CJ

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Chapter 6 Chapter 6

Challenges to Challenges to Effective PolicingEffective Policing

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Learning Outcomes

LO1: Identify the differences between the police academy and field training as learning tools for recruits.

LO2: List the three primary purposes of police patrol. LO3: Describe how forensic experts use DNA

fingerprinting to solve crimes. LO4: Determine when police offices are justified in

using deadly force. LO5: Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name

four categories of ethical dilemma typically facing a police officer.

1LO

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Identify the differences between the police academy and field

training as learning tools for recruits.

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Learning Outcome 1

• Basic Requirements– U.S. Citizen– No felony convictions– Valid Driver’s License– Minimum 21 years of age– Weight, eyesight, and fitness

requirements– Background check– Polygraph

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Learning Outcome 1

• Educational Requirements– 81% of all police departments require

a high school diploma.

• Probationary Period– During this period, the recruit can be

fired without cause if he or she is inadequate for police work.

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Learning Outcome 1• Academy Training

– Provides recruits with a controlled, militarized learning environment.

• Field Training– Takes place outside the confines of the

police academy.

2LO

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List the three primary purposes of police

patrol.

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Learning Outcome 2

The backbone of police organization is officers on patrol.

• The purpose of patrol:– Deter crime by maintaining visible presence.– Maintain public order and sense of security.– Twenty-four hour provision of non-crime

related services.

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Learning Outcome 2

“[Patrol officers] hurry from call to call, bound to their crackling radios, which offer no relief—especially on summer weekend nights. . . . The cops jump from crisis to crisis, rarely having time to do more than tamp one down sufficiently and leave for the next. Gaps of boredom and inactivity fill the interims, although there aren’t many of these in the hot months. Periods of boredom get increasingly longer as the nights wear on and the weather gets colder.

- Andrew Bouza

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Learning Outcome 2

Investigations:– Reactive, rather than proactive– The responsibility of detectives– Success is measured with clearance

rates, or the number of cases resulting in arrest and prosecution

– Aggressive strategies include going undercover and working with confidential informants.

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Learning Outcome 2

• Clearance Rates– Percentage reported crimes that have

been solved.– The clearance rate for violent crimes

has been dropping for decades. • Cold Cases

– Criminal investigations that are not cleared after a certain amount of time.

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CAREERPREPForensic Scientist

Job Description:• Examine, test, and analyze tissue samples, chemical

substances, physical materials, and ballistics evidence collected at a crime scene.

• Testify as an expert witness on evidence or laboratory techniques in criminal trials.

What Kind of Training Is Re quired ?• A bachelor’s degree in science, particularly chemistry, biology,

biochemistry, or physics. • Certification programs (usually two years’ additional study)

can help prospective applicants specialize as forensic consultants, fingerprint technicians, forensic investigators, and laboratory technicians.

Annual Salary Range?$25,100–$65,000

For additional information, visit: www.aafs.org.

3LO

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Describe how forensic experts use DNA

fingerprinting to solve crimes.

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Learning Outcome 3Forensics – the practice of using science and technology to investigate crimes.

Determines facts like:– Cause of death/injury– Time of death/injury– Type of weapon used– Identity of the victim– Identity of the offender

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Learning Outcome 3• Crime Scene Forensics include the

evaluation of – Trace evidence– Ballistics – Fingerprints– Bloodstain pattern analysis

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Learning Outcome 3

The DNA Revolution:– DNA provides the genetic blueprint for every

living organism.– When DNA is recovered at a crime scene and

matched to a suspect, the odds that match is conclusive are 30 million to 1.

– The ability to “dust” for genetic information greatly increases the chances that a crime will be solved.

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Learning Outcome 3Patrol Strategies• Incident driven policing

– Calls for service are the primary instigators of action.

• General Patrol – Making the rounds of an area.

• Directed Patrol– Making the rounds to deal with crimes

in certain locations and circumstances.

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Learning Outcome 3

• Hot Spots– Targets of directed patrols.– Contain a greater number of criminals

and have high levels of victimization.

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Learning Outcome 3

Arrest Strategies• Reactive arrests

– Made by local officers who observe a criminal act or respond to call.

• Proactive arrests– Occur when police target a particular

type of criminal or activity.

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Learning Outcome 3

Broken Windows Theory:– A neighborhood in disrepair signals that

criminal activity is tolerated in the area– By cracking down on quality-of-life crimes,

police can reclaim the neighborhood and encourage law-abiding citizens to live and work there

– Based on order maintenance of neighborhoods

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Learning Outcome 3

Community policing is a strategy that emphasizes community support for and cooperation with police in preventing crime.

Community policing has been criticized for being more about public relations than policing.

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Learning Outcome 3

Problem-Oriented Policing:– A key component of community policing– Moves beyond simply responding to

incidents and attempts instead to control or even solve the root causes of criminal behavior

– Two important aspects of problem-solving policing are “hot spots” and crime mapping

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Learning Outcome 3Police Subculture:

The values and perceptions that are shared by members of a police department. These values permeate agencies and are taught to new officers through a process of socialization.

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Learning Outcome 3

Rituals critical to the police officer’s acceptance of police subculture:•Attending a police academy•Working with a senior officer who passes on the lessons of police work and life•Making the initial felony arrest•Using force to make an arrest for the first time•Witnessing major traumatic incidents for the first time

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Learning Outcome 3

Physical and Mental Dangers– Daily threat of physical harm– Considerable mental pressure and

stress from:• Rigors of the job• Fear for safety• Depressing job conditions• Excessive paperwork

4LO

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Determine when police offices are justified in using

deadly force.

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Learning Outcome 4Authority and the Use of Force

The proper use of force…“an officer may resort to force only

where he or she faces a credible threat, and then may only use the

minimum amount necessary to control the subject.”

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Learning Outcome 4

The Phoenix Study •Found that police use some kind of

force in 22% of arrests.•Best predictor of police using force

was suspect’s use of force.

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Use of Force Matrix

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Learning Outcome 4The United States Supreme Court and

Use of Force:Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

When the suspect poses no immediate threat to the officer and no threat to

others, the use of deadly force is unjustified. . . . It is not better that all

felony suspects die than that they escape.

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Learning Outcome 4

The United States Supreme Court and Use of Force:

Graham v. Conner (1989)The use of any force should be judged

by the “reasonableness of the moment.”

5LO

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Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name

four categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing

a police officer.

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Learning Outcome 5

Types of Police Corruption:– Bribery– Payoffs– Direct criminal activity

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Learning Outcome 5

Ethics has to do with fundamental questions of the fairness, justice,

rightness, or wrongness of any action.

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Learning Outcome 5

Ethical dilemmas are defined as a situation in which law enforcement officers:– Do not know the right course of action– Have difficulty doing what they

consider to be right; and/or– Find the wrong choice very tempting

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Learning Outcome 5

Four categories of Ethical Dilemmas:

• Discretion• Duty• Honesty • Loyalty

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Learning Outcome 5

Officers should ask themselves:1. Is it legal?2. Is it fair?3. How would my family and friends feel

about my decision?4. How does it make me feel about

myself?

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CAREERPREPFish and Wildlife Service Officer

Job Descript ion:• Protect the integrity of America’s natural habitat by policing the millions

of acres of public land in this country, including wildlife refuges, fish hatcheries, waterfowl management areas, and wetland districts.

• Investigate wildlife crimes, particularly the illegal hunting, poaching, and sale of federally protected resources such as endangered species, migratory birds, marine mammals, and species of international concern.

What Kind of Training Is Required ?• Completion of an eighteen-week basic Land Management Police Training

Academy course, a two-week Refuge Officer Basic School course, and a tenweek Field Training and Evaluation Program.

• The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service offers students summer jobs that provide the experience necessary for a career in this field, with either a federal or a state agency.

Annual Salary Range?$27,000–$53,200

For additional information, visit: www.fws.gov/jobs/wwd--law.html.