Slide 1

Civil Rights and ResponsibilitiesCitizenshipA citizen is an individual with certain rights and duties under a government and who, by birth or by choice, owes allegiance to that government. Another word for allegiance is loyalty.CitizenshipHow does an individual become a citizen?

CitizenshipThe Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America defines citizenship: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the state wherein they reside.

CitizenshipMeans of obtaining citizenshipBirthNaturalization

CitizenshipBy birth -- you can become a citizen of the United States by being born to individuals who are already American citizens, or by being born on American soil

CitizenshipBy NaturalizationImmigration and naturalization, particularly in the twentieth century, have led to an increasingly diverse society.

CitizenshipTo become a citizen through naturalization, a person must demonstrate knowledge of American history and principles and the ability to speak and write English

CitizenshipDo we have rights?How do we know what our rights are as citizens?The Constitution of the United States of America establishes and protects the citizen's fundamental rights and liberties. Few rights, if any, are considered absolute or unrestricted.

CitizenshipBill of Rights specifically protects our rightsFirst Amendment freedoms Religion Speech Press Assembly Petition

14th Amendment (1868)Equal Protection ClauseForbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.Sex, race, ethnicity, age, disability, sexual preference

CitizenshipResponsibilitiesFor government to be effective, citizens must fulfill their civic duties.

CitizenshipDuties of responsible citizensObey lawsPay taxesServe in the armed forces if calledServe on a jury or as a witness in court

CitizenshipCitizens who choose not to fulfill these civic duties face legal consequences.Remember: If you dont fulfill your responsibilities, then you probably dont have the right to complain. Being a responsible citizen entitles you to a voice in the government!

CitizenshipA basic responsibility of citizenship is to contribute to the common good.

CitizenshipResponsibilities of citizensRegister and voteHold elective officeInfluence government by communicating with government officialsServe in voluntary, appointed positionsParticipate in political campaignsKeep informed regarding current issuesRespect others' rights to an equal voice in government

CitizenshipA democratic society requires the active participation of its citizens.

CitizenshipThoughtful and effective participation in civic life depends upon the exercise of good citizenship. However, sometimes good citizenship means challenging the status quo. When might that be true?Personal traits of good citizens Trustworthiness and honestyCourtesy and respect for the rights of othersResponsibility, accountability, and self-relianceRespect for the lawPatriotism

The Civil Rights MovementWhy Did the Civil Rights Movement Take Off After 1945?Black equality became a significant political issue for the Democratic PartyWWII had been fought against racism abroadhard to keep harboring it at homeBlack veterans came home dedicated to changeIncreasing number of White Americans condemned segregationDiscrimination in the United States hurt our propaganda battle against the Communists The Civil Rights MovementThe Truman YearsTrumans 1948 election year agendaNo significant Civil Rights congressional legislationTruman moves on his own to do what he can for Civil Rights--Desegregation of the military (1948)Jackie Robinsons breakthrough (1947)

The Civil Rights MovementThe Battle in the CourtsPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)-- separate but equal facilities = legalBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)-- Chief Justice Earl Warren

The Struggle for African AmericansThurgood Marshall and team argued in front of SCThe court ruled in 1954 unanimously that in the field of public education, separate but equal has no place

This case, under the Warren Court served as a beginning to govt. support The Civil Rights MovementEisenhower disapproves of Brown decisionDesegregation with all deliberate speedPopular opposition to the Brown decisionNo real progress on desegregation at first

The Civil Rights MovementThe Eisenhower Years Eisenhowers philosophy related to Civil Rights lawsHowever, regardless of laws, inequality continuedJim Crow Laws segregated community

Out of the Schools and Into the BusesThe arrest of Rosa Parks (December, 1955)The Montgomery, Ala. Bus BoycottThe leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.The Montgomery model for Civil Rights activism: boycott, publicity, courtsSCLC (The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an American civil rights organization)formed 1957. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a member.

A Mass Movement Takes ShapeLunch counter sit-ins begin: Greensboro, NC February, 1960SNCC created April, 1960. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was one of the principle organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.CORE Freedom Ride May, 1961

A Mass Movement Takes Shape (cont.)

Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama (April, 1963)Governor George Wallace tries to block integration of the University of Alabama (Fall, 1963)A Mass Movement Takes Shape (cont.)JFK finally begins to campaign for Civil Rights legislationContinued violence even in the face of some progressMartin Luther King, Jr. and the March on Washington (August, 1963)-- I Have a Dream

A Mass Movement Takes Shape (cont.)Voter registration in Selma, Alabama (1965)By the mid-1960s, substantial success in the South had been achieved

The Kennedy and Johnson YearsJFKs initial reluctance to push for Civil Rights lawsThe integration of Ole Miss (1962)JFK finally decides to push past better enforcement to new congressional Civil Rights legislation

The Johnson Years (cont.)The role of Kennedys assassination in the Civil Rights movementCivil Rights Act of 1964Anti-poll tax Amendment (24th1964)Voting Rights Act (1965)Much more needed to be done for Civil Rights outside of the South, so 2nd phase began

Civil Rights Act of 1964VotingPublic accommodationsBarred discriminationSchoolsGovernment can force desegregation though litigationEmploymentFederal Funds

New ProblemsThe Challenges of School integration in the NorthThe historical, traditional segregation of northern citiesThe resurrection of the KKK once againMore effective White opponents in the North

Race RiotsWatts Riots in Los Angeles (Summer, 1965)Riots each summer from 1965-1969--Chicago and Cleveland (1966)--Newark and Detroit (1967)--Washington, D.C. (1968)

Race Riots (cont.)Riots as an expression of grievance against the White American consumer societyRiots shocked the White American publicFrustration and self-destruction expressed in these riotsUnlike earlier race riots, these riots were not started by White mobs

Black PowerThe formation of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, CA (1966)

Black Power (cont.)The leadership of Malcolm X--Black Muslims--Assassinated in 1965Cultural expressions of Black Power:--Afro Hairstyles--Black-studies programs-- Negro no longer used

The Continuing EffortsAffirmative Action: programs for minorities supported by government as a means of providing equalityTo undo the wrongs of pastEx. Forced hiring of minoritiesEx. Accepting minority students over whites, regardless to qualificationEx. BusingEx. More funding for minorities from govt.The Affirmative Action DebateIn the early 90s legislation tried to help empower the programsThe public was turning against it1991 law vetoed by Bush Sr., law softenedClintons attitude: mend it, not end it

The Affirmative Action Debate

It stated that race or gender cannot be taken into account in hiring.??The Affirmative Action DebateReverse DiscriminationDiversity Training

Civil Rights HistoryNative Americans2 million people live on reservationsPush for more sovereignty on their landEx. gambling operation rightsArt. 1, Sec. 8 commerce clause give Congress right to regulate Indian tribes

Civil Rights HistoryLatino/Latina Rights37 million in US (about 10 million in 1980)Mexican 15million-rights issues include Bilingual education programs, immigrationPuerto Rican 2.7 million-PR is a commonwealth of US, citizens can move freely back and forth, not represented in Congress, dont have to pay federal tax

Civil Rights HistoryCubans 1960s, many fled communist takeover by Castro, wet foot, dry foot policyCentral and South American political trouble is driving people to US, face similar bilingual and immigration issues

Civil Rights HistoryAsian American8 million in US, 40% of immigrantsChinese Exclusion Act 1882 lasted through WWIIWWII Japanese racism internmentKorematsu v. US (1944)1980s reparations for internment

Women and Equal RightsSeneca Falls Convention 1848 beginning of womens suffrage movementMuller v. Oregon (1908) 10 hour work day limit for women19th Amendment 1920 Women vote1970s reasonableness standard all legal circumstance must be treated equalEx. Cannot set different age limits for driving, but can set laws on rape that punish man only

Women and Equal RightsEqual Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972 Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or any State on account of sex. did not pass becauseRostker v. Goldberg (1981) Court upheld the requirement men to register but not women for draft, ended ERA pushRoe v. Wade (1973) womens freedom to choose abortion

Women and Equal RightsCivil Rights Act (1964)Title VII prohibits gender discrimination in employment, extended to sexual harassmentComparable worth equal pay for equal workTitle IX provide equal funding for all programs that receive federal funding

Rights for Older AmericansAge discrimination illegalAge Discrimination in Employment Act raised the general compulsory retirement age to 70AARP interest group large influence

Rights for Disabled Americans17% of Americans have a disabilityRehabilitation Act of 1973 - illegal to discriminate based on disabilityEducation for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 gave all handicapped children free educationAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990 protect disabled rights

Civil Rights summaryConstant pursuit of equalityCivil Rights for minority groups will constantly be changingNew groups find their voiceEVERYONE will be a part of some minority group during their lifetime

What is Public Policy?Public policy can be defined as the agreed upon ways that government fulfills its responsibilities to protect the rights of individuals and to promote the general welfare by solving problems.

52

What is Public Policy?Public policies are contained in laws, rules, regulations, decisions, and practices created byexecutive, legislative, and judicial branchesgovernment bureaucraciesregulatory agenciesother public decision-making bodies

53

Know your Allegiance-ActivityNeighborhoodCity of SuffolkVirginiaUnited StatesWorld

City-wide Exploratory/Stakeholder Meeting

55Suffolks HistorySuffolk was founded by English colonists in 1742 as a port town on the Nansemond River in the Virginia Colony. Early in its history, Suffolk became a land transportation gateway to the areas east of it in South Hampton Roads. Long surrounded by Nansemond County, Suffolk progressively became an incorporated town in 1808 and an independent city in 1906. In 1974, it combined by mutual agreement with the former county, which had become an independent city (City of Nansemond) 18 months earlier. It included the former outlying unincorporated towns of Holland and Whaleyville. The newly consolidated cities assumed the name of Suffolk, creating the largest city in geographic area in Virginia. Peanuts grown in the surrounding areas became a major industry for Suffolk. Notably, Planters' Peanuts was established in Suffolk beginning in 1912. Suffolk was the 'birthplace' of Mr. Peanut, the mascot of Planters' Peanuts.In modern times, Suffolk remains a major peanut processing center and railroad and highway transportation hub. It hosts a diverse combination of industrial, manufacturing, distribution, retail, and hospitality businesses, as well as active farming. Suffolk experienced a boom in its high tech economy given the presence of the U.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) facility located in northern Suffolk.

Just the FactsSize430 sq. mi.Population (2010)*****84, 585 (+32.8% since 2000)Employment* 34,354Median Age**** 36.0Households****23,283 Families****17,718 Population Density****159.2 per/sq. mi. Residential Median Sales Price (2009) $255,000 2010 Median Household Income***** $57,546 Civilian Labor Force (2009) Suffolk*** 42,323 Hampton Roads Region/MSA ** 789,507 Unemployment Rate Suffolk** 6.7% Unemployment Rate Virginia**6.4%

*2008 ACCRA Demographics ** U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics Dec, 10 ***Virginia Employment Commission Dec, 10****American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau 2010, referenced at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia ***** Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, Demographics and Workforce Group, www.coopercenter.org/demographics

Who We AreHouseholds*23,28336.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them55.1% were married couples living together16.8% had a female householder with no husband present23.9% were non-families20.2% of all households were made up of individuals8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or olderAvg household size was 2.69Avg family size was 3.09Age Distribution*27.8% under the age of 187.1% from 18 to 2431.1% from 25 to 4422.5% from 45 to 6411.4% who were 65 years of age or older47.8% of population are males52.2% of population are females

*American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau 2010, referenced at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk, Virginia

Suffolks DiversityOur geographic diversity is a mixed-rural geographical classification which encompasses portions of rural, semi-rural, urban and suburban areas in our 430 square miles.

Our racial diversity* includes:White 52.3% Black or African American42.7%Hispanic/Latino of any race 2.9%Two or more races 2.3%Asian 1.6%Native American 0.3%Pacific Islander 0.1%Other 0.8%

*Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, Demographics and Workforce Group, www.coopercenter.org/demographics.

Education in SuffolkSuffolk Public Schools:14 Elementary Schools4 Middle Schools 3 High Schools 1 Alternative School

Independent and Faith Based Schools: Nansemond Suffolk AcademyFirst Baptist Christian School

Community Colleges: Old Dominion University Tri-Cities Higher Education Center Paul D. Camp Community College (PDCCC) Tidewater Community College (TCC)

Regional Public School (career & technical ed): The Pruden Center for Industry and Technology

Mayor: Linda JohnsonChuckatuck: Mike DumanCypress: Charles BrownHoly Neck: Jeffrey GardyNansemond: Leroy BennettSleepy Hole: Robert BarclaySuffolk: Charles ParrWhaleyville: Curtis Milteer