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Farming and the Emergenceof Complex Societies10,000 – 1,000 BCE.
Big Era ThreeBig Era Three CivilizationCivilization
2
Farming and Farming and complex societies?complex societies?
Where did they Where did they come from?come from?
I thought I thought we were stillwe were stillhunting andhunting andgatheringgathering!!
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Today10k years ago200k yrs ago
Big Era 2
……and changes and changes have always beenhave always been—and still are——and still are—part of human part of human
history.history.
Let’s look for Let’s look for a minute at a minute at the changes the changes
that took that took place in Big place in Big
Era Two.Era Two.
Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1
Farming and Farming and complex complex
societies are the societies are the result of result of
CHANGECHANGE……
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200k yrs ago
Human Origins
Today10k years ago
Big Era 2
Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1
Homo erectus doing lunch
You will You will probably recall probably recall
that life that life 200,000 years 200,000 years
ago looked ago looked something like something like
this.this.
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10k years ago200k yrs ago
Human Origins
Today
Big Era 2
Big Eras 3-9Big Era 1
Homo sapiens at home
10,000 years ago at 10,000 years ago at the close of Big Era the close of Big Era
Two, life looked more Two, life looked more like this:like this:
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Homo erectus – 200,000 years ago
Homo sapiens – 10,000 years ago
Notice any Notice any changes?changes?
Would you say Would you say there were:there were:
(c) Lots of changes?(c) Lots of changes?
((b) Some changes?b) Some changes?
(a) No changes?(a) No changes?
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If you said If you said there were there were “(c) Lots of “(c) Lots of
changes,” you changes,” you were right.were right.
If, on the other If, on the other hand, you chose hand, you chose
“(a) No “(a) No changes” or changes” or
“(b) Some “(b) Some changes,” you changes,” you must have a must have a fever and are fever and are
delirious. (Hope delirious. (Hope you feel better you feel better
soon!).soon!).
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Hints
So, we will go So, we will go with with
“(c) Lots of “(c) Lots of changes”, right?changes”, right?
Before moving Before moving on, jot them on, jot them
down.down.
Americas
Boomerang
So, it’s antelope burgers
tonight, right?
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1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
Changes that occurred by the end of Big Era 2Changes that occurred by the end of Big Era 2(Beginning of Big Era 3)(Beginning of Big Era 3)
1.1. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens appear. appear.2.2. Language develops.Language develops.3.3. Habitats expand.Habitats expand.4.4. Technology multiplies.Technology multiplies.5.5. Wall painting and Wall painting and
sculpture are createdsculpture are created..End of Big Era Two
(Beginning of Big Era 3)
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Keeping those changesKeeping those changes in mind, let’s lookin mind, let’s look
at life all the way at the at life all the way at the end of Big Era Three, that end of Big Era Three, that
is, about 1,000 BCE.is, about 1,000 BCE.
1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today
Big Era 3
Big Eras 4-9Big Era 2
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1,000 years ago10,000 years ago Today
Big Era 3
Big Eras 4-9Big Era 2
12
Quite a few,Quite a few,Huh?Huh?
Notice any Notice any Differences?Differences?
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Jot down some Jot down some notes on what notes on what
events you think events you think might have might have taken place taken place
between 10,000 between 10,000 and 1,000 BCE.and 1,000 BCE.
HERE?HERE toto
So, how did we So, how did we get from…get from…
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the the DOMESTICATIONDOMESTICATION of… of…
and plantsand plantsanimalsanimals
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
One of the major changes isOne of the major changes is
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Have you ‘herd’ Have you ‘herd’ about pastoralism?about pastoralism?
Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change.
It resulted in the new way of It resulted in the new way of living we know as living we know as
FARMINGFARMING(AGRICULTURE)…(AGRICULTURE)…
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
……which included both which included both PASTORALISMPASTORALISM
(herding sheep, goats, cattle, (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels),horses, and camels),
and…and…
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Crop-growingCrop-growing(cultivating domesticated (cultivating domesticated
plants),plants),
and…and…
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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the development of…the development of…
FARMING FARMING COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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MesoamericaMesoamerica
AndesAndes AmazoniaAmazonia
Eastern North AmericaEastern North America
New GuineaNew Guinea
ChinaChina
EthiopiaEthiopia
WestWestAfricaAfrica
Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent
Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farmingBetween about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farmingappeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places,
possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map.
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
Nile valleyNile valley
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Prior to farming, Prior to farming, population size in any population size in any one area was limitedone area was limitedby the availability of wild by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts.seeds, and nuts.
Farming and the large, Farming and the large, relatively dependable relatively dependable crops it provides crops it provides allowed for…allowed for…
POPULATION POPULATION INTENSIFICATIONINTENSIFICATION
That means That means population population
increases in certain increases in certain areas. Population in areas. Population in those areas became those areas became
both larger and both larger and denser.denser.
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At the same time, At the same time, farmers in some farmers in some
places were, in spite places were, in spite of population growth,of population growth,
able to produceable to produce SURPLUS foodSURPLUS food..
What does What does SURPLUS SURPLUS
FOOD FOOD PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
mean for a mean for a society?society?
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SURPLUS FOOD SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION……
……means that not means that not everyone has to grow everyone has to grow food or tend animals. food or tend animals. They can take on other They can take on other tasks. They can tasks. They can specialize in some non-specialize in some non-farming task. farming task.
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This is called…This is called…
Job Specialization.Job Specialization.Men and women may Men and women may
become:become:
• WeaversWeavers• Stone MasonsStone Masons• PottersPotters• PriestsPriests• Scribes Scribes • TradersTraders• Army officersArmy officers
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So, let’s have a So, let’s have a quick review of that quick review of that
last sequence of last sequence of events.events.
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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals
FarmingFarming
Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation
IntensificationIntensification
Complex Society,Complex Society,also known asalso known asCIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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Hint, hint!Hint, hint!
You might want You might want to make a note to make a note of these as we of these as we
go along.go along.
Civilizations have a number Civilizations have a number of elements in common.of elements in common.
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CivilizationCivilization
Remember it.Remember it.Write it down.Write it down.
Did you catchDid you catchthat term?that term?
Can you Can you define define
it?it?
Answer: A civilization is a complex society. Answer: A civilization is a complex society.
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Elements of civilization include:Elements of civilization include:
Mohenjo Daro
Hammurabi’sLaw Code
It’s thelaw
Pharaohs
1)1) CitiesCities
2) Central governments 2) Central governments And Law codesAnd Law codes
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1)1) CitiesCities
2) Central governments 2) Central governments and law codesand law codes
Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:
Can you identifyCan you identify the societythe societyrepresentedrepresented
by each of these two by each of these two writing samples?writing samples?
3) Writing and 3) Writing and record keepingrecord keeping
4) Highly organized religions4) Highly organized religions
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3) Writing and 3) Writing and record keepingrecord keeping
4) Highly organized 4) Highly organized religionreligion
5) Specialized Jobs5) Specialized Jobs
Full-time monk
Assyrian slavesIn Egypt
6) Social Classes6) Social Classes
1)1) CitiesCities
2) Central Governments 2) Central Governments and law codesand law codes
Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:
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7) Complex 7) Complex TechnologiesTechnologies
Chariot5) Specialized jobs5) Specialized jobs
6) Social classes6) Social classes
Bronze Sword
3) Writing and 3) Writing and record keepingrecord keeping
4) Highly organized 4) Highly organized religionreligion
1)1) CitiesCities
2) Central governments 2) Central governments and law codesand law codes
Elements of Civilization include:Elements of Civilization include:
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So, have you So, have you been paying been paying
attentionattentionor doing a bit of or doing a bit of day dreaming?day dreaming?
Let’s Let’s check!check!
Can you list Can you list some of thesome of the
elements of a elements of a civilization?civilization?
Clue: Clue: There were There were
7!7!
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Good job, Good job, huh?huh?
Check your answers below:
Good job if your list includes:
1.1. CitiesCities 2.2. Central governments and law codesCentral governments and law codes3.3. Writing and record-keepingWriting and record-keeping4.4. Specialized jobsSpecialized jobs5.5. Social classesSocial classes6.6. Complex technologiesComplex technologies7.7. Highly organized religionsHighly organized religions
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3,000 years ago
By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies.
Are we Are we supposedsupposed
to be takingto be takingnotes on this?notes on this?
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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By the end of Big By the end of Big Era Three, about Era Three, about 1000 BCE, there 1000 BCE, there
were several well-were several well-established established
civilizations in civilizations in Afroeurasia.Afroeurasia.
There were There were also two new also two new ones in the ones in the Americas. Americas.
At least two civilizations in At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Mediterranean region and the
Harappan in the Indus River valley Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone.had already come and gone.
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Now, looking back over Big Era Three,
let’s review the major changes.
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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Domestication of Plants and AnimalsDomestication of Plants and Animals
FarmingFarming
Surplus FoodSurplus Food SpecializationSpecializationPopulationPopulation
IntensificationIntensification
Complex Society,Complex Society,also known asalso known asCIVILIZATIONCIVILIZATION
1,000 years ago Today
Big Eras 4-9
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3
Big Era 2
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That translates into:That translates into:
FarmersFarmersHerdersHerdersCitiesCities
Central governmentsCentral governmentsArmiesArmies
Monumental buildingsMonumental buildingsWritten languageWritten languageSocial hierarchiesSocial hierarchies
Complex belief systemsComplex belief systems
In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.
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.
Not only has life changed Not only has life changed culturally and culturally and
technologically, but also technologically, but also the rate of change has the rate of change has
accelerated.accelerated.
10k years ago
Art
200k yrs ago
Language
Big Era 2
Big Era 1
Today
BigEras4-9
1k years ago
Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, chiles, potatoes—all domesticatedchiles, potatoes—all domesticated
Plow farmingPlow farming
Law CodesLaw Codes
ChariotsChariots
Temple buildingTemple building
Sailing technologySailing technology
CopperCoppersmeltingsmelting
AlphabetAlphabet
WheelWheel
WritingWriting
IrrigationIrrigation
Regular trade routesRegular trade routes
CalendarsCalendars
PotteryPottery
Bow & arrowBow & arrow
PyramidsPyramids
Walled citiesWalled cities
Letters andLetters andenvelopesenvelopes
360-degree circle360-degree circle
BE3
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Make a few Make a few notes and notes and
discuss this discuss this question with question with your teacher your teacher and fellow and fellow students.students.
What factors What factors do you think do you think
might account might account for this for this
increasing rate increasing rate of change?of change?
You may have noticed You may have noticed that the difference that the difference
between the rate of between the rate of change in Big Era Two change in Big Era Two and in Big Era Three is and in Big Era Three is
enormous.enormous.