Cladding Fixings
GREAT BRITAINRawlplug LtdSkibo DriveThornliebank Industrial EstateGlasgow G46 8JRtel.: +44(0) 141 638 79 61fax: +44(0) 141 638 73 97e-mail: [email protected]
FRANCERAWL FranceZI Mitry-Compans12-14 Rue Marc Seguin77290 Mitry-Morytel.: +33(0)1 60 21 50 20fax: +33(0)1 64 67 19 84e-mail: [email protected]
GERMANYKoelner Deutschland GmbHLutherstr. 5473614 Schorndorftel.: +49(0) 71 81 97 77 20fax : +49(0) 71 81 97 77 222
SWEDENRawl Scandinavia ABBaumansgatan 4593 32 Västervikmob. +46(0)702 311 176e-mail: [email protected]
SLOVAKIA Koelner Slovakia, s.r.o.Dlhá 95010 09 Žilinatel./fax: +421 41/5003 900Objednávky: +421 948 704 [email protected]@koelnersk.skwww.koelner.sk
IRELANDRawlplug Ireland Ltd34 Lavery Avenue, Park WestDublin 12tel.: +353(0) 1 625 19 50fax: +353(0) 1 625 19 48e-mail: [email protected]
POLANDRawlplug SAul. Kwidzyńska 651-416 WrocławTel.: +48 (71) 32 09 100 Fax: +48 (71) 37 26 111 mail: [email protected]
CZECH REPUBLICKoelner CZ s.r.oKomerční Park TulipanPalackého 1154/76A (hala T3)702 00 Ostrava-Přívoztel.: +420 596 636 397fax: +420 596 636 398e-mail: [email protected]
UKRAINEKoelner Ukrainevul. Naukova 3a79060 Lvivwww.koelner.ua
HUNGARYKoelner Hungária Kft.Jedlik Ányos u. 342330 Dunaharasztitel.: +36 24 520 400fax: +36 24 520 401e-mail: [email protected]
LITHUANIAUAB Koelner VilniusŽarijų g. 2LT-02300, Vilniustel.: +370 5 2324862fax: +370 5 2324933www.koelner.lt
RUSSIAOOO „Koelner Trading KLD”ul. 4-ya Bolshaya Okruzhnaya 1A236009 Kaliningradtel.: +7 412 573 834+7 412 573 836fax: +7 412 573 880
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICAT&I Chalmers Engineering (Pty) Ltd20 Wynberg Road Kew 2192tel.: 011 887 85 33fax: 011 887 42 56e-mail: [email protected]
KAZAKHSTANKoelner Kazakhstan LtdSuyunbay Ave 50, Almatytel.: +7 7272 3821749fax: +7 7272 3821884
www.rawl.ae
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Koelner-Rawlplug Middle East FZE
P.O. Box 261024Jebel Ali Free Zone, Dubai
tel.: +971 4 8839501fax: +971 4 8839502e-mail: [email protected]
RAWLPLUG, 06.2014
Pro
duct catalo
gue
Folder 2013
1912-’201887 ‘20-’50 ‘50-’80
19121887- 1897 1919
RAWLINGS BROTHERSstarted out in Londonas a small firm of plumbers
Trademark registration
JOHN RAWLINGS invented the world's first expansion plug
THE WORLD’S FIRST EXPANSION PLUGPatent filed by Rawlings Brothers
Rawlings Brothers changed company name toTHE RAWLPLUG COMPANY LTD
Invention of the first ever mechanical anchor - RAWLBOLT
First productionof expansion plugs
in GLASGOW factory
1969
1930’s1910
1911
‘02-’13
2004Debut on Warsaw Stock ExchangeTakeover of Wapienica company
2005Takeover of RAWLPLUG LTD.
2006
2008
2012
2013
Became majority shareholder of ŚRUBEX company
Takeover of STAHL company
Established common Center of Servicefor the group of companies
Koelner Group of companiesrenamed RAWLPLUG S.A.
‘80-’02
1993
1998
2001
First hammer-in fixing in Central Europe
Major innovation in coatingcapability for metal products
Takeover of MODECO company
1998
1982
1986
2000
Krystyna Koelner establishesplastics business
First production of plastic plugs
RAWLPLUG become first UKmanufacturer with ETA
Takeover of METALZBYT company
t
Since 1911, when John Rawlings invented and filed an application to patent the world's first wall plug, the history of fixings has been connected with the RAWLPLUG® brand. Following the tremendous success of this revolutionary product in Europe, the RAWLPLUG® company was founded in 1919 and it quickly became renowned around the world for its innovative and reliable fixings.
Throughout the years, a small family company became an international organisation whose power is reflected in 16 companies on four continents, over 1,700 employees and almost 30,000 lines making up our diverse range of products.
The company has consistently put emphasis on the quality and innovativeness of its products since its beginnings. As a result, in 2013, as many as 30 European Technical Approvals (ETAs) and 50 national approvals were made available for the benefit of our customers. The introduction of the highest quality products to the market was acknowledged by the customers who appreci-ate the power of tradition combined with almost 100 years of experience.
The core business activity of the Group is the development of innovative solutions in the area of fixing and fastening technologies, encompassing their design, manufacture and distribution. The solutions created by the RAWLPLUG Group are used in the construction, energy, engineering, automotive, mechanical, electromechanical, extraction, shipbuilding, road and timber industries. The product range includes approximately 30,000 available items, divided into three main groups:
The RAWLPLUG® Group operates several production facilities (in Wroclaw, Bielsko-Biala, Lancut & Kaliningrad) where hundreds of millions of fixings are manufactured every year, before being brought to market via an extensive network of distribution centres. Thanks to our cooperation with business partners in Germany, RAWLPLUG® is the supplier of products for many renowned companies, such as Volkswagen, AUDI, BMW, Porsche, Opel, Ford and VOL-VO.
Since 2006 RAWLPLUG MIDDLE EAST has been proudly supplying world class Anchoring & Fixings Solutions to a wide base of clientele in the construction industry, thus contributing to the ambitious development schemes we are witnessing in the Gulf and Saudi Arabia.Thanks to an on going research and development program that adds new technical innovations from RAWLPLUG UK, empowered by THE KOELNER GROUP’S experience as a leading manufacturer of fasteners in Europe.
Our quality products are being used in several Landmark Projects across the Gulf and the Middle East area, supported by a network of distributors and resellers that extends our coverage to other continents such as Africa, Australia and Asia
As a result of the emphasis on innovative solutions and stable growth, our products continue to be acknowled-ged around the world and the name RAWLPLUG® remains a world-class, go-to brand in the fixings industry.
Cladding Fixings
6www.rawlplug.ae
R-ZB Standard Stone Fixing
Bracket stone anchor for 2-axis adjustment
Product information
Features and benefits• Designed as pinned connection
• Uses flathead bolt and pin for 2-axis adjustment
• Locked using serrared washers
• Designed for varying cavity size
Base materials• Concrete
• Brick
• Hollow/Solid blocks
• AAC block
• Steel
Applications• GRC Fixing
• Ventilated and non ventila-ted cladded natural stone
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2), 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized upon customer request• Throughbolt Anchor only suitable for solid concrete walls• Throughbolts are provided separately• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order• Available with a non-serrated surface
Contents
3INTRODUCTION
11
R-CA CORRUGATED STONE ANCHOR
CLADDING FIXINGS:6
21T-BOLT
6
R-ZB STANDARD STONE FIXING
9
R-OB OMEGA STONE ANCHOR
8R-CB STONE ANCHOR
12R-SD STONE DOWEL
13
STONE ANCHORS ACCESSORIES
15
FIXING ANCHORS
20
ANCHOR CHANNEL
7
R-LB BASIC STONE FIXING
10R-BA BODY STONE ANCHOR
Contents
26CORROSION
24
25
C-CHANNEL ACCESSORIES
C-CHANNEL
28TECHNICAL SUPPORT
29TECHNICAL REQUEST
CavitySize[mm]
Product Code
Z Bracket[mm]
Adjustable Arm[mm]
Flanged Pin[mm]
Serrated Square Washer
[mm]
Throughbolt Anchor[mm]
H Width T Diameter Lenght Diameter Lenght Width Thickness Diameter Lenght
30-40 R-ZB-0203003 20 30 3 8 40 4 40 20 2 8 75
40-50 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 8 40 4 50 20 2 8 75
50-60 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
60-70 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 8 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
70-80 R-ZB-0403003 40 30 3 8 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
80-90 R-ZB-0503003 50 30 3 8 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
90-100 R-ZB-0603003 60 30 3 8 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
30-40 R-ZB-0203003 20 30 3 10 40 4 40 20 2 8 75
40-50 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 10 40 4 50 20 2 8 75
50-60 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 10 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
60-70 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 10 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
70-80 R-ZB-0403003 40 30 3 10 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
80-90 R-ZB-0503003 50 30 3 10 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
90-100 R-ZB-0603003 60 30 3 10 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
30-40 R-ZB-0203003 20 30 3 12 40 4 40 20 2 8 75
40-50 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 12 40 4 50 20 2 8 75
50-60 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 12 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
60-70 R-ZB-0303003 30 30 3 12 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
70-80 R-ZB-0403003 40 30 3 12 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
80-90 R-ZB-0503003 50 30 3 12 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
90-100 R-ZB-0603003 60 30 3 12 80 4 50 20 2 8 75
Add dimension references „H”, „h” „L”, etc. to the ALL Tables below
Cladding Fixings
8www.rawlplug.ae
R-LB Basic Stone Fixing
L-Bracket used for simple 2-axis adjustment
Product information
Features and benefits• 2-axis adjustment
• Simple and fast installation
• Small cavity size
Base materials• Concrete
• Brick
• Hollow brick
• AAC block
• Steel
CavitySize[mm]
Product Code
L Bracket[mm]
Flanged Pin[mm]
Serrated Square Washer
[mm]
Throughbolt Anchor[mm]
H V Width T Diameter Length Width Thickness Diameter Length
10 R-LB-30303003 30 30 30 3 4 50 20 2 8 75
20 R-LB-40403003 40 40 30 3 4 50 20 2 8 75
30 R-LB-50403003 50 40 30 3 4 50 20 2 8 75
50 R-LB-60403003 60 40 30 3 4 50 20 2 8 75
20 R-LB-40404003 40 40 40 3 4 50 20 2 8 75
30 R-LB-5040-4003 50 40 40 3 4 50 20 2 8 75
50 R-LB-60404003 60 40 40 3 4 50 20 2 8 75
20 R-LB-40404004 40 40 40 4 4 40 20 2 8 75
30 R-LB-50404004 50 40 40 4 4 50 20 2 8 75
50 R-LB-60404004 60 40 40 4 4 50 20 2 8 75
20 R-LB-40404005 40 40 40 5 4 50 20 2 8 75
30 R-LB-50404005 50 40 40 5 4 50 20 2 8 75
50 R-LB-60404005 60 40 40 5 4 50 20 2 8 75
20 R-LB-40404006 40 40 40 6 4 50 20 2 8 75
30 R-LB-50404006 50 40 40 6 4 40 20 2 8 75
50 R-LB-60404006 60 40 40 6 4 50 20 2 8 75
Applications• Ventilated and non-ventila-
ted cladded natural stone
• GRC Fixing
R-CB Stone Anchor
C-Bracket for reliable using next to versatil cavities
Product information
Features and benefits• Designed for larger cavities - up to 160mm
• 3-axis adjustment
• Simple and fast installation
Base materials• Concrete
• Brick
• Hollow brick
• AAC block
• Steel
• Others
Applications• Ventilated and non-ventila-
ted cladded natural stone
• GRC
CavitySize[mm]
Product Code
C Bracket[mm]
Adjustable Arm[mm]
Flanged Pin[mm]
Serrated Square Washer
[mm]
Throughbolt Anchor [mm]
L H1 Width T Diameter Length Diameter Length Width Thickness Diameter Length
40-50 R-CB-030500330 30 50 30 3 8 40 4 40 20 2 8 75
50-60 R-CB-040500330 40 50 30 3 8 40 4 50 20 2 8 75
60-90 R-CB-050500330 50 50 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
70-100 R-CB-060500330 60 50 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
110-140 R-CB-100500330 100 50 30 3 8 60 4 40 20 2 8 75
40-50 R-CB-030500430 30 50 30 4 10 40 4 40 20 3 8 75
50-60 R-CB-040500430 40 50 30 4 10 40 4 50 20 3 8 75
60-90 R-CB-050500430 50 50 30 4 10 60 4 50 20 3 8 75
70-100 R-CB-060500430 60 50 30 4 10 60 4 50 20 3 8 75
110-140 R-CB-100500430 100 50 30 4 10 60 4 40 20 3 8 75
110-160 R-CB-100500430 100 50 30 4 10 80 4 40 20 3 8 75
40-50 R-CB-030500430 30 50 30 5 10 40 5 40 20 3 8 75
50-60 R-CB-040500430 40 50 30 5 10 40 5 50 20 3 8 75
60-90 R-CB-050500430 50 50 30 5 10 60 5 50 20 3 8 75
70-100 R-CB-060500430 60 50 30 5 10 60 5 50 20 3 8 75
110-140 R-CB-100500430 100 50 30 5 10 60 5 40 20 3 8 75
110-160 R-CB-100500430 100 50 30 5 10 80 5 40 20 3 8 75
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2), 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized • Throughbolt Anchor only suitable for solid concrete walls• Throughbolts are provided separately• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order• Available with a non-serrated surface• Other shapes
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2), 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized • Throughbolt Anchor only suitable for solid concrete walls• Throughbolts are provided separately• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order• Available with a non-serrated surface
Cladding Fixings
10www.rawlplug.ae
R-OB Omega Stone Anchor
Omega Bracket for heavyloads using two anchor bolts
Product information
Features and benefits• Designed to resist bending moments
• 3-axis adjustment
• Larger cavity size - up to 140mm
• Can be used for over-head applications
Base materials• Concrete
• Brick
• Hollow brick
• Steel
Applications• Ventilated and non-ventila-
ted cladded natural stone
• GRC
CavitySize[mm]
Product Code
Omega Bracket[mm]
Adjustable Arm[mm]
Flanged Pin[mm]
Serrated Squred Washer
[mm]
Anchor Throughbolt[mm]
H Width T Diameter Length Diameter Length Width Thickness Diameter Length
40-50 R-OB-0303003 30 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
50-60 R-OB-0403003 40 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
60-70 R-OB-0503003 50 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
70-80 R-OB-0603003 60 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
80-90 R-OB-0703003 70 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
90-100 R-OB-0803003 80 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
100-110 R-OB-0903003 90 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
110-120 R-OB-1003003 100 30 3 8 60 4 40 20 2 8 75
120-130 R-OB-1103003 110 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
130-140 R-OB-1203003 120 30 3 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
40-50 R-OB-0304004 30 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
50-60 R-OB-0404004 40 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
60-70 R-OB-0504004 50 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
70-80 R-OB-0604004 60 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
80-90 R-OB-0704004 70 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
90-100 R-OB-0804004 80 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
100-110 R-OB-0904004 90 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
110-120 R-OB-1004004 100 40 4 8 60 4 40 20 2 8 75
120-130 R-OB-1104004 110 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
130-140 R-OB-1204004 120 40 4 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
R-BA Body Stone Anchor
Body Anchor for heavy duty fixing and large cavities
Product information
Features and benefits• Designed to resist high loads
• 3-axis adjustment to provide precise placement of panels
• Larger cavity size - up to 160mm
• Simple and fast installation
Base materials• Concrete
• Brick
• Hollow brick
• Steel
Applications• Ventilated and non-ventila-
ted cladded natural stone
• GRC
CavitySize[mm]
Product Code
Body Anchor[mm]
Adjustable Arm[mm]
Flanged Pin[mm]
Serrated Square Washer
[mm]
Throughbolt Anchor [mm]
H Width T Diameter Length Diameter Length Width Thickness Diameter Length
40-60 R-BA-0303002 30 30 2 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
60-80 R-BA-0503002 50 30 2 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
80-100 R-BA-0703002 70 30 2 8 60 4 50 20 2 8 75
80-100 R-BA-0703003 70 30 3 10 60 5 50 20 3 8 75
100-120 R-BA-0903003 90 30 3 10 60 5 50 20 3 8 75
120-140 R-BA-1103003 110 30 3 10 60 5 50 20 3 8 75
140-160 R-BA-1303003 130 30 3 10 60 5 50 20 3 8 75
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2), 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized • Throughbolt Anchor only suitable for solid concrete walls• Throughbolts are provided separately• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order• Available with a non-serrated surface
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2), 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized • Throughbolt Anchor only suitable for solid concrete walls• Throughbolts are provided separately• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order• Available with a non-serrated surface (check)
Cladding Fixings
12www.rawlplug.ae
R-CA Corrugated Stone Anchor
Corrugated Anchor for light duty stone fixing with specific cavity
R-CA Straight Shape
R-CAT Twisted Shape
Product information
Features and benefits RAWL® Corrugated anchor is a special
type of stone fixing for small sections of stone panel where standard brackets are not applicable
• Easy to use
Base materials• Concrete
• Brick
• Hollow brick
• Aerated concrete
• Others
Applications• Ventilated and non-ventila-
ted cladded natural stone
Cavity Size mm
Product Code
Corrugated Anchor[mm]
Flanged Pin [mm]
L EL W Thickness Diameter Length
50 R-CA-1803003 180 120 30 3 4 50
70 R-CA-2003003 200 120 40 3 4 50
90 R-CA-2203003 220 120 40 3 4 50
110 R-CA-2403003 240 120 40 3 4 50
130 R-CA-2603003 260 120 40 3 4 50
50 R-CA-1803003 180 120 30 3 4 50
70 R-CAT-2003003 200 120 40 3 4 50
90 R-CAT-2203003 220 120 40 3 4 50
110 R-CAT-2403003 240 120 40 3 4 50
130 R-CAT-2603003 260 120 40 3 4 50
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2), 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized upon customer request• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order• Bespoke forms available upon request
R-SD Stone Dowel
Special Anchor for fixing of facade panels from behind
Product information
Features and benefits• Undercut sleeve anchor
• Available with bolt instead of theaded stud
• Direct fixing to the cladded panels
• Used to connect panel to each others
• Suitable for small cavities and edges
• Reliable when working on thin panels
• Provide solid connection for jamb attachments
Base materials• Natural stone
• Artificial stone
• Ceramics
• Others
Applications• Ventilated and non-ventilated
cladded natural stone
• Indoor stone applications
• Jamb attachments
• Wash hand basin attachments
• Reveal corners and edge attachments
Base material thickness
[mm]Product Code
d Threaded Diameter[mm]
L Sleeve length[mm]
Stud[mm]
Diameter Length
6 R-SD-0604 (A2,A4) 6 4 6 10
8 R-SD-0606 (A2,A4) 6 6 6 15
10 R-SD-0608 (A2,A4) 6 8 6 15
15 R-SD-0610 (A2,A4) 6 10 6 20
20 R-SD-0613 (A2,A4) 6 13 8 20
30 R-SD-0615 (A2,A4) 6 15 8 30
30 R-SD-0620 (A2,A4) 6 20 10 30
40 R-SD-0812 (A2,A4) 8 12 10 40
50 R-SD-0815 (A2,A4) 8 15 10 50
60 R-SD-1015 (A2,A4) 10 15 10 60
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2, 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Threaded studs, nuts with washer and bolts are available separately
Cladding Fixings
14www.rawlplug.ae
Accessories for Stone Anchors
Stone fixing Accessories
Product Code
Flat Head Bolt [mm]
d L Pin Hole Threaded length
R-FHB-080404 (A2,A4) 8 40 4 20
R-FHB-080504 (A2,A4) 8 50 4 30
R-FHB-080604 (A2,A4) 8 60 4 40
R-FHB-080804 (A2,A4) 8 80 4 60
R-FHB-100404 (A2,A4) 10 40 4 20
R-FHB-100604 (A2,A4) 10 60 4 40
R-FHB-100804 (A2,A4) 10 80 4 60
R-FHB-101004 (A2,A4) 10 100 4 80
R-FHB-120605 (A2,A4) 12 60 5 40
R-FHB-120805 (A2,A4) 12 80 5 60
R-FHB-121005 (A2,A4) 12 100 5 80
R-FHB-121205 (A2,A4) 12 120 5 100
R-FHB-121405 (A2,A4) 12 140 5 120
R-FHB Flat-Head Bolt
R-FP Flanged Pin
Product Code
Flanged Pin[mm]
d L
R-PN-04040 (A2,A4) 4 40
R-PN-04050 (A2,A4) 4 50
R-PN-05050 (A2,A4) 5 50
R-PN-06050 (A2,A4) 6 50
R-PN-06060 (A2,A4) 6 60
R-PN-08070 (A2,A4) 8 70
R-PC Plastic Cap
Product Code
Plastic Cap[mm]
Inner Diameter Outer Diameter Length
R-PC-04025 4 5.5 25
R-PC-05030 5 6.5 30
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4301 (A2), 1.4401 (A4) and hot dipped galvanized upon customer request• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order
Hex Nuts
Product Code
Nuts[mm]
Diameter
934-08-(A2,A4) 8
934-10-(A2,A4) 10
934-12-(A2,A4) 12
934-16-(A2,A4) 16
934-20-(A2,A4) 20
Hex Bolts
Product Code
Hex Bolts[mm]
D L
933-08020-(A2,A4) 8 20
933-08025-(A2,A4) 8 25
933-10025-(A2,A4) 10 25
933-10030-(A2,A4) 10 30
933-12025-(A2,A4) 12 25
933-12030-(A2,A4) 12 30
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4401 (A4) 1.4301 (A2) and hot dip galvanized available upon request• Made-to-order sizes are available upon request• Structural calculation reports are available upon order
R-SW Serrated Washer
Product Code
Square Serrated Washer [mm]
L Thickness
R-SW-02002-(A2,A4) 20 2
R-SW-02502-(A2,A4) 25 2
R-SW-03002-(A2,A4) 30 2
R-SW-02503-(A2,A4) 25 3
R-SW-03003-(A2,A4) 30 3
R-SW-04004-(A2,A4) 40 4
Angle Support
Product CodeL1
[mm]
L2
[mm]
W1
[mm]
W2
[mm]
Thickness
[mm]
R-AS-04004020-2-A4 40 40 20 20 2
R-AS-05005020-2-A4 50 50 20 20 2
R-AS-06006025-3-A4 60 60 25 25 3
R-AS-07007030-3-A4 70 70 30 30 3
• Material: Stainless Steel 1.4401 (A4)
Cladding Fixings
16www.rawlplug.ae
R-HPTII-A4 Stainless Steel Throughbolt
Size Product Code
Anchor Fixture
pcs.
Diameter Length Max. thickness
d Ltfix, r tfix, s
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
M8
R-HPTII-A4-08060/10 8 60 10 -
100
R-HPTII-A4-08075/10 8 75 25 10
R-HPTII-A4-08085/20 8 85 35 20
R-HPTII-A4-08095/30 8 95 45 30
R-HPTII-A4-08105/40 8 105 55 40
R-HPTII-A4-08115/50 8 115 65 50
M10
R-HPTII-A4-10065/5 10 65 5 -
50
R-HPTII-A4-10080/20 10 80 20 -
R-HPTII-A4-10095/15 10 95 35 15
R-HPTII-A4-10115/35 10 115 55 35
R-HPTII-A4-10130/50 10 130 70 50
R-HPTII-A4-10140/60 10 140 80 60
R-XPT-A4 Stainless Steel Throughbolt
Size Product Code
Anchor Fixture
pcs.
Diameter Length Max. thickness
d Ltfix, r tfix, s
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
M8
R-XPT-A4-08060/10 8 60 10 0
100
R-XPT-A4-08065/15 8 65 15 0
R-XPT-A4-08075/10 8 75 25 10
R-XPT-A4-08080/15 8 80 30 15
R-XPT-A4-08085/20 8 85 35 20
R-XPT-A4-08095/30 8 95 45 30
R-XPT-A4-08105/40 8 105 55 40
R-XPT-A4-08115/50 8 115 65 50
M10
R-XPT-A4-10065/5 10 65 5 0
50
R-XPT-A4-10080/10 10 80 20 10
R-XPT-A4-10095/25 10 95 35 25
R-XPT-A4-10115/45 10 115 55 45
R-XPT-A4-10130/60 10 130 70 60
R-XPT-A4-10140/70 10 140 80 70
• Other sizes are available• Available in: Carbon steel finished in zinc/aluminium flake coating• Stainless steel grade A4
• Other sizes are available• Available in: zinc plated steel, hot dip galvanized and A4
Mechanical anchors for fixing stone anchors
ETA-12/0021
option 1
ETA-12/0384
option 7
Base materials: Non-cracked concrete
Base materials: Cracked and non-cracked concrete
SR Expansion Anchor
Size Product Code
Anchor
Max Fixture thickness
pcs. pcs.d L
M6
SR-06040 6 40 2 100 2400
SR-06055 6 55 15 100 2400
SR-06085 6 85 45 100 1200
M8
SR-08050 8 50 3 100 1200
SR-08075 8 75 20 100 1200
SR-08095 8 95 40 100 1200
SR-08115 8 115 60 100 1200
M10
SR-10060 10 60 3 50 600
SR-10080 10 80 20 50 600
SR-10100 10 100 40 50 600
SR-10120 10 120 60 50 600
Size Product Code
Anchor
Max Fixture thickness
pcs. pcs.d L
M6
KT-08040 6 40 2 100 1200
KT-08065 6 65 25 100 1200
KT-08085 6 85 45 100 1200
M8
KT-10040 8 40 3 100 1200
KT-10050 8 50 3 100 1200
KT-10060 8 60 10 50 600
KT-10080 8 80 30 50 600
KT-10100 8 100 50 50 600
M10
KT-12060 10 60 3 50 600
KT-12075 10 75 15 50 600
KT-12100 10 100 40 50 600
KT-12130 10 130 70 25 300
M12KT-16110 12 110 50 25 300
KT-16150 12 150 90 20 160
M16
KT-20105 16 105 35 20 160
KT-20110 16 110 40 10 80
KT-20130 16 130 60 10 80
KT-20150 16 150 80 10 80
R-KT Sleeve Anchor
Available as:• Zinc electroplated steel, Min. coating thickness 5 microns• A2 Stainless steel
Available as:• Zinc electroplated steel, Min. coating thickness 5 microns• A2 Stainless steel
Base materials: Concrete and solid blocks
Base materials: Concrete and solid blocks
I need correct CE mark
I need correct CE mark
One Product Code for both zinc electropla-ted and A2 stainless steel?
One Product Code for both zinc electropla-ted and A2 stainless steel?
Cladding Fixings
18www.rawlplug.ae
R-FF1 Frame Fixing
Size Product Code
Plug Screw
QuantityDiameter Length Diameter Length
d L d1 L1
[mm]
FF1-K frame fixing with collar - hex head t40 drive - zinc plated
Ø10
R-FF1(-N)-10K080 / R-FF1(-N)-10L080 9.8 80 7 89 50
R-FF1(-N)-10K100 / R-FF1(-N)-10L100 9.8 100 7 109 25
R-FF1(-N)-10K120 / R-FF1(-N)-10L120 9.8 120 7 129 25
R-FF1(-N)-10K140 / R-FF1(-N)-10L140 9.8 140 7 149 25
R-FF1(-N)-10K160 / R-FF1(-N)-10L160 9.8 160 7 169 25
R-FF1(-N)-10K200 / R-FF1(-N)-10L200 9.8 200 7 209 25
R-FF1(-N)-10K240 / R-FF1(-N)-10L240 9.8 240 7 249 25
R-FF1(-N)-10K300 / R-FF1(-N)-10L300 9.8 300 7 309 25
Available in:• Carbon steel Zinc electroplated, coating thickness min 5μm acc. ISO 4042 Delta protect coating – zinc flake coating• A4 Stainless steel
R-UA Universal Anchor
Available as:• Zinc plated• Min coating thickness 5 microns• A2, A4 Stainless steel
Product Code Plug
[mm]
Screw
[mm]
R-UA-10045 M10×45 M6x55
R-UA-12050 M12×50 M8x65
R-UA-15060 M15×60 M10x75
R-UA-18074 M18×74 M12x90
Base materials: Concrete, hollow block, solid block and AAC block
Base materials: Concrete, hollow block, hollow brick and solid block
R-KF2 Polyester Resin + Threaded Rods
Product Code Resin Description / Resin TypeVolume
[ml]
R-KF2-380 R-KF2 Polyester Resin 380
Approvals and Reports• ETA-11/0141
R-KEM II with Threaded Rods for Masonry
Approvals and Reports• ETA-12/0528
Product Code Resin Description / Resin TypeVolume
[ml]
R-KEM-II-175
R-KEMII
Styrene Free Polyester Resin175
R-KEM-II-175-SET Set with 4 studs and plastic sleeves
R-KEM-II-300 Styrene Free Polyester Resin
300
R-KEM-II-300-SET Set with 4 studs and plastic sleeves
R-KEM-II-300S R-KEMII-SHigh Temperature (Summer) / Slow Cure
Styrene Free Polyester Resin
R-KEM-II-300W R-KEMII-WLow Temperature (Winter) / Rapid Cure
Styrene Free Polyester Resin
Base Materials• Concrete
• Reinforced and unreinforced concrete
• Dry or wet concrete (category 1)
• Water filled holes, except sea water (Category 2)
Base Materials• Solid Concrete Block
• Hollow-core Slab
• Solid Brick
• Solid Sand-lime Brick
• Hollow Sand-lime Brick
• Hollow Brick
• Vertically-perforated clay block
• Hollow Lightweight Concrete Block
The Rawlplug® Chemical anchors for fixing stone anchors
Approvals and Reports• ETA-12/0398
Cladding Fixings
20www.rawlplug.ae
R-CAS-V Spin-In Capsule with threaded Rods
Size Product Code Description / Resin Type
M8 R-CAS-V-08
Styrene Free Vinylester Resin
M10 R-CAS-V-10
M12 R-CAS-V-12
M16 R-CAS-V-16
M20 R-CAS-V-20
M24 R-CAS-V-24
M30 R-CAS-V-30
Approvals and Reports
• ETA-10/0108
R-STUDS Metric Threaded Rods - Steel Class 5.8, A2 and A4
with Hexagonal or Flat Head
Hexagonal Head Flat Head
Size Product Code
Anchor Fixture
Diameter Length Max. thickness Hole diameter
d Ltfix, min tfix, s tfix, max df
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
M8R-STUDS-08110/ R-STUDS-08110-FL 8 110 40 20 0 9
R-STUDS-08160/ R-STUDS-08160-FL 8 160 90 70 50 9
M10
R-STUDS-10130/ R-STUDS-10130-FL 10 130 48 28 0 12
R-STUDS-10170/ R-STUDS-10170-FL 10 170 88 68 38 12
R-STUDS-10190/ R-STUDS-10190-FL 10 190 108 88 58 12
M12
R-STUDS-12160/ R-STUDS-12160-FL 12 160 65 35 0 14
R-STUDS-12190/ R-STUDS-12190-FL 12 190 95 65 30 14
R-STUDS-12220/ R-STUDS-12220-FL 12 220 125 95 60 14
R-STUDS-12260/ R-STUDS-12260-FL 12 260 165 135 100 14
R-STUDS-12300/ R-STUDS-12300-FL 12 300 205 175 140 14
Base Materials• Concret
• Reinforced and unreinforced concrete
• Dry or wet concrete (category 1)
• Water filled holes, except sea water (Category 2)
R-AC Anchor Channel
Product information
Features and benefits• Clear load data, variable selection of products
• Simply fixed to formwork, connected by T-bolt
• No welding equipment, no power tools
• Greater efficiency
Base materials• Concrete
Applications• Mechanical and electrical
fixings
• Natural stone fixings
• Curtain walls fixings
• GRC fixings
Product Code
Channel[mm]
Anchor[mm]
Length Height Width Depth Anchors per piece
R-AC-28156050-4 6050 15 28 47 4 per m
R-AC-28150350-3 350 15 28 47 3
R-AC-28150300-3 300 15 28 47 3
R-AC-28150150-2 150 15 28 47 2
R-AC-38176050-4 6050 17 38 68 4 per m
R-AC-38170350-3 350 17 38 68 3
R-AC-38170300-3 300 17 38 68 3
R-AC-38170150-2 150 17 38 68 2
R-AC-40256050-4 6050 25 40 76 4 per m
R-AC-40250350-3 350 25 40 76 3
R-AC-40250300-3 300 25 40 76 3
R-AC-40250150-2 150 25 40 76 2
R-AC-49306050-4 6050 30 49 89 4 per m
R-AC-49300350-3 350 30 49 89 3
R-AC-49300300-3 300 30 49 89 3
R-AC-49300150-2 150 30 49 89 2
R-AC-54336050-4 6050 33 54 152 4 per m
R-AC-54330350-3 350 33 54 152 3
R-AC-54330300-3 300 33 54 152 3
R-AC-54330150-2 150 33 54 152 2
• Different lengths ara available upon request• Available coatings are hot dip galvanized more than 50 microns or electroplated galvanized• Steel grade S235JRG2(Q235B)
Cold formed Cast-In channel with filler for easy, fast and adjustable connection with heavy loads
Cladding Fixings
22www.rawlplug.ae
R-TB T-Bolt
Product information
Features and benefits• Easy to use with notch on top of heads
• No welding or power tools are needed
• Different strength classes
• Different shapes hook and flat head bolt
Product Coded
[mm]L
[mm]Head Shape Grade Suitable to use with
R-TB-08030-2815 M8 30 Flat 4.6 R-AC-2815****
R-TB-10040-2815 M10 40 Flat 4.6 R-AC-2815****
R-TB-12050-2815 M12 50 Flat 4.6 R-AC-2815****
R-TB-08030-3817 M8 30 Flat 4.6 R-AC-3817****
R-TB-10040-3817 M10 40 Flat 4.6 R-AC-3817****
R-TB-12050-3817 M12 50 Flat 4.6 R-AC-3817****
R-TB-08030-4025 M8 30 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4025****
R-TB-10040-4025 M10 40 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4025****
R-TB-12050-4025 M12 50 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4025****
R-TB-08030-4930 M8 30 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4930****
R-TB-10040-4930 M10 40 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4930****
R-TB-12050-4930 M12 50 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4930****
R-TB-08030-5433 M8 30 Hook 4.6 R-AC-5433****
R-TB-10040-5433 M10 40 Hook 4.6 R-AC-5433****
R-TB-12050-5433 M12 50 Hook 4.6 R-AC-5433****
• Different lengths ara available upon request• Available coatings are hot dip galvanized or dacromet• High tensile 8.8 grade available upon request
Base materials• Cast-In channel
Applications• Mechanical and electrical fixings
• Natural stone fixings
• Curtain wall fixings
• GRC fixings
• Precast concrete panels fixing
Connecting part for cold formed anchor channel
R-AC Anchor Channel
Product information
Features and benefits• Heavy capacity
• Simply fixed to formwork, connected by T-bolt
• No welding equipment, no power tools
• Greater efficiency
Base materials• Concrete
Applications• Mechanical and electrical fixings
• Natural stone fixings
• Curtain walls fixings
• GRC fixings
• Precast concrete panel
Product Code
Channel[mm]
Anchor[mm]
Length Height Width Depth Anchors per piece
R-AC-40226050-4 6050 22 40 74 4 per m
R-AC-40220350-3 350 22 40 74 3
R-AC-40220300-3 300 22 40 74 3
R-AC40220150-2 150 22 40 74 2
R-AC-50306050-4 6050 30 50 90 4 per m
R-AC-50300350-3 350 30 50 90 3
R-AC-50300300-3 300 30 50 90 3
R-AC-50300150-2 150 30 50 90 2
R-AC-52346050-4 6050 34 52 153 4 per m
R-AC-52340350-3 350 34 52 153 3
R-AC-52340300-3 300 34 52 153 3
R-AC-52340150-2 150 34 52 153 2
• Different lengths areavailable upon request• Available coatings are hot dip galvanized more than 50 microns or electroplated galvanized• Steel grade S235JRG2(Q235B)
Hot rolled Cast-In channel with filler for easy, fast and adjustable connection with heavy loads
Cladding Fixings
24www.rawlplug.ae
R-TB T-Bolt
Product information
Features and benefits• Easy to use with notch on top of heads
• No welding or power tools are needed
• Different strength classes
Product Coded
[mm]L
[mm]Head Shape Grade Suitable to use with
R-TB-08030-4025 M8 30 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4025****
R-TB-10040-4025 M10 40 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4025****
R-TB-12050-4025 M12 50 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4025****
R-TB-08030-4930 M8 30 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4930****
R-TB-10040-4930 M10 40 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4930****
R-TB-12050-4930 M12 50 Hook 4.6 R-AC-4930****
R-TB-08030-5433 M8 30 Hook 4.6 R-AC-5433****
R-TB-10040-5433 M10 40 Hook 4.6 R-AC-5433****
R-TB-12050-5433 M12 50 Hook 4.6 R-AC-5433****
• Different lengths are available upon request• Available coatings are hot dip galvanized or dacromet• High tensile 8.8 grade available upon request
Base materials• Cast-In channel
Applications• Mechanical and electrical fixings
• Natural stone fixings
• Curtain walls fixings
• GRC fixings
• Precast concrete panel
Connecting part for hot formed anchor channel
Applications• Mechanical and electrical
fixings
• Ventilation ducts supports
• Natural stone fixings
• GRC fixings
• General supports
Product Code
Channel[mm]
Length Height Width Thickness
R-CR-21-1.5-3M-GI 3000 21 41 1.5
R-CR-21-1.5-6M-GI 6000 21 41 1.5
R-CR-21-2.0-3M-GI 3000 21 41 2.0
R-CR-21-2.0-6M-GI 6000 21 41 2.0
R-CR-41-1.5-3M-GI 3000 41 41 1.5
R-CR-41-1.5-6M-GI 6000 41 41 1.5
R-CR-41-2.0-3M-GI 3000 41 41 2.0
R-CR-41-2.0-6M-GI 6000 41 41 2.0
R-CR-21-2.0-3M-HDG 3000 21 41 2.0
R-CR-21-2.0-6M-HDG 6000 21 41 2.0
R-CR-41-2.0-3M-HDG 3000 41 41 2.0
R-CR-41-2.0-6M-HDG 6000 41 41 2.0
• Coatings are pre galvanized (20 microns), CRC Acc DIN EN 1623.1 ST 12 or HDG Acc ASTM A123 (65 microns)• Ability to produce thicker galvanization• Stainless steel material can be produced upon request• Steel grade S235JR DIN EN 10025• Double channels are avilable
Features and benefits• Serrated C cross-section channels
• Slotted holes for fixing alignment
• Different lengths
C-Channel
Base materials• Concrete
• Hollow blocks
• AAC blocks
• Brick
• Steel structure
R-CR C-Channel rails for installing light to medium duty applications
Product information
Cladding Fixings
26www.rawlplug.ae
Product CodeHole
[mm]
Width
[mm]
Length
[mm]
Thickness
[mm]
R-CSP-M6 M6 19 34.5 6
R-CSP-M8 M8 19 34.5 6(8)
R-CSP-M10 M10 19 34.5 9
R-CSP-M12 M12 19 34.5 10(12)
Spring Nut
Product CodeHole
[mm]
Width
[mm]
Length
[mm]
Thickness
[mm]
R-CW-M6 7 41 47 3
R-CW-M8 9 41 47 3
R-CW-M10 11 41 47 3
R-CW-M12 13 41 47 3
Channel Washer
Square Washer
C-Channel Accessories
Corrosion is one of the most important and influential factors
in the selection of anchors. Two basic corrosion types must
be considered: atmospheric and galvanic corrosion.
Galvanic corrosion may occur when two dissimilar metals
are in contact with each other. In the presence of an
electrolyte (e.g. water) a galvanic cell is created, causing
gradual corrosion of one of the metal elements.
The table below shows metals that may commonly be used as
connector (anchor) and/or fixture materials, with indications
of the expected corrosion outcome for each possible
combination:
� the first column lists the fixed element (fixture) material
� the top row lists the anchor/connector material
Comments:
�Metal of the fixed element is not exposed to galvanic
corrosion and, in fact, it takes advantage of galvanic protection
(low, when the difference of electrochemical potentials is low,
higher as the difference of potentials increases).
� The galvanic effect is influenced by the comparative surface
areas of the two metals:
– in cases where the surface area of the fixture is the lesser,
corrosion is accelerated
– in cases where the surface area of the fixture is the greater,
corrosion is slowed.
The effect becomes more pronounced as the difference
between the two surface areas increases.
Corrosion
Connector metal
Stainless steel
Hot dip galvanised
steel
Zinc electroplated
steelZinc alloys Lead Brass
Fixture metal
Stainless steel
Hot dip galvanised steel
Zinc electroplated steel
Low carbon steel
Aluminium alloys
Zinc alloys
Contact between these metals is allowable The connector metal will corrode The fixture metal will corrode
Corrosion
Available in:• Zinc electroplated steel• Hot dip galvanized• A2, A4 Stainless steel
Threaded Rod Coupler
Product CodeHole
[mm]
Width
[mm]
Length
[mm]
Thickness
[mm]
R-CSW-M6 7 41 41 3
R-CSW-M8 9 41 41 3
R-CSW-M10 11 41 41 3
R-CSW-M12 13 41 41 3
Product CodeHole
[mm]
Length
[mm]
R-TRC-M08 8 30
R-TRC-M10 10 40
R-TRC-M12 12 40
R-TRC-M16 16 40
Corrosion
28www.rawlplug.ae
For anticorrosion protection RAWLPLUG® use not only
standard technologies like zinc electroplating, but also more
advanced alternatives. These include traditional protective
measures such as hot dip galvanizing, or the use of stainless
steel as the primary material. Modern protective technologies,
like Deltatone or similar zinc flake coatings, are utilised also.
Images below show comparisons of zinc flake coated and
hot dip galvanized samples after Neutral Salt Spray testing.
Samples were installed in concrete cubes and placed in
a corrosion testing chamber for 960 hours, with images
showing sample condition after 504 hours, as well as 960
hours when the anchors were extracted from the substrate.
Atmospheric corrosion classification
Corrosion categories
Typical environments Recommended material
External InternalZinc
platingZinc flake
A2 A4
C1 Very low _Interior of air-conditioned premises
with clean atmosphere (e.g. shops, offices, hotels).
5-10 μm
C2 LowAtmosphere with low pollution
and dry climate; mainly rural areasUnheated buildings where condensa-
tion may occur (e.g. warehouses).5-10 μm
C3 ModerateResidential and industrial atmosphere
with moderate pollution of SO2. Coastal areas; low salinity atmosphere
Light industry with humidity and air pollution (food production,
laundry facilities, etc.).40 μm
C4 HighIndustrial and coastal areas; medium salinity atmosphere
Chemical factories, swimming pools, offshore ships, etc..
40 μm –
C5-I/M Very high (marine)
Coastal and offshore areas with highly-aggressive atmospheric
conditions of high salinity and humidity
Buildings and areas with condensation of water and high pollution
40 μm _
Imag
e: R
AW
LPLU
G®
HDG 504 hrs
Zinc flake coating 504 hrs
after 960 hrs
ZINC FLAKE COATINGZinc electroplated expander
HPT-II-ZF
HDGStainless steel expander
XPT-HDG
Atmospheric corrosion is caused by the interaction of
moisture or chemical compounds from the air with exposed
metal. Corrosion rates depend on the concentration of
chemical compounds in the air, as well as humidity levels.
According to ISO 12944-2:1998 (Table 1), atmospheric cor-
rosion categories can be differentiated depending on locality,
as well the as the prevailing conditions. It is therefore important
to accurately determine the working conditions of designated
fixings and materials to ensure their correct application.
suitable for use consultation with our technical advisor recommended – not suitable for use
Moreover, fasteners and fixings offered by RAWLPLUG® are
tested in high salinity atmospheric conditions on a regular basis.
The tests constitute a foundation for product development in
cooperation with our customers.
All of our metal anchors for applications in low corrosion risk
environments are zinc electroplated and passivated. In cases
where anchors are intended for use in higher risk environments
we recommend Hot Dip Galvanized, Zinc Flake, or Stainless
Steel products.
Stone details:
Stone Anchor Design:
The stone details consists of the following:
– Shape: The shape of the cladding is an important factor in the
design. Details of the form (shape) includes width, height
and thickness
– Material: The type of stone should be determined to know
the density and thermal coefficient which is used in the
design
– Location: Location are details of area of application, cavity
and stone direction
Part of our technical support service is to choose the stone
anchor section which be done by stone anchor design criteria.
Client can complete a technical request form and send it to our
sales representatives to get this service.
In order to select and design the right stone anchor for the
project we have to determine the parameters that influence
its performance. The three main parameters are stone details,
load detail and the anchor material.
Technical Support
There are different loads can be considered in order to design
a stone anchor. The main ones are following:
– Weight of the stone
– Wind load
– Seismic load
– Thermal load
– Miscellaneous live loads (e.g. maintenance)
Loads types details
Anchor materials:
The anchor material is an important parameter in the design.
Anchor material can be galvanised steel or stainless steel, we
can mix between different materials to build up the suitable
stone fixing like using c-channels with Z-bracket for so we have
to take into consideration the component metal compatibility
- as shown on Page 26.
Technical Request
30www.rawlplug.ae
Project Name: Client Name:
Contact Name:Project Location:
Date:Technical Request
Stone Details
Stone cladding dimensions:
Height : __________ [mm]
Height : __________ [mm]
Width : __________ [mm]
Width : __________ [mm]
Thickness : __________ [mm]
Thickness : __________ [mm]
Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________
Stone type: [ granite / limestone / marble / other ] ____________________
Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________
Stone density: __________ kg/m3 Linear thermal coefficient: __________ mm/c.
Stone panel direction: [ horizontal / vertical ] Area of application: [ internal / external ]
Cavity size (distance between the outside surface of the wall and the inner side of the stone)
Max : __________ [mm]
Min : __________ [mm]
Base Material Details
Wall base material: [ concrete / solid block / hollow block / other ] ____________________
Is the wall area affected by tensional or compression load? ____________________
Maximum applied wind load:
Pressure : __________ [kN/m2] Suction: __________ [kN/m2]
Product Details
Required material: [ A2 / A4 / other ] ____________________
Recommended system: [ profile rail system / anchor accessories / composite / other ]
____________________________________________________________________________