30
| Date post: | 09-Mar-2016 |
| Category: |
Documents |
| Upload: | loralee-cole |
| View: | 212 times |
| Download: | 0 times |
Legalized discrimination
After reconstruction, southern states pass laws restricting rights of blacks
Jim Crow laws —enforce segregation in public placesEstablish separate but equal: drinking
fountains, railway cars, restrooms… Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)—upheld
separate but equal Lynching—possible penalty for using “white
only” by African Americans
Opposing discrimination
Booker T. Washington —Believed African Am. Accept segregation. Improve life by acquiring
farming & vocation skill. Founded Tuskegee
Institute to teach African Am. skills
Opposing discrimination
W.E.B. Du Bois —Believed African Am. Should fight for full rights immediately Helped found Niagara
Movement 1905 and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The Crisis —magazine served as outlet for African Am. Writing and poetry
Opposing discrimination
Marcus Garvey —Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)— pride in African heritage. “Back to Africa” slogan Accused of fraud and
jailed
Hispanic Am.—Debt peonage—could not leave job until all debt paid.
Asian Am.—Many landlords wouldn’t rent to them.Chinese exculsion act
Native Am.—Americanization policy. Citizenship 1924
Early Presidents and reforms
Brownsville Incident— members of African Am. Infantry accused of shooting spree. All discharged by T. Roosevelt w/out pay and
future pension. • Falsely accused.
Woodrow Wilson—opposed federal anti-lynching law Allowed cabinet members to segregate offices
Civil Rights Movement section 18.2
Mohandas K. Gandhi —Led India’s independence movement using non-violent resistance
Martin Luther King Jr. SCLC, (Southern
Christian Leadership Conference) , James Farmer —founder of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)
modeled fight for civil rights after Gandhi’s
Civil Rights Movement section 18.2
Sit-ins—demonstrators sit and refuse to leave non-violence
Successful— Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed to coordinate demonstrations & train protestors
Civil Rights MovementSection 18.2
South still segregating travel 1960 CORE, organized Freedom Rides—Black riders
use “white only” facilities; white riders use “black only” facilities
Riders attacked by mobs—called off rides Reinstated rides w/police escort (SNCC) Freedom rides ended w/ICC (Interstate Commerce
Commission) that banned bus & RR segregated facilities
Civil Rights MovementSection 18.2
Martin Luther King Jr.—leader of civil rights movement
Arrested April 1963 for protesting
Wrote Letter from Birmingham Jail—committed to nonviolence
Civil Rights MovementSection 18.2
August 1963, March on Washington—200,000 blacks and whites around Washington Monument to encourage civil rights bill
“I Have a Dream” Speech
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Act 1964—banned segregation in public places, restaurants, transportation.
Also banned discrimination based on sex, color, religion, national origin in unions or universities w/federal contracts
March against fear
June 1966, 1st African American University of Miss. Graduate goes on 27 day march from Memphis, TN—Jackson, MS. James Meredith shot; King & Stokely
Carmichael march in his place Split in movement from “Freedom now!” to
“Black Power!”Abandondment of non-violence (change not
happening fast enough for some…)
Expanding the movement
De jure segregation —segregation by law, ended in South
De facto segregation —segregation that exists through custom and practice.Real estateHigh unemploymentBanks
Black motorist arrested Los Angeles 1965 leads to Watts riot—1st of many race riots
20 killed; National Guard restore order
Kerner Commission—investigates violence: 2 societies emerging—1 black & poor, 1 white & wealthy
Stokely Carmichael —new leader of SNCC—abandoned non-violence. Promotes….
Black Power —African American’s’ dependence on themselves to solve problems CORE follows in
dropping nonviolent tactic. No longer accepts whites
Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, Oakland, CA 1966.
Rejected nonviolence & called for violent revolutionCarried guns, guarded Af. Am.
Neighborhoods…Resulted in deaths of both whites/blacks
Malcolm X —leader of Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)—religious group
Supported black separatism
Encouraged blacks to form all-black communities
Malcolm X views—African Am. should fight for social & economic independence rather than integration; very anti-white
Protect themselves from violence—opposite of MLK
Spring 1964—split with Nation of Islam—formed Organization of Afro-American Unity Began siding WITH MLK (non-violence)
Assassinated Feb. 1965 by members of Nation of Islam— felt he had betrayed them
April 4, 1968 Memphis, TN Shot by James Earl
Ray—white supremacist
Days of rioting throughout country
The Poor People’s Campaign
Led by Ralph Abernathy —leader of SCLC after MLK killed “you can kill the leader, but you can’t kill the dream.”
Goal—federal govent do more for poverty Disaster—poor weather, media coverage,
gangs. Ended w/police tear gasNo clear demand from group of what they
want
Decline of Black Power
J. Edgar Hoover —FBI director. Worked to disrupt organizations efforts b/c he felt them a threat to American societyFBI agents in SNCC & spread false
rumors; forged posters, leaflets… giving false info about organizations…
SNCC disbanded early 1970’s
New gains in Civil Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1968— Created Fair Housing Act—banned discrimination in sale of rental or housing.
School desegregation focus of civil rights 1970’s
Affirmative action—businesses, colleges have to have so many minorities employed/ as students
