Phonetics ~ Class 3

CD 233

Lavoie

Start to obtain our book

You will need Clinical Phonetics by

Shriberg and Kent, either 3rd or 4th

edition. Either is fine. If you buy the 3rd,

I’ll provide a PDF of the new chapter.

Words to transcribe (1)

fear gear wear

meat sweat great

tough cough dough

Words to transcribe (2)

perk cork work

chef shoe sure

who whoa white

Today’s plan

Go over HWs and quiz

Review minimal pairs

Explore words

Focus on syllables

Describe and label parts of syllables, use in

describing poetry

Assignments

Any questions on HWs 3 and 4?

Any questions about the quiz?

Coming up HW 5 (available) and 6 (on

picking out stress)

Make minimal pairs for underlined

Bind

Lean

Red

Wish

Look

Win

Path

Job

Trash

Foam

Minimal pairs or not?

One, sun

Clasp, grasp

Learn, turn

Slice, nice

Spite, spot

Respire, perspire

Large, charge

Feud, rude

Thrash, crash

Gerbil, journal

Words

On cards

Write a definition of “word”

Shuffle them around to each other

All words…

What properties do all words have?

What’s true of a word but not a phrase

Are these words?

Whatchmacallit

Ain’t

Gonna, Wanna

Unthaw

Mrs.

Woot

Chillax

8

%

Huh

Nother

Ginormous

Y’all, y’ins, youse

Bromance

Words have at least one syllable

How many syllables in these words?

Thin, smoosh, captive, toy, volcano,

banana, hummingbird, oregano,

prepubescent, antediluvian, eighths,

monologue, foil, fire, vial, vile, flour,

flower

Words have a stressed syllable

Every content word has at least one

stressed syllable

Function words might not have a

stressed syllable because they glom

onto other words

Stress pairs

Words which differ just by stress

Proper name variants based on stress

Louis vs. Luis vs. Louise

Mary vs. Marie

Target vs. Target

Steve Urkel vs. Stefan Urquelle

Word stress, I

Also called lexical stress

“lexicon” is our mental dictionary

What is word stress?

Additional salience on the syllable nucleus

Longer, higher pitch, slightly louder, greater

muscular effort

Often hard for people to hear, whether native

speakers or learners

How important is word stress?

Word stress, II

Some accents of English are hard to

understand because of stress and rhythm

Indian English

Chinese- and Japanese-accented English

Correct stress is very important for

comprehensibility and naturalness

Not really a problem for children, but definitely

a problem for adults learning English

Word stress, III

Because stress impacts pronunciation

It’s important in transcription

Marked with ˈ before syllable

Word stress – 1 syllable words

Eat

Drink

Plump

Burp

Word stress – 2 syllable words

Over

Toddy

Booty

Supper

Sherry

Susan

Secret

Revel

Overt

Today

Boutique

Suppose

Charade

Suzanne

Secrete

Reveal

Word stress – 2 syllable words

Sherry, over, rebel (noun), giant, picture,

heating, easy, eagle, Easter, even, owner,

ocean, inner, index, infant, teacher, plural,

certain, larynx, practice

Charade, overt, rebel (verb), today, ahead,

allow, Elaine, elect, erupt, enough, obese,

oblige, inspire, infect, intrude, involve, berserk,

suppose, aware, reveal

Transcribing stress pairs

Compress

Digest

Project

Record

Contract

Stress impacts transcription

Remember, stress determines:

wedge and r-colored 3 vs.

schwa and r-colored schwa

“Pervert,” “stirrer,” “fervor”

“Above”

Use of flap depends on stress

Importance of stress in poetry

Classical poetry depends upon rhymes

and the location of stress in words

Stress is on the nucleus

Two households, both alike in dignity, In

fair Verona, where we lay our scene

Bubble bubble toil and trouble

Fire burn and cauldron bubble

Figuring out stress ourselves

Injure

Design

Arrive

Worry

Bellow

Below

Booties

Boutiques

Marky

Marquee

Convert (n/v)

Contract (n/v)

Pervert (n/v)

Word stress – 3 syllable words

1st: Energy, operate, organize, noisily,

horrible, insulin, mystify, caraway, Michigan

2nd: Memorial, assumption, Missouri,

confusion, repulsive, computer, charisma,

aroma, contagious

3rd: Japanese, volunteer, minuet, reimburse,

decompose, reapply, masquerade, contradict

Word stress – 4 syllable words

1st: Secondary, calculator

2nd: Psychology, evaporate, certificate,

industrial

3rd: Politician, reputation, Arizona

4th: Hullaballoo

Pick out the stressed syllable

Crocodile

Artichoke

Misconstrue

Fiasco

Pioneer

Vanilla

Calendar

Pistachio

Portfolio

Arizona

Arabia

Armadillo

Filipino

Millennia

Word stress – 5 syllable words!

Electricity

Hippopotamus

Incompatible

Refrigerator

Sociology

Technological

Organization

Participation

Magnification

Examination

Maine English

Lobster Promo

http://www.lobsterfro

mmaine.com/cookin

gvideopop.aspx?vID

=8

Maine Lobsterman

http://www.youtube.com

/watch?v=FZDpx1aLovc

Syllables

Quick Write

What do you already know about

syllables?

Types of syllables

Defining syllable

What’s a syllable good for?

Literary devices with vowels

Assonance (review)

Repeat vowels in nearby words; can be

subtle and hard to spot

Without looking back, can you remember

any of the assonant lines from last week?

Regular old rhyme

Depends on syllable shape/structure

Leading us into SYLLABLE STRUCTURE

Notating syllable structure

C = consonant, V = vowel

CVC = syllable

First C is the onset

V is the nucleus

Last C is the coda

Parts of a syllable

Elements in (parens) are optional

Syllable σ = (onset) + rime

Rime = nucleus + (coda)

Types of syllables

Open syllables

CV — no coda

Closed syllables

CVC —coda C “closes” the syllable

These types can describe the kinds of

syllables someone produces

What do we have in English?

What kinds of syllables allowed?

Open? Closed?

How about clusters of consonants in

onset or coda position?

What clusters does English allow?

What’s our smallest allowable word?

English consonant clusters

Longest possible initial cluster is CCC

split /splɪt/ and strudel /ʃtrudəl/, beginning with /s/

or /ʃ/ and ending with /l/ or /r/

Longest possible final cluster is CCCCC

angsts /æŋksts/, though rare

Four final consonants are fairly common:

twelfths /twɛlfθs/, sixths /sɪksθs/, glimpsed

/ɡlɪmpst/

Exploring syllable structure

English is relatively rich in consonant clusters

As opposed to Japanese, Hawaiian, Maori Which don’t allow any consonant clusters (except

Japanese clusters with j)

Or compared to Georgian CCCCCCCCVC /ɡvbrdɣvnis/ he's plucking us

Allowed syllable patterns are part of a

language’s phonology

Literary devices with consonants

Alliteration

Repeat initial consonants of words

Often found in tongue twisters with slight

variation (shine my city shoes)

Headlines in less reputable news outlets

Consonance

Repeat the final consonants of words

Alliterative verse

Noble English tradition, it’s ONSETS

Beowulf (Old English)

Moors and marshes; Woe-stricken warriors

Sir Gawain & the Green Knight (Middle Eng.)

The hair of his head matched that of his horse

Fair-flowing locks enfolded his shoulders

A beard as big as a bush hung over his breast

Beowulf: Grappling with Grendel

Cunningly creeping, a spectral stalker

slunk through the night. The spearmen were

sleeping who ought to have held the high-

horned house, all except one …

no more would the murderer drag under

darkness whomever he wished.

Wrath was wakeful, watching in hatred; hot-

hearted Beowulf was bent upon battle.

More alliterative verse

Richard Wilbur’s poem Junk opens with:

An axe angles from my neighbor's ashcan;

It is hell's handiwork, the wood not hickory.

The flow of the grain not faithfully followed.

The shivered shaft rises from a shellheap

Of plastic playthings, paper plates.

Channel 7 News Headlines

Weather Worries

Drenched by Downpours

Horror & Heartache

Fatal Fire Beer on the Bus

Library Lewdness

Caught on Camera

Immigration Nation (assonance/rhyme)

Still more alliterative verse

W. H. Auden wrote poems, including

The Age of Anxiety, in alliterative verse

Now the news. Night raids on Five cities. Fires started. Pressure applied by pincer movement In threatening thrust. Third Division Enlarges beachhead. Lucky charm Saves sniper. Sabotage hinted In steel-mill stoppage…

Consonance in poetry

Boneyard Rap

Final consonants kind of clink around

This poetry manipulates CODAS

http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/

singlePoem.do?poemId=382

Sibilance

Special kind of consonance, using the

sibilant consonants: s, ʃ, z, ʒ

Sibilants have a hissing sound; can

create a mood

Sibilants stand out “shhhh!” “pssst!”

The serpent hisses where the sweet bird

sings - Thomas Hardy

More sibilance

And the silken sad uncertain rustling of

each purple curtain. (“The Raven”)

“… I guess

How you miss the English spring, the way

A shower-cloud over a hillside spills

Between sunlight and sunlight, slowly…”

From Ted Walker’s “Letter to Barbados”

Rare stress-based tongue twister

Transcribe it and then say it

“Many an anemone is an enemy

anemone”

A business in my home town:

“A cappella alpacas”

Nicknames

I hope you were thinking about

nicknames and shortened references

What’s the relationship between

common nicknames and the stress?

Examples of Christopher, Randolph,

David, William, Kevin nicknames

Distribution of vowels

See the new sheet

With open and closed syllables

With various final consonants and how

to transcribe

One blank side, one filled side

Try to fill the blank side yourself

Vowel variation

Economics

Route

Semiformal

Aunt

Produce

Harassment

Envelope

Address

Vowel variation 2

Hurry

Adult

Creek

Roof

Hoodlum

Volatile

Pecan

Productivity

Cot/caught merger

Also called “low back” merger

50% of US merges them now and it’s

spreading…

From Telsur

http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/ma

ps/Map1.html

Low back vowels: A, O, Å

A

Cot

Don

Stock

Father

Lot

Mom

O

Caught

Dawn

Stalk

Dog

Fall

Long

Low back vowels: A, O, Å

A

Pond

Fonz

Odd

Collar

Body

Wok

O Pawned

Fawns

Awed

Caller

Bawdy

Walk

Other names for the merger

Hottie

Otto

Gotti

Bobble

Cod

Lager

Pod

Yon

Cock

Haughty

Auto

Gaudy

Bauble

Cawed

Logger

Pawed

Yawn

Caulk

Why do we do what we do?

Not only do I want you to learn phonetics

I want you to hear phonetics all around you

And appreciate everyday, non-technical use of

phonetics

And describe it with our technical terms

We pull examples from everywhere because I

hope that we can keep class interesting

Phonemes and allophones

Important concept, our first dip into it with

ASPIRATION

Puff of air characteristic of English p, t, k

Not always produced the same

Differences conditioned by the environment

When onsets to stressed syllable, they’re aspirated

Amount of aspiration

Record

Conduct

Suppose

Toddy

Record

Conduct

Supper

Today

Maine English OLD

Maine Lobsterman http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZDpx1aLovc

Chippah and Randy on “Wicked” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-

euti6iPr9g&feature=related

Cumberland County Fair http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VE2f-dg7qI

Maine Clam Diggers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZJeRs_-FkA

Diphthongs, /r/-colored V practice

Maestro

Flour

Oyster

Prowess

License

Coin

Purpose

Sherbet

Converge

Upper

War

Lard