swork, reporting is difficult and delay in reporting isoften unavoidable since it is usually necessary foran observer to leave the crowd to make his report.Further, significant action may take place duringthe observer's absence from the area of activity.

d. Motorized ground patrols may be used as ob-servers in areas where vehicles can patrol. This isgenerally outside the area of the main disturbance,before the mob congregates, or after it is dispersed.

Section II. SECURITY

105. General

Military units begin security measures as thetroops are assembling, and continue them duringthe movement to the scene of the disturbance, andthroughout the entire period of riot duty.

106. During Motor Movement

a. Security during a motor movement is in-creased by reconnaissance; advance, flank, and rearguards; air observation; and the selection of aroute which affords the most security. Each unitshould have a simple, well-understood, emergencyplan.

b. Normally, the drivers constitute the security

104 AGO 384C

force. They may be reinforced as necessary. A se-curity plan for the motor park should be prepared.

107. Marching

Troops marching should take the same precau-tions that are taken during motor movement. Flankpatrols or perimeter security should be employed toprotect the unit during halts. Tactical formationsare best suited for security elements of the com-mand.

108. Moving Through Streets

When possible, units should avoid movingthrough streets with high buildings on either side.Selected marksmen march with the unit, watchopposite sides of the street, or are stationed onroofs while the unit passes.

a. Personnel should march in center of street.Tactical dispersion should be adopted when re-quired by the situation.

b. When troops are transported in vehicles, thevehicles should have top paulins and should be fur-ther protected by having their tops and sides cov-ered with heavy, mesh wire.

109. Flanks and Rear During Operations

In a riot control operation against a mob whichgreatly outnumbers the troops, an unexpected rushof rioters on the flanks or rear of the troops couldhave a devastating effect. To give warning andprevent surprise, the flanks and rear of the troopsshould be patrolled by radio equipped, motorizedpatrols or airborne observers. The area covered

AGO 384C 105

should be sufficiently distant from the scene ofoperations to insure timely warnings to the com-mander.

Section III. PATROLLING

110. Motor Patrols

The security of a unit operating during a civildisturbance may be assisted by the employment ofmotor patrols. When motor patrols are equippedwith radios, they are especially valuable becauseof the great distances they can cover and still re-main in contact with the controlling headquarters.Irregular or frequently changed schedules androutes are important considerations for an effectivemotor patrol. Motor patrols tend to prevent peoplefrom reassembling after order has been restored.

111. Foot Patrols

Roving foot patrols may be used to cope withpossible outbreaks on the flanks and rear of themain operating force. Foot patrols are consideredeffective in narrow areas where vehicles might beblocked. It may be necessary for foot patrols tomake house-to-house searches for arms or to ap-prehend individuals. Normally, foot patrols of twoor four men are employed after order has beenrestored.

112. Water Patrols

If riot control operations are conducted neardock, lake, or river areas, the military commandermay establish water patrols to reduce the threat of

106 AGO 384C

attack on his positions by waterborne forces. Waterpatrols may be employed to protect vital ships orwaterfront installations, and as a base to launchchemicals on the rioters.

113. Air Patrols

Air patrols perform visual reconnaissance, liai-son, photoreconnaissance, chemical attacks, or re-supply operations. In making visual reconnais-sance, air patrols report to the military commanderinformation concerning mob elements, the conditionof roads and bridges, the presence of natural orartificial obstacles, and the location and movementof friendly forces. Air patrols may help in direct-ing troop movements, controlling traffic, and lo-cating mob reassembly sites.

Section IV. APPLICATION OF RIOT CONTROLFORMATIONS

114. GeneralThe manner of employing formations and

weapons, the application of a certain formation toa particular situation, and the stage of operationsat which certain types of action will be applicableare tactical questions which must be decided by thecommander of troops or by commanders of sub-ordinate units when acting alone.

115. Dismounted Formations

Dismounted riot control formations are part ofthe show of force, and constitute the means ofblocking the advance of a mob. The various riot

AGO 384C 107

control formations are tools to be employed as re-quired. Normally, the line can be employed againstany size mob, and the echelon and wedge against asmall mob on a narrow front or in confined areas.

a. Line. The line is employed for blocking orpushing a mob and is continuous without gapswith the flanks anchored to obstacles or protectedby reserve units.

b. Echelon. The echelon is employed to forcerioters away from an obstacle, such as a wall of acourtyard or building, or to direct their movementsin a certain direction.

c. Wedge. The wedge is employed to split a mobinto segments. When the troops are greatly out-numbered, a wedge should not be driven into themob as this could result in the troops becomingsurrounded.

d. Modified Formations. When troops penetratea mob to apprehend a member of the mob, they mayuse a modified formation, such as a circular or adiamond formation, with at least two unarmedsoldiers inside the formation. When the formationreaches the individual to be apprehended, a gap isopened and the unarmed soldiers pull the individualinside the formation. The gap is closed and theapprehended person is then escorted to the desig-nated collecting point.

116. Vehicles in Formations

a. Vehicles with foot troop protection have a use-ful role in riot control formations. Tanks have agreater psychological effect upon mobs than other

108 AGO 384C

vehicles. Vehicles may be employed to obtain shockaction; to serve as gun platforms for mortars, re-coilless weapons, machine guns, selected marksmen,or as a base to release riot control gases; and toenter a mob to apprehend individuals.

b. Vehicles employed in mass are effectiveagainst a mob when there is sufficient space forthe vehicles to mraneuver and for the mob to move.The 3/X-ton truck containing one squad and em-ployed in groups of threes is effective. Top paulinsare removed but the bows are retained and wiredinto position. Troops hold on to the bows or toropes strung along the bows. Vehicles should beoperated in low range, four-wheel drive. They canbe employed in column, line, echelon, or wedge.When vehicles are halted, troops defend them withrifles and bayonets. If a vehicle breaks down, twoother vehicles should be used to protect it. Thetroops form an island of defense until they receivefurther orders.

117. Combat Formations

When a disturbance reaches the proportion thatriot control formations and tactics cannot suppressit, or when it becomes so violent that troops sufferan unwarranted number of casualties, combat for-mations and tactics may be used.

Section V. EMPLOYMENT OF CHEMICALS

118. General

a. The employment of riot control gases is aneffective and humane method of riot control when

AGO 384C 109

a mass mob must be rendered physically ineffectivefor a limited period of time in order to impose thewill of authority on a mob.

b. Except in extreme circumstances, riot controlgases should not be used where hospital patients orchildren in schools may be affected.

c. Chemical munitions may be stored or issuedin a manner similar to that used for ammunition(par. 36).

119. Operational Application

a. General. Although the quantity of riot controlgases needed to provide an adequate concentrationin a given area is tentatively computed in advance,and the general plan for the use of these gases isprepared prior to an operation, the manner of em-ployment is determined on the location. When alarger concentration of gas is required than can beeasily obtained by the use of standard grenades,riot control gases may be dispersed from mechani-cal gas dispersers or from flamethrowers modifiedfor this purpose (app. II).

(1) Riot control gas grenades of the combus-tion type are not thrown into a mob, be-cause they may be thrown back. Eachtype of gas grenade may be thrown orprojected by a grenade launcher over orin front of a mob. The average distancethat the baseball grenade may be thrownbefore bursting is 35 to 50 yards. Gre-nades should be lobbed into the air sothat the burst will occur several feet overthe heads of the members of the mob on

110 AGO 384C

the upwind side and should never bethrown directly into the faces of the indi-viduals in the mob as permanent blindnessmay result from ruptured eyeballs tornby plastic fragments of the cases. Whenburst in this manner with a 10-mile anhour wind, a single grenade may be effec-tive on individuals at 50 yards downwind.Satisfactory effects may also be obtainedfrom ground bursts. Additional grenadeswill probably be required to affect per-sons coming into the area after the initialgas cloud has passed.

(2) Foliage and high grass by "capturing"CN micropulverized powder assist in mak-ing it effective in an area for a longertime than it would be in a barren area.Individuals who have been exposed to CNmicropulverized powder will continue tobe affected for several hours unless theskin and clothing are freed of the powder.

b. Releasing Riot Control Gases. When the com-mander decides upon the manner and line of re-lease, he places grenadiers or operators of thedispersers along the line facing the mob. The gre-nades or dispersers are then employed and theclcud is sustained or shifted until the mob is forcedto leave the area. Grenades are effective when em-ployed as "marching fire." Members of the gassquads should be protected and all troops should bemasked. Prior to use of gases, all units are warned.

c. Avenues of Escape. Avenues of escape from

AGO 384C 111

the advancing gas cloud must be provided for therioters.

d. Denying Areas to Rioters. When an area isto be denied to rioters, a blanketing gas cloud maybe produced over the area. Baseball grenades areespecially well suited for use in denying small, con-fined areas to rioters because the fusing time isvery short and dispersal is instantaneous. Mechani-cal gas dispersers may be used effectively in denialoperations and a large area can be covered rapidlywith a limited number of personnel.

e. Splitting a Mob. A narrow gas cloud thrownacross the center of a mob tends to split it. Thisprocedure is advisable in areas where there is nopath of retreat to the rear for the rioters, or whenthe supply of riot control gases is limited.

f. Attacking a Building. When rioters are barri-caded within a building, the building itself may beblanketed with a gas cloud, provided that thewindows have been shattered. Smoke may be usedto cover the approach of troops who may throwgrenades directly into the building. The burningtype grenade should not be used where combusti-bles are present because of the intense heat gen-erated by the grenade and the danger of starting afire.

Section VI. ROAD BLOCKS

120. General

Road blocks may be employed during riot controloperations to canalize the movement of people, to

112 AGO 384C

block routes, to prevent buildups of mobs, and toisolate or protect an area.

a. Road blocks may be constructed from avail-able material, such as trolley cars, buses, trucks,other vehicles, earth, trees, or wire. Materialwhich may chip, shatter, or splinter should have acovering, such as canvas, to prevent particles fromflying off when the material is hit by bullets.

b. Road blocks must be protected by observationand small arms. Caution must be taken to preventroad blocks and the garrison from becomingsurrounded.

121. Road Blocks for Personnel

Concertina wire is considered the best materialfor the rapid construction of temporary road blocksfor personnel (figs. 45 and 46). These road blocksshould be prepared in advance and carried in atruck or 1-ton trailer to the location where theywill be employed. Each road block should extendapproximately 40 to 50 feet; two or more are re-quired for a wide street. A single strand of wireshould be stretched across the street 75 to 100 feetin front of the road block on which is attached asign in the local language warning the people notto approach closer to the road block. At night thesign should be lighted by a lantern or flare. Troopsdefending the road block should be protected bysand bag emplacements if sniper fire is anticipated.

122. Road Blocks for Trains

Railroads (all types other than trolley lines) maybe blocked by wrapping a heavy chain around one

AGO 384C 113

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rail with each wrap on top of the others and pad-locking the ends of the chain. The chain should beplaced sufficiently far from the road block to pre-vent the train from crashing into the road blockwhen it is derailed. A sign in the local languageand a sufficient number of warning lights to warnthe engineer should be placed in advance of thechain. This method is used when it is undesirableto destroy the roadbed.

123. Road Blocks for Trolleys

Techniques similar to those listed in paragraph122 may be used to establish a road block fortrolleys. Instead of using a chain, however, any ma-terial, such as sand, earth, or gravel, may be placedcn the tracks in sufficient quantity to derail or stopthe trolleys.

124. Road Blocks for Motor Vehicles

Road blocks for motor vehicles must extendacross the street from building to building to pre-vent vehicles from using the sidewalks to pass theblock. Several parallel earthen or other barricades,25 to 50 feet apart, may be required to stop highspeed vehicles.

Section VII. COMMUNICATIONS AND SIGNALS

125. General

In riot control operations, communications mustnot be dependent on civil communications systems.Civil communications systems may be employed tothe extent of availability and dependability, but

116 AGO 384C

must be supported with an independent militarysystem capable of providing facilities for handlingall essential communications.

126. Radio

The use of tactical and command nets providesgreat flexibility for operational forces. Radiooperating procedures should be covered in com-mand signal operation instruction, with provisionsfor emergency operations during disturbances. In-structions should include guidance to frequencychanges necessary and the netting of radio com-munications of operating units or of other agenciesemploying radios in the same geographical area.

127. Signal Communications Security

a. Normal tactical communications securitymeasures are adequate during disturbance opera-tions. Authentication of each message is necessary.Adequate authentication instructions should beprepared for operators of communications equip-ment and for those who dispatch and receivemessages.

b. Radio operators working in close proximityto members of a crowd or mob should use headsetsfor receiving and should use a low voice for send-ing. These precautions will help to prevent mem-bers of a crowd or mob from hearing the messages.

128. Visual Signals

Visual signals may be used in disturbance opera-tions. The use of flares to announce the beginningand ending of phases is effective. Hand and arm

AGO 384C 117

signals are employed for platoon and squad controlwhen voice commands are not effective.

129. Messengers

Messengers are used as a means of communica-tions, particularly for short distances.

130. Public Address Systems

Public address systems provide an importantmeans of communication. Public address systemshave great value for announcing proclamations andpsychological pronouncements or persuasions topersons taking part in disturbances. They may beused as a means of effectively drowning vocal de-monstrations of mobs, and they assist in preventingrapid or effective vocal communications betweenmob leaders and other members of the mob. Thecommander may use public address systems in con-trolling his troops. Platoon leaders wearing gasmasks may effectively employ hand megaphoneswith battery operated loudspeakers for conveyingorders to the troops. Public address systems maybe operated from motor vehicles or aircraft.

Section VIII. OPERATIONS

131. General

The tactics and techniques for quelling civil dis-turbances are selected to fit the condition of eachdisturbance. When troops are committed to re-store order, there should be no hesitation. The planof action should be forcibly and determinedly fol-lowed.

118 AGO 384C

a. In some cases, mobs may be dispersed withoutviolence if handled firmly and tactfully. On theother hand, unnecessary violence or arrogance onthe part of troops may cause violent action againstthe troops by the mob.

b. Small mobile task forces should be organizedand held in reserve. One or more of these forcesmay be employed to quell small disturbancesseparated from the main center of disturbance.

132. Unit Journal

A unit journal should be opened when the alertorder is received, and a chronological record of allevents and incidents should be made.

133. Interpreters

When the mob is composed of non-English speak-ing people, interpreters may be employed to-

a. Interpret the proclamation and instructionswhen directed by the military commander.

b. Listen to instructions issued by mob leadersto the mob and relay them to the commander.

c. Interview detained persons.

d. Act as undercover personnel.

e. Perform other interpretive duties as assigned.

134. Military Personnel

Normally, troops that are immediately availableare employed initially to restore order during adisturbance. Where the probability of a disturb-ance can be foreseen, task forces should be or-

AGO 384C 119

ganized and trained together prior to being com-mitted.

a. Armored units are effective both physicallyand psychologically in suppressing disturbances.Tank dozers are useful in removing barricades andrubble from the streets.

b. Personnel from The Judge Advocate General'sCorps must be present to advise the commander onlegal matters.

c. An inspector general must be present to per-form inspector general duties.

d. Public information personnel must be presentto control news releases.

e. Engineer troops may be required for technicaladvice, demolition, bridging, and building oreliminating barricades and other obstacles.

f. Military police units may be employed in themaneuvering force, in reserve, or in special assign-ments, such as-

(1) Small task forces for independent mis-sions.

(2) An extended line behind the riot controlformation to-

(a) Receive detained persons passed backby the maneuvering force.

(b) Take charge of women, children, andothers passed through the lines.

(c) Search bypassed houses.(d) Carry out mopping-up operations.(e) Reinforce the troops in riot control for-

mations.

120 AGO 384C

(3) Operation of a temporary jail for civil-ians apprehended during the disturbanceif local police are unable to perform thisfunction.

(4) Garrisons for road blocks.(5) Area patrols.(6) Reserves.(7) Other normal military police functions.

g. Transportation Corps units may be requiredfor transporting troops, supplies, and equipment.

h. Chemical Corps personnel may be required fortechnical advice and planning for the release oflarge concentrations of riot control gases andsmoke.

i. Signal Corps personnel may be required tomaintain communications.

j. During and following a major disturbance,Civil Affairs/Military Government (CAMG) per-sonnel or units may be utilized to perform thosefunctions normally performed by CAMG units,e. g., assist civil governmental agencies and careof refugees from mobs.

k. Army Medical Service personnel may be re-quired to operate aid stations and evacuate casual-ties.

1. Counter Intelligence Corps personnel may berequired to perform their normal functions.

m. Other services, agencies, and personnel maybe required in special situations.

135. Initial Action

Initial action normally consists of blocking a mob

AGO 384C 121

.along a selected line short of its objective and em-)lacing necessary road blocks, presenting a display.;f military strength, issuing a proclamation order-ing the people to disperse immediately and to re-turn peaceably to their homes, and issuing neces-sary instructions, such as routes of withdrawal tobe used by the people.

a. When the mob retires, troops should follow atthe speed of retirement. When the troops reach apredesignated line, they should halt and motorizedpatrols should continue the pursuit and patrol theirea to prevent reassembly.

b. If the members of the mob do not obey theproclamation, other measures must be employed.

136. Employment of Force

The following measures may be applied in anyorder deemed appropriate by the responsible com-mander:

a. Show of force.

b. Employment of riot control formations (par.60).

c. Employment of water.

d. Employment of chemical agents (smoke, CN,or DM).

e. Fire by selected marksmen.

f. Full fire power.

137. Employment of Water

Water from fire hose may be effective in movingsmall groups, in moving groups on a narrow front

122 AGO 384C

such as a street, or in defending a defile (includinga narrow passageway) or road block. Personnelapplying the water should be protected by riflemenand in some instances by shields. In the use ofwater, the following factors should be considered:

a. Water may be employed as a flat trajectoryweapon utilizing pressure, or as a high trajectoryweapon employing water as rainfall. The latter ishighly effective during cold weather.

b. Pumps overheat with prolonged use. At leastone pump should be available in reserve.

c. Harmless dye may be placed in the water forfuture identification of members of a mob bystaining their clothing or bodies.

d. The use of a large water tank (750-1000 gal.)and a powerful water pump mounted on a truckwith a high pressure hose and nozzle capable ofsearching and traversing will enable troops to em-ploy water as they advance. By having at least twosuch water trucks, one is always available for usewith troops.

138. Selected Marksmen and Full Fire Power

a. Selected Marksmen. One man in each squadshould be designated as a selected marksman.Others may be designated as necessary. Selectedmarksmen should be specially trained and thor-oughly instructed. They may be placed on vehicles,in buildings, or elsewhere as required.

b. Full Fire Power. The employment of fullfire power by commanders of units of any size, toinclude patrols, garrisons of road blocks and bar-

AGO 384C 123

ricades, and crews of vehicles, is a decision whichmust be made by the senior commander. After amob has been ordered to disperse, any advance to-ward the troops must be considered as an attackand must be stopped before it reaches them. At thisstage, it must be assumed that only belligerentpeople are in the mob. When fire power is em-ployed, troops aim to disable rather than to kill.

139. Psychological Considerations

Psychological considerations are persuasive innature and are inherent in all the measures offorce. Announcements and special instructions maybe given to a mob over public address systemsmounted in vehicles or helicopters. In some in-stances, it may be desirable to announce the forcewhich will be employed. Commanders should beassisted in this matter by an officer trained inpsychological warfare, both as to advice on messagecontent and methods of delivery.

140. Movie Cameras

Movie cameras are useful in disturbance opera-tions. The taking of pictures, particularly movies,has specific value in counteracting *the feeling ofanonymity among the members of the mob. In addi-tion, the movies provide historical records of theaction and they aid in identifying mob members.

141. Route of Escape

Pressure should not be placed against the mem-bers of a mob if no route of escape is open to them.Routes of escape must be planned and designated.

124 AGO 384C

Announcements over public address systems andleaflets dropped from planes should direct thepeople to these routes. The greater the number ofroutes open to the people, the sooner they can bedispersed.

142. Army Aircraft

Army aircraft may be employed for many pur-poses, to include visual and photoreconnaissance,dropping leaflets over areas occupied by rioters,search and rescue, support of troops, resupply ofemergency supplies, clearing rooftops of rioters,dispersing chemicals by mechanical dispersers in-stalled in the aircraft, illuminating the disturbancearea with search lights mounted in the aircraft,directing movements of units, transporting troops,evacuating casualties, carrying messages, patrol-ling the rear and flanks of troops for security pur-poses, and directing persons on the ground bymeans of public address systems installed in theaircraft. Because of their more versatile flightcharacteristics, helicopters are usually preferred tofixed wing light aircraft.

143. Search for Firearms and Persons

During the early phases of a disturbance opera-tion, a military unit should conduct searches andmake seizures of firearms and known crowd leadersin order to lessen the possibility of weapons beingused against troops and to deny leadership to amob. Search parties should make systematicsearches of all buildings in the areas where knownor suspected weapons and ammunition are stored.

AGO 384C 125

Armories, arsenals, hardware and sporting stores,pawnshops, and gunsmith establishments are a fewof the places where immediate searches forweapons and ammunition should be conducted. Insearching for persons, a cordon may be placedaround the area to be searched and all persons inthe area may be required to identify themselves.

144. Large Mobs

If a large mob is in a compact mass in the openand its members fail to obey the order to disperse,riot control gases may be applied to the part of themob that is to be moved first. Gas may be useduntil the mob is dispersed.

145. Riots

Riots can be vicious and dangerous. They canflare from violent, uncontrolled emotions and ac-tions in a matter of minutes. The measures takenshould be in proportion to the violence of the re-sistance encountered and the danger anticipated.

146. In Built-Up Areas

a. Business District. During disturbances, door-ways to shops and entrances to large buildings areusually locked and barred. Troops should securethe rooftops on both sides of a street before opera-tions are started. Where rooftops vary in height,this may be difficult, and in this case, selectedmarksmen may have to cover adjoining lower roof-tops by rifle fire to prevent objects from beingthrown or dropped on troops in the street. Riot con-trol gases may be dropped upon a mob fromrooftops.

126 AGO 384C

b. Residential Area. The tactics and techniqueemployed to clear a business district may be usedto clear a residential area except that troops mustcover the spaces between houses and streets a~well as the streets.

c. Search. Clearing mobs out of a built-up areŽincludes searching houses or buildings to prevensizable groups from secreting themselves until thttroops pass.

147. Vital Installations

a. Normally, vital installations are protected bysecurity forces and fences.

b. If all gates to an installation are besieged byrioters, troops on the outside may have to be passedover the top of the fence to reach the inside.Another method is to cut a passageway through thewire.

c. Where the pressure of the mob threatens tobreak through the fence or gates, water or riot con-trol gases may be employed on the rioters to relievethe pressure.

d. In a situation where an installation is be-sieged by rioters and it is necessary for troops toenter it but the use of riot control gases is notdesirable, the rioters may be forced away froma gate by troops in wedge formation in mass withlateral support and a strong reserve in the centerof the wedge. Fire hose dispersing water underhigh pressure from the point of the wedge may beused to aid in forcing rioters back. When the gateis reached by the point of the wedge, the two eche-

AGO 384C 127

lons of the wedge face right and left, respectively,

and move outward in a line to clear the rioters from

the gate. Then troops may enter the installation

through the opened passageway (fig. 47).

VITAL INSTALLATION

3R VE

- -,, - -_ Rae -,

H0 i f ~ RESERVE

l1 Wedge forcing mob away from a gate.

Figure 47. Use of wedge formation.

128 AGO 384C

VITAL INSTALLATION

RESERVE 0

2 Lines formed from wedge to clear area.

Figure 47-Continued..

e. If the rioters have occupied the area inside thefence of a vital installation, it may be imperativefor the troops to reach the most vulnerable section.This may be accomplished by employing the methoddescribed in d above. The space around the vulner-able section may be cleared by strong echelon orline formations until there is sufficient space forthe troops to maneuver. Thereafter, a progressiveseries of blocking, clearing, and sealing-off tacticsare used.

148. Operations in Buildings

The routes of escape from buildings are nor-mally the windows and doors of the ground floor.Where possible, the building should be cleared

AGO 384C 129

from the top downward. In some instances, how-ever, it will be difficult or impossible for troopsto reach the top of the building in order to drivethe rioters downward. It may be necessary tostart clearing a building on the lower floor, clearthat floor, then proceed upward, floor by floor,until the building is cleared. Basements and un-derground passageways must not be overlooked.When clearing a building from the lower floor tothe top, routes of escape normally will not exist,and it may be necessary for individuals or smallgroups to be escorted to the exits on the groundfloor.

149. Operations Against Barricades

Barricades constructed by rioters are placed soas to impede the advance of the troops. Barricadesmay be removed by bulldozers or tank dozers, ordragged out of the way by heavy trucks if thesevehicles can be protected during the process. Iflarge groups are assembled behind the barricades,they may be driven away by riot control gasesand then dealt with separately. Barricades inbuildings, defiles, or narrow passages may have tobe captured and removed by hand or broken downby use of grapples or other means prior to capture.Barricades in the open constructed of combustiblematerial may be destroyed by fire; in this caseprecautions must be taken to prevent the fire fromspreading to nearby buildings. Barricades con-structed by rioters may be charged with electricityor may contain mines or booby traps.

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150. Mopping-Up Operations

In mopping-up operations, house-to-housesearches to seize arms or to apprehend individualsmay be made. Mopping-up search parties may besent through the houses on each side of a street.Where the houses are not connected, search partiesprotected by necessary fire power may approachtheir objective simultaneously from several direc-tions.

151. Large Scale Search of a Built-Up Area

This operation is a house-by-house search of alarge portion of a city. The area should be dividedinto sections. Each section should be thoroughlysearched, then sealed off to prevent unauthorizedpersons from entering. Then the next adjoiningarea should be searched. Meanwhile patrols withinand around the perimeter prevent the escape ofsuspected persons. If available, civil police shouldbe employed to search the houses. No unauthorizedperson should be permitted to enter or leave a sec-tion being searched. If sufficient troops and policeare available, two or more sections may besearched simultaneously.

152. Defensive Operations

a. Defensive actions normally consist of estab-lishing a line on the ground at a designated dis-tance from the troops. The mob should be orderednot to cross the designated line. The troops shouldapply the necessary force to carry out the order.

b. Means of denying an area to rioters are to-

AGO 384C 131

(1) Flood it with water.(2) Contaminate it with riot control gases.

(3) Block all its entrances.(4) Occupy it with troops.

153. Disturbances in Radioactive Areas

Individual and organizational protective meas-ures are applied in accordance with current direc-tives. Because of the emotional conditions of thepeople, greater force may be required to restoreorder than in other places where disturbancesoccur.

154. Mass Panic

To provide guidance in the control of personsin mass panic, the following measures are given:

a. Keep escape routes open and keep the crowdmoving to reduce panic. Continual reconnaissance,preferably by air, of the flow of people and trafficis very helpful.

b. Channel the crowd through areas where de-struction of property is minimal to prevent furtherpanic.

c. Guide the members of the crowd to theirhomes if they are livable. If the residential areasare untenable, guide the crowd to ,unpopulatedareas.

d. Disperse the crowd as soon as practicable,but not to built-up areas unless panic has subsided.

132 AGO 384C

Section IX. RESTRICTIONS ON CIVIL POPULATION INTHE UNITED STATES

155. General

In case of martial law, the military commandertakes over the administration of the local govern-ment. It may be necessary for him to protect civilofficials in the exercise of their normal functions.He may also find it necessary to provide for emer-gency public service to the extent necessary toprevent or relieve human suffering. Proclamationsand restrictions on the rights of citizens or onthe civilian economy are normally issued by thecommander through the press, radio, or a publicaddress system.

156. Conduct Towards Civilians

Civilians are treated with courtesy and respect;they should be informed that the military forcesmust perform their mission of restoring generalpeace and quelling tumultuous disturbances orriots. Troops should not fraternize with civiliansand should not discuss with them at any time thecircumstances of the military action.

157. Curfew

A curfew may aid in the control of a disturb-ance. For the most part, law abiding citizens willcomply with curfew restrictions. Action is takenagainst those persons violating the curfew regu-lations.

158. Pass Systema. Identification passes are provided for the

AGO 384C 133

people who must continue their tasks during theemergency. When restrictions are continued for anextended period, counterfeit passes may be used byunauthorized persons. The color of passes may bechanged frequently to permit detection of viola-tions.

b. The pass system may be used in the circulationcontrol of newsmen. All newsmen should bescreened. The passes will enable the authorizednewsmen to move freely within the limits prescribedby the passes.

159. Sale of Firearms

The military commander may establish regula-tions governing the sale, transfer, and delivery offirearms, ammunition, explosives, or other mate-rials, as will prevent dissident elements from pur-chasing or acquiring them.

160. Carrying of Firearms

The military commander may restrict the rightof civilians to carry dangerous weapons, firearms,or explosives whether or not permits therefor hadbeen issued by civil authories. Certain protectivepersonnel, such as guards at industrial facilities,may be required to deposit their weapons with thetroops when the troops are assigned the mission ofsecuring the premises from attack or violence.

161. Sale of Liquor

The military commander may require the closingof all places where intoxicating liquors are sold,may limit the sale of intoxicating liquors to certain

134 AGO 384C

hours, or may otherwise regulate sales. The saleof liquor on a doctor's prescription or for bona fidemedicinal use should not be banned. The com-mander may enforce compliance with his orders byposting guards who may take into custody any per-sons who violate such orders.

162. Detention of Civilians

a. The military commander may detain personswho impede the preservation or restoration of orderor incite others to do so. Such persons will bedelivered to the civil authorities at the earliestpracticable moment. If available, judge advocate,inspector general, counterintelligence, and militarypolice criminal investigation personnel should bepresent at the collecting point where such personsare detained and may question them as to theiractivities. The apprehending soldier should be re-quired to make a sworn complaint setting forth indetail the facts concerning the conduct of the per-son detained. A copy of the complaint should besubmitted to the civil authorities. The judge advo-cate will be called upon, if necessary, to aid in thefiling of the complaint with the civil authorities.Prosecution of offenders is a civil responsibility;however, military authorities will cooperate to thefullest extent and make witnesses available. If timepermits, prior formal arrangements concerning thedetails of handling civilians taken into custodyshould be made; if this cannot be done, informalarrangements should be made, to be formalized atthe earliest possible time. Because of the possibilityof subsequent legal action to test the validity of

AGO 384C 135

actions taken by the military, it is important thatall arrangements made be completely documented.If there is reason to believe that offenders will notbe received by civil authorities or, upon receipt, willbe immediately released, military commanders may,when deemed essential to public safety or opera-tions of the military forces, detain offenders untilsuch time as their release will not jeopardize publicsafety or operations of the military forces.

b. If a rioter is apprehended, he and at least twowitnesses to the act for which he was apprehendedshould be sent to the collecting point for the deten-tion of civilians. If possible, the apprehending per-son should also be sent to the collecting point.

c. If a civilian is injured in any way by militarypersonnel, he should be taken to a medical officerfor examination and any required treatment. Inaddition to the witnesses and apprehending soldier,the person who inflicted the injury should be sentto the collecting point for interrogation.

d. Troops on duty may stop and question a personwho approaches or leaves an industrial facility orarea. They may demand an explanation of anyonewho appears to be violating the orders of the mili-tary commander or such civil police regulations asmay be enforced by the troops.

e. Any person who fails to identify himself prop-erly or to give a satisfactory explanation of hisactions should be taken to an appropriate officer forfurther questioning and investigation. When itappears that such a person may be charged with acrime, he should be held for the civil authorities.

136 AGO 384C

f. If a person carries a parcel which may be sus-pected of containing explosives, weapons, or otherdangerous or otherwise contraband items, he maybe required to submit the parcel for examination.If the contents indicate that the bearer may beengaged in subversive activity, he should be heldand searched. Normally, the search should be con-ducted in the presence of a commissioned or non-commissioned officer.

g. Persons who violate regulations and orders ofthe military commander may be detained andcharged as the judge advocate advises.

Section X. TERMINATION OF OPERATIONS

163. Restoration of Civil Authority

Restoration may be accomplished by phases, i. e.,activity by activity. Civil authorities resume re-sponsibility for each activity as that activity isreleased by the military forces, e. g., protection andoperation of public utilities may be turned back tothe regularly operating agency, while other activi-ties may be continued by military forces.

164. Withdrawal of Troops

Military forces are withdrawn from a disturbedarea when directed by proper authority. Beforewithdrawal, all regulations and restrictive meas-ures made necessary by the emergency situationshould be rescinded by the military commander.Troops may be paraded for psychological effect.

AGO 384C 137

PART THREE

ROLE OF MILITARY POLICE INDISASTER RELIEF

CHAPTER 7PLANNING FOR DISASTER RELIEF OPERATIONSUNDER CONDITIONS OTHER THAN MARTIAL

LAW

165. GeneralPlanning for disaster relief operations is done

by each level of command to execute the plans ofthe next higher command. Each operational levelof command has the responsibility for preparingplans for disaster operations within its area ofresponsibility.

166. Forces AvailablePlans of major commands should include guid-

ance to the structure of provisional units and themakeup of emergency teams. Operational unitsnormally plan the use of all forces available inorganizing teams and provisional units for employ-ment in emergencies, except for the minimum num-ber of personnel required to maintain the internalsecurity of the installation and such personnel re-stricted from the activity for other necessary rea-sons. Such planning permits the higher commandsto determine their available forces.

138 AGO 384C

167. Organization of Disaster Relief Forces

a. Disaster Emergency Teams. Personnel utilizedshould be organized into disaster emergency teamsby making maximum use of personnel whose MOSare appropriate for team participation. The num-ber and type of teams organized should reflect thecapability of the installation according to personnelstrength and equipment available.

b. Emergency Troop Forces. The organizationadopted must be flexible, be adapted to the require-ments of the disaster situation, and be as self-sus-taining as feasible. Where possible, the main ele-ments should consist of established units wherecontrol and teamwork have been developed. Pro-visional units should be organized into platoons andcompanies to provide the best cohesion of forcesnot regularly organized. Unit integrity is desirableand is needed particularly in the event disturbancesdevelop within the disaster area.

168. Emergency Military Police Control Team

a. Purpose. The purpose of a military police con-trol team is to advise civil authorities on mattersrelated to the maintenance of law and order andto establish an emergency communication net in thedisaster area.

b. Composition. The following team makeup andequipment are guides for planning and should notbe construed as an attempt to prescribe limitationsor requirements. Alterations or substitutions ofpersonnel and equipment may be made as appro-priate in organizing personnel for the accomplish-ment of specific missions.AGO 384C 139

(1) Personnel.Job description Officer Enlisted men

Team commander ____------ 1Operations supervision______ ------- 1Senior military policeman___. ------- 4

Total____------------ 1 5

(2) Equipment.Item description Quantity

Automobile, sedan light* ________----------.2.Pistol, automatic, caliber .45___-------------- 6Radio set __--------------------___________2

c. Capabilities. Emergency military police con-trol teams are capable of effectively advising civilofficials responsible for police functions under emer-gency conditions.

d. Team Commander. The team commander-

(1) Advises and assists the responsible com-mander in developing policies and proce-dures for efficient operation in accom-plishing the purpose.

(2) Requires each member of the team to be-come familiar with the duties connectedtherewith.

169. Training Programs

Appropriate commanders will prescribe thetraining program of military police for disasterrelief operations. These training programs will bebased on the plans for disaster relief operations sothat the plans may be put into operation with mini-

,* Truck, utility, '/4 ton, 4 x 4, w/radio set may be substituted for

automobile, sedan, light, w/radio set provided that substitution is 100percent.

140 AGO 384C

mum delay after a disaster occurs. Federal CivilDefense Administration training material on dis-aster relief operations may be used for guidance.

170. Unit Training

After individual military policemen have beentrained to perform the specific duties, the unitshould be trained to function as a team. This in-cludes assembling at designated locations with ap-propriate equipment and practicing the operationscalled for in the disaster plans.

AGO 384C 141

CHAPTER 8

OPERATIONS IN DISASTER RELIEFUNDER MARTIAL LAW

Section I. GENERAL

171. Basic Principles

a. Aid and assistance are given to civil authori-ties to enable them to perform those functions nec-essary for the protection and welfare of people inthe disaster area.

b. During disaster conditions, civil law enforce-ment agencies are responsible for all police .activi-ties until the declaration of martial law. It may bepossible to release responsibility for police activitiesto appropriate civil police agencies in a short timefollowing the assumption of the responsibility bymilitary police. It is desirable that this be doneas soon as possible as long as it can be done withoutjeopardizing the effective protection of persons andproperty.

c. Action during disturbances within a disasterarea is taken as necessary. The principles, tactics,and techniques covered in part two should be em-ployed.

172. Reconnaissance of a Disaster Area

In a devastated area, it may be necessary to makean aerial reconnaissance to determine the extent

142 AGO 384C

of the disaster and to determine what militarypolice operations will be necessary. Army aircraftare particularly valuable for making such a recon-naissance.

Section II. MILITARY POLICE MISSIONS UNDERMARTIAL LAW

173. General

Military police missions under martial law duringdisaster operations include the following:

a. Preservation of law and order.

b. Traffic control.

c. Circulation control and evacuation of civilians.

d. Operation of detention center.

174. Preservation of Law and Order

The preservation of law and order following thedevelopment of disaster conditions can be a majorproblem. Military police must cope with the usualproblems which are the prevention of looting, pro-tection of property, prevention of panic, and theenforcement of restrictions on persons. Militarypolice should report any indications of the develop-ment of civil disturbances so that steps can be takento prevent any major incidents. In addition, mili-tary police teams may be used to provide staff guid-ance to nonmilitary police units performing militarypolice functions in the preservation of law andorder.

a. Key Installations. Military police may be used

AGO 384C 143

to protect key installations from damage or destruc-tion and to protect operating personnel. Amongthe most important installations are waterworks,powerplants, and communication and transporta-tion facilities.

b. Patrols. Patrols, and guards when necessary,are detailed, to protect areas where looting mayoccur. A list of installations which may requireprotection should be prepared as a result of theinitial conference of the commander and staff withlocal authorities and representatives of civil defenseand relief organizations.

175. Traffic Control

a. General. The road net, the trafficability ofroads, the traffic requirements, and civil police effec-tiveness determine the necessary degree of militaryparticipation in traffic control. Controls may varyfrom a minimum disruption of normal civiliantraffic to the barring from the road net of all trafficwhich is not directly concerned with disaster reliefactivities.

b. Routing Traffic. Successful traffic control in adisaster-stricken area requires detailed liaison be-tween military and civilian authorities. The coor-dinating military officer is normally the senior mili-tary police officer present for disaster duty. As faras possible, civilian traffic which is barred fromroads because of military disaster relief operationsis afforded the best alternate routes. Restrictionsand alternate routes are properly publicized, andand when appropriate, mobile public address sys-

144 AGO 384C

tems may be used. Military police patrols enforcethe regulations of the military commander, andadequate personnel are assigned to traffic bottle-necks. When necessary, bulldozers and wreckersshould be available to clear routes.

c. Rerouting Traffic. If the rerouting of trafficin a disaster-stricken area becomes necessary, thefollowing factors must be considered:

(1) The weight of vehicles.(2) The bridge load capacity, where applica-

ble.(3) The priorities established by the military

commander.(4) The results of road reconnaissance.(5) The control points necessary.(6) The maximum number of alternate routes.

176. Circulation and Evacuation

a. Restrictions on Persons. Paragraphs 155through 162 discuss restrictions on persons. Re-strictions in disaster-stricken areas should be ap-plied as the need demands in the preservation oflaw and order. Circulation control provides for lim-iting the utilization of transport facilities, streets,and highways as necessary during the emergency.

b. Evacuation. Civil defense evacuation plansare guides for mass or selective evacuation from adisaster area. If the need develops for militarypolice to assist in the evacuation, the civil defenseplans for evacuation should be employed. Civil

AGO 384C 145

defense personnel, however, should be used to thefullest extent. When civil defense organizations areable to supervise the evacuation, the part playedby military police will be to provide assistance byway of transportation, control of traffic, and othermeasures as may be required. Evacuation may beaccomplished by a voluntary exodus, an organizedvoluntary evacuation, or by compulsion.

177. Detention Center

When necessary, a detention center will be estab-lished to hold offenders temporarily before theirrelease to civil authorities or to other military au-thorities as appropriate.

178. Withdrawal of Military Police

Upon completion of disaster relief operations,most military police may be relieved of their re-sponsibilities. Military police operations are endedactivity by activity.

146 AGO 384C

APPENDIX I

REFERENCES

1. Army and Special Regulations

AR 10-50 Special Command Relation-ships within ContinentalUnited States.

SR 320-5-1 Dictionary of United StatesArmy Terms.

AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations.AR 380-5 Safeguarding Defense Infor-

mation.AR 500-50 Emergency Employment of

Army Resources, DomesticDisturbances.

AR 500-60 Emergency Employment ofArmy Resources, DisasterRelief.

AR 500-70 Emergency Employment ofArmy Resources, Civil De-fense.

AR 606-360 Emergency IdentificationSystem for Federal Em-ployees.

2. Field and Technical Manuals

FM 3-5 Tactics and Technique ofChemical, Biological andRadiological Warfare.

AGO 384C 147

FM 19-5 Military Police.FM 19-10 Military Police Operations.FM 19-20 Criminal Investigation.FM 19-25 Military Police Traffic Control.FM 19-30 Physical Security of Military

and Industrial Installations.FM 19-90 The Provost Marshal.FM 21-5 Military Training.FM 21-6 Techniques of Military Instruc-

tion.FM 21-11 First Aid for Soldiers.FM 21-30 Military Symbols.FM 21-40 Defense Against CBR Attack.FM 21-41 Soldier's Manual for Defense

Against CBR Attack.FM 21-48 CBR Training Exercises.FM 21-60 Visual Signals.FM 22-5 Drill and Ceremonies.FM 23-5 U. S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1.FM 23-7 Carbine Caliber .30 M1, MIA1,

M2, and M3.FM 23-10 U. S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1903.FM 23-25 Bayonet.FM 27-10 The Law of Land Warfare.FM 31-50 Combat in Fortified Areas and

Towns.FM 57-30 Airborne Operations.FM 100-5 Field Service Regulations:

Operations.FM 101-5 Staff Officers' Field Manual:

Staff Organization and Pro-cedure.

148 AGO 384C

FM 101-10 Staff Officers' Field Manual:Organization, Technical, andLogistical Data.

FM 110-5 Joint Action; Armed Forces.TM 3-240 Field Behavior of Chemical

Agents.TM 3-300 Ground Chemical Munitions.TM 8-285 Treatment of Chemical War-

fare Casualties.

3. Department of the Army Pamphlets

DA Pam 108-1 Index of Army MotionPictures, Film Strips,Slides, and Phono-re-cordings.

DA Pam 310-1 Index of AdministrativePublications.

DA Pam 310-3 Index of Training Publi-cations.

DA Pam 310-4 Index of Technical Man-uals, Technical Bulle-tins, Supply Bulletins,Lubrication Orders,and Modification WorkOrders.

DA Pam 310-5 Index of Graphic Train-ing Aids and Devices.

4. Training Films and Film Strips

TF 19-1701 Support in Emergencies-Riot Control.

MF 19-7546 Your Army in Disaster Re-lief.

AGO 384C 149

FB 19-212 The Baseball Grenade (CNRiot Grenade, M25).

GF 19-30 Riot Control Formations:Part I-Squad Formations.

GF 19-31 Riot Control Formations:Part II - Platoon andCompany Formations.

GF 19-32 Riot Control Formations:Part III-Vehicles andFoot Troops.

5. Others

Manual for Courts-Martial, United States,1951.

150 AGO 384C

APPENDIX II

CHEMICALS AND THEIR USES IN RIOT CONTROL

1. General

a. Tactical Employment. The tactical employ-ment of'riot control gases and smoke in a dis-turbance is dependent upon the physical andchemical properties of the agents, their projecteduses, and the dispersing method.

b. Advantages. The use of riot control gasesis the most effective means of achieving the great-est temporary incapacitation of a riotous groupwith the least permanent injury. Riot controlgases, unlike small-arms fire, spread through theatmosphere and reach rioters in places wheresmall-arms fire will not penetrate.

2. Types of Chemical Agents Used in Riot Control Opera-tions

a. Riot Control Gases. Of the chemical agentssuitable for use in riot control operations, the mostimportant, because of their peculiar nonlethalcharacteristics, are the riot control gases: CN(tear gas) and CN-DM (a combination of teargas and vomiting gas). Although CN-DM isclassified as nonlethal, it is not employed exceptunder extremely serious conditions because of itssevere physiological effects on persons. CN-DMpoisons open food and water supplies. The micro-

AGO 384C 151

pulverized form of this gas is particularly danger-ous in this respect. Treatment of chemical warfarecasualties is covered in FM 21-11 and TM 8-285.For riot control gas munitions and smoke muni-tions employed in riot control operations, seetables I and II.

b. Smoke. From the group of smoke-producingagents, HC is frequently used. While smoke is ofparticular value in concealing movements oftroops in the open, its physiological effect is neg-ligible. Smoke may be used for signaling purposes.

3. Types of Mechanical Gas Dispersing Units

The following mechanical devices have beendeveloped or are under development for use indispersing riot control gases:

a. Irritant Gas Disperser, Skid Mounted, GED,5000 CFM, M2 (E12R1) (for mounting in 21/2-ton truck). Disperses 40 pounds of micropulver-ized CN, DM, or CN-DM mixture in about 3minutes. The gases are projected approximately50 feet prior to billowing out into a cloud. Theunit, when truck or trailer mounted, can be movedso as to cover a 500-foot frontage (about a cityblock) with ease.

b. Portable Irritant Gas Disperser, E15 (modi-fied flamethrower). Disperses 25 pounds of micro-pulverized gas in one continuous burst in 25 sec-onds, or in intermittent bursts as desired. Thegas is projected approximately 30 feet prior tobillowing out into a cloud and has a range of 300feet. This device can be used singly or in battery.

152 AGO 384C

c. Helicopter-Mounted Irritant Gas Disperser,E16. Disperses micropulverized gases at the rateof 50 pounds per minute.

4. Application of Riot Control Gases and Smoke

a. Area. The area occupied by or to be deniedtemporarily to a mob determines the length of aline along which gas is released. This line isusually at right angles to the direction of the windand sufficient in length to insure the creation of acloud which, when it reaches the mob, will includeconsiderably more than the area actually occupiedby the mob. As a rule of thumb, the length of theline is roughly equal to the average width of thetarget plus one-fifth of the distance from the lineto the target. Gases are not used in an area, suchas a hospital area, where undesirable effects mayensue from their use, or in an area where troopswithout gas masks may have to occupy.

b. Selection.(1) Tear gas. As it produces only a tempo-

rary effect, CN does not necessarilyprevent a mob from re-forming. Becauseof its greater persistency, CN powder incomparison with CN vapor has a morelasting effect. Powdered CN dispersedinside a building may maintain a highpersistency for days or even weeks.Persons exposed to CN powder in a cloudinhale it and the powder gets into theireyes, hair, and on their clothing and skin.Persons are affected for several hours.When a baseball grenade explodes, the

AGO 384C 153

area of intolerable concentration of thegas is about 10 yards in diameter, whichis larger than the area of the cloud. Thecloud produced by a bursting type gre-nade travels much less than that pro-duced by a burning type.

(2) Tear gas-vomiting gas combination. Itmay, be necessary to use a combinationof tear gas and vomiting gas (CN-DM)against a violent mob. Fifteen to thirtyminutes should be allowed for the com-bination to produce its maximum effect.The physical reaction to DM is suffi-ciently violent and lasting to incapacitatepersons for several hours after exposure.If CN-DM is employed, a chemical officerand medical personnel should be present.

(3) Smoke. Smoke may be utilized to deter-mine the approximate velocity of thewind and to provide concealment for themovement of troops. Troops moving be-hind or through a smoke screen canapproach near enough to a building orbarricade to permit attack with riotcontrol hand grenades. Care must beexercised that smoke does not benefitrioters by screening their movementsfrom troops.

c. Quantity. Riot control gas munitions must beused in sufficient quantities to produce an immedi-ate and decisive effect. Sufficient ammunitionsmust be available to produce the proper concen-

154 AGO 384C

tration of gas in the cloud and to maintain therequired concentration until the mob has beendispersed. When a larger quantity of gas is re-quired than can be easily obtained by the use ofstandard type grenades, CN or CN-DM may bedispersed from portable, motor-mounted, or air-borne mechanical chemical dispersing units (par.3). If the supply is limited, a heavy concentrationof gas should be placed on the critical point. Theminimum ammunition requirements for producingchemical clouds in quelling disturbances are shownin table III.

d. Possible Lethal Dosage. Although riot con-trol gases are not sufficiently toxic in field concen-trations to cause death or seriously endangerhealth, their use in buildings and other closedareas requires caution. Exposure to heavy con-centrations of DM causes severe physiologicalreaction which may last for several hours althoughrecovery from effects appears to be complete. Asecond exposure to a heavy concentration doesnot cause exposed personnel to react as violentlyas did the first exposure, which gives the illusionof a degree of immunity having developed. Be-cause of this false impression, serious pulmonaryinjuries may result when personnel, who havebeen previously exposed to heavy concentrations,expose themselves again. Such persons will re-quire hospitalization. When using DM in closedareas, the rioters must be provided with avenuesof escape and must be removed from the affectedarea to prevent prolonged exposure to heavy con-centrations of this gas.

AGO 384C 155

5. Weather Factors

Of all the methods of riot control, operationswith gases are most dependent upon weatherconditions. The basic weather elements affectingchemical operations are wind, temperature, humid-ity, cloud cover, precipitation, and atmosphericstability. For a detailed discussion of weathereffects on field behavior of gases, see TM 3-240.

6. Planning Use of Riot Control Gases

a. General. Adequate and practical plans areessential to the successful use of riot control gases.The plans must be capable of variations to meetchanges in the situation and the weather. Themunitions requirements to provide an adequateconcentration of gas in a given area are tentativelycomputed in advance, and the general plan for theuse of gases is prepared prior to the operation,but the manner of employment is determined onthe spot.

b. Weather and Terrain. The chemical officerconcerned should secure Air Weather Serviceweather forecasts over possible operational areasfor the contemplated times of the operation. Heshould evaluate these forecasts in conjunction witha detailed reconnaissance, map, aerial photograph,or mosaic study of the terrain conditions whichprevail in and surround these areas and whichmight affect the behavior of the riot control agentsreleased.

c. Nature of Disturbance. The cause, nature,and extent of a disturbance, and the temper and

156 AGO 384C

objectives of the rioters are important planningfactors. The evaluation of the capabilities of therioters should include a consideration of theirreligious and political convictions, and racial andnational characteristics, as well as any sociologicalor psychological factors which might affect theirdetermination or resistance.

d. Estimate of the Situation. The estimate ofthe situation should be as thorough as the timeavailable will permit and should be based on ananalysis of the above factors. The estimate shouldenable the commander to consider courses of ac-tion, select gases, and determine munitions re-quirements.

e. Course of Action. The governing factors inthe selection of a course of action are effectsdesired, temper and objectives of the rioters,weather conditions, and munitions available.

7. Training

a. Responsibilities. Each service is responsiblefor providing, organizing, equipping, and trainingits forces for use in civil disturbances.

b. Training. Training of troops for use in riotcontrol gases should include, but not be limited to,the following:

(1) Individual training.(a) Policy on the employment of riot con-

trol gases.(b) Characteristics of riot control gases.(c) Individual protection and first aid.

AGO 384C 157

(d) Maintenance of riot control gas muni-tions and equipment.

(2) Unit training.(a) Gas squad organization.(b) Tactical employment of riot control

gases in riot control.

158 AGO 384C

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APPENDIX III

PROCLAMATIONS AND MESSAGES

Section I. PROCLAMATIONS

1. Forms of Proclamations

The forms in the following paragraphs are forguidance only. Wherever time permits, the mili-tary commander obtains clearance from higherauthority as to the exact language of the proclama-tion to be issued. Where this procedure is notpracticable, extreme care must be taken to insurethat "whereas" clauses of the proclamation ac-curately report prior Presidential action as to thereason for, and the purpose of, the interventionand the order which has been issued by the Presi-dent to all persons involved.

2. Value of a Military Proclamation

A proclamation is considered an excellent me-dium to make known to a crowd the intentions ofthe military commander. In some instances theproclamation makes further action unnecessary.A proclamation puts the population on notice thatthe situation demands extraordinary militarymeasures, prepares the people to accept militaryauthority, tends to inspire respect from lawlesselements and supports law-abiding elements, givespsychological aid to the military forces attempting

166 AGO 384C

to restore order, and indicates to all concernedthe gravity with which the situation is viewed.

3. Federal Aid to Civil Authorities

In the case of Federal aid to civil authorities,the text of the proclamation may take the follow-ing form:

"WHEREAS, upon the application of the properauthorities of the State of , the Pres-ident of the United States has ordered (herestate the nature of the order) ; and

"WHEREAS, the President has also by hisProclamation to that effect, commanded all per-sons engaged in unlawful and insurrectionaryproceedings to disperse and retire peaceably totheir respective abodes on or before the hourof -- of the . day of 19-,and hereafter to abandon said combinationsand submit themselves to the laws and consti-tuted authorities of said State; and

"WHEREAS, I, , haveby due and proper orders, been directed tooperate within the County or Counties of

, State of ,and particularly within an area described asfollows, to wit:for the purposes aforesaid:

"NOW, THEREFORE, I do hereby command allpersons to obey the orders of the President ofthe United States contained in his Proclamationaforesaid, and, for the purpose of more effec-tively and speedily, and with less loss of lifeand property, accomplishing the orders of thePresident to protect said State and the citizensthereof against domestic violence and to enforcethe due execution of the laws of said State, I dofurther proclaim that within the area particu-

AGO 384C 167

larly above described, the following orders shallbe observed and obeyed, to wit:

(Here insert orders.)"I do further proclaim and declare that any

person violating the orders of the Presidentaforesaid, or my orders hereinabove appearing,will be apprehended and held by the militaryauthorities for proper disposition; and that actsof force or violence on the part of the civilpopulation will be met with such force necessaryto restore order and submisison to the consti-tuted authority; and

"In order that their lives and their personsmay not be endangered, I adjure all people tokeep away from all scenes of disorder.

"In the name of the President of the UnitedStates, I command that you disperse and retirepeaceably to your homes."

4. To Enforce Federal Laws and Protect Government Prop-

erty

a. If the President has directed action to en-force Federal laws and to protect Governmentproperty, and a request from State authorities isnot involved, the text of the commander's procla-mation may take the following form:

"WHEREAS, by reason of unlawful obstruc-tions, combinations, and assemblages, it hasbecome impracticable in the judgment of thePresident of the United States to enforce thelaws of the United States by the ordinary courseof judicial porceedings within andparticularly within that portion ofdescribed as follows, to wit:and

"WHEREAS, the President has also admonishedall persons who may be or may come within the

168 AGO 384C

areas aforesaid, against aiding, countenancing,encouraging, or taking any part in such unlaw-ful obstructions, combinations, and assemblages,and has warned all persons engaged in or inany way connected with such unlawful obstruc-tions, combinations, and assemblages to disperseand retire peaceably to their respective abodeson or before the hour of of theof -- , 19-, and has further proclaimedthat those who disregard his warning as afore-said and persist in taking part with a riotousmob in forcibly resisting and obstructing theexecution of the laws of the United States, orinterfering with the functions of the Govern-ment, or destroying or attempting to destroy theproperty of the United States or property underits protection, cannot be regarded otherwisethan as public enemies; and

"WHEREAS, I, , have by due andproper orders, been directed to operate within

and particularly .within thearea hereinbefore described, for the purposeaforesaid:

"NOW, THEREFORE, I do hereby command allpersons to obey the orders of the President ofthe United States and, for the purpose of moreeffectively and speedily, with less loss of lifeand property, accomplishing the order of thePresident to enforce the laws of the UnitedStates and to protect Government property, Ido further proclaim that within the above pre-scribed area, the following orders shall be ob-served and obeyed, to wit:

(Here insert orders and restrictions.)"I do further proclaim and declare that any

person violating the orders of the Presidentaforesaid, or my orders hereinabove appearing,will be apprehended and be held by the militaryauthorities for proper disposition; and that acts

AGO 384C 169

of force or violence on the part of the civilpopulation will be met with such force necessaryto restore order and to insure the protection ofGovernment property and submission to theconstituted authority; and

"In order that their lives and their personsmay not be endangered, I adjure all people tokeep away from all scenes of disorders.

"In the name of the President of the UnitedStates, I command that you disperse and retirepeaceably to your homes."b. If the President has directed action to control

a civil disturbance, the text of the commander'sproclamation may take the following short form:

"WHEREAS, public disorders and riots havepassed beyond the control of local authorities;and

"WHEREAS, public property and private prop-erty are threatened by unruly mobs; and

"WHEREAS, community activites have beensuspended and there is danger to the publichealth and safety:

"Now, THEREFORE, I,United States Army, by virtue of the authorityvested in me by the President of the UnitedStates and by my powers and prerogatives asCommanding General of the Army,do hereby declare that a grave emergency existsin the city of , and thearea bounded as follows:

"I hereby command all persons engaged inunlawful and insurrectionary proceedings todisperse and retire peaceably to their respectiveabodes immediately and abandon all insurrec-tion, domestic violence, and combinations lead-ing thereto.

170 AGO 384C

"I further admonish all persons to abstainfrom any acts which might be injurious to themilitary forces of the United States."

5. Prior to Employment of Federal Military Forces

Prior to the use of force, the immediate com-mander of the troops should make a verbal pro-clamation similar to the following:

"In the name of the President of the UnitedStates I command that you disperse and retirepeaceably to your homes."

6. Proclamation Issued in a Foreign Country

If a disturbance occurs in a foreign country andUnited States military forces are ordered to quellthe disturbance, interpreters should be present toassist in issuing the proclamation. During thetranslation from English into the local language,caution should be exercised so as not to allow lossof force and intent contained in the proclamation.Suggested methods for disseminating the proclama-tion are by public address systems, leaflets, radio,and television. The text of the proclamation maytake the following form:

In the name of the(Senior United States Military Comander)

I command that you disperse and retire peaceablyto your homes."

Section II. MESSAGES

7. Directive to Subordinate Commander

The following is one of several forms by whichthe military commander of the area affected by a

AGO 384C 171

civil disturbance may direct what action should betaken by a subordinate commander in employingmilitary forces in an intervention in the UnitedStates:

HEADQUARTERS ELEVENTH ARMYOffice of the Commanding General

Fort Gordon, Georgia

(Date)SUBJECT: Use of Military Forces in Connec-

tion with Civil Disturbances at

TO: Commanding General

1. The President of the United States has issueda proclamation commanding all persons engagingin the unlawful insurrection and public disordersnow existing in the City ofState of , to disperse and re-tire peaceably to their respective 'abodes immedi-ately, and hereafter abandon said insurrection,domestic violence, and combinations leading there-to. The President has directed the use of suchUnited States military forces as may be necessaryto enforce it. Inclosed is a copy of the proclamationand a copy of a letter on the subject addressed tothe Governor of the State of

2. In accordance with and by authority of theaforementioned proclamation and instructions, youwill employ the forces now under your commandfor the purpose of restoring peace in the areas in-

172 AGO 384C

volved and otherwise to assist the local authoritiesto restore such order.

3. Your primary mission is to suppress domesticviolence and to establish and maintain order in thedisturbed areas. Upon the arrival of your troops atthe scene of any disturbance, you will make suchdisplay of force as is practicable. This 'alone mayhave the effect of accomplishing everything de-sired. Should it prove ineffective, strive to ascertainthe leaders in this disturbance and to convincethem of the futility of further activities. This maysecure their cooperation in ending the disturbanceswithout bloodshed. You will cooperate closely withthe City, State, and Federal authorities throughout.Although you are in command and subject to noauthority but that of your military superiors, closecooperation with local authorities is specifically en-joined upon you, unless and until such cooperationinterferes with the accomplishment of your mis-sion.

4. In the event the rioters fail to obey the Presi-dent's proclamation and your orders, then you areboth authorized and directed to proceed immedi-ately against the rioters in such a way as will mostpromptly and effectively put an end to the disor-ders and restore law and order.

5. The measure of your authority is what neces-sity dictates. Civil functions and procedures shouldnot be displaced or interfered with when they cansuccessfully be employed. Persons apprehendedshould ordinarily be turned over to the proper civilauthorities as soon as practicable but should be heldin military custody as long as necessary to accomp-

AGO 384C 173

lish your mission. Should a writ of habeas corpusissue from a Federal court, you will obey the writ,produce the prisoner, and state in full the reasonfor restraint. Should a writ of habeas corpue issuefrom a State court, you will not obey the writ butwill make a respectful return stating that the pris-oner is held by authority of the United States. Thismatter is discussed in the Manual for Courts-Mar-tial, United States, 1951 in which appropriateforms of return are set forth. You will reportpromptly to Headquarters, Eleventh Army, theservice of such writs upon and action taken by you.

6. You will keep this headquarters advised as tothe situation and particularly as to any unusualdevelopments.2 Incl

1. Proclamation2. Copy Letter

(Signed)(Typed)

-Lieutenant General, USACommanding

8. Letter to Local Official

The following is a model form letter for use bythe military commander of an area affected by acivil disturbance advising a local official that mili-tary intervention will be undertaken:

HEADQUARTERS ELEVENTH ARMYOFFICE OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL

FORT GORDON; GEORGIA

(Date)

174 AGO 384C

HonorableDistrict Attorney

District of

Dear Mr.Attached hereto is a copy of a proclamation by

the President which was issued in response to a re-quest from the Governor of the State of

and pursuant to Title 10, United StatesCode, sections 331 and 334, commanding all personsengaged in the unlawful insurrection and public dis-orders now existing in the City ofState of , to disperse and retirepeaceably to their respective abodes immediately,and hereafter to abandon all such combinationsleading thereto and to submit themselves to thelaws and constituted authority of the State of

General has been instructed toemploy troops under his command. His headquar-ters is at , and he and I, or membersof my staff, will be pleased to confer with you sothat we may have the benefit of your counsel con-cerning the situation.

If and when it becomes necessary, all civiliansviolating Federal and State laws will be appre-hended by the military forces under the commandof General and turned over tothe proper civil authorities. Civilians so appre-hended in your district will be delivered into thecustody of the United States Marshal with a viewto their prosecution. This subject is brought to

AGO 384C 175

your attention in order that you may make properprovision for the disposition of such persons and sorelieve the military forces of custody as soon aspossible.

Sincerely yours,1 Incl

Proclamation(Signed)(Typed)

Lieutenant General, USACommanding

9. Prepared Messages To Be Delivered to Rioters OverPublic Address Systems

When Federal military forces are ordered toquell a civil disturbance, the commander of the unitat the scene of the disturbance may direct that aproclamation be issued over public address systems.The force of the words used in the proclamationshould be gauged to the composition of the crowd. Ifthe crowd is composed of a group of usually law-abiding citizens but who are presently assembled toshow their disagreement with an existing situation,the proclamation would require less force. On theother hand, if the crowd is composed of a viciousgroup of rioters, the proclamation would requiremore force.

176 AGO 384C

APPENDIX IV

SAMPLE OPERATION ORDER FOR CIVILDISTURBANCE MISSION

1. General Situation

a. The city of Parkville is an industrial city witha population of 150,000. Several industrial plantsare of significance in the event of a national emer-gency. Parkville is an important communicationscenter with a particularly good rail and highwaysystem.

b. A part of the population consists of itinerantworkers attracted to the city by high wages paid byindustry. The only military personnel in the cityare those few assigned to such duties as recruitingand serving as advisers and instructors with ci-vilian components. There is a definite feeling of un-rest among the civilian element and sporadicstrikes have occurred.

c. A subversive organization is fostering the un-rest and riotous activity, is breeding discontent,and is advocating violence to accomplish its objec-tives.

d. The Beta plant is working under Governmentcontract to supply certain high priority nuclearcomponents which are essential to enable theUnited States to maintain a leading role in the

AGO 384C 177

atomic field. The plant must maintain maximumproduction to ensure timely delivery of these vitalcomponents to the armed forces.

e. Several special mass meetings called by mem-bers of the subversive organization have resulted inviolence and an increase in tension, bordering onpossible wholesale acts of violence directed towardthe management of the Beta plant. Intelligencesources indicate that the next meeting will be anall-out effort designed to assume temporary con-trol of the plant for the purpose of destroying cer-tain critical tooling machinery. Such destructionwould result in prolonged interruption of produc-tion. Approximately 8,000 rioters, armed with mis-cellaneous weapons, are expected to participate.State and local police have barely been able to con-trol the situation to date. Several casualties haveresulted during the most recent demonstration.

f. Based upon the serious nature of the situation,civilian officials have requested assistance throughappropriate channels in suppressing this civil dis-turbance. Commanding General, Eleventh Army,has been directed to provide necessary support. The595th Military Police Battalion with attached unitswas alerted and moved to a bivouac area in the vi-cinity of the city. The battalion commander awareof the current situation has provided for necessaryreconnaissance of the area and for obtaining intelli-gence and has prepared a sample operations order(par. 2).

178 AGO 384C

2. Sample Operation Order

CLASSIFICATIONCopy Nr 1595th MP BnParkville, Junta141600 Mar 1958CX 324

OpO 2Map: City of Parkville, 1:5,000, Foxbury-Newburg

1. SITUATION.

a. Enemy forces. Annex A, Intelligence.

b. Friendly forces.

(1) Commanding General, Eleventh U. S.Army, has been directed to restore lawand order in the city of Parkville. Civilianagencies will be utilized in accordancewith provisions of agreements betweenmilitary and national officials.

(2) Civilian forces continue present securitymission pending commitment of 595thMP Bn.

(3) Annex B, OP Overlay.

c. Attachments and detachments. The followingunits attached effective 141800 Mar. 1958:

(1) 536 MP Co.(2) Co B (-), 55th Trans Trk Bn.(3) Co C, 201st Armd Cavalry Bn.(4) Det, 311th Chem Bn.

CLASSIFICATION

AGO 384C 179179

CLASSIFICATION

2. MISSION.

On order, Bn will disperse mob to the west; pre-vent reassembly, relieve civilian forces; re-store law and order.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Concept of operation.(1) General. This operation involves the com-

mitment of a military police battalionwith attached supporting elements in anormal riot control role. Co A will dis-perse the mob; Co B will initially pro-vide security for Co A in the area im-mediately surrounding the plant andestablish road blocks to channel rioterswest; Co C will channelize the riotersalong designated routes from the plantarea to the ultimate dispersal area;536 MP Co, and Co C (-), 201st ArmdCav Bn will constitute the Bn reserve.

(2) Maneuver. The rioters will be dispersedwithout delay. Maximum advantagewill be taken of surprise. Phases ofthe Op:

(a) Phase 1. Show of force-delivery ofproclamation; maximum use of ar-mored vehicles, cameras, and otherpsychological measures.

(b) Phase 2. Employment of water andchemicals.

CLASSIFICATION

180 AGO 384C

CLASSIFICATION

(c) Phase 3. Advance in riot control for-mation.

(d) Phase 4. Reinforcement of patrols toprevent reassembly.

(e) Phase 5. Withdrawal of units.(3) Fire and other support.

(a) Fire. Crew-served weapons and em-ployment of full firepower will beutilized as a last resort.

(b) Air. Maximum usage of aerial vehiclesfor gas dispersal, observation, recon-naissance, and distribution of in-structions.

(c) Chemical. Chemicals will be employedin accordance with SOP. Priority in-itially to Co A Det 311th Chem Bnwill be employed under Bn control.

(d) Armor. Armored vehicles will be util-ized as required. Priority to Co Aand B during phases 1 and 3. Maxi-mum use by all units during phase 4for reinforcement of patrols andscreening of flanks.

b. CoA.Atch: 1st Plat, Co C, 201st Armd Cav.(1) Disperse the mob vic of BETA PLANT,

forcing its members west to low incomehousing area.

(2) Make a show of force in line formation

CLASSIFICATION

AGO 384C 181

CLASSIFICATION

between the north plant fence andGIER Blvd to the east of the mob.

(3) Coordinate security of immediate plantarea with Co B.

(4) Coordinate dispersal of rioters and theirmovement with Co B and C.

(5) Provide security for the Bn commanderwhile proclamation is being delivered.

(6) Be prepared to utilize attached Bn gasdisperser team, if required.

c. CoB.Atch: 2d Plat, Co C, 201st Armd Cav.(1) Provide security for Co A while it is dis-

mounting and organizing.(2) Make coordinated show of force with Co

A by forming security forces in line for-mation behind the north plant fence.

(3) Establish road blocks at these locations:(a) Extending from intersection of LIST-

ER Ave and GRAY St east to plantfence.

(b) SHOP Ave north of DINER St and onDINER St east of SHOP Ave.

(c) OPERA Ave north of MILLER St andon NORTH BEND St north of MIL-LER St.

(4) Secure the plant area prior to and afterremoval of riotous element.

(5) Relieve civilian security agencies withinthe plant area.

CLASSIFICATION

182 AGO 384C

CLASSIFICATION

d. Co C.(1) Channel rioters into low income housing

area by establishing road blocks alongMILLER St, GEIER Ave, and GRAYSt between the plant and 1st Ave.

(2) Augment security forces guarding utili-ties area at PARK Ave and GEIERBlvd while rioters are being movedthrough that area.

(3) Assist Co A, within capabilities, in main-taining uninterrupted movement ofrioters toward the dispersal area.

(4) Coordinate establishment of road blockson MILLER St and GEIER Ave withCo B.

e. 536th MP Co. Bn reserve.

f. Co C (-), 201st Armed Cav. Bn reserve.

g. Co B (-), 55th Tran Trk Bn. Provide trans-portation as directed.

h. Det, 311th Chem Bn. Provides smoke andchemical support to supplement the organicBn chemical team. Priority initially to Co A.

i. State troops.Upon relief assemble vic Bn CP. Prepare to

execute special security missions in supportof operation.

j. Civilian police.

CLASSIFICATION

AGO 384C 183

CLASSIFICATION

(1) Upon relief, assemble vic Bn CP. Prepareto resume normal mission.

(2) Accept custody of prisoners from all unitsfor detention pending disposition.

k. Bn Res.(1) 536th MP Co.(2) Co C (-), 201st Armd Cav.

i. Coordinating instructions.(1) Movement forward from present bivouac

area for reconnaissance and other pur-poses limited to essential vehicles priorto implementation of this order. Maxi-mum use of aircraft for reconnaissance.

(2) This plan effective for planning on re-ceipt; for execution on Bn order.

(3) Clips or magazines will be inserted in in-dividual weapons but rounds of ammu-nition will not be put into chambers.Crew-served weapons will be half-loaded.

(4) Employment of high and low trajectorystreams of water will be utilized to themaximum.

(5) Ringleaders will be evacuated to Bn head-quarters for interrogation.

(6) Full firepower will be used only in ex-treme emergencies where all othermeasures fail.

CLASSIFICATION

184 AGO 384C

CLASSIFICATION

(7) LISTER Ave, PLUM Ave and PARK Aveare designated as phase lines. Reportarrival at each phase line.

(8) Priority of routes to Co A and Co B.

(9) Units provide security during assemblyand movement.

(10) All units coordinate operations with ci-vilian forces.

(11) EEI.(a) What is the general plan of attack to in-

clude objectives?(b) Who are the leaders of the rioting ele-

ment?(c) Are local citizens sympathetic to the

rioters.(d) When and where will the rioters attack

and in what force?(e) Will rioters employ automatic weapons

and explosives?

(12) Units select and report detruckingpoints.

(13) Bn SOP pertaining to riot control ap-plies.

(14) Annex C, Movement Plan.

4. ADMINISTRATON AND LOGISTICS.

Administrative Order 1.

CLASSIFICATION

AGO 384C 185

CLASSIFICATION

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.

a. Annex D, Signal. Index 3, SOI.

b. Command posts. Bn remains at bivouac area;companies report locations.

Acknowledge.JONESLt Col

Annexes: A-Intelligence (omitted)B-Op Overlay (omitted)C-Movement Plan (omitted)D-Signal (omitted)

Distribution: A536th MP CoCo C, 201st Armd CavCo B (-), 55th Trans Trk BnDet, 311th Chem Bn

OFFICIAL:/s/ Williams

WILLIAMSS3

CLASSIFICATION

186 AGO 384C

CLASSIFICATION

D DK! ]0l-'s1 ]11

Figure 48. City map.

CLASSIFICATION

AGO 384C 187

APPENDIX V

MARTIAL LAW

Section I. INTRODUCTION

1. Purpose

In the event of an extreme emergency resultingfrom exertion of force by a belligerent nation orbody of insurrectionists within domestic territorywhich action requires the immediate application ofmilitary force to insure national defense, it is con-templated that the Army will administer martiallaw in the affected areas. This appendix will beused as a guide for the administration of martiallaw.

2. Basic Authorities

a. Article I of the United States Constitution en-powers Congress to declare war and to raise andsupport armies.

b. Article II of the United States Constitutionprovides that the executive power is vested in thePresident and that he is the Commander in Chiefof the armed forces. The President is further en-joined to take care that the laws be faithfully exe-cuted.

3. Definitions

a. Martial Law. Martial law is the exercise of

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the military power which resides in the ExecutiveBranch of the Government to preserve order, andinsure the public safety in domestic territory intime of emergency, when civil governmental agen-cies are unable to function or their functioningwould itself threaten the public safety (AR 500-50). Usually, Federal martial law is proclaimed up-on and by express direction of the President, exceptthat in circumstances involving an extreme emer-gency, commanders of troops may make the deci-sion to impose martial law in accordance with theprovisions of AR 500-50.

b. Domestic Territory. Domestic territory isthat area occupied by a friendly, nonbelligerentpopulace entitled to the protection of the UnitedStates Constitution.

c. Necessity. Necessity, as used in the field ofmartial law, indicates a compelling need for the ap-plication of military force to repel or contend withthe results of force exerted by action of a belliger-ent or insurgent.

d. Writ of Habeas Corpus. The Writ of HabeasCorpus is a writ issued by a civil court upon propercause to inquire into the legality of any restraintupon the liberty of a person (MCM 1951, par. 214).

e. Military Commander. Military commander asused in this appendix refers to the military author-ity who has been designated as the individual re-sponsible for exercising immediate martial lawpowers. The term "military commander" alsoapplies to commanders of troops who, acting with-out prior authorization from higher authority,declare martial law (AR 500-50).

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f. Martial Law Tribunals. Martial law tribunals(military commissions and provost courts) arecourts employed by the military commander to pun-ish violators of martial law proclamations, orders,rules, and regulations, and in addition thereto topunish violators of Federal civil and local laws,when civil courts are not open and functioning.

Section II. DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW

4. General

Martial law declared because of a disasterousenemy attack would require the exercise of controlby the military of the civil population within thearea not only to restore law and order but also toprovide for the relief and rehabilitation of thepeople, the resumption of industrial production, therestoration of a shattered economy, the protectionof life and property, the control of evacuation andtraffic, and the prevention of sabotage and othercrimes.

5. Nature of Martial Law

a. Basic Concepts. Fundamentally, martial lawis the right of the public to defend itself. When theordinary civil authorities are inadequate or inap-propriate to resist or subdue a public danger, ad-ditional force, military in nature, may be applied.Martial law depends for its justification upon publicnecessity. Necessity gives rise to its creation, neces-sity justifies its exercise, and necessity limits itsduration; consequently, the extent of the militaryforce used and measures taken depend upon the ex-tent of the disturbance. When dealing with an in-

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vasion or enemy attack or a major calamity, theforce to be applied and the means used will be pro-portionately greater than when dealing with asmall local riot.

b. Distinguished From Military Law. Generally,martial law is to be distinguished from militarylaw in that martial law is temporary governmentby military forces over civilians in domestic terri-tory, while military law is the jurisdiction exer-cised by military forces over their own members topromote good order and discipline. Confusion ofthe two is to be avoided.

c. Distinguished From Military Government.Generally, military government concerns itself withmilitary control of foreign territory, while martiallaw concerns itself with military control of domes-tic territory. When the Army assumes control overcivilians in -domestic territory under proclaimedmartial law, it is limited with respect to the meas-ures taken against the civilians by the Constitutionas well as the limits that may be set forth in the de-claration of martial law; on the other hand, mili-tary government operations over civilians in for-eign territory are not limited by these factors.

d. Relation to Suspension of the Privilege ofWrit of Habeas Corpus. One of the fundamentalguarantees of personal liberty under the Constitu-tion is the privilege of writ of habeas corpus whichassures that a detained person can secure a judicialinquiry into the reasons for his detention, and if in-sufficient cause is found to exist, he will regain hisfreedom. It is a civil court remedy for unlawful re-

AGO 384C 191

straint of liberty. If the privilege of writ of habeascorpus is suspended during a period of martial law,the liberty of civilians is placed in the hands of themilitary authorities rather than the courts. Whenthe privilege of the writ is properly suspended,temporarily at least, no judicial inquiry can be heldas to the lawfulness of a restraint or detention im-posed upon a person pursuant to martial law. Asthe terms "martial law" and "suspension of thewrit" are not synonymous in meaning and suspen-sion of the writ is only one of the measures thatmay, if properly authorized, be employed in the useof martial law, martial law may be proclaimedwithout the suspension of the writ.

e. Relation to a State of War or Insurrection.Martial law may be used during either an insurrec-tion or a war, but the imposition of martial lawdoes not in itself create either a state of war or astate of insurrection.

6. Authority To Declare Martial Law

a. Constitutional Basis. Under the authoritiescited in paragraph 2 of this appendix, war powersand the exercise thereof are vested in either Con-gress or the President. The national war power ofthe President and Congress acting together is thepower to wage war including the imposition ofmartial law.

b. Authority of Congress and President. Sincespeed would be of the essence in the event of a do-mestic emergency as visualized in an atomic orthermonuclear war, the President in all probabilitywould make the initial -declaration with perhaps a

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later declaration by the Congress. The President'spower to declare martial law is implied from thewar powers and from other constitutional powers.Furthermore, he is directed to see that the laws arefaithfully executed, and he is sworn to protect, pre-serve, and defend the Constitution.

7. Occasion for Declaration of Martial Law

a. Necessity. Only those things dictated by neces-sity, not expedience, are justified in a martial lawsituation. The fact that martial law must be tai-lored to the necessity, its scope modified to meet theneeds, its extent qualified for adjustment to thecircumstances, strengthens its value as part of thelaw of the land and an important part in this atom-ic era. Martial law is qualified in the sense that itsscope and extent are limited by the scope and extentof the necessity calling it forth and by the termsand limitations of the proclamation declaring mar-tial law. In the event of an atomic or thermonuclearattack on the United States, immediate action willbe necessary. In the absence of congressional legis-lation, the extent of the existing necessity is deter-minative as a practical matter of what measurescan be taken. If it becomes necessary to place thecivilian population under military control in orderthat the operations of the armed forces may pro-ceed unhampered, not only does that action lie with-in the constitutional power of the Government, butit becomes a constitutional duty.

b. Action of the President. After receiving infor-mation which indicates a necessity for the imposi-tion of martial law, the President may declare mar-

AGO 384C 193

tial law in the areas of the country affected. ThePresident will at such time determine those sub-ordinate officials who will be given the task of de-termining the detailed martial law measures madenecessary by the emergency.

c. Action By Commander of Troops. Ordinarily,martial law will be proclaimed only by express di-rection of the President. However, the decision toimpose martial law may be made by the local com-mander on the spot in the event that an extremeemergency requires immediate action and time andavailable facilities do not permit obtaining priorapproval from higher authority (AR 500-50). Ina situation where the emergency and time permit,if the commander considers it necessary that mar-tial law be invoked, he will immediately forwardsuch recommendation with a summary of necessaryfacts to the Commanding General of the appro-priate ZI army. The ZI army commander will thenforward his recommendation to the Department ofthe Armny, through Commanding General, USCON-ARC. Pending the receipt of instructions from theDepartment of the Army, the commander of troopsmay take such action under AR 500-50 as the cir-cumstances of the case reasonably justify. Such ac-tion should be prompt and vigorous and designatedfor the preservation of order and the protection oflife and property.

d. Relations With Civilians. The military com-mander will cooperate to the fullest possible ex-tent with Federal, State, and local authoritiesunless such cooperation interferes with the accom-plishment of his mission. The population will be

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informed of the rules of conduct and other re-strictive measures to be enforced by the military.Persons who are not normally subject to militaryjurisdiction and who are taken into custody by themilitary will be turned over as soon as possible tocivil authorities. Federal troops ordinarily will berequired to exercise the police powers previouslyin operation in the affected areas, restore and main-tain order, maintain the essential mechanics of dis-tribution, transportation, and communication, andinaugurate necessary relief measures. Powers un-der martial law will be exercised by direction ofthe President.

8. Measures That Can Be Taken

a. Purpose. The immediate specific purpose ofmartial law is to restore order so that the normalfunctioning of the civil authorities can be re-estab-lished. Beyond that point martial law has no legaljustification. Except as is needed to insure the con-tinuance of necessary function, martial law doesnot intend to replace civil administration. Inherentwithin this purpose is the ultimate subordinationof the military to the civil authority.

b. Temporary Military Rule. Once martial lawhas been declared, the military commander willassume the position of supreme governmental au-thority over the civilian populace within his areaof control to the extent covered in the declarationof martial law. He will immediately publish a proc-lamation to this effect. Rules and regulationsimposing controls and restrictions will be pub-

AGO 384C 195

lished immediately by general orders. Policepowers throughout the district will be assumed bythe military commander. Where the civil courtsare closed or unable to function effectively, themilitary commander will assume their functions byemployment of martial law tribunals. Civilianviolators may be detained when considered neces-sary as a preventive measure. Such violators willbe turned over to the civil authorities for trial un-less the civil courts are closed or unable to func-tion effectively. The military commander will notsuppress the functioning of civil courts where suchcourts are open and capable of functioning nor willhe attempt to suspend or resist the privilege of thewrit of habeas corpus. The privilege of writ ofhabeas corpus will be suspended only by act ofCongress or order of the President.

c. Private Property. In cases of extreme emer-gencies in time of war or insurrection, the militarycommander has the authority to seize, appropriate,or impress private property into the public servicewithout going through formal condemnation pro-ceedings.

d. Regulation of Security Matters. The militarycommander should not hesitate to impose restric-tions on security matters, such as the establishmentof curfews and blackouts, movement of people, oc-cupation by military forces of places deemed ofstrategic importance, and temporary detention ofsuspected individuals.

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Section III. ENFORCEMENT OF MARTIAL LAW

9. General

The administration and enforcement of martiallaw are primary responsibilities of the military asdirected by higher commands. Only those acts au-thorized by the declaration and compelled bynecessity will be justified. The constitutionalrights of a citizen of the United States will beconstantly recognized and protected. A militarycommander should never lose sight of the limitsset forth in the proclamation of martial law. Themeasures a military commander takes to carry outhis orders, subject to such limits, will be dictatedby necessity.

10. Functions of Civil Courts

a.. Enforcement By Federal Courts. Where thecivil courts are open and functioning and martiallaw is in effect, the question as to the means ofpunishing civilian violators of the edicts of themilitary commander will arise. Under civilianlaw, it is normally no offense for a civilian to re-fuse to obey a military order. This jurisdictionalproblem was recognized during the second WorldWar, and in order to back up the authority of themilitary commanders on the West Coast, Congresspassed a statute imposing a fine of up to $5,000 orimprisonment for not more than one year, or both,for a violation of military orders in any area pre-scribed by the President, the Secretary of theArmy, or any military commander designated bythe Secretary of the Army as a military area or

AGO 384C 197

military zone (18 U. S. C. 1383). Violators weretried in the Federal district courts. This statuteis still in effect, and should martial law be declaredthroughout the United States, broader legislationof this sort might be enacted by Congress. In anyevent, the law as it now exists provides themachinery for eventual punishment of civilian vio-lators of martial law rules and regulations in theFederal courts where trial by a martial lawtribunal could not be effected.

b. Assumption. If the attack of an enemy is sodevastating that civil courts are closed or unableto function properly (for example, if they are un-able by ordinary legal process to preserve order,punish offenders, and compel obedience to thelaws), the military commander would be justifiedin establishing a system of martial law courts topreserve order and to punish offenders. Such mili-tary courts should be maintained only so long asthe need for them exists. The civil courts will notbe suppressed once they are again open and capableof functioning.

c. Suppression. Only an extreme emergencyand dire necessity will warrant suppression of thecivil courts. In the absence of such extreme condi-tions, the military commander will not replace openand functioning civil courts with martial lawcourts.

d. Release of Violators to Civil Authorities. Al-

though the civil courts are open and functioningand the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus hasnot been suspended, the military authorities may

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legally detain civilian violators of martial law. Theperiod and type of detention will be only that whichis necessary to insure efficient military operationsunder the circumstances. Such civilians will bereleased to the civil authorities for punitive ac-tion as soon as conditions permit.

11. Interference With the Person

a. Suspension of Privilege of Writ of HabeasCorpus. The privilege of writ of habeas corpus maybe suspended in cases of rebellion or invasion whenthe public safety requires it. Such suspension willbe by act of Congress or order of the President.In the absence of an act of Congress or proclama-tion of the President suspending the privilege ofwrit of habeas corpus, a military commander willobey writs issued by Federal courts unless he isconfronted with an extreme situation making itimpossible for him to do so in view of his militaryduty and mission.

(1) The military commander will avoid fric-tion with the courts when served with awrit of habeas corpus. He will make everyattempt to find a path that may be takenwhich will not harm military operationsand yet will allow the courts to performtheir duties. However, a writ of habeascorpus issued by a judge of a State Courtwill not be honored if the person seekingthe writ is being held under the author-ity or claim and color of the authority ofthe United States.

(2) In any event, if a member of the armed

AGO 384C 199

forces is served with process, whether is-sued by a Federal or State court, seekingthe release of a person in his custody, hewill comply with paragraphs 215 and 217of the Manual for Courts-Martial, UnitedStates, 1951 requiring an expeditious re-port of the matter to his superior author-ity. The hearing or inquiry called forunder the writ is not one on the meritsof the case but rather to determinewhether there are sufficient legal groundsfor the restraint.

b. Preventive Detention. In the event of anenemy attack or insurrection the military com-mander will be authorized to arrest and detainrioters, looters, or other troublemakers among thecivil populace. This preventive measure will beused only as necessary to restore law and order.The prisoner ordinarily will either be releasedwhen order is restored or turned over to the civilauthorities for trial.

12. Seizure of Private Property

a. General. Occasions will arise in cases of ex-treme necessity in time of war or insurrection inwhich private property may be impressed into thepublic service, or may be seized or appropriated tothe public use, without going through formal con-demnation proceedings. The necessity must beimperative and immediate, as in the case of seizureof property needed to construct defense againstan impending attack or of food and medicine whichis urgently required. If such occasion should arise,

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an itemized receipt for the seized property shouldbe made in duplicate. In time, the Government willordinarily make full compensation for the propertytaken.

b. Industrial Disputes. After a devastatingatomic or thermonuclear attack, it will be of theutmost importance that the nation's industrial ca-pacity be harnessed to provide needed war mate-rials. In the event of a labor dispute whichhampers such production, it may become necessaryfor the President to order the seizure of the indus-trial facility affected. The military commanderwill, in the event of such labor dispute, immediatelymake the facts known to the commander of the ap-propriate ZI army for report and recommendationto the Department of the Army. The industrialfacility involved will not be seized by the militaryunless and until the President has ordered suchaction.

13. Liability for Martial Law Acts

a. General. Although there is the possibility ofcivil suits or criminal prosecutions for martial lawacts, during or after the acts have taken place, thedetermination of a liability, if any, is not basedon a so-called position that such a potentialliability is simply one of the risks of the business.Present Federal law provides that if a civil orcriminal prosecution is begun in a State courtagainst a member of the armed forces for an actdone in execution of martial law duties, the ac-tion may be removed to a Federal district court fortrial. In addition, there are possibilities of in-

AGO 384C 201

demnity by private act of Congress and of presi-dential pardon. To assist in avoidance of liability,

members of the armed forces should follow the

principle of using only such measures and force as

are reasonable and demanded by necessity. To as-

sist in successfully defending against such litiga-tion that might arise, members of the armed forces

should make and keep a full record of informationconcerning the necessity which gave rise to the

particular martial law action.

b. Civil Liability. It is imperative that Armypersonnel be aware of the possibility that liabilityto pay damages by judgment of a civil court mayresult from unauthorized or improper martial law

acts in giving or carrying out an order. Generally,the person giving an order will be held liable onlyif he has acted contrary to his orders or has mani-

festly abused his discretion. A member of the

armed forces will not be liable for injuries to

another caused by his acts under martial law if

such acts were done in good faith and were reason-ably necessary for the execution of a command is-

sued by a superior, provided that the commandeither is lawful or, if unlawful, is not so obviously

unlawful that its illegality is easily recognizable byany reasonable man.

c. Criminal Liability. The rules of criminalliability of superior and subordinate are much the

same as those applying to civil liability. Generally,however, only those acts which constitute a reckless

or malicious use of unnecessary force will subjecta person acting under martial law to criminalliability.

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Section IV. MARTIAL LAW TRIBUNALS

14. General

In a situation where the Army is properly calledupon in a domestic emergency, the last and mostextreme step should be the setting up of militarytribunals to try offenders. This step is not an in-evitable incident of the resort to military aid insupport of the civil power; however it should betaken if necessity requires. Nevertheless, under theauthority of martial law when properly invoked,situations may arise in which the trial of civiliansby military tribunals would be proper. Martial lawtribunals are but instrumentalities for the efficientexecution of the war powers, and their authorityrests on the same basis as does martial law itself.

15. Types of Martial Law Tribunals

Martial law tribunals consist of two types: mili-tary commissions and provost courts. These tribu-nals are not to be confused with courts-martialwhich enforce military law within the armedforces. Although courts-martial and their proce-dures are authorized and prescribed by statute, theauthority for establishing military commissions orprovost courts may be merely an order of a com-petent military commander.

a. Military Commission. Serious offenses aretried by a military commission which is normallycomposed of commissioned officers in the militaryservice. The composition and procedures of a mili-tary commission closely resemble those of a generalcourt-martial which may be used as a guide.

AGO 384C 203

b. Provost Court. Minor offenses are broughtbefore a provost court, which is generally com-posed of only one member and has limited, punitivejurisdiction similar to a police court in civil govern-ment.

16. Rules of Operation

In general, trial procedures and the broad frame-work of the rules set forth for courts-martial arefollowed by martial law tribunals so far as pos-sible and practicable. In this connection, martiallaw tribunals are bound by the rules governingtrials by courts-martial only if competent higherauthority has not prescribed other rules. A differ-ence may be noted that in the case of a trial bygeneral court-martial, specified procedural matters,being statutory, are mandatory so that their omis-sion could nullify the trial, whereas, in the case ofa military commission, any such deviation wouldnot necessarily have that effect, except where pro-visions of the Uniform Code of Military Justiceare specifically applicable to military commissions.

a. Law Applied. Where civilian violators ofExecutive rules and regulations, including edictsof the military commander, may be punished inthe Federal courts as violators of Federal law (par.10a, this app.), and such courts are open and func-tioning, then a martial law tribunal is withoutjurisdiction. There is no separate statutory codesetting forth the law to be enforced by martial lawcourts.

b. Trial and Review Procedure. See example 1in section V below.

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Section V. DETAILS OF ADMINISTRATION

17. General

In the event martial law is proclaimed, numerousproblems of command and administration peculiarto a particular martial law situation will arise. Al-though the ultimate direction of the actions takenwill be dependent upon the exact wording of aPresidential proclamation and the instructions thatwill be issued by the Commanding General,USCONARC, the contemplated details of adminis-tration as set forth in this section should assistthe military commander in the accomplishment ofhis mission by throwing a practical light on theactual mechanics of administering martial law.

18. Proclamations

The proclamation of martial law is not absolutelynecessary to validate measures taken under martiallaw. The proclamation must be regarded as astatement of an existing fact, rather than the legalcreation of that fact. However, the formal pro-clamation has the practical value of putting thepublic on notice that the situation demands extra-ordinary military measures and restrictions broaderthan those ordinarily enforced by the civil authori-ties, and it tends to prepare the civilian populationto accept military authority as their temporarygovernment as necessity may require in the areaconcerned.

19. Organization for Martial Law

a. Staff Structure. After the military com-

AGO 384C 205

mander assumes control, it will be necessary forhim to establish some form of organization to carryout his martial law duties. The smallest organiza-tional structure compatible with the task should beused.

b. Extent of Control. If the military commander,who originally assumed control, should be trans-ferred prior to termination of martial law, a pro-clamation will be published announcing to thepublic the change of command. In the event ofpartial return of control and power to civil au-thorities prior to termination of martial law, aproclamation will be published stating those mat-ters over which military control is to be relin-quished, and those matters over which the militarycommander is to retain control.

20. General Orders

a. A military commander exercising martial lawpowers will issue his rules and regulations to thecivil populace by means of general orders. As thesegeneral orders will be the statute books of martiallaw in the area affected, they will be given widepublicity, not only by posting but also by reproduc-tion in newspapers in the area and by other avail-able media such as radio and television, so thatthose who are to be governed by the general orderswill have notice of their provisions. These generalorders will be drafted in such a manner as to beeasily understood by the average civilian; they willnot contain retroactive provisions; and their statedeffective date will be sufficiently advanced so as to

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enable orderly compliance. Among subjects of con-trol under such general orders may be: firearms;blackout and curfew; control of labor; censorship;recreational facilities; aliens; civilian security;communications; conservation of equipment andsupplies; health and welfare; identification andregulation for individuals; and military areas.

b. To avoid unnecessary friction and to serve theprincipal purpose of martial law, the general or-ders should be prepared in accordance with theprinciple of reasonable necessity and they shouldbe administered with fairness and justice to all.Martial law will be administered with a view tothe restoration of order and the ultimate return ofcivil government.

AGO 384C 207

Example 1. Recommended Rules Governing ArmyMartial Law Tribunals' Trial andReview Procedures

(Headquarters)

(Place)

(Date)

MARTIAL LAW TRIBUNALS' TRIAL ANDREVIEW PROCEDURES

Subject to any applicable regulations prescribedby the President or any other competent authority,all military commissions and provost courts, forthe trial of any offenses within their respectivejurisdictions, will be guided by the applicable prin-ciples of law and rules of procedure and evidenceprescribed by the Manual for Courts-Martial,United States, 1951, insofar as possible and prac-ticable as determined by the appointing authority,EXCEPT that the following prescribed rules ofoperation shall be observed, to wit:

1. MILITARY COMMISSION.

a. Jurisdiction. A military commission hasjurisdiction over all crimes and offenses cognizableunder martial law.

b. Appointing authority. Any person who hasauthority to convene a general court-martial andany military commander in the army area may

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appoint and convene a military commission in theevent martial law may be proclaimed.

c. Composition. A military commission in thearmy area shall consist only of commissioned offi-cers of the Army and there shall be not less thanfive in number if the commission is not limited withrespect to the sentence it may impose in a par-ticular case. However, if the authority of the com-mission in any particular case is limited to sen-tences not including death, confinement for morethan ten years, or a fine of more than $10,000.00,the court may be composed of less than five mem-bers but not less than three. In either case themembers should be experienced and prudent per-sons of judicial temperament. In addition to themembers of the commission, there shall be ap-pointed a law officer who should be a person withconsiderable legal background and experience. Inthe case of a military commission with unlimitedauthority to impose punishment, the law officerwill have the same qualifications prescribed by theMCM for a law officer of a general court. Further,a trial counsel and a defense counsel each of whomshould be lawyers, shall be appointed. Any accusedshall be given opportunity to be represented bycounsel provided by himself. Civilian counsel willnot be provided at the expense of the Government.

d. Challenges. One peremptory challenge foreach accused shall be accorded. Challenges for causeshall be entertained in order that the proceedingsmay be conducted with impartiality and good faith.

e. Oaths. The oaths, with such changes and

AGO 384C 209

substitutions in wording as may be necessary, asprescribed in the MCM shall be used; and theyshall be taken by the members of the commission,the law officer, appointed counsel, witnesses, re-porter, and interpreter, if any, at the time they areappointed, and such oaths need not be repeated forthe trial of each new case.

f. Charges. Charges shall be prepared on DDForm 458, Charge Sheet, and signed by the accuseror a person occupying an official position. A formalinvestigation is not required, although a fair andadequate investigation should be made. Beforereferring any charge for trial, the appointing au-thority should refer the case to his staff judgeadvocate or legal adviser for consideration andadvice. This shall not be construed as requiringthe personal consideration or action of the ap-pointing authority. With respect to the circum-stances then existing, the accused will be servedwith a notice of the charges within a reasonabletime in advance of the trial.

g. Conduct of proceedings. In extreme circum-stances that may exist during a martial law situa-tion, it will be permissible, due to necessity, to re-lax the strict application of the rules of procedureand evidence, but only to the extent that may bereasonably necessary, but not to the extent of in-juriously affecting the substantial rights of theaccused or the interest of the Government. In anyevent, the conclusion reached by the commissionshall always be based on relevant evidence.

h. Sentences. In each case, sentence, if any,

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should be commensurate with the offense com-mitted. Military commissions will be bound by anyapplicable limits of punishment contained in mar-tial law orders and regulations. In the absence ofsuch martial law limitations, the limits of punish-ment prescribed for similar offenses by the laws ofthe place where the offense was committed, by thelaws of the United States, or by the MCM will beused as a guide. Subject to express authority ofthe army commander, no death sentence shall beimposed unless there also be a verbatim record.

i. Record. A military commission shall, if pos-sible and practicable, keep a verbatim record of itsproceedings. If facilities due to extreme circum-stances for keeping such record are not available,the record shall be in summary form. In eitherevent, three copies of the record will be prepared.Each record of trial by a military commission willbe authenticated by the law officer and filed withand maintained by the appointing authority, unlessotherwise directed by higher competent authority.

j. Procedure after trial. The record shall be re-ferred to the staff judge advocate or legal adviserfor advice and recommendation before the appoint-ing authority or his deputy acts on the findings andsentence. Either of these officials acting alone hasthe usual judicial powers of an authority appoint-ing and convening military courts with respect tothe proceedings, findings, and sentence. Eithermay in his initial action modify the findings orsentence in any manner, except that the sentencemay not be increased nor may a finding of not

AGO 3£4C 211

guilty be changed. All sentences, except those ex-tending to death, may be ordered into execution inthe initial action of the appointing authority or hisdeputy without further review. Either the appoint-ing authority or his deputy may, in the initial ac-tion on a case, approve, disapprove, or otherwisenullify or modify the findings or may order a newtrial or rehearing or proceedings in reconsidera-tion and revision, EXCEPT that in no case may aspecification upon which there has been a ruling orfinding of not guilty be returned to a court. Eitherthe appointing authority or his deputy may, in theinitial action on a case, approve or disapprove, inwhole or in part, order into execution (except anapproved sentence to death), suspend, remit,mitigate, commute, or otherwise nullify or modifythe sentence. At the time of the initial action, andat any time subsequent thereto, either the appoint-ing authority or his deputy may take clemencyaction with respect to the sentence. Once a deathsentence has been confirmed and ordered executedby the Present of the United States, the appointingauthority or his deputy will have the sentencecarried into execution. No appeal from the finalaction of the appointing authority or his deputy isauthorized, except in the event the sentence is oneof death, confirmation by the President shall pre-cede its execution. The accused shall be affordedan opportunity and permitted to petition the ap-pointing authority for a hearing in connection withthe review of the record of his case; however, theaction of the appointing authority or his deputy

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is final and no further review is authorized. Theprovisions of the MCM, relating to review by theCourt of Military Appeals, or the Boards of Re-view, have no application in a martial law situation.

k. Publication of result of trial. An order willbe issued by the appointing authority promulgatingthe result of trial by a military commission, show-ing the action thereon; and such order will be pub-lished by serving a copy upon the person tried andby posting it in at least three public places withinthe vicinity of the place of trial or where the inci-dent subject to trial occurred. However, if thesentence is one of death, the order shall statespecifically that such sentence is subject to reviewand action thereon by the President.

2. PROVOST COURT.

a. Jurisdiction. A provost court shall havejurisdiction over all crimes or offenses cognizableunder martial law. However, its punishment powershall be limited to sentences that do not includedeath, confinement' for more than one year, or afine of more than $1,000.00.

b. Appointing authority. Any commanding of-ficer, who is vested with summary court-martialjurisdiction, and who has been designated and au-thorized by competent authority to so act, mayappoint a provost court in a martial law situation.

c. Composition. A provost court shall consist ofonly one member, who shall be a commissionedofficer of the Army and who should have a legalbackground. It shall not be necessary for a provost

AGO 384C 213

court to appoint counsel for the accused, neverthe-less, the accused will be afforded the opportunityto be represented by counsel if he is provided bythe accused.

d. Charges. Charges shall be prepared on DDForm 458, Charge Sheet, and signed by the accuseror a person occupying an official position. No pre-trial investigation or pretrial legal advice is re-quired. The accused shall receive notice of thecharges a reasonable time in advance of trial,taking into consideration the situation and condi-tions then existing.

e. General procedure. The provost court will notbe subject to challenge. The rules as to oaths andevidence and the right of the accused to produceevidence and witnesses and to cross-examine wit-nesses shall be similar to those provided for amilitary commission.

f. Sentences. Provisions relating to sentencesand limitations thereon, as heretofore set forth fora military commission, shall obtain and apply asto a provost court, provided, however, the sentenceof a provost court shall not include death, confine-ment in excess of one year, or a fine of more than$1,000.00.

g. Record. A summarized record of the evidenceconsidered by a provost court will be prepared,authenticated by the provost court officer, and at-tached to the original charge sheet, arrest papers,order of findings, and sentence of the court,together with any other papers filed in the case,

214 AGO 384C

to constitute the record of trial. A docket shall bemaintained by the provost court showing all casestried and filed, with docket entries of the natureof the case and action taken. The record of trialwill be forwarded to and maintained by the mili-tary commander of the martial law district.

h. Procedure after trial. No legal review aftertrial is required, nevertheless, the accused shall beafforded an opportunity to petition the appointingauthority for a review of the record of his case.

i. Publication of result of trial. An order will beissued by the appointing authority promulgatingthe result of trial by a provost court; publicationand distribution of such order will be made in amanner similar to that provided for publication ofthe result of trial by a military commission.

(Name) (Grade)

Commanding

AGO 384C 215

Example 2. Organization for Martial Law

(HEADING)

General ORDERS) (Date)NUMBER )

ORGANIZATION FOR MARTIAL LAW

1. Organizational Structure. The Executive Sec-tion functions on behalf of the military commanderin carrying out all policies and operations ofmartial law. It has the coordinating control ofmilitary commissions, provost courts, and alienproperty and acts as a final clearing house in estab-lishing policies for the Coordinating Sections,which are Civilian Defense, Food Control, LaborControl, Materials and Supply Control, WaterborneCargo and Passenger Control, and Air and LandTransportation Control.

The following sections function directly underthe Executive Section and have no direct connec-tion with Coordinating Sections:

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

LAW ENFORCEMENTMILITARY COMMISSIONSPROVOST COURTS

LEGAL ADVISERSPECIAL CONSULTANTS

ALIEN PROPERTY CONTROLLERPUBLIC INFORMATION

216 AGO 384C

PERSONNELFINANCEMORALE

The functions of these sections are as follows:Advisory Committee shall consult with and ad-

vise the military commander on all matters ofgeneral policy.

Law Enforcement shall carry out designatedfunctions as prescribed by law and by orders of themilitary commander.

Legal Adviser shall render legal advice to themilitary commander and the Executive Section.

Alien Property Controller shall be responsiblefor the custody and 'control of all property com-mandeered, confiscated, or otherwise received fromany alien. He shall perform these duties until suchtime as an alien property custodian is appointedunder Federal authority.

Public Information shall issue such press releasesand other information to the public as orderedfrom time to time by the military commander.

Personnel shall procure the necessary personnelfor office operation.

Finance shall handle all matters of finance con-nected with office operations.

Morale shall handle all matters involving thepublic's morale.

2. Planning and Priorities. Under the directionof the military commander, the Director ofPlanning and Priorities controls, coordinates, andsupervises, the activities of the six directors of thecoordinating sections hereinafter provided for and

AGO 384C 217

establishes priorities in all matters coming undertheir supervision.

The Director of Planning and Priorities will beassisted by an Advisory Board consisting of the sixdirectors hereinafter provided for, altogether withany additional personnel desired by the militarycommander.

The Director of Civilian Defense recommends tothe military commander such rules and regulationsas he deems necessary and proper, and when sodirected by the military commander, administerssuch regulations as may be published.

To the extent directed by the military com-mander, the Director of Civilian Defense-

Supervises and coordinates the Civilian De-fense Corps, consisting of fire wardens, airraid wardens, rescue and demolition squads,gas wardens, and such other warden servicesas may from time to time be approved.Supervises the housing, billeting, emergencyfeeding, and clothing and relief of all civilianevacuees, evacuated to points within the

, and of such military evacuees as(place)

may be requested by the military authorities.Supervises emergency medical and ambulanceservices, first aid stations, emergency hospi-tals (other than those established by . . . ),and the procurement of medical supplies andequipment for the same and the managementof blood and plasma banks.Makes adequate provisions for public air raidshelters and trenches and disseminates infor-

218 AGO 384C

mation relative to the protection of personsand property against the effects of air attacksby the enemy.

The Director of Food Control recommends to themilitary commander such rules and regulations ashe deems necessary and proper, and when directedby the military commander, administers suchregulations as may be published. To the extentdirected by the military commander, the Directorof Food Control-

Supervises and coordinates the production,storage, distribution, price, and sale of foodsthroughout the , exclusive of foods

(place)consigned to or by armed forces supply serv-ices. (The term "foods" as used in this ordershall include, without prejudice to the gen-erality of the foregoing, livestock, poultry,livestock and poultry feeds, and agriculturalseeds.)Supervises and coordinates the importationand exportation of foods, exclusive of foodsconsigned to or by armed services supply serv-ices, into and out of the , subject

(place)to the allocation of cargo space by the mili-tary commander.

The Director of Labor Control recommends tothe military commander such rules and regulationsas he deems necessary and proper, and when sodirected by the military commander, administerssuch regulations as may be published. To the ex-

AGO 384C 219

tent directed by the military commander, theDirector of Labor Control-

Makes plans for the procurement, augmenta-tion, and distribution of labor available withinthe

(place)Investigates and mediates such labor disputesas are referred to him by the military com-mander.

The Director of Materials and Supply Controlrecommends to the military commander such rulesand regulations as he deems necessary and proper,and when so directed by the military commander,administers such regulations as may be published.To the extent directed by the military commander,the Director of Materials and Supply Controlsupervises and coordinates the importation, ex-portation, distribution, and sale of all commoditiesthe supervision of which is not otherwise specifi-cally designated herein, exclusive of supplies con-signed to armed services supply services.

The Director of Waterborne Cargo and Pas-senger Control recommends to the military com-mander such rules and regulations as he deemsnecessary and proper, and when so directed by themilitary commander, administers such regulationsas may be published. To the extent directed bythe military commander, the Director of Water-borne Cargo and Passenger Control-

Supervises and coordinates dockage, stevedor-ing, and other facilities necessary to expedite

220 AGO 384C

the handling of cargo and passengers at thedocks of the ports of

(names)Supervises the disposition of all carro untilremoved from the docks of such ports.

The Director of Air and Land TransportationControl recommends to the military commandersuch rules and regulations as he deems necessaryand proper, and when so directed by the militarycommander, administers such regulations as maybe published. To the extent directed by the mili-tary commander, the Director of Air and LandTransportation Control-

Coordinates air, rail, and motor transporta-tion with and makes recommenda-

(place)tions to the military commander relative topriorities in the use thereof.Supervises and coordinates the operation ofall common carriers, taxicabs, and other airand land vehicles carrying passengers forhire.

3. Appointments. The following appointmentsto the offices indicated are hereby made:

- Director of Planning and Priori-(Name) ties.

- Director of Civilian Defense.(Name)

- Director of Food Control.(Name)

- Director of Labor Control.(Name)

AGO 384C 221

- Director of Materials and Sup-(Name) ply Control.

- Director of Waterborne Cargo(Name) and Passenger Control.

- Director of Air and Land Trans-(Name) portation Control.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

(Name)

(Grade)Chief of Staff

222 AGO 384C

INDEX

Paragraphs PageAction against troops ---------------- 8 9Aid stations --________________________ 3,8 34Airlift______________________________ 43 36Alert plan ________________-_________ 29 30Ammunition______________-____------ 36 34Application for aid by State _______…-- 17 17Army aircraft .______________________ 50 38Assembly area --_______________-------- 47 37

Cadence____________________________ - -68 51Cameras, movie______________________ - -140 124Chemicals, use________-_________ 118, 11.9, app II 109, 151Civil disturbance operation order______ app IV 177Civilians, detention --__________________ 162 135Combat formations___________________ 117 109Company formations --_________________ 90-96 81Crowd:

Definition .______________________ 3a 5Transformation --_________________ 5 7

Curfew _____________________________ 157 133

Definitions:Crowd.__________________________ 3a 5Demonstration___________________ 3b 5Insurrection_____________________ 3c 5Major disaster --__________________ 3d 5Mob____________________________ 3e 6Natural disaster_________________ 3f 6Riot.____________________________ 3g 6

Demolitions _________________________ 8g 10Demonstration, definition_____________. 3b 5Detention center._____________________ 177 146Detention of civilians________________ - -162 134Disaster emergency teams____________ 167a 139

AGO 384C 223

Paragraphs Page

Disaster relief operations:Basic principles _____------------ 171 143Military police missions_______---- 173-177 143

Reconnaissance ______----------- . 172 142

Termination _________----------- 178 146

Distance ______--------------------- 70 53

Disturbances, causes------------------ 4 6

Echelon _____________--------------- 60b, 115b 42, 108Elections, use of troops _________------ 21b 24

Elements of information, intelligence___ 32 32

Emergency aid ___------------------- 19 22

Employment of force ___------------- 136 122

Firearms:Carrying -___________----------- 160 134

Sale___ ------------------------ 159 134

Foot movement _______--------------- 45 36

Gas dispersers __________------------ app II 151

Gas mask _____________------------- 57 40

Habeas corpus. (Scce Writ of habeascorpus.)

Helicopters ______------------------- 50, 142, 38, 125,172 142

High port____._---------------------- 65a 45

Insurrection, definition -______________ 3c 5

Intelligence:Planning, disturbances _---------- 31-32 32

Riot control operations _---------. 102-104 102

Interpreters _______----------------- 133 119

Interval _________------------------- 70 53

Intervention with troops-------------- 17 17

Labor-management disputes ---------- 21c 24

Labor restrictions, use of troops__------ 21d 2.5

Liability, civil and criminal___-------- - 24 26

Line___--_------------------------- 60a, 115a 42, 108

224 AGO 384C224

Parapgrphs Page

Liquor, sale ___________________---- 161 134Loading plan, troop movement:

Equipment _____________________. 40 35Personnel ._____________________. 39 35

Major disaster, definition _______-- ____. 3d 5Martial law:

Administration --________________. app V 188Declaration--____________________ app V 188Enforcement --___________________ app V 188General .…____________ ..-------- 22 25Organization -_______________--- app V 188Tribunals__________------------- app V 188

Messages, riot control operations_______ app III 166Military police control team _______.__. 168 139Military restrictions___--- ------------- 23 26Mob:

Actions_________________________ 8 9Characteristics _________________ 6 7Definition ______________________ 3c 6Development -___________________ 5 7Incentives to join -______________. 7 8Types--_________________________ 6 7

Modified riot control formations________ - - 115 108Motor movement___________________ - -41 3'5

National defense materials, protection__ 21d 25Natural disaster, definition ______-- __ 3f 6

Operation order, civil disturbance____-- app IV 177

Panic _______________________________ 9, 154 12, 132Pass system ________---------------- 158 133Patrolling, riot control operations______ 110-113 106Planning disaster relief operations_____. 165-168 138

Planning, disturbance:Intelligence --____________________ 31, 32 32Logistical_ ____________________-. 33 33Operations _--------------___ .--. 48-53 37

AGO 384C 225

Paragraphs PagePlatoon formations:

3-squad --_______________________. 88, 89 78, 814-squad _ --____________________. 76-87 58

Position of commander -______________ 69 52Posse Comitatus Act _______________- - 21a 23Presidential proclamation …___________ 18a 21Priorities of force ___________________ 136 122Proclamations ______________________ 52, app III 38, 166Psychological considerations -_________ 139 12.4Psychological training______________ - -56 39Public address systems -______________ 130 118Public information___________________ 12 15Publ'c Law 875______________________ - -17f 19Public law 920 - -______________________ 17g 20

Radio ______________________________ 126 117Rail movement--_____________________ 42 35Restrictions on civilians --_____________ 1.55-162 133Riot control formations:

Application --____________________ 114-116 107Auxiliary weapons_____________ - -64 44Basic weapons --_________________ 63 43Commands --____________________. 67 51Company--______________________ 90-96 82Platoon, 3-squad - -________________. 88-89 78Platoon, 4-squad - -________________. 76-87 58Squad _________________________-- 71-7,5 54Types --__----_________________. 60 42Vehicles and foot troops-__________ 97-101 64

Riot control operations:Barricades _____________________. 149 130Buildings -_____________________- 148 129Built-up areas __________________. 146 126Chemicals______________________ 118, 119 109, 110Communications -_______________. 125-130 116Defensive operations -___________. 152 131Initial action ___________________. 1,35 121Intelligence - -____________________ 102-104 102Interpreters ___________________- 133 119

226 AGO 384C

Paragraphs PageRiot control operations-Continued

Large mobs ____________________. 144 126Mopping-up --___________________. 150 131Patrolling_____________________ - -110-113 106Personnel_______________________ 134 119Priorities of force________________ 136 122Psychological considerations______ 139 124Radioactive areas -______________ 153 132Restrictions on civilians__________. 155-162 133Riots ______________--___________. 145 126Road blocks - -____________________ 120-124 112Routes of escape________________ 141 124Searches _______________________ 143, 161 125, 131Security ________________________ 105-109 104Termination___________________ - -163,,164 137Unit journal ____________________ 132 119Vital installations --______________ 147 127

Riot, definition --_____________________ 3g 6Riots ______________________________. 145 126Road blocks --_______________________. 120-124 112Route selection -_____________________ 46 37Routes of escape ____________________. 141 124

Scripts --____________________________ 53 38Searches _____________________…__---- 143,151 125,131Security:

Communications __-____-____-__.. 127 117Riot control operations __________. 105-109 104

Selected marksmen___________________ 136, 138 122, 123Signs -_____________________________ 37 34*Squad formations____________________ 71-75 54Standing operating procedure, dis- 30 31

turbances.State Guard ______________-___------ 20c 23

Termination of operations:Disaster relief___________________ 178 146Riot control--___________________. 163, 164 137

Traffic control ______________________. 175 144

AGO 384C 227

Paragraphs PageTraining:

Chemicals_______________________ .app II 151Disaster relief___________________ 169, 170 140, 141Disturbances ____________________ 54-59 39

Trial by Federal Court _______________ 25 26Tribunals, martial law _______________ app V 188

Unit journal ________________________ 132 119United States Army's role_____________ - -2 4Use of troops:

Command --______________________ 20 23Foreign areas:

Friendly areas_ ___--_______ 15, 16 16Occupied areas _____________ 14 16Theater of operations ________ 13 15

Legal restrictions .______________ 21 23Military restrictions --__________-- 23 26Mission_________________________ 27 29Planning responsibility ___________ 28 30United States:

Military commander --_________ 11 14Policies_____________________ 10 13Public information ._________ 12 15Types of intervention ________ 17 17

Vehicles in riot control formations____. 97-101, 116 94, 108Verbal abuse ________________________ 8b 9Visual signals ______________________. 128 117

Water, riot control___________________ 137 122Water transport .____________________ 44 37Weapons, riot control:

Auxiliary --_____________________. 64 44Basic ____________________------ 63 43Carrying position________________ 65 45

Wedge _____________________________ 60c, 115c 42, 108Writ of habeas corpus --_______________ 26, 3d, 217, 5,

app V 188

228 AGO 384C

[AG 370.6 (1 May 58)]

By Order of Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of theArmy:

MAXWELL D. TAYLOR,General, United States Army,

Official: Chief of Staff.HERBERT M. JONES,

Major General, United States Army,The Adjutant General.

Distribution:

Active Army:

OSD (2) MP Bn (5)Technical Stf, DA (2) Sep Bn (5)TPMG (2) MP Co (10)CofCh (2) Sep Co (2)TAG (2) Ft & Camps (2)Technical Stf Bd (2) USACGSC (50)Chaplain Bd (2) USAWC (20)MP Bd (2) Br Svc Sch (20) exceptTAG Bd (2) TAGUSA (150),USCONARC (10) PMGS (300)OS Maj Comd (5) PMST Sr Div MPOS Base Comd (2) Units (1)MDW (5) Mil Dist (3)Armies (10) US Army Corps (Res) (3)Corps (2) Sectors, US Army CorpsDiv (10) (Res) (3)Regt/Gp/Bg (5)

NG: State AG (6) ;Div (1); Bn (1); Sep Co (1).

USAR: Div (1) ;Bn (1) ; Sep Co (1).

For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320 50.

' U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1958-480525

AGO 384C 229

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