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Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of...

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Civil Rights 1950 - 1968
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Page 1: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Civil Rights

1950 - 1968

Page 2: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Where did legal segregation come from?

Plessy v. Ferguson The state of

Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites.

Page 3: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Plessy v. Ferguson

In 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy--who was seven-eighths Caucasian--took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested.

Page 4: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Supreme Court ruled that what happened to Mr. Plessy was legal

“Separate but equal” became the rule of law.

that separate facilities for blacks and whites satisfied the Fourteenth Amendment so long as they were equal. (The phrase, "separate but equal" was not part of the opinion.)

Page 5: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Separate Schools

Page 6: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Separate Seating

Page 7: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Separate Water Fountains

Page 8: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Early “Cracks” In the Segregation Divides

1947 – Brooklyn Dodgers was the first to hire a “colored” player.

JACKIE ROBINSON Most Valuable Player

1949. Many other African

Americans began to join what had been “white only” sports.

Page 9: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The NAACP

NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Affairs team

sought cases to fight against segregation in the courts.

Rosa Parks was represented by the NAACP.

Page 10: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The NAACP: “Mr. Civil Rights”

Thurgood Marshall 1908 - 1993

Took on “Separate but equal” laws as unconstitutional.

Page 11: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

What eventually happened to Thurgood Marshall?

First African American Supreme Court Justice in 1967.

Served until his death in 1993.

Page 12: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Brown v. Board of Education

1951 Topeka, Kansas Segregated Schools 8 year old Linda

Brown tries to go to school.

Page 13: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

1954: US Supreme Court rules on Brown v. Board of Education

Unanimous decision. Separate but equal is

unconstitutional. Ordered

desegregation of Topeka schools “with all deliberate speed.”

Page 14: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Linda Brown today

Works for St. Louis Public Schools as an administrative assistant.

Page 15: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Public Reaction to Brown v. Board of Education?

African Americans rejoiced

Some whites thought this would bring about a peaceful desegregation

Page 16: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Public Reaction to Brown v. Board of Education?

The Klan did NOT approve. Klan violence went up

against African Americans and others who supported the changes.

Page 17: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Public Reaction to Brown v. Board of Education?

“The good people of Georgia will not tolerate the mixing of the races in the public schools or any other tax-supported institutions.” Governor Herman

Talmadge

Page 18: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

90 Members of CONGRESS banned together to create the “Southern Manifesto”

“We pledge ourselves to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision, which is contrary to the Constitution, and to prevent the use of force in its implementation.”

Page 19: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Notes on the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr.

MLK organized PASSIVE RESISTANCE movement.

Page 20: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted a YEAR

50,000 African Americans refused to get on the buses

Even though the bus service was losing money – they still refused to give up.

Supreme Court ordered the desegregation of buses in 1956.

Page 21: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Resistance in Little Rock, Arkansas

Fall of 1957, Governor Faubus posted National Guard troops around Central High School to turn away 9 African American students who were going to attend.

Page 22: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

15-year old Elizabeth Eckford

The National Guardsman glared at me with a mean look and I was very frightened and didn’t know what to do.

Page 23: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

15-year old Elizabeth Eckford

“I turned around and the crowd came toward me. They moved closer and closer. Somebody started yelling “Lynch her! Lynch her!”

“I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the mob – someone who maybe would help.”

Page 24: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

15-year old Elizabeth Eckford

“I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me.”

Page 25: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Eisenhower’s Reaction

Saw what was happening in Little Rock as a challenge to federal authority (the President’s and the Supreme Court’s)

Ordered US soldiers to escort the kids to school.

Page 26: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Other Voices of Protest

1947 – Mexican Americans sued to be able to attend the same schools as whites.

Native Americans protested against policies of “termination” of reservations.

Page 27: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Leaders and Strategies of the Civil Rights Movement

NAACP Interracial group Appealed mostly to people

with education. National Urban League

Helped African Americans moving from the South to find jobs and homes.

CORE Interracial Organized peaceful protests

against segregation.

Page 28: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Leaders and Strategies of the Civil Rights Movement

SCLC Southern Christian

Leadership Conference

1957 – created by Martin Luther King, Jr. and other ministers wanting civil rights changes.

Use of nonviolent protest.

Page 29: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

SCLC was different

It was primarily focused on the South and was not dominated by African Americans / whites from the North.

Used Gandhi’s ideas on nonviolence as the only way to achieve victory against stronger foes.

Page 30: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Leaders and Strategies of the Civil Rights Movement

MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr. 1929 – 1968 Son and grandson of

Baptist ministers. Had white playmates

as a child but at school age became aware of segregation.

Page 31: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

MLK

Eloquent and inspiring. Gave an example of

dignity despite all the prejudice around him.

Arrested, beaten physically and verbally many times.

Nobel Prize for Peace in 1964

Page 32: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

MLK

Dream2.ram

Page 33: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Martin Luther King Assassination

April 1968 Memphis, Tennessee Came to give support

to the striking garbage men. Prophetic Speech the

night before his death.

Page 34: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Killer?

James Earl Ray Caught in 1969 Sentenced to 99

years. Toward the end of his

life, met with King’s son and said he hadn’t been alone in the killing.

Page 35: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Nonviolence as a form of protest

Those who fight for justice must peacefully refuse to obey unjust laws.

MUST remain nonviolent, regardless of reactions. Required TREMENDOUS

courage and discipline.

Page 36: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

17 Rules for Nonviolent Protest

“Pray for guidance and commit yourself to complete nonviolence in word and action as you enter the bus … Be loving enough to absorb evil and understanding enough to turn an enemy into a friend.”

Page 37: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

17 Rules for Nonviolent Protest

“If cursed, do not curse back. If pushed, do not push back. If struck, do not strike back, but evidence love and good will at all times …

Page 38: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

17 Rules for Nonviolent Protest

“If another person is being molested, do not arise to go to his defense, but pray for the oppressor and use moral and spiritual force to carry on the struggle for justice.”

Page 39: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Students who wanted to be in the Civil Rights movement. Didn’t want to be a

part of church leaders work.

Sought more immediate change than the SCLC did.

Interracial at first.

Page 40: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Struggle Intensifies

“As a child in the rural Mississippi town of Centreville, I grew up wondering what ‘the white folks’ secret’ was.

“There homes were large and beautiful with indoor toilets. Every house I ever lived in was a one or two room shack with an outdoor toilet.” Anne Moody - SNCC

Page 41: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Anne Moody (cont.)

“I was horrified when 14-year old Emmett Till, visiting from Chicago, was killed in Mississippi for whistling at a white woman.”

Page 42: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Anne Moody (cont.)

“After I was jailed for my involvement in the Civil Rights demonstrations, it wasn’t as bad as the reaction I got from home.”

Page 43: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Anne Moody

“My mother, afraid for the lives of her relatives, begged me to end my involvement.”

“My brother was beaten up and almost lynched by a group of white boys.”

Page 44: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Anne Moody

“The local sheriff warned me never to return to my hometown.”

“My sister angrily told me that my activism was threatening the lives of every colored in Centreville.”

Page 45: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Sit-ins Challenge Segregation

Sitting-in a place and disrupting business until they were served or arrested.

Page 46: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Sit-ins

It was a Woolworth in the heart of the downtown area, and we occupied every seat at the lunch counter, every seat in the restaurant ….

Page 47: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Sit-ins

“A group of young white men came in and they started pulling and beating primarily the young women. They put lighted cigarettes down their backs, in their hair, and they were really beating people.”

Page 48: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Sit-ins

“In a short time, police officials came in and placed all of us under arrest, and not a single member of the white group., the people that were opposing our sit-in was arrested.” John Lewis

Page 49: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Sit-ins

MLK called participation a “Badge of Honor”

70,000 participated by the end of 1960.

3,600 had been arrested. People were witnessing

how wrong segregation was.

Page 50: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Freedom Rides

1960, Supreme Court ruled that interstate bus segregation was illegal.

Protestors decided to “test” this in “Freedom Rides” in 1961

Page 51: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

As they traveled into the Deep South troubles happened.

Anniston, Alabama, white mob attacked the bus in the terminal, then followed, boarded the bus, disabled it, closed the door and barred it and threw a firebomb into the bus.

Page 52: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Freedom Ride

Through a broken window the students escaped, but were beaten by the mob.

Page 53: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Freedom Ride

There were thoughts of calling it off, but instead it was decided to send more buses.

Violence in Birmingham and Montgomery.

More volunteers arrived.

Page 54: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Freedom Ride

Finally, Attorney General Robert Kennedy saw the need to send Federal Marshals to protect the Freedom Riders in 1961.

Nation was horrified by the violence.

Page 55: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Integration of Colleges 1961

James Meredith was turned down for college at “Old Miss.”

1962 Supreme Court ordered Mississippi to admit Meredith.

The Governor himself blocked Meredith from entering the Admissions Office.

Page 56: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

James Meredith’s Struggles for an Education

White crowds attacked the Federal Marshal cars and threw bottles at Meredith’s dorm room windows.

Two people killed in the riots.

Page 57: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

James Meredith

Received his college degree.

Shot while on the Voter Registration March in 1966. Recovered to finish the March with MLK at his side.

Page 58: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

James Meredith today

Has worked as a Congressional aide for former segregationist Jesse Helms.

Writes history books about Mississippi today.

Page 59: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Clash in Birmingham, April 1963

Birmingham, AL – 40% black, but “most segregated city in America.”

King was arrested. Marchers were

attacked.

Page 60: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

A Nation Watches

Even Americans that didn’t approve of Civil Rights were horrified by the violence inflicted on the peaceful protestors.

Page 61: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Birmingham had to agree to change

New hiring practices Public facilities were

desegregated. Bi-racial committee to

have more communication between people.

Page 62: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Political Response to the Civil Rights Movement?

Eisenhower – sent troops to integrate Little Rock High Schools.

But didn’t do much afterward.

FBI was NOT protecting the Civil Rights workers. OPPOSITE under J. Edgar

Hoover. HATED MLK

Page 63: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Political Response to the Civil Rights Movement?

President John Kennedy (JFK) Slower to react

Attorney General Robert Kennedy (RFK) Once he saw the

violence he used Federal Marshals

Page 64: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

JFK Speech, June 1963

“We preach freedom around the world … but what are we to say to the world and each other that this is the land of the free … except for the Negros?

“Now is the time for the nation to fulfill its promise.”

Page 65: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Reaction to JFK’s Speech?

Klan murder of Medgar Evers. NAACP worker Organized voter

registration drives. Gunned down in front

of his home.

Page 66: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Medgar Evers Murder

Byron de la Beckwith charged with the murder.

Two white juries were hung – he was released in 1964.

Retrial in 1994 FINALLY saw him convicted and jailed for life.

Page 67: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The March on Washington

August 1963 200,000 came from

all over the country to call for “jobs and freedom”

Kennedy feared the marchers would bring more violence and anger Congress.

Page 68: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Lyndon B. Johnson got it passed.

-considering he was from the SOUTH, it was unusual that he supported reforms.

Page 69: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Banned use of different voter registration standards for blacks and whites.

Prohibited discrimination in “pubic accommodations” Motels, restaurants, gas

stations, theaters, sports events

Page 70: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Allowed government to withhold funds to schools that practice discrimination

Banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin by employers and unions. Created EEOC

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate claims of discrimination.

Page 71: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Freedom Summer 1964

Focus of the Civil Rights Movement to register voters in Mississippi.

Went right for the “heart” of the Klan.

Page 72: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Murders of Civil Rights Workers

80 mob attacks 3 men “disappeared” and

were found buried in an earthen dam.**

Thousand arrests. African American

churches and homes were burned or bombed.

Page 73: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Basis of the movie Mississippi Burning

No convictions for the murders until 2005. Baptist minister Ray

Killen. Said KKK was a

“peaceful” group.

Page 74: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Voting Rights Act 1965 / 24th Amendment

Eliminated literacy tests, poll taxes, and most barriers to voting.

By 1965 400,000 African Americans were registered to vote in the Deep South

Page 75: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Movement Takes a New Turn: Malcolm X and Black Nationalism

Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, NE in 1925.

-Father a Baptist minister who died when he was young.

- Drifted to Detroit, Boston, NYC and lived life of crime.

-Jailed by time he was 20.

Page 76: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Malcolm X

Converted to Islam and specifically Black Islam.

Believed Allah would someday reward them with a black nation.

Meantime live separately and be self-sufficient.

Page 77: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Malcolm X and Black Nationalism

Released from prison in 1952 Malcolm changed his name and preached his message of black nationalism.

Page 78: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Opposition to Integration

Disagreed with MLK and the March on Washington.

Disagreed with non-violent protest.

“Why would anyone want to join white society?”

Page 79: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Malcolm X leaves Nation of Islam

1964, had disagreements with the group’s leader Elijah Muhammad.

Made a pilgrimage to Mecca Seeing millions of all

nations and colors worshipping together made him rethink his ideas of separation.

Page 80: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Malcolm X

1965 returned to US with a new attitude and want to create integration. Enemies from the

Nation of Islam did not like these changes in him.

Killed him nine months later.

Page 81: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Black Power Movement

Stokely Carmichael NO to peaceful protest NO more going to jail NO more submitting to

beatings. BLACK POWER! “We shall overrun”

instead of “We shall overcome”

Page 82: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Black Panthers

Bobby Seale and Huey Newton – 1966

Direct confrontation with white authorities.

“Power flows from the barrel of a gun.”

“Black is Beautiful”

Page 83: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Riots in the Street: “Burn Baby Burn!”

Black Panthers in Omaha, NE blew up an Omaha cop in 1970.

1967 Watts neighborhood riot in LA. 34 people dead

Page 84: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

De Facto v. De Jure Segregation

De Jure Laws creating

segregation. Common in South

De Facto Not a law, but social

conditions create segregation.

Common in the North

Page 85: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Twin Tragedies in 1968

MLK assassination in April. Memphis, TN

Page 86: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Twin Tragedies in 1968

RFK’s assassination in June 1968. Los Angeles

Page 87: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

The Legacy of the Movement

Segregation became illegal. We HOPE! (Omaha)

Voter registration has changed the power base in the South.

1970 – 1975 the number of African Americans elected to office went UP 88%

Page 88: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Side Note:

John Kennedy and “Camelot”

Page 89: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK)

Youngest President. First Catholic

President Came from one of the

richest and most powerful families in the country.

Page 90: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Many think of the Kennedy years as “Camelot”

JFK and wife represented how most Americans saw – or wanted to see – themselves as.

Page 91: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Many like to think of JFK as a perfect president

He did give great speeches! “Ask not what your

country can do for you – but what you can do for your country.”

Page 92: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

What Kennedy did do:

Worked on programs to combat poverty and inequality. Increased minimum

wage Gave surplus food to

unemployed people Redevelopment grants

for communities with long-term unemployment

Page 93: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

What Kennedy did do

Continued the Arms Race with the Soviets

Signed a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Bay of Pigs Disaster Sent troops into

Vietnam Questions on Civil

Rights commitments

Page 94: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The CLOSEST we ever came to nuclear war.

10-Days in October 1961.

Cuba / Russia tried to put nuclear missiles in Cuba to be able to launch an attack on DC in less than 5 minutes. First strike capability with

maybe no chance the US could respond?

Page 95: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Jackie Style

Jacqueline Kennedy Mother Remodeled the White

House with historical accuracy

Seen as a style-setter for US women.

People always wanted to see what she wore.

Page 96: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

November 22, 1963: Assassination in Dallas, TX

Questions about if Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone still linger today. Zagruder film

Page 97: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Pictures that no baby boomer can forget about JFK’s death / funeral

Page 98: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Images we never will forget

Page 99: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Images we never forget …

Page 100: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Only Caroline Kennedy is still alive

Page 101: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

JFK’s assassin: Lee Harvey Oswald

Difficult childhood but doted / domineered on by mother.

18 years old – joined Marines. Failure.

19 – years old – defected to Russia.

Page 102: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Lee Harvey Oswald

Even though he married and had a daughter, he wasn’t content in Russia.

Came back to the US. Could only get menial

jobs and troubles in his marriage.

Page 103: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Lee Harvey Oswald

1962 – 1963: Weird time in Oswald’s life.Attempted Assassination of an anti-communist / segregationist.

Sometimes Pro-Castro ; Sometimes Anti- Castro.

Traveled to Mexico, New Orleans, back to Dallas.

Page 104: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

November 22, 1963

Did Oswald act alone?

He also killed a Dallas cop that day that tried to stop him.

Page 105: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

Oswald

In interviews over two days, he said that he was a “patsy” and being set up.

Page 106: Civil Rights 1950 - 1968. Where did legal segregation come from? Plessy v. Ferguson The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway.

What happened to Oswald?

Murdered days after being taken into custody. Jack Ruby – local

small-time mobster and dying of cancer.


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