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Indian
Civilization
DevelopsThe huge triangular peninsula of South Asia is sogeographically and culturally distinct from the rest of
Asia that it can be thought of as the Indian subcontinent.
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Great cities are built in theIndus Valley
The most recently discovered of all theearly center of civilization.
Two great cities:
These cities and the society they ruled,developed about the same time ascivilization arose in Somer.
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Invaders end the Indus Valley
The Indus Valley civilization began todecline.
Mohenjo-Daro was abandoned,perhaps because its people fearedroving tribes who were attacking
border territories. Many Harappans fled south to the
region called the Deccan or to
southern India.
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The Aryans bring a newlanguage to India
Aryans migrated west toEurope as well as southeastto Persia and India,
They took their languagenow known as Indo-European
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Early Indian history is unwritten
A constant cycle of death andrebirth
Until the third century BC nowritten records or inscription
were kept in India.
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Religious literature gives apicture of Vedic Age
Four religious books known as Vedas
The Vedas are a huge collection of battle
hymns, religious rituals, wise sayings,chants, and tales.
Oldest and Most important of the Vedas is
the Rig-Veda. It contains more than athousand hymns, prayers, and songs.
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Aryan society changes
The early Aryans had a simple three-levelclass systems: warrior-nobles, priests,and commoners.
One of the warriors was chosen to be thechief or rajah.
The class system was fairly flexible, andpeople could move between classes.
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Class divisions become stricter
By late in the Vedic Age, therefore, priestsknown as Brahmins.
Next came the warrior-nobles, theKshatriya.
The Vaisya, the common people, weremerchants, traders, and artisans as well as
landowning farmers and herders.
There was a great social gap betweenthese three classes and laboring class, the
Sudra.
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The Vedic Age sets the patternsfor Indian thought and society
The members
of each classhad their own
dharmacertain rights
and duties.
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Religious Thought
Shapes IndianSociety
Religious beliefs and customs were the major
force in everyday Indian life and society.
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HINDUISM
AND HINDU
SOCIETY
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The Upanishads set forth thebasic ideas of Hinduism
One famous collection of these writings isUpanishads, which date from about 800 BC.
They discuss basic ideas about right and
wrong, the universal order, and humansociety.
The Upanishads describe a world spirits
or supreme principle called Brahman. Karma can be Understood most simple as
the accumulated good and bad acts of all
ones previous lives.
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Hindus recognize many deities
Hindus believe in many differentgods and goddesses but all are
considered to be symbols andexpressions of Brahman.
The most important gods are Brahma
the creator, Shiva the destroyer, andVishnu the preserver.
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Hindu epics tell stories ofheroes
These tales of war, love and adventure.
Ramayana Prince Rama and Princess
Sita, represent the ideal Hindu couple theperfect fero and his devoted wife.
The Mahadbharata brings togetherhundreds of ancient myths and legends inthe story of a great war in which mortaksand gods fight side by side to control akingdom.
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Many castes develop withinHindu society
The Caste System asystem of rigid socialgroupings grew upalongside this classstructure.
The most important caste
rules concerned sharingmeals, marrying withinones caste and choosing
appropriate occupations.
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Outcastes are cut off fromHindu society
One large group of people wasexcluded from being a real part of
society. These people were theout castes, also know asUntouchables.
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Hindu women have a fewfreedoms
Hindu law and tradition set upcertain expectations for bothmen and women. The ideal
couple were Rama and Sita,the hero and heroine of theRamayana. Sita wasunquestioningly loyal,obedient, ad devoted toRama. These were thequalities expected of married
Hindu women.
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A few women take part inpublic life
In a few small kingdoms, adaughter could inherit the
throne and rule as Rani orqueen.
Some women ruled until theirinfant sons grew up.
Wid l d d f
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Widows are excluded fromsociety
In families that followed strictHindu custom, a woman faced a
bleak future after her husbanddied. A widowed woman,particularly in an upper-class
family, could not remarry orreturn to her own family.
B ddhi l h
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Buddhism appeals to thoseunhappy with the caste system
Many Sudras and Outcastes werediscontented with the misery of
their lives. In Hinduism their only hope of
change lay in the next life, notthis one.
G t b th
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Gautama becomes the
Enlightened One
Siddhartha Gautama, bornabout 56 BC was the son of a
Kshatriya noble
Gautama was given four
signs. He became the Buddha, the
Enlightened One
Th B ddh t ht th t
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The Buddha taught the way toenlightenment
Four Noble Truths.
1. Sorrow or Suffering is part of alllife
2. People suffer because they areconstantly wanting and trying toget things they cannot have
3. The way to escape suffering is to
overcome these frustrating desiresand reach a stage of not wanting
4. The Buddha pointed out the stepson the path to enlightenment orNirvana.
B ddhi t t i
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Buddhist monasteries areestablished
The Buddha established acommunity of minks and at the
request of his aunt, a communityif nuns.
They wore yellow robes, livedsimply, owned little, an d usuallybegged their foods from
followers.
B ddhi t b li f h
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Buddhist beliefs changes asBuddhism
As Buddhism spread,disagreements grew up about
some of its teachings and beliefs. They developed a ritualized
religion with temples, saints, andstatues of the Buddha.
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JAINISM
Th J i d t th l t
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The Jains devote themselves toself-denial
The founder of the Jains was givenhe name Mahavira (Great Hero) by
his followers. He lived at the sametime as the Buddha. Mahaviradescribed karma as an actual
substance that clung to the soul anddiminished its original purity andbrightness.
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The Jains practice nonviolence
They took vows not to steal,lie or desire anything, andthey would not kill anyliving being.
Ahimsa, or nonviolence wastheir central belief.
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Indian
Empires Are
Established
M dh t k t l f
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Magadha takes control ofnortheast India
The kingdom of Magadha on theGanges River, though not the largest
in the region, was the most stableand prosperous.
Magadhas rulerBimbisara was a
good administrator who built roads,coordinated village governments, andmade the kingdom stronger that its
neighbors.
The Persian Empire claims
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The Persian Empire claimsnorthwest India
An invading army led by Cyrusthe Great of Persia crossed
the mountains into northwestIndia.
Darius I, Cyruss successor,had conquered the Indus
Valley and Punjah Alexander conquers Persia but
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Alexander conquers Persia butloses India.
Persian power in India ended asAlexander the Great moved
steadily across the Near East,extending his vast empire.
He defeated the Persian inseveral great battles, then movedinto India in 327 BC
Chandragupta Maurya
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Chandragupta Mauryaestablished a new empire
Soon after the death of Alexander, a youngadventurer named Chandragupta Mauryatook over the kingdom of Magadha.
The Mauryan Empire, with its capital atPataliputra, had a strong centralgovernment in which the emperor was the
supreme authority.
The Mauryan Empire passed toChandraguptas grandson Asoka
Asokas reign brings a golden
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Asokas reign brings a golden
age to India
Asoka began his career with thefierce conquest of the coastal
province of Kalinga in 261 BC Some 1000,000 people were killed
in battle, thousands of othersdied from hunger and diseaseand 150,000 were taken prisoner.
An age of invasion follows the
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An age of invasion follows theMauryan Empire
After Asokas death in 232 BC his
successors were unable to hold
the huge empire together. For about 500 years, northern and
central India were broken intomany small kingdoms, andstates.
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Trade routes cross India
The Kushanas of CentralAsia made northwest India
a part of their Empire. By the time of Kanishka,
the most famous Kushana
king, their territoryextended through CentralAsia to the borders of the
Chinese Empire
Tamil culture is dominant in the
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Tamil culture is dominant in thesouth
The culture of south India developedquite separately from those in the
north. This southern region was settled by
people from the Indus Valley who had
fled southward from the Aryaninvaders. Called Dravidians, theyestablished a distinctive culture in
south India.
Trade by sea flourishes in south
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Trade by sea flourishes in southIndia
The Tamils were seafarerswho traded with Southeast
Asia and conquered andoccupied much of the Island of
Ceylon. Tamil kings builtharbor facilities andencouraged trade.
The Gupta Empire brings
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The Gupta Empire bringsprosperity to southern India
The first emperor united
several kingdoms through
marriage, took the name
Chandra Gupta an
established a new line ofrulers.
Hinduism influences Gupta
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Hinduism influences Guptawriters
Gupta literature showed theimportance of Hinduism in everydayIndian life.
Indians greatest poet and playwright,
often compared with Shakespeare was
Kalidasa His play Shakuntala, based on an idea
from one the Hindu epics, is still
performed in India today
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Invasions end the Gupta
About the middle of the fifth century,invaders from Central Asia began toraid the borders of the Gupta Empire.
A young prince named Harsha united
two kingdoms in 606 and began arule if more than forty years.
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India Comes
Under Muslin
Rule
Muslim and Hindu beliefs
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Muslim and Hindu beliefsconflict
The beliefs of Islam and Hinduism,however, differed in their most basicprinciples.
The Muslims believed strongly in one god.
The Hindus were equally firm in acceptingmany deities.
Two faiths could exist side by side, butthey could not blend
The Rajputs hold back an Arab
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The Rajputs hold back an Arabinvasion
The first Muslim invaders crossed themountains from Persia and moved
into the Indus Valley. Their advance was stopped by the
barren Thar Desert and by the
Rajputs, the warrior clan of thenorthwest.
Mahmud of Ghazni terrorizes
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Mahmud of Ghazni terrorizesIndia
Its ruler Mahmud, was rapidlyexpanding his empire. He did
not want Indian land but didwant the gold and treasure of
the cities, temples, andmonasteries,
The Rajputs fail to stop another
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The Rajputs fail to stop anotherMuslin invasion
About 1175 theempire of Ghazni
was taken over bya group of Turks
led by a chieftainnamed MahammadGhori.
The Delhi sultanate establishes
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The Delhi sultanate establishesMuslim control of India
The rulers of Delhi wereproclaimed sultans of Indiaby the caliph of Baghdad.
The sultanate was neverstable.
Mongol invasions set the stage
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Mongol invasions set the stagefor conquest
In early 1200s, Genghis Khan ledhis fierce Mongol warriors across
Asia, conquering and destroyingas he established a huge empire.
Delhi was destroyed and
thousands of people killed.
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In the early 1500s Baber, adescendant of Benghis Khan
and Tamerlane, led his armyinto India.
1526 the Delhi sultanate fell.
Akbar introduces an era of
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Akbar introduces an era oftoleration
Babers grandson Akbar wasonly thirteen years old whenhe inherited the throne
Gained absolute power and
became a wise and skillfulruler.
The Mogul Empire expands
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The Mogul Empire expandsunder Akbars successors
Jahangir and Shah Jahan, the two rulerswho succeeded Akbar, never achieve hisgreatness or wisdom.
Jahangir married a clever and beautifulPersian woman, Nur Jahan.
Jahangirs son, Shah Jahan, led a rebellionagainst his father and had his brothersmurdered to secure the Mogul throne.
The Taj Mahal
Aurangzeb attempts to conquer
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Aurangzeb attempts to conquerall India
Sah Jahans son Aurangzeb, whoimprisoned his father and seized thethrone.
Aurangzebnicknamed the WorldShaker
New forces rebel against the
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New forces rebel against theMoguls
Hindu Rajputs were among the importantallies offended by Aurangzebs intolerant
policies.
Another people who held firm againstsMogul power were the Sikhs.
The Marathas, a Hindu people living alongthe western coast, established a smallindependent empire within the MogulEmpire.