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Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
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Page 1: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent2007 Washington University Reunion College

Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri

Lisbon earthquake, 1755.

Page 2: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Reunion College Quiz #1

May 17, 2007

Name____________________________________

1) Where was Atlantis?

2) Where was Eden?

3) Who killed off the Mayans?

4) What caused the Black Plague of the 1340s?

5) Why did so many Americans head West in 1816?

6) What caused the French Revolution?

7) What happens when we double the amount of CO2?

Page 3: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Earthquake Distribution

Page 4: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Volcano Distribution

Page 5: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Volcanoes and earthquakes largely at plate boundaries

Page 6: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Example: The Complex

India/Asia Plate Boundary

Northward motion of India

deforms the entire region

Page 7: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Sumatra EQ, 2004

Pakistan EQ, 2005

Example: The Complex

India/Asia Plate Boundary

Northward motion of India

deforms the entire region

This is the cause of many

destructive earthquakes

Page 8: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

The process of subduction that has created Indonesia through volcanic activity, also makes it dangerous, like with the deadly 2004 Sumatra quake.

Burma Microplate Sumatra

Indian Plate

Page 9: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 10: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 11: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 12: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 13: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 14: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Mt. St. Helens, Following the 1980 Eruption

Page 15: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Crater Lake, Oregon

Mt. Mazama erupted in 4860 BC: 42x larger than Mt. St. Helens

Page 16: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 17: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Courtesy of K. Sataki

Tsunami, Sumatra 2004 Earthquake

Page 18: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 19: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 20: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 21: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 22: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 23: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Banda Aceh:

Before….

Page 24: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Banda Aceh:

Before….

and After…..

Page 25: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Banda Aceh:

Before….

and After…..

What was the previous largest tsunami in the Indian Ocean?

Page 26: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Giant Volcanic Eruption of Krakatau in 1883.

Page 27: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Giant Volcanic Eruption of Krakatau in 1883.

Can something like this change history?

Page 28: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

The tsunami from the 1650 BCE eruption of Mt. Thera may have destroyed the cities there, giving rise to the legend of Atlantis.

Page 29: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

So….could this happen in America?!?

Page 30: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Massive landslides in places like the Canary Islands could possibly cause enormous Atlantic tsunamis!

[Based on Ward and Day, 2001]

Page 31: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

There have also been Giant Undersea Landslides in the Puerto Rico Trench!

Page 32: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

An enormous tsunami from the Chixulub impact likely hit North America 65 million years ago. Chixulub

Crater

Page 33: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

But the most significant affects on the history of life and civilization come from changes in climate.

(δ18O measure of ice on land global temperature)

Page 34: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

What drives the long-term temperature changes?

But the most significant affects on the history of life and civilization come from changes in climate.

Page 35: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Mountains!! Erosion (Carbonic Acid)

Deposition of Carbonates in the Oceans Reduced CO2 in Atmosphere

Global Cooling

Page 36: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Taconic Mtns

Allegheny MtnsOuachita Mtns

Himalayan Mtns

Appalachian Mtns

Page 37: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 38: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

What drives the intermediate-term temperature changes?

Page 39: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Fluctuations in Earth’s Orbit (Milankovich Cycles)

Page 40: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 41: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

What about some of the narrow, sharp spikes?

~75,000 years ago

Page 42: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Toba Volcano – ~75,000 years ago 280,000 km3 ejected! 1 gigaton tnt explosion!

Page 43: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Volcanic eruptions can lower temperatures through ejection into the atmosphere of

• Ash

• Aerosols like H2SO4 droplets

Page 44: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 45: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Based on genetic diversity, it is estimated that all modern humans evolved from only 1000-10,000 individuals following the Toba eruption.

Page 46: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Warning!!!! Correlation does not necessarily imply causation!!

This is a new field, and a lot of geological and archaeological work remains to be done!

Page 47: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

By 100,000 years ago, Homo Sapiens was emerging as dominant hominid. Why?

Page 48: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

?? Selection for large brains during strong Ice Ages that occurred 120,000-90,000 years ago??

Page 49: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

50,000-40,000 years ago there was a cultural explosion in Europe. Why?Warming trend in Europe. Life was easier?

Page 50: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

North American Mammoths evolved in Asia. How did they get here 20,000 years ago?

Page 51: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

20,000 years ago was time of Ice Ages. Sea levels were low. Mammoths walked here!

Native Americans followed 14,000 years ago!!!!

Page 52: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

The start of civilization didn’t occur until 10,000 years ago. Why?

Page 53: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

The start of a warm and relatively stable climate period!!!

Page 54: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Many cultures have a myth similar to the story of the expulsion from Eden. Why?

Page 55: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Rising Sea Levels After the End of the Ice Age forced many people from their homelands!!

Ancient Persian Gulf Shoreline

Page 56: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

The Egyptian and Semitic peoples originated in Eastern Europe. Why did they leave?

Page 57: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

The Black Sea flooded dramatically 5,600 BCE!!

Most of these cultures have similar flood myths!!

Page 58: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

3000 BCE: Time of alternating droughts and flooding.

Complex societies like Akkadian Empire evolve in order to survive.

Page 59: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Story of Joseph warning the Egyptian Pharoah to prepare for 7 lean years.

Page 60: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

2200 BCE: Period of extended drought causes Akkadian Empire to collapse.

Page 61: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

1900 BCE: Cold and dry period.

Desertification destroys Indus Civilizations.

Page 62: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

1200 BCE: Variable atmospheric circulation patterns hurt agriculture.

Also causes mass migrations of Phrygian and Hittite peoples.

Page 63: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Europe is warmed by the Gulf Stream.

Page 64: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Who discovered the Gulf Stream?

Page 65: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Who discovered the Gulf Stream? Ben Franklin

Page 66: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

It is believed that an a period of global warming could freeze Europe.

Page 67: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

The sudden flood of fresh water melted from Greenland (not salty less dense doesn’t sink) could shut off the Atlantic thermohaline circulation.

Page 68: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

500-400 BCE: North Atlantic thermohaline circulation shuts down.

Colder temperatures in Europe cause more southward migrations. Macedonians overrun Greece.

Alexander the Great

Page 69: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

300 BCE: Warming period in Asia.

Opening of the “Silk Route.”

Page 70: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

0 – 100 AD: Stable temperatures allow Roman Empire to thrive. Empire = >60 million people. Rome = >1 million.

So…why did Rome collapse?

Page 71: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

400-500 AD: Cold spell; prolonged freezing. Southward migration of Northern Europeans

Page 72: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Why was Leif Ericsson able to sail to America?

Page 73: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Why was Leif Ericsson able to sail to America?

950-1300 AD: Warm and dry period

Page 74: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

950-1300 AD: Warm and dry period Mayan culture collapses

Page 75: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

950-1300 AD: Warm and dry period American Southwest cultures like the one at Chaco Canyon collapse. Anasazi peoples disappear.

Page 76: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Why does the plague strike in the 1300s?

Page 77: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

1300 AD: Cold spell due to a minimum in solar activity

Great famine of 1315-1317

Black Death, 1345

Page 78: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Begins with flooding in China. More than 7 million drown in Yangtze River.

Page 79: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.
Page 80: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Plague returned in 1563, 1578, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665.

The 1563 outbreak in places like England was worst than for the Great Plague.

Page 81: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

After 1815 there is a huge push of U.S. Westward Expansion. Why?

Page 82: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

1816 is known as the “Year without a summer.”

It snows in New England in the summer.

Page 83: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

1812: Soufriere volcano, St. Vincent Island

1814: Mayon volcano, Philippines

1815: Tambora volcano, Indonesia

Volcanoes!

Page 84: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Why does the French Revolution occur in 1789?

Page 85: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

1783: Hekla volcano, Iceland; Asama volcano, Japan

Page 86: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Examples of some other historic volcanic eruptions:

1150-1136 BCE: Hekla, Iceland* Ashes rained in China for 10 days* 90% of population of Scotland and North England died

209 BCE: Possibly Iceland* Pan Ku (China): “great famine killed more than half the

population,” “people ate each other,” “the Emperor lifted legal prohibitions against the sale of children”

* Stars were not seen at night in 208 BCE for 3 months

536 CE: Mt. Rabaul (New Guinea)* Procopius (Byzantize historian): “The sun gave forth its light

without brightness, like the Moon,” “darkness lasted 18 months, and each day the sun shone for only 4 hours,”

* 80% of the population starved to death

Page 87: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Last 10,000 years: VERY warm AND stable!!

Page 88: Civilization Exists Through Geologic Consent 2007 Washington University Reunion College Michael Wysession, Professor of Geophysics Department of Earth.

Future implications: Look at where the CO2 is headed.


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