3/26/2020 1 Civil Rights & Immigration in America Colonialism to Present Emigrant vs. Immigrant An emigrant leaves his or her land to live in another country. The person is emigrating to another country. An immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country. Emigration is the actual act of relocation from a country. The person going from one place to another is in the process of emigrating. A German woman remains an emigrant to people of her country. To other Americans, she is an immigrant, because she has traveled from somewhere else. Early Civil Rights Issues 1600-1848 1619 – A year before the Mayflower, the first 20 African slaves are sold to settlers in Virginia as "indentured servants." 1789 – Constitution adopted; slaves counted as three-fifths of a person for means of representation. 1838 – Some 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed from their land and forced to resettle west of the Mississippi in a trek that becomes known as the "Trail of Tears." 1848 – First Women's Rights Convention meeting in Seneca Falls, N.Y., hears Elizabeth Cady Stanton proposes a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote.
Transcript
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Civil Rights &
Immigration in
America
Colonialism to Present
Emigrant vs. Immigrant
An emigrant leaves his or her land to live in another country. The person is emigrating to another country.
An immigrant is a person who once resided somewhere else and now lives in your country.
Emigration is the actual act of relocation from a country. The person going from one place to another is in the process of emigrating. AGerman woman remains an emigrant to people of her country.
To other Americans, she is an immigrant, because she has traveled from somewhere else.
Early Civil Rights Issues
1600-1848
1619 – A year before the Mayflower, the first 20 African slaves are sold to settlers in Virginia as "indentured servants."
1789 – Constitution adopted; slaves counted as three-fifths of a person for means of representation.
1838 – Some 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed from their land and forced to resettle west of the Mississippi in a trek that becomes known as the "Trail of Tears."
1848 – First Women's Rights Convention meeting in Seneca Falls, N.Y., hears Elizabeth Cady Stanton proposes a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote.
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Early Slave Auction
Trail of Tears
Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention - 1848
Emigrants to Immigrants
In the 1830’s - millions of people mostly from Europe came to America.
Coming to America was not easy. Most people came as steerage, the cheapest deck on the ship.
The conditions were awful. People were jammed together in filthy conditions for up to a month.
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Why did they come?
Push Factors
1. Population growth. Better food and sanitation caused Europe’s population to boom after 1750,and the land became overcrowded.
2. Agricultural changes. As Europe’s population grew, so did cities. Landowners wanted to make
money selling food to those cities. New methods made it more efficient to farm large areas of land than to rent small plots to tenants. So landlords forced tenants off the land.
3. Crop failures. Poor harvests made it difficult for small farmers to pay their debts. Some of these farmers chose to start over in America. Crop failures also led to hunger, causing people to emigrate.
4. Industrial Revolution. Goods produced in factories became cheaper than goods produced by artisans. Suddenly out of work, some artisans took factory jobs. Others emigrated.
5. Religious and political turmoil. To escape religious persecution, Quakers fled Norway and Jews left Germany. Also, many Germans came to America after a revolution in Germany failed in 1848.
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Irish Potato Famine
In 1845, a disease attacked Ireland’s main food crop, the potato, causing a severe
food shortage called a famine.
The Irish Potato Famine killed 1 million
people and forced many to emigrate.
By 1854, between 1.5 and 2 million Irish had fled their homeland and came to
America.
But America did
not want the Irish
Pull Factors
1. Freedom. Everyone has the freedom to practice the teaching and religion he prefers.
2. Economic opportunity. Immigrants sought a land where they could support their families
and have a better future. Immigration often rose during times of U.S. prosperity and fell during hard times.
3. Abundant land. The acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession gave the United States millions more acres of
land. To land-starved Europeans, America was a land of opportunity.
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Questions
•What is the difference between Immigrant and Emigrant?
•What was the Trail of Tears?
•What is a Pull Factor?
•What is a Push Factor?
Some Americans Oppose Immigration
Like today, some Americans opposed immigration.
They thought that the immigrants were too foreign to learn American ways.
Immigrants faced prejudice, a negative opinion not based on facts.
Native-born Americans who wanted to eliminate foreign influence called themselves nativists. Some nativists refused to hire immigrants and put up signs like “No Irish need apply.”
Civil Rights Issues
1848-1860
1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo cedes Arizona, Texas, California, New Mexico, Colorado and parts of Utah and Nevada to the United States for $15 million. Article IX guarantees people of Mexican origin "the enjoyment of all the rights of the citizens of the United States according to the principles of the constitution."
1857 – The Supreme Court rules in the Dred Scott case that slaves do not become free when taken into a free state, that Congress cannot bar slavery from a territory and that blacks cannot become citizens.
1860 – The American Civil War Begins
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Dred Scott
American soldiers capturing
Mexico City in the Mexican-
American War
Civil Rights Issues
1861-1869
1862 – Homestead Act encourages people to move west
1863 – President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation freeing "all slaves in areas still in rebellion."
1865 – The Civil War ends.
1865 – Freedman's Bureau, to help former slaves, established.
1865 – Ku Klux Klan organized in Pulaski, Tennessee
1867 - Chinese & Irish laborers are imported to work on the transcontinental railroad.
Nathan Bedford Forrest –Founder of the KKK
Chinese Railroad Workers
The Klu Klux Klan
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Reconstruction 1865-77
After the Civil War, 1861-1865, the federal government made strides toward equality.
Blacks voted, held many political offices.
The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government program to help Blacks find land, it established schools and colleges and taught them to read and write.
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
The 14th Amendment guaranteed all citizens with equal protection under the law.
The 15th Amendment said the right to vote shall not be denied on the basis of race (but not gender).
Reconstruction 1865-77
Civil Rights Issues
1870-1882
1870 – The first "Jim Crow" or segregation law is passed in Tennessee.
1870-1880 – Almost 140,000 Chinese immigrate to U.S.
1875 – Congress passes the first Civil Rights Act, guaranteeing African Americans equal rights. The law is struck down in 1883.
1877 – Reconstruction ends
U.S. troops removed from the South
Rutherford B. Hayes allowed to be President
Life for Blacks in the South becomes unbearable again
1882 –Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Actrestricting the immigration of all Chinese laborers and requiring Chinese to carry identification cards.
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End of Reconstruction – 1877
End of Reconstruction led to restoration of:
Poll tax: Fee that one must pay in order to be allowed to vote
Grandfather clause: Racially restrictive provision of certain southern laws after Reconstruction, that permitted a man to vote if his father or grandfather could have voted before the Civil War.
White primary: Primary elections, held by the Democratic party after Reconstruction, that excluded nonwhites from participation in many southern states.
Jim Crow laws: Laws, passed by southern states after Reconstruction, enforcing segregation.
Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s
Civil Rights Issues1883-1900
•1880s – The first “Great Wave” of European immigrants come to America – More than 5.2 million immigrants enter the country between 1880 and 1890
•1886 – Statue of Liberty unveiled; "The Huddled Masses Yearning To Be Free" invited to immigrate
•1890 – Battle of Wounded Knee – Last major battle of the Indian Wars
•1892 – Ellis Island opens as immigrant entry checkpoint in New York harbor
•1898 – Supreme Court confirms that 14th Amendment gives citizenship to all persons born in the United States
Ellis Island
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Plessy v. Ferguson - 1896
Supreme Court decision declaring separate but equal public facilities constitutional.
Separate but equal doctrine states that the equal protection clause was not violated by the fact of state mandated racial segregation alone, provided that the separate facilities were equal (but they never were equal).
