55
CHAPTER 4 PART FOUR THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865
CHAPTER 4 PART FOURTHE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
CHAPTER 4 PART FOURTHE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
GettysburgGettysburg
ChattanoogaChattanooga
AtlantaAtlanta
VicksburgVicksburg
Mobile BayMobile Bay
Lincoln named Grant supreme commander of all Union forces.Lincoln named Grant supreme commander of all Union forces.
PresidentLincoln
PresidentLincoln
GeneralGrant
GeneralGrant
• Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac.
• Sherman commanded the western army and marched on Atlanta.
• Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac.
• Sherman commanded the western army and marched on Atlanta.
General Grant
General Grant
General ShermanGeneral
Sherman
• The Atlanta campaign pushed ahead Farragut’s plans for a naval assault on Mobile.
• Sherman figured that an attack on Mobile would move Atlanta troops.
• The Atlanta campaign pushed ahead Farragut’s plans for a naval assault on Mobile.
• Sherman figured that an attack on Mobile would move Atlanta troops.
Admiral FarragutAdmiral Farragut General Sherman General Sherman
Farragut was givenadditional monitorsand an amphibioustroop contingent tobesiege and capturethe forts guardingthe entrance toMobile Bay.
Farragut was givenadditional monitorsand an amphibioustroop contingent tobesiege and capturethe forts guardingthe entrance toMobile Bay.
Admiral FarragutAdmiral Farragut
The act or process of surroundingand attacking a fortified place insuch a way as to isolate it from helpand supplies, for the purpose oflessening the resistance of thedefenders and thereby makingcapture possible
The act or process of surroundingand attacking a fortified place insuch a way as to isolate it from helpand supplies, for the purpose oflessening the resistance of thedefenders and thereby makingcapture possible
BesiegeBesiege
• Strategic port for the South
• Largest cotton- shipping port
• Stronger defenses than other ports
• Strategic port for the South
• Largest cotton- shipping port
• Stronger defenses than other ports
Mobile Bay DefensesMobile Bay Defenses
OctororaMetacomet
BrooklynHartford
• The Tennessee had design flaws.
• Buchanan’s fleet consisted of 4 ships and only 16 guns.
• The Tennessee had design flaws.
• Buchanan’s fleet consisted of 4 ships and only 16 guns.
AdmiralBuchananAdmiral
Buchanan CSS TennesseeCSS Tennessee
• Farragut’s fleet had 18 ships and 159 guns.
• The Union monitors had heavier armor and larger guns.
• Farragut’s fleet had 18 ships and 159 guns.
• The Union monitors had heavier armor and larger guns.
USS TecumsehUSS Tecumseh
Struck a Confederate mine and sankwith her crew of 100Struck a Confederate mine and sankwith her crew of 100
USS BrooklynUSS Brooklyn
Stopped in the middle of the channel nearly causing a Union disasterStopped in the middle of the channel nearly causing a Union disaster
USS HartfordUSS Hartford
• Farragut surveyed the scene from the rigging, and taking a calculated risk, shouted the famous words, “Damn the torpedoes!”
• And, “Four bells, Captain Drayton, go ahead! Jouett, full speed!”
• Farragut surveyed the scene from the rigging, and taking a calculated risk, shouted the famous words, “Damn the torpedoes!”
• And, “Four bells, Captain Drayton, go ahead! Jouett, full speed!”
A chance of failure, the probabilityof which is estimated before someaction is undertaken
A chance of failure, the probabilityof which is estimated before someaction is undertaken
Calculated RiskCalculated Risk
Confederate MinesConfederate Mines
Defective mines (torpedoes) allowed the Union fleet to proceed without anotherdetonation.
Defective mines (torpedoes) allowed the Union fleet to proceed without anotherdetonation.
Buchanan was desperate to keep the Union ships bottled up in front of Fort Morgan, so the fort’s guns could bebrought to bear.
Buchanan was desperate to keep the Union ships bottled up in front of Fort Morgan, so the fort’s guns could bebrought to bear.
CSS TennesseeCSS Tennessee USS HartfordUSS Hartford
CSS SelmaCSS Selma
• Selma was captured.• Gaines was sunk.• Morgan escaped to the city.•Tennessee retired under the guns of Fort Morgan.
• Selma was captured.• Gaines was sunk.• Morgan escaped to the city.•Tennessee retired under the guns of Fort Morgan.
Buchanan charged forth. He wantedto sink the Hartford.Buchanan charged forth. He wantedto sink the Hartford.
AdmiralFarragutAdmiralFarragut
AdmiralBuchananAdmiral
Buchanan
The Tennessee’s gun ports jammed.Her gun deck was filled with suffocatingheat and smoke.
With Admiral Buchanan wounded, heauthorized the captain of the Tennesseeto surrender.
The Tennessee’s gun ports jammed.Her gun deck was filled with suffocatingheat and smoke.
With Admiral Buchanan wounded, heauthorized the captain of the Tennesseeto surrender.
CSS TennesseeCSS Tennessee
• The loss of Mobile Bay was the end of the Confederate Navy.• The loss of Mobile Bay was the end of the Confederate Navy.
Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea
September 1864September 1864
April 1865April 1865
December 1864December 1864
• Atlanta fell to Sherman’s forces in three sharp battles.
• His 60,000 shock troops made a path of destruction 60 miles wide to Savannah. This became known as “Sherman’s march to the sea.”
• Atlanta fell to Sherman’s forces in three sharp battles.
• His 60,000 shock troops made a path of destruction 60 miles wide to Savannah. This became known as “Sherman’s march to the sea.”
Troops especially selected, trained,and equipped for engaging in assault
Troops especially selected, trained,and equipped for engaging in assault
Shock TroopsShock Troops
Following the fallof Savannah, hisarmy surgednorthward intothe Carolinas.
Charleston fell on18 February 1865.
Finally, Lee wastrapped in thePetersburg-Richmond area.
Following the fallof Savannah, hisarmy surgednorthward intothe Carolinas.
Charleston fell on18 February 1865.
Finally, Lee wastrapped in thePetersburg-Richmond area.General William
Tecumseh ShermanGeneral William
Tecumseh Sherman
Wilmington, NC, was the onlyport still open to Confederateblockade runners.
Wilmington, NC, was the onlyport still open to Confederateblockade runners.
WilmingtonWilmington
CapeFearCapeFear
NCNC
Fort Fisherwas the key to Confederate defenses at Cape Fear.
Fort Fisherwas the key to Confederate defenses at Cape Fear.
Fort Fisher, NCFort Fisher, NC
• Terry led the Army landing force.
• Porter led the naval forces.
• Terry led the Army landing force.
• Porter led the naval forces.
AdmiralPorter
AdmiralPorter
FortFisherFort
FisherGeneral
TerryGeneral
Terry
Fort FisherFort Fisher
The Confederate forces surrendered after the northern parapets were breached.
The Confederate forces surrendered after the northern parapets were breached.
A defensive wall or elevation, as of earth or stone, in a fortificationA defensive wall or elevation, as of earth or stone, in a fortification
ParapetParapet
Amphibious Attack on Fort FisherAmphibious Attack on Fort Fisher
The Fort Fisher expedition was theonly large-scale joint amphibiousattack against a strongly fortifiedposition during the war.
The Fort Fisher expedition was theonly large-scale joint amphibiousattack against a strongly fortifiedposition during the war.
Union Navy at Fort FisherUnion Navy at Fort Fisher
• The battle at Fort Fisher was the Navy’s last significant action in the Civil War.
• The Union Navy had accomplished every job it had been assigned.
• The battle at Fort Fisher was the Navy’s last significant action in the Civil War.
• The Union Navy had accomplished every job it had been assigned.
The President realized that after the victory at Fort Fisher, the Navy had nothing left for their ships to do.
The President realized that after the victory at Fort Fisher, the Navy had nothing left for their ships to do.
PresidentLincoln
PresidentLincoln
Navy SecretaryWelles
Navy SecretaryWelles
Final Battle(Lee vs. Grant)
Final Battle(Lee vs. Grant)
RichmondRichmond
PetersburgPetersburg
VirginiaVirginia
• Grant could now outflank Lee’s forces.
• His forces relentlessly attacked Lee’s forces, and the Union suffered tremendous losses.
• Grant could now outflank Lee’s forces.
• His forces relentlessly attacked Lee’s forces, and the Union suffered tremendous losses.
General GrantGeneral Grant
• Lee made his final attack on 25 March 1865.
• With heavy losses, he was forced to abandon Petersburg.
• Lee made his final attack on 25 March 1865.
• With heavy losses, he was forced to abandon Petersburg.
GeneralLee
GeneralLee
• Lee surrendered to Grant in the parlor of Wilmer McLean’s home on 9 April 1865.
• Lee surrendered to Grant in the parlor of Wilmer McLean’s home on 9 April 1865.
Wilmer McLean’s HomeWilmer McLean’s Home
• Gave Lee’s men food and allowed them to keep their horses
• Paroled Confederate officers and men on their word and sent them home
• Gave Lee’s men food and allowed them to keep their horses
• Paroled Confederate officers and men on their word and sent them home
GeneralGrant
GeneralGrant
• Raised the Union flag on 14 April over Fort Sumter
• Raised the Union flag on 14 April over Fort Sumter
Major GeneralRobert Anderson
Major GeneralRobert Anderson
• Davis was captured on 10 May 1865.
• The Confederacy ceased to exist; the Union was preserved.
• Davis was captured on 10 May 1865.
• The Confederacy ceased to exist; the Union was preserved.
Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis
War StatisticsWar Statistics
• 540,000 Americans died.• About $5 billion was spent on the war.• 540,000 Americans died.• About $5 billion was spent on the war.
War Precipitates ChangesWar Precipitates Changes
• Oil was discovered.• Oil was discovered.
Titusville, PATitusville, PA
War Precipitates ChangesWar Precipitates Changes
Canning was developed.Canning was developed.
War Precipitates ChangesWar Precipitates Changes
• Innovative weapons of war were employed.• Innovative weapons of war were employed.
H.L. HUNLEYH.L. HUNLEY
TorpedoTorpedo
MineMine
War Precipitates ChangesWar Precipitates Changes
• Medical care and other innovations were improved.• Medical care and other innovations were improved.
USS Red RoverUSS Red Rover
Superintendentof Nurses
for Union Army
Superintendentof Nurses
for Union Army
• Recruited men and women to perform nursing duties
• Recruited men and women to perform nursing duties
Dorothea DixDorothea Dix
• Founder of the American Red Cross
• Recruited men and women to perform nursing duties
• Founder of the American Red Cross
• Recruited men and women to perform nursing duties
Clara BartonClara Barton
WarPrecipitates
Changes
WarPrecipitates
Changes
Cameras wereused to recordthe battles.
Cameras wereused to recordthe battles.
War Precipitates ChangesWar Precipitates Changes
Railroads and telegraph becameindispensable communicationlinks.
Railroads and telegraph becameindispensable communicationlinks.
• The Navy grew to over 600 ships.
• Ironclads and monitors were developed.
• Nearly 60,000 officers and men were serving.
• The Navy grew to over 600 ships.
• Ironclads and monitors were developed.
• Nearly 60,000 officers and men were serving.
• Lee was the superior tactician in the field.
• Lincoln and Grant’s resources and overall grand strategy won the war.
• Lee was the superior tactician in the field.
• Lincoln and Grant’s resources and overall grand strategy won the war.
The Confederacy’sattempts to sustainitself by interior linesof communicationfailed in the face ofthe superior navalpower around it.
The Confederacy’sattempts to sustainitself by interior linesof communicationfailed in the face ofthe superior navalpower around it.
GeneralRobert E. Lee
GeneralRobert E. Lee
A means of sending private or hiddenmessages, orders, etc., within anorganization
For example, a Civil War general oradmiral sending orders to battlefieldcommanders or ship’s captains
A means of sending private or hiddenmessages, orders, etc., within anorganization
For example, a Civil War general oradmiral sending orders to battlefieldcommanders or ship’s captains
Interior Lines of CommunicationInterior Lines of Communication
• Movement by sea was faster than by land.• Geopolitical and strategic lessons about land versus sea power have been studied since the Civil War.
• Movement by sea was faster than by land.• Geopolitical and strategic lessons about land versus sea power have been studied since the Civil War.
• END OF PART FOUR
• END OF PART FOUR
