Class 5 - TypographyEverything you wanted to know about type… but were afraid to ask.

Typography is the art of arranging typefaces, selecting style, line

spacing, layout and design as a means of solidifying language.

http://www.thinkingwithtype.com

Typography is the art of arranging typefaces, selecting style, line

spacing, layout and design as a means of solidifying language.

http://www.thinkingwithtype.com

Basic Type & Font Use

• Type & Typography• Using the Type Tools

• Point Text and Area text• Warp Text• Text on Paths

• Text Layout & Placement• Text Threading/Linking• Arranging and Formatting

• Character and Paragraph Palette• Styles

• Fonts• Using and combining• Editing and Outlines

Tip of the Day

• GUIDE LINES• Lines that help define boundaries of artwork• Edges of objects can be “snapped” to line• Text baselines can be positioned by guidelines

• Show Rulers (CMD+R)• Click-Hold-Drag from ruler into page• When dragging an object to the guide line, observe

the changes in the pointer arrow when intersecting a line.

Typography

• Some common terms.– Baseline: The line on which all letters rest. – Beardline: The line reached by the descenders of lowercase letters. – Bowl: The round or elliptical parts of a letterform. – Cap line: The line reached by the top of uppercase letters. – Counter: The white space enclosed by a letterform, whether

completely or partially.

Typography• Extenders: Extenders are the parts of letters that extend either

below the baseline (descenders) or above the midline (ascenders). • Midline: The top of lowercase letters such as a, c, e and the top of

the torso of lowercase letters such as b, d. • Serif: A stroke added to either the beginning or end of one of the

main strokes of a letter. “Sans-serif” = without serifs.• Stem: The main stroke of a letter that is generally straight and not

part of a bowl. • Topline: The line reached by the ascenders of lowercase letters. • X-height: The distance between the baseline and midline of an

alphabet. The x-height is usually the height of the unextendedlowercase letters.

Font Terminology

• Typeface– Referring to a generic style of characters,

representing alphabetical glyphs, punctuation symbols, numerals, etc.

• For example – “Times” or “Garamond”

• Font– Referring to a very specifically designed

(including style, weight, etc.) set of characters within a particular typeface, often (legally) designated by a name or title.

• Example – “Times, Roman” or “ITC Garamond, Bold Italic”

Font Terminology

• Family (font or type)– Collections of closely-related typeface designs

that can include hundreds of styles. A font family is typically a group of related fonts which vary only in weight, orientation, width, etc, but not design.

Futura BookFutura Book, ItalicFutura Book, BoldFutura Book, Bold ItalicFutura CondensedFutura Condensed, ItalicFutura Condensed, BoldFutura Condensed, Bold ItalicFutura Condensed, ExtraBoldFutura Condensed, ExtraBold Italic

Futura Condensed, LightFutura Condensed, Light, ItalicFutura Extra BoldFutura Extra Bold, ItalicFutura LightFutura Light, ItalicFutura MediumFutura Medium, ItalicFutura Medium, BoldFutura Medium, Bold Italic

Text Classifications• Historical (Blackletter Text) Type Style

– Commonly used for formal announcements and invitations to weddings, graduations, and receptions.

– Often represented as Old English (or “Gothic”) type, but other calligraphic formal styles are used.

• Roman Type (Serif) Style– This style has serifs on the letters.– Used for long passages. This type style is easy to

read as the serifs flow letters and words together.

• Sans-Serif Type Style– This type style is used in books, magazines, and

newspapers.– Characterized by a lack of serifs– Good for clear modern looks, simple headers,

small type, or for on-screen use

Historical

Roman

Sans-Serif

Square-Serif

Script

Monospaced

Novelty

Text Classifications• Square-Serif (or Slab-Serif) Type Style

– This typeface is used for headlines and letterheads where a small amount of reading is required.

– Characterized by blocky, square serifs

• Script Type Style (“Cursive”)– This is used for advertisements, announcements,

and invitations.– It has a personal handwriting look.

• Monospaced Type Style (“Typewriter”)– Refers to typefaces which do not used proportional

spacing.– Good for coding or “digital” appearances

• Novelty (Decorative) Type Style – This is the “catch-all” type style. It includes those

types that do not fit into the other six classifications.

Historical

Roman

Sans-Serif

Square-Serif

Script

Monospaced

Novelty

Glyphs

• The shape given in a particular typeface to a specific grapheme (a single element within a written language) or symbol.– i.e. a single “character”

GlyphsPanel

• Character map– Shows all

characters in font

– Allows specific characters to be accessed

Ligatures

– Ligatures usually replace two sequential characters sharing common components, and are part of a more general class of glyphs called "contextual forms" where the specific shape of a letter depends on context such as surrounding letters or proximity to the end of a line.

– Medieval scribes writing in Latin, conserved space and increased writing speed by combining characters.

– Scribes also added special marks called "scribal abbreviations" to avoid having to write a whole character "at a stroke". Manuscripts in the fourteenth century employed hundreds of such abbreviations.

– Ligatures were common until the advent of early desktop publishing. Early DTP typesetting had no way to account for ligatures, so their use diminished.

– Recent font technology advances such as the use of “OpenType” fonts, allow for ligatures again and such are now coming back into use.

• In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more letter-forms are joined as a single glyph.

Logogram

– Commonly known also as "ideograms“, but while logograms represent words, ideograms represent ideas.

– Examples: = (equals), $ (dollar), + (plus)?– Ampersand (&) is both a logogram and a

ligature (it originally represented “e” and “t” for the latin “et”, meaning “and”

– The $ originally came from Spanish “peso” represented by writing S+P (or PS for peso) together (a ligature), which eventually was altered into the modern form (now considered a logogram).

• a single grapheme (single element in a language) which represents a word or a morpheme (a meaningful unit of language).

Type Units

• Em Spaces– A relative-width space equal to the

point size of the font (the original measurement was roughly equal to the width of the letter “M”)

– One “em” in 8-pt type is 8 points, but in 10-pt type is 10 points. This length is also called a firet.

• En Spaces– One-half the space of an “em”– Traditionally, the width of an “N”

• Thin space– One third the space of an “em”

• Picas – 6 picas = 1 inch• Points – 72 points = 1 inch• 12 points = 1 pica• 12pt type = 1 pica or 1/6” height

The Character Panel

• Paired with the Paragraph Panel• CMD+T

– Window > Type > Character

The Paragraph Panel

• Paired with the Character Panel• CMD+OPT+ T

– Window > Type > Paragraph

Rules of Type

• Text is Always “anchored”• Point Type is anchored by a point• Path Type is by a path (open or closed)• Shape/Area “Fill” Type is by the shape or area

• Text can be “linked” or “threaded”• One paragraph of text can “flow” into another

• Text has some property restrictions• Once converted to a shape, it can be adjusted further

Point Type• Point Type – Anchored by a point• Format controlled by point

reference.• Can be resized by adjusting

bounding box.

Warping Effect• A simple special

effect that can be applied to any object, but works well with text

• Select Object then choose “Effect > Warp”– Drop-down for

Warp Function– Horizontal/Vertical

application, plus:• Bend• H/V Distortion

Adjustment via Appearance Panel• Effects can be edited via Appearance Panel

– A kind of “history” of what has been (is being) done to object– double-click entry to re-access properties of effect

Type on a Path

• A means by which text can be made to follow the contours of an open or closed path, instead of a flat, straight baseline

Type on a Path• Text can be controlled by use of the various handles

• Vertical handles can move text along path or flip orientation• Left, Middle, Right handles can also be used to set “margins” and Center points• More options from the Type > Type on a Path > Options menu

• Type of contour “effect” : Rainbow, Skew, 3D Ribbon, Stair Step, Gravity

Area/Shape Type• Anchored by an area/shape• Format controlled by flow inside shape.• Text will “wrap” according to paragraph

settings and shape options.– Type > Area Type Options

• Note “in/out” boxes at upper left and bottom right of shape

Type Flow Control• Indicator shows if excess (unseen) type remains (red +)• Click red + to activate text flow “pick up”

– Click elsewhere to create new flow box in shape of previous.– Text between two areas is now linked.– Several areas can be linked in sequence

Linked Paths and Areas

• Linked areas can be “intercepted” and added to other shapes or paths• Click in-out point of one box,

then click on next path or shape when cursor changes.

• Paths or shapes can be adjusted independently of other boxes.

• To “delink” items, click object, then double-click the in-out Flow Box• Type > Threaded Text > Release Selection• Type > Threaded Text > Remove Threading

Text Wrapping

• Forces text to “avoid” intersecting an object

• Text Wrap is applied to OBJECT, not to text!• OBJECT > Text Wrap >

Make• Options > change size

of offset (distance from edge of area)

Text as Shapes

• Text can be converted to shapes (aka outlines or paths)– CMD+SHIFT+O

• Shapes can then be stylized and edited with standard tools (pen, convert, etc.)

• Letters are often changed to create stylized logos and words

• No longer editable as type!

Radiohead HIM Rolling Stones Prince

Black Flag Blue Oyster Cult Men Without Hats Motorhead

Nine Inch Nails Queensryche Wu-Tang Clan Twisted Sister

Music Examples

• Create two (2) Wordmarks of some kind to fit your band’s name and logo (please include from the previous assignment)

• You may UPDATE your logo to match your wordmarks if desired

– Create two B&W wordmark variations from an existing font• Include the font file (if you download it) with your assignment, or record the name/include a

link if sending the font is not possible.• Use tools like Warp and Text on a Path to adjust your wordmark

1. Make one version that is straight forward and ‘genre appropriate’ (i.e. a metal wordmark might look very “metal” just from the appearance).

2. Make the other in any style that works but is NOT tied to the genre.– After kerning/leading, etc., you are to CONVERT BOTH fonts to OUTLINES

for further customization – explore various tools to adjust and modify the font. (add lines, shapes, use “offset path”, etc.)

• FTP the Illustrator file– File title: YourName_MB1030-S1-A3.ai

• Due: Thursday, 22 Sept 2016, 11:59pm– BRING PRINTED COPY TO CLASS!

Homework