Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14

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APUSH Study Guide Class notes

09/23/09

Aim

Themes: toleration, democracy, rule of law, justice

: Why is the Mayflower Compact considered as one of the foundations

of colonial American democracy?

Vocabulary: puritan pilgrims, ordinance, Dread Sovereign Compact (The

'dread sovereign' referred to in the document used the archaic definition of

dread; meaning awe and reverence (for the King), not fear), jurisdiction,

covenant

Names: (Mayflower family): William Brewster, John Carver, Edward

Winslow, William Bradford → Mayflower families

James I (1603-1625); Charles I (1625-1649) executed ; Charles II (1660-

1685); James II (1685-1688)

Stuart Monarchy

* Protestant Doctrine

Lutheran/Calvinism: salvation is attained by faith as opposed to Catholic

doctrine of Salvation through Sacrament and good work → Predestination:John Calvin emphasized only those predestined would attain salvation “Elect

of God/Saints”; priesthood of believers… every man his own priest

Anglican Church of England

-Supremacy Act of 1534 (an Act of the

:

Parliament of England under King

Henry VIII declaring that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the

Church in England' and that the English crown shall enjoy "all honours,

dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities,

profits, and commodities to the said dignity.")

Roman Catholic Hierarchy Anglican Church Hierarchy

God

Pope

Cardinal

Archbishop

Bishop

Priest

God

King (Henry VIII)

Archbishop

Bishop

Priest

Individual Christians

English Puritans/Pilgrims remove

09/24/09

candlesticks, crucifixes, crosses,pictures, images, change liturgy (A rite or body of rites prescribed for

public worship) *civil body politic *obey just and equal laws *for the

general good

Aim: How did religion aid colonization in America (17th

- Persecution by Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud of Puritans

cen.)?

-Puritans accused Laud of Armenian

- Belief the salvation could be obtained by good works

What options did Puritans have? (a) Conformity (b) silence (c)

emigration (d) revolt

Primogeniture: eldest son gets inheritance

Manumission: purchase freedom of slave by slave/others

Pilgrims

(2) Yeomen farmers

: (1) Separatists: they weren’t seeking reform

(3) Country artisans

(4) Penniless/Poor

(5) They came from congregation and moved to Holland

(6) Refugees

(7) Pilgrim leaders- Reverend John Robinson: learned and polished;

William Bradford: leader, writer; William Brewster: Cambridge

educated affluent… Mayflower Compact

WASP (White Anglo Saxon Protestants) (and Catholics)

- Reform the Church from within

Puritans

- Skilled Workers -Rich -Educated -Oxford/Cambridge

- Carpenters - Non-Separatists - Masons -Blacksmiths

(2) Puritans were on a mission for God

(3) Puritans wanted to build in the wilderness a kind of spiritualcommunity

(4) “Building a city upon a hill”

Puritans wanted to fulfill God’s grand design → in New England the

established the Congregational Church → John Winthrop

(1) Sobriety (2) Hard-work (3) Frugality (4) Honesty (8) Piety

Puritan Values

(5) Industriousness (6) Individualism (7) Freedom of Conscience

09/30/09

Aim

* New England divided

: How did the Puritans reconcile their own religious dissent

from the church of England with their persecution of dissenters

like Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams?

*Problems in the Bible Commonwealth

1. Church and state were closely related

2. Taxes collected supported the church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_crown

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_crown

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England


8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14



3. Other religious groups were persecuted

4. People who flouted the authority of the church and gov’t were put (a) to

death (b) banished (c) fucked I mean flogged :X (d) fined

Roger Williams

− Vocal Separatist

: Founder of Rhode Island

− Cambridge graduate

According to Williams

(a) Massachusetts was holding fraudulent title to Indian land

(b) The charter should be sent back to England for correction

(c) he wanted separation of church and state

(d) Non-puritans cannot vote → correct this

(e) no tax supporting church

(f) civil authorities shouldn’t regulate religious matters

(g) he wanted religious liberty → Rhode Island

Roger William → south to Narragansett

Anne Hutchinson → Portsmouth

William Codington → Newport

Samuel Gorton →Warwick RI

All four combined

Founded (163^) by Thomas Hooker

Connecticut

- not founded for religion but for good soil, space, and liberal gov’t

Connecticut: New Haven founded for good land, trade w/Indians trading post,

and fertile land

Puritanism was the only recognized religion and the church received tax

support

Connecticut: Pequot War (Indian War)

Fundamental Order of Connecticut

Considered a threat

Anne Hutchinson

Massachusetts Bay Authorities

Salvation cannot be earned through good deeds

Saints accountable to God not man

No covenant of work but grace

stressed the importance of individual relationship with God over

obligation to obey civil laws

accused of antinomian heresy

10/01/09

Aim

Vocabulary: Confederation

: How did the New England Confederation deal with Indian

attacks (1643-1684)?

* Chief Massasoit (Wampanoag Tribe) welcomed Pilgrims/Puritans

made peace with them

Metacomet, son of Massasoit, aka King Philips: hostile to

Pilgrims/Puritans

Was the Massacre of the Pequot Indians (1637) justified?

Pequot struck at English colonies in Connecticut

Inter-colonial union (weak, but strongest inter-colonial gov’t before

the Revolution)

New England Confederation

Purpose: to meet common danger from Dutch, French, and Indians

Membership: Plymouth, Connecticut, New Haven, Massachusetts

Bay

Problems: Indian attacks, foreign threats, internal differences,

boundary disputes

Success: Defeat of King Philips (King Philips’ War, 1775)

(1) Loss of Population

Lasting Impact of King Philips’ War

(2) Many died of starvation

(3) Independent before the war, they now looked to Britain

(4) Crops destroyed

(5) Puritans portrayed Native Americans as blood-thirsty and violen

MUST KNOW: Salutary Neglect (an undocumented, though long

standing British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of

parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient

to Great Britain), The Dominion of New England

10/02/09

Aim

*The Dominion of New England was comprised of eight previously

separate colonies stretching from New Hampshire to New Jersey

: Why did the British authorities create the Dominion of New

England?

Purpose: To streamline administration of its colonies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_colonies



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_colonies


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For colonial defenses

To make colonies accountable to British rule

Increase royal control over colonies

Combine colonies into larger administrative units

Do away with representative assemblies

- obnoxious - dictator/autocratic -restricted town meetings

Governor Edmund Andros

- Dismissed MA assembly Massachusetts Bay charter was revoked

(1684), colonial legislature abolished → very unpopular (1689:

Andros overthrown)

(1) Has hatred towards Puritans

(2) He was loyal to the king

(3) Former governor of NY

(4) He had been a soldier

(5) De undermined the Puritan Church by imposing Anglicanism

(6) He challenged earlier land titles

(7) Levy new taxes

(8) Stopped piracy

(9) Stopped profiteering

(10) He reduced liberties

End of Dominion of New England → Glorious Revolution → William

and Mary on the throne → asserted principles of Parliamentary

Effect of the Glorious Revolution

(NY) Leisler refused to surrender forts to the new gov’ner

Leisler Rebellion Class struggle

Wealthy Merchants →

supported by Gov’nerNicholson

Leisler led a mob against:

oligarchy in NY

Against Anglican ruling

Trade monopoly

Farmers

Small traders

Shopkeepers

→ supported by Leisler

10/05/09

Aim: What were the characteristics of the middle colonies? (NY,

PA, NJ, DE)

New York

1. Henry Hudson: Englishman employed by the Dutch East Indian

Company (1609) travelled up the Hudson River

A. Rise of Dutch in North America

2. New Netherlands founded (1623-1624) by Peter Minuit.

Manhattan brought for $30.00

3. New Amsterdam (later NYC) founded by Dutch

4. Patronage- Aristocratic Structure, huge estates

1. Indians in retaliation of Dutch violence massacred settlers, wall

street was a defense center

B. Fall of New Netherlands

2. New England hostile to the growth of New Netherland, saw

Dutch as a threat

3. Swedes trespassed on Dutch Land of Delaware River established

New Sweden (1638-1655)

4. (1655) Dutch force led by Peter Stuyvesant end Swedish rule

5. (1665) Charles II ordered military removal of Dutch from New

Netherland. Peter Stuyvesant’s forces surrendered like pussies

Lack of distinctive institutions such as

Middle Colonies

A. (1) Slavery

(2) Town meetings

B. Middles colonies were a promiscuous breed having a distinctive

American trait; ethnic and religious heterogeneity

C. Had excellent land for farming

D. Known as bread colonies for export of grain also grew fruits and

veggies and all those yummy shit

E. More aristocratic than New England and Southern Colonies

F. Fewer industries than New England/Southern Colonies

* New Jersey (1664) started as Quaker Settlement; two proprietors

received area from Duke of York

* Delaware was granted its own assembly in 1703

Remained under the gov’ner of Penn until Amer.

Revolution

vs.

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10/06/09

Aim: How did democracy develop in early America? (1607-1763)

(1619) Formation of the Virginia House of Burgesses

Democratic Development in Colonial America

(1620) Mayflower Compact

(1629) New England town meetings

Colonial assemblies: Governors had difficulties making laws without

assemblies

(1639) Fundamental Order of Connecticut; First written constitution in

America

(1643) New England Confederation

(1649) Maryland Act of Toleration

(1676) Bacon’s Rebellion

(1683) NY chapter of liberties

(1691) Leisler’s Rebellion

(1720) Enlightenment

(1735) Zenger case (Free press)

(1740) Great Awakening

(1754) Albany Plan of Union (inter-colonial gov’t)

(1764) Paxton Boys

(1771)Carolina Regulator Movement

(1713-1763) Salutary Neglect

Absence of checks and balances between the governor and legislature,

property and religious qualification restricted voting and holding office,

women could not vote

Undemocratic features

Frequent elections, checks and boundaries, freedoms, gov’t for the people bythe people, consent of the governed, majority rule minority rights, people’s

rights, equality, political legitimacy, free speech/religion, no crisis of

succession (sep of church/state power)

What is democracy?

(stuff here was blocked by the door he would not close -_-… tell me if you

know what goes here)

Triangular Trade

10/07/09

Aim: What factors brought about the first Great Awakening?

(1730-1740s)

1. First mass social movement in America

Great Awakening (1730-1740s)

2. Spread principally throughout the middle and Southern

colonies

3. Two primary issues (a) Crisis within the ministry (to what

degree should organizational purity be maintained?) (b) Crisis

between clergy and laity (e.g. ministers salaries, degree of

political control exercised by the congregation)

1. Increase in material comfort

Reasons for the Great Awakening

2. Great Concerns for this world and not the next life

3. Decline in spiritual warmth

4. Decline in church membership

5. Rise of towns

6. Progress in science

7. Westward movement

European influence on the Great Awakening

1. Theodore Frelinghuysen from Westphalia

2. William Tennet-Irish

3. John Wesley- England

4. George Whitfield → Itinerant- Traveling preachers

Arminianism: challenged Calvinism; predestination

*Half-way Covenant

Old Light

: Attempt by New England clergy in 1662 to

counteract declining church membership by allowing children of

church members to join the church even though they not

experienced salvation; were however not allowed voting and

communion rights

New Light

Skeptical of the Great

Awakening; this is among

the Congregationalists

(Puritans)

*among the Presbyterians-

supported ministers and

Supported the Great

Awakening

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14



skeptical of revivalism/great

awakening

Oral Notes (I heard him say this shit so it must mean something

John Winthrop’s grandson

)

“Layman’s terms”

pulpit: where you preach from

Congregational Church

How do we get young people to church? → they ask → result: half -way

covenant

Communion: partaking of the eukarysts

Divorced can’t take communion either

Doctrinal Problems

Ivy League school made to train Congregationalists against Populists

- Harvard and Yale → congregation

Princeton → Presbyterian

UPenn→ Denomination

Brown → Baptist

Rutgers → Dutch Reformed

all trained to properly train officials

10/08/09

Aim: How did the witchcraft hysteria of the 1680s and 1690s result from a

gap between the expectations of a united community and the realities of a

diverse and divided one?

- Increase Mathers

Names

- Cotton Mathers (President of Harvard)

- William Phips (Governor)

- Tituba Slave (1/2 black ½ Indian) Barbados

Rev. Parris

Abigail William, Betty Parris, Judge Samuel Sewall

1. Socio-economic causations

Possible Causes of the Salem Witch Trials

2. Hysteria hypothesis

3. Was it inner conflict? (inner penis! jkjk)

4. Repressed sexual wishes, puberty, lack of education

5. Tension produced by uneven distribution of wealth

6. Uneven economic growth

7. class and social religious conflict

8. bad rye, convulsion ergotism, ergot fungus, whatever the fuck

that’s supposed to mean

9. Scapegoat theory by Dr. Thomas Szasz

10. Were the girls play-acting? (horny? jkjk)

Accusers Accused

Salem Village

Poor sector

Failed dreams

Lost hope of Salem village

Westerners

Salem Town

Prosperous sector

Wealthy powerful eastern

Accused wealthy

independent women

Bad Rye → could cause hallucination

Lexicon

McCarthyism: accuse w/out evidence

10/09/09

Aim: How do we compare family life in the South and New

England colonies?

A. Based on fear and love

Puritan Families (stable)

1. Patriarchal/Nuclear

2. Father is the boss

3. Women kept house and educated house

4. The virtue most impressed on children was obedience

5. High birth rate, low mortality rate; closely knit towns

6. Women accepted subordinate role

7. cannot vote/preach

8. do not have control over property, wage, body

9. divorce was impossible

10. they cannot enter into contract

11. marry early and have many children

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12. abusive husbands punished

13. grandparents important

Clean water Cool air Healthy Air Rocky soil fishing

New England

1. Women had more property rights; reasons males die early

Southern Colonies

2. One parent families

3. family values non-existent

4. lack of grandparents

5. shortened lives

6. weak family life

7. Restless poor whites

Southern Dynasty

Planter aristocracy

(supposed to be a triangle)

Yeomen farmers

White trash (clay eaters, hillbillies)

Mountain whites

--------

Slave Rebellion Stono was a slave rebellion begun on Sunday,

September 9, 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the

largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies prior to the

American Revolution.

--------

• Educational leadership

Planter Aristocracy Provided

• Political leadership

• Financial leadership

• Monopolistic

• Code of honor, dueling

• Military duties

• Avoided commerce trade as occupation

• hunting, horse racing, big house

• Hierarchy: House slaves → field slaves → slaves →

foremen

• overseers white, foremen negro, house slaves, field

slaves, slave drivers

• STONO REBELLION just for the fuck of it

10/13/09

Aim: Why did British colonial diversity in the 18 th

1.

century produce

political union that seemed utterly impractical?

Question: Was America an 18th

2. century mosaic or a melting pot?

Question

3. Any references to English colonies must be qualified.

: To what degree is the statement that “Europe, not

England, is the parent country of America” accurate?

• Swiss Swedes Highland Scots Germans

Sources of Immigration

Spanish Jews Portuguese Jews Scandinavian

Huguenot French Protestants Dutch

Finns Irish

• Quakers Methodists Seventh day men

Religion

Roman Catholics Jews Presbyterians

Regulators N/S Carolina

• Devout Presbyterians Hated Catholics and Anglicans

Scotch-Irish

Tough Stubborn Touchy Combative

Full of energy Challenged pacifism for Quakers

Clannish Unyielding Very independent lawless

Battled Indians lived on the frontier

Politically Passive, Socially self-sufficient, well-knit communities,

skilled, productive farmers, they were Lutherans

German-Americans

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


10/14

Aim

ALBANY PLAN (Congress) To create an intercolonial gov’t

: What was the long range of purposes of the Albany

Congress? (1754)

- Other attempts at intercolonial gov’t:

(1) New England Confederation (fail)

(2) Stamp Act Congress (fail)

(3) Dominion of New England (fail)

(1) What was the purpose of the Albany Plan of Union?

Question:

(2) What were the proposals contained in the plan?

(3) Why did the colonial legislature turn down the plan?

Describe the frontier type of war between 2 nations looked in

a bitter struggle for power in North America. Britain againstFrance.

1. Levy Taxes

Purpose

2. Raise troops

3. Regulate trade

4. Sign treaties with Indians

5. Recruit Iroquois Indians

6. Common Defense

Why was the Albany Plan rejected?

1. It raised taxes and gave England too much power

2. The Iroquois feared the colonies were too disunited to

defeat the French

3. London did not want the colonies united

4. Colonies didn’t want to share their taxing power

-- Iroquois were buffer between French and English—

10/19

Aim: What was the impact of the French and Indian war on

the relationship between Britain and its colonies?

1. Fishing Rights

Causes of the French and Indian War

2. Fur (Beaver) Trade

3. Rival for World Trade

4. Religious Conflict

5. Land Claim Squabble

• Ohio company

**Important Content**

• Ohio River Valley

• General Braddock

• George Washington

• Salutary neglect

• Proclamation Line of 1763

• Treaty of Paris 1763

• *Fort Duquesne

• Fort Necessity

• General Wolfe and Jeffrey Amherst turned the tide for

England

Salutary neglect

1756-1763

1764

Cherokee Rebellion (1759-1761)

Pontiac Rebellion (1764)

Why was Britain suffering defeat in the initial stages of the

French and Indian War?

- Colonial volunteers could not meet standards

- The British advance was in formation without breaking ranks

- They fought in the open; straight line

1. Ignored cautious and incompetent generals

William Pitt

2. Picked young and energetic leaders

3. England sent more British troops to the colonies

4. Spain entered the war on behalf of Britain

5. He persuaded the Indians to join colonists

French and Indian War

-More global

-They lost

Between British and

French in reality

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6. Planned strategies

7. Return military control to local assemblies

8. Local farmers provided supplies

9. Strengthened the British navy

• France gave Canada to Britain

**Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Britain returns → Martinique and Guadalupe

• France gets fishing rights to Newfoundland

• Spain gives Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba

• France gave up all land west of the Mississippi as well as

the Port of New Orleans

10/20

Aim

The idea of tightening bonds of empire came from in response

to the Dutch.

: How did Britain establish imperial control over herAmerican colonies after the French and Indian War?

• Preferential tariffs

Tightening Imperial Control

• import duties

• the use of general search warrants

• royal control of colonial courts

• colonial laws disallowed by the Board of Trade

Navigation Act of 1651

Purpose: to keep colonial track out of foreign hands

(refer to sheet with all the acts)

1) The Navigation Act of 1651had several loopholes. It took

the other Navigation Acts for the English to control colonial

trade.

Specific rules

1) All trade between England and her colonies or between one

colony and another was to be in English ships, ¾ should be

English crews. Ships not built in England or her colonies

should be formally registered in England in order to qualify.

:

2) Colonial imports from Europe with few exceptions like

wine and salt could be shipped only by way of England. They

had to pay duty and be reloaded.

- This gave English merchants a monopoly of colonial

import trade

- Certain enumerated (listed) goods from the west indies,

tobacco shipped only to Britain

- Colonial governors were to keep records

Staple Act of 1663

Plantation Duty Act of 1673

Navigation Act of 1696

Woolens Act of 1699

Hat Act of 1732

Molasses Act of 1733

(Some shit about Halifax, Nova Scotia?)

Vice-Admiralty Court

→ Military style court → No juries → Punish Violators of

navigation Act (sent to Halifax, Nov.Sco… So that’s the Halifax

shit?)

: Established by 1696 Navigation Act

*Board of Trade: Control commerce with colonies; review

legislation

Writ of Assistance

10/21

: James Otis, declared Writ of Assistance was

an abuse of civil rights → went to England to argue against

English constitution/ Rights of Man → lost the case

Aim

(1) Restraints on legislative action

: How did new restraints and burden on colonists affect

relations with England?

(2) Restraints of Territorial Expansion

(3) Restraints on colonial trade

(4) Imposition of new taxes

1759: Restrictions on the ability of Virginia Assembly to pass

laws timely

RESTRAINTS ON LEGISLATIVE ACTION

1764: Currency Act limited colonial legislature’s ability to issue

paper money

1767: limited the size of colonial assemblies

1774: Intolerable Act

Coercive Act

Buy only from England

Sell only to England

Import non-English goods

only through England

Cannot compete with

England to produce goods

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1763: Proclamation Line

RESTRAINTS ON TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

1774: Quebec Act enlarges Quebec at the expense of colonies

with claims in the Ohio River Valley

1762: Writ of Assistance

RESTRAINTS OF COLONIAL TRADE

1763: Peacetime use of navy and customs officers to enforce the

Navigation Acts

1767: Vice-Admiralty court

1774: Boston ports closed

*1764: Sugar taxes

IMPOSITION OF NEW TAXES

1765: Quartering Act; Stamp Act

1773: Tea Act

1774: Quartering Act

• Internal tax

1765-1766… George Grenville

• Stamp Act 1765

• Sugar Act 1764

• Currency Act 1764

• Quartering Act 1765

• Proclamation Line 1763

• Stamp Act repealed

• 1763: customs collectors, royal inspectors, naval patrol to

enforce laws

Lord Townshend

Chancellor, Exchequer, External Tax, Glass, Tea, Paper, Paint,Writ of Assistance

(all acts were repealed)

Lord North: Prime Minister

DECLARATORY ACT

10/22

: England could pass any laws

Aim

: How did colonists resist England’s oppression?

A. Stamp Act Congress

1765

1. Attempt at intercolonial gov’t

2. Several colonies united and met in New York to

discuss the stamp tax issue

3. The Congress decided on the Non-importation act,

not to import any British goods until it’s repealed

4. They still declared their loyalty to the King and

obedience to the Parliament

B. Sons of Liberty

1. “Join or Die”

2. Formed in every colony

3. Members were lawyers, merchants, artisans

4. Organized to resist the tax on stamps

5. They broke into the houses of tax collectors

C. Committee of Correspondence

1. Formed by Samuel Adams (1772)

2. Wrote letters among colonies to help each other

share ideas and learn about common problems

3. Agreed that an attack on one colony is an act on

all colonies

D. Committee of Safety

1. Formed by John Hancock

2. Had power to call out the militia collected guns

and ammunitions

1771

- Opposed to corruption - high cost for court fees

: Regulator Movement (Vigilante group) (Economic)

- High taxes -Currency Act (no money) → unable to

pay their taxes and debt - wanted more representation

- Failure to take power from Eastern Elites

Question: Was the American Revolution two struggles

against the British for independence and another between

the privileged and unprivileged for control of the state

gov’t? First for home rule, and second for rule at home.

Intercolonial gov’t: New England Confederation,

Dominion of New England, Albany Congress, Stamp Act

Congress

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A C C E P T E D

R E J E C T E D

10/23

Aim

Sept. 5 – Oct. 26

: What were the purposes, work, and accomplishments of

the first and second Continental Congress?

th

First Continental Congress 9/1774- Philadelphia

1774

1. They reaffirmed their allegiance to the crown

2. They denied the authority of parliament

3. Goal: Defense of colonial rights

4. They agreed to disobey all intolerable acts

5. Break all trade with Britain, Ireland, and the West indies

6. Economic Sanction on Britain: Non-importation and non-

consumption of British goods; non-exportation

7. Pledged to each other direct support

8. Britain refuses to give in

9. 56 delegates only Georgia not represented

10. First Continental Congress was made up of:

- Cautious moderates

- Anxious conservatives

-Impatient radicals

11.

Drew up a list of grievances

12. Created “Congressional Association”

9/1774:

Suffolk Resolution

First Continental Congress

Joseph Galloway Plan

(Speaker of Penn)

1. Economic Sanction

against Britain

2. Military preparation

3. Asks George III to ease

off

4. Protest the coercive acts

5. Ask for repeal of 13 laws

since 1763

1. Reconciliation with

Britain

2. Reintroduce the

Albany Plan

3. Accommodation with

Britain

MAY 1775

Second Continental Congress

1. No reconciliation- Parliament refused to give up its

power to tax colonies

2. Colonies still loyal to the crown

3. Richard Lee proposes Declaration of Independence

4. George Washington made commander

5. Called for an army, post office, navy

6. Authorized printing of money

7. Olive branch of petition

Jefferson to write the declaration of independence

10/26

-most of the first six presidents came from VA

Aim

- He was a tutor, tobacconist, corset maker, self-educated

: How did Thomas Paine have such a gift for

provocation?

1. Why do colonists want to be British?

2. Monarchy is deeply footed in superstition, dangerous to

liberty, inappropriate for America

3. Argued a case for independence

4. Time for compromise has passed

5. Calls the king “Royal brute”, Ruffian, and hardened

pharaoh

6. Abolish the monarchy in favor of republicanism

7. George III is a tyrant

8. Thomas Paine provided an ideological framework for

all persuasions, liberal conservatives lay claim to him

9. He attacked hereditary aristocracy and calls for ademocracy

10. America has grown into a new and different nation with

interest of its own

11. The Period of debate us closed. Paine is now making a

case for independence

12. “I offer nothing but Plain truth, Simple facts, and

Common sense.”

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13. Thomas Paine was a deist (religious but no organized

practice). He wrote several books The Rights of Man (1791-

92), (1794-96) The Age of Reason, The Crisis

14. Paine helped redirect the attack from parliament to the king.

He was not only asking for independence but to overthrow

the monarch.

15. “How can an island rule a continent?”

“These are the times that try men’s soul” --The Crisis

Quotations

“Summer soldiers and sunshine patriots”

“Time makes more converts than reason”

“A government that cannot preserve peace is no gov’t at all and

in that case we pay our money for nothing”

Moderates

DIVISIONS IN SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

Radicals

John Dickinson wanted

compromise,

conciliations, desire for

peace. Continued loyalty.

Modest reform wrote

“Olive Branch of

petition”

Samuel Adams, John Adams,

Patrick Henry, Ben Franklin

Radical approach-wanted

independence

Adopted “Declaration of the

causes and necessity of taking up

arms”

Provided continental army,printed currency, open trade to all

but Britain

10/27

Aim

A.

: How did the Declaration of Independence express the

ideals of the American Revolution?

(1) Draft of the VA constitution authored by Jefferson

Sources used by Jefferson

(2) VA Declaration of Rights by George Mason

(3) John Locke

B. The Declaration of Independence is the ideological

constitution of the US

C. It established how the future gov’t is going to be run

D. Jefferson’s draft was edited

Entire passages were taken out

George was blamed for slavery → omitted

Jefferson wanted to free the slaves → rejected

Changes – unremitting injuries → repeating injuries

Neglected utterly to utterly neglected

16 changes made by Franklin and Adams

31 changes made by committee of five

39 changes made by congress

Entire paragraphs taken out

* Declaration of Independence is NOT a constitution. It

is a document to justify a rebellion

Written on animal skin parchment

There are only facsimiles (copies of original)

1. Preamble

2. List of grievances (27)

3. Formal declaration of independence

Economic

Injustices

Political

Injustices

Infringement on

Human Rights

- A lot of loyalists fled to Canada

-Right to life, liberty, property (John Locke) → pursuit of

happiness in D-o-I

-no references to Parliament → directly attacks king only

usurpations: wrongful seizures of power

10/28

Aim: Were Washington’s successes of British blunder

responsible for American victory in the revolutionary war?

1. Win the war quickly

British Plan

2. Cute New England from the rest of the colonies

3. a) Divide and conquer

b) Cut off the south, middle, and northern colonies by

taking NY

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


4. Battles were fought on trails, forests, swamps, and roads

5. NY was chosen as the base of British operation; NY had

splendid (wow, gay, splendid?) seaport; it’s centrally located.

It had lots of supporters who oppose independence.

(b) The British occupied and captured NYC, Charleston,

Philadelphia

6. Early Battles

MAY 1775: Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain boys of

Vermont, Benedict Arnold-captured British garrisons

JUNE 1775: Bunker Hill; Breed Hill → British won

7. 1777: British focus on the Middle Colonies

Summer 1776: Washington escapes from Long Island to

Manhattan to New Jersey

8. Battle of Saratoga: most important battle of the war

9. 1777: Washington retired to Valley Forge (winter)

(a) Supplies were scarce, food and clothing

(b) Baron con Steuben helped out

10. Benedict Arnold Traitor

(b) France btwn an ally

11. Maquis de Lafayette

12. Franco-American Alliance

13. American Revolution turned into a world war

Catherine the Great of Russia organized the League of

Armed Neutrality

14. George Rogers Clark

Frontier seized several ports along the Ohio River

John Paul Jones (he added Jones b/c he was a criminal…

Yeah, Jones makes a BIG difference *sarcasm) → naval

leader captured ships

Nathaniel Greene cleared the South

Battle of Yorktown last war → where British surrendered

NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY *** (a plot hatched in 1783

near the end of the American Revolutionary War resulting

from the fact that many of the officers and men of the

Continental Army had not received pay for many years.)

Peace Treaty of Paris

- Loyalists couldn’t further be persecuted

(1783)

- Confiscated property of loyalists to be returned

- American states should pay their debt

- Recognition of Independence

Britain gave Florida to Spain (reverse of Treaty of Paris of 1763,

where Spain gave British Florida for Cuba)

- Fishing rights off the Canadian coast

- Mississippi River new boundary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


11/04

Aim

The Period 1781-1787 was known as the critical period (Fiske)

: How did the Articles of Confederation fit the needs of the

New Nation?

The Articles of Confederation was a league of friendship

It could not deal with serious problems (1783-1787)

- Articles of Confederation is a loose alliance of states

- make treaties

Power of Confederation

- send and receive ambassadors

- set up a monetary system

- build a navy

- raise an army

- fix universal standard weights and measures

- settle disputes among states

- regulate Native American affairs

1. No President

Articles

2. No Supreme Court

3. Only Congress

1. Foreign countries had to deal with each state independently

Problems faced by the US under the Articles of Confederation

2. Foreign nations were unwilling to make treaties

3. Lack of power to trade

4. Lack of military power

5. Lack of power to enforce treaties

6. Threat of withdrawal by states was common

7. Congress had little money

8. Courts were broken up by armed mobs

9. Congress powerless to collect taxes and duties

10. Congress powerless to conduct interstate commerce and

foreign trade

11. No national court system

12. Amendments only with the consent of all states

13. 9 out of 13 states required to pass a law

14. No executive force to enforce or carry out acts of Congress

* Captain Daniel Shay’s Rebellion

1785+1787: Northwest Ordinance

11/05

Aim: How did the Confederation deal with problems facing the

new nation?

Daniel Shay’s Rebellion

Agrarian Unrest

Reasons:

Economic Recession

Big Tax Increases

Foreclosures

Lack of currency

Overconsumption and under-consumption of crops

Demand for paper money

Imprisonment of farm debtors

Unresponsive legislature

Rebels were mostly farmers and revolutionary war veterans

Shay took over the Springfield court from hearing foreclosure

cases

Attack failed → Shay fled to Vermont

Shay was condemned to death but was pardoned

Social Changes

- No titles granted in state constitutions

- Primogeniture abolished

Northwest Territories

to be ruled by a governor three Judges, appointed by

Confederation

Northwest Ordinance (1784)

- Divide Land into Districts

- Future statehood

- Sell land for revenue

- Rectangular Plot: 6 by 6; each plot 640 Acres

- Privatize Land

Northwest Ordinance

- Surveyed land to be solid in auction

- Individuals who bought land will hold title

- mark up into townships

(1785)

- Survey the land

- Make maps

- Identify Lakes, Rivers, Mines, Mills

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


- One section reserved for education

- 646 Acres at $1 per acre

Northwest Ordinance

11/06

(1787)

- How should the territories be governed?

1. No slavery allowed in the Northwest Territories

2. Territories should be organized into 3 to 5 states

3. 5000 or more freemen 21 years or over- township with an

assembly, governor, congressman

4. 60,000 freemen 21 yrs or older- statehood

5. Trial by jury, freedom of speech; freedom of religion to be

guaranteed

Aim

(1787) the constitutional convention exhibited some forms of

class warfare

: Why was the country divided over the constitution’s

adoption?

- Large states versus small states- Urban vs. rural

- rich vs. poor

- creditor vs. debtor

- farmers vs. landowners

- social upheaval at the convention

Federalist Anti-Federalist

Leaders - Alexander Hamilton- George Washington- James Madison- John Jay

- John Adams- Ben Franklin

- Patrick Henry- George Mason- George Clinton- Samuel Adams

- Richard Henry Lee

SupportProfessions

- Landowners- Bankers- Merchants- Businessmen- Lawyers- Planter class- Writers/Newspapers

- Small Farmers- Non-commercial- shopkeepers- craftsmen- laborers- agrarian- less well-educated- frontiersmen

FEDERALISTS ANTI-FEDERALISTS

1. Centralization of power;strong central gov’t2. No need for Bill of Rights3. Change the Constitution4. Protect private propertyand trade5. Upper class groupconservative businessowners6. The constitution providedstability

1. Stronger power to states2. A need for Bill of Rights3. Only amend the Articles of Confederation4. Liberty more important thanprivate property5. Opposed to constitution6. The constitution did not provideadequate protection of humanrights. The new national gov’t couldevolve into monarchy/tyranny

Why did the Federalists win?

1. Momentum

2. Prominent inspired leaders

3. Political skills and determination

- superior word power

- better organizational skills

* Bill of Rights were added → addressed to Congress

11/09

Aim: Why is the constitution called a bundle of compromises?

Number of delegates at the convention

- Patrick Henry refused to attend “I smell a rat.”

- Samuel Adams was not chosen as a delegate; Jefferson, John

Adams, and Paine were in Europe

: 55

Demigods: Benjamin Franklin (81), John Dickinson (55), James

Madison (36), Alexander Hamilton (42)

A. Great Compromise Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia introduced a resolution-

Representation in Congress should be by population

- William Patterson of New Jersey introduced a resolution for

equal representation in Congress

- Roger Sherman of Connecticut introduced a compromise: a

senate and congress, encompassing ideas → Great Compromise

B. Three-Fifths Compromise

- Southern states wanted slaves counted for representation in

Congress but not taxed

- Northern states wanted slaves to be taxed since they were

property but not for representation

→ Result: The 3/5th

* Compromise: Presidency

1. Should the president be elected by Congress?

2. Should the president serve for life?

3. Should the president be elected by state governors?

Compromise- president elected indirectly by people

Compromise- Each 5 slaves will count as three persons for both taxation and

representation

C. Tariffs (Taxes of Imports)

The South did not want its exports to Britain taxed, but North

wanted tariffs to protect its business from foreign competition

Compromise: Congress will tax import but not export

D. Slave Compromise

- Those against slave trade wanted it abolished → continued to

1808 though

11/10

Aim

: Why was George Washington considered a great president?

Is he “Father of the Nation”?

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


A. 1. French and Indian War (1754-1763)

2. Member Virginia House of Burgesses (1759-1774)

3. Delegate to Continental Congress (1774-1775)

4. Commander-in-Chief of continental army during

Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

- President of the Constitutional Convention (1787)

- Election as President First Term (1789)

- Election as President Second Term (1792)

George Washington

B. Cabinet

- Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson

- Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton

- Secretary of War Henry Knox

Attorney-General Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753-1813)

Administration

C. Precedents

1. Relying on department heads for advice

2. Chief executive has a right to pick their own cabinet

3. Two-term presidency

4. Appointing chief justices from outside the bench and not by

seniority

D. Bill of Rights (1791)

- Indian affairs

1791: Treaty of Greenville- Washington sent “mad” Anthony

Wayne to defeat Indians in the Northwest territories

E. Proclamation of Neutrality

(1793) War between France vs. Britain, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia,

and Netherlands

F. Whiskey Rebellion 1794

G. Jay Treaty (1795) and Citizen Genét

H. Pinckney Treaty (1795)

- Normalization of relations with Spain

Unwritten Constitution

* John Jay → first chief justice

1. Cabinet- part of the executive branch

2. Political parties

3. Lobbying

4. Judicial Review → Supreme Court could declare laws

Jay Treaty (1795) → Pinckney Treaty → port of New Orleans

11/12

Aim

Foreign policy- how did French politics affect US foreign policy?

What position did Hamilton and Jefferson take?

: How successful was the presidency of George Washington?

2. Treaty of Amity and Commerce aka Jay’s Treaty

American were asking for:

- Frontier posts

- Boundaries should be vacated by British

- ship seizure impressments of American sailors

Compensation of slaves taken on Britain

3. Hamilton financial plan

- pay state debt- fund state debt

- establish a bank

- pay foreign debt

- tax on whiskey

- tariffs

Pinckney Treaty → New Orleans

Doctrine of *Implied Powers

→ Article I, Section 8 → Proper of necessary clause (Elastic

Plan)

- Whiskey Rebellion

11/13

Aim

Election of 1796

: Why was the presidency of John Adams a

controversial period?

A. 1. Boston Massacre defended British Captain Preston

2. Member of Massachusetts legislature (1770-1774)

3. Member of Continental Congress (1774-1777)

4. 1778-1788 Diplomat to France and Britain

5. Vice President (1789-1797)

B. Election of 1796

John Adams Thomas Jefferson

1. Federalist

2. Despot longing for

American Monarch

3. Distrust of people

4. Favor lifetime for senators

5. Strong central gov’t

6. France- threat to America

Jeffersonian-Democrat

1. Man of the people

2. Strong state gov’t

3. Applauded French Revolution

4. British-America’s main enemy

5.Rural

* Adams was endorsed by George Washington

Electoral Votes: Adams → 71 → President → Feder alist

Hamilton Jefferson

- Devout Anglophile

- Support strong central gov’t

- Support national bank

- loose constructionism

- Devout Francophile

- Support strong state gov’t

- Oppose a national bank

- Strict Constructionism

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


Jefferson → 68 → Vice President → Democratic-Republican

C. Foreign Affairs

1. Relations with France- XYZ affair

2. Adams sent a three man mission (Charles Cotesworth

Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry) to resolve US

differences with France

3. French Foreign Minister Talleyrand refused to meet with the

American missionaries and sent three French men (Bellamy,

Hauteval, and Hottinguer) to demand a bribe of $250,000 before

Talleyrand could even consider normalizing relations w/US →

diplomatic extortion

4. Adams called the French Secret Agents XYZ

5. Slogan: Millions for defense but not a cent for tribute

D. Alien and Sedition Act (1798)

Four bills signed into law

1. Naturalization Act, 14 yrs to become a citizen

2. Alien Act permitted the president to deport dangerous aliens

3. Alien Enemies Act: President can deport aliens in wartime

4. Sedition Act: Fines, imprisonment of anyone who shall write,

print, utter, or publish scandalous or malicious writing or writings

about US gov’t

E. Virginia-Kentucky Resolution

James Madison and Thomas Jefferson

States have the power to nullify laws passed by Congress if it

deems the laws to be unconstitutional

ON THE TEST

Elastic Clause, proper-unnecessary clause, compact theory, strict

constructionism, loose constructionism, Pgs 195-196 in book

(Confirmed)

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


11/16

Aim

A. 1. Was Jefferson’s election a revolution?

: Was the election of 1800 as Jefferson thought a revolution

in the principles of our gov’t?

2. The 12th

Election of 1800Democrat-Republicans: For President Thomas Jefferson

Amendment recognized political parties

For Vice-President Aaron Burr

Federalist: For President John Adams

For Vice President Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

Jefferson- 73 Aaron Burr- 74

Election Results

The House of Representatives elected Thomas Jefferson

President, Aaron Burr Vice President

B. Epitaph

Here lies Thomas Jefferson:

- Author of the Declaration of Independence

- Statute of Virginia Religious Freedom

- Father of the University of Virginia

Career before Presidency:

1. Member of House of Burgesses (1769-1774)

2. Declaration of Independence (1776)3. Member Virginia House of Delegates (1776-1779)

4. Governor of Virginia (1779-1981)

5. Member of Continental Congress (1783-1789)

6. Minister to France (1785-1789)

7. Secretary of State (1790-1793)

8. Vice President (1797-1801)

C. Jefferson set out to roll back what he regarded as the most

offensive Federalist measures

1. He kept the bank

2. Kept tariffs

3. Repeal of whiskey tax

4. Repeal of excise tax

5. Repeal Naturalization Act, reduced to 5 yrs

6. Alien and Sedition Act was allowed to lapse → expired

7. Judiciary Act of 1802 nullified

8. Cut spending → budget

9. Reduced size of gov’t and navy → budget

10. Purchased the Louisiana territories

Jefferson’s Administration

Extra Notes

- Jefferson had a bad second term

- “out-federalized” federalists

- didn’t keep word of what he promised → inconsistency

- Judiciary Act → packed court w/federalists

11/18

Aim

A. 1. France declared war on Britain (1803)

2. Continental System (1806-1807)

Blockade of British ports – (Berlin decree)

Confiscation of neutral ships bound for Britain (Milan decree)

: Why was Thomas Jefferson’s trade embargo act not aneffective diplomatic tool against France and Britain?

B. 1. England (1805) –Essex case

2. (1807) “order in council”

Blockade of French port. Confiscation of neutral ships bound for

France.

Jefferson’s foreign policy towards Britain and France

1. Meek submission to foreign power was submission to colonial

power

2. Commercial coercion through self-denial as an economic

weapon

3. Jefferson sought a bloodless substitute for war in peaceful

coercion. Economic coercion.

- American ships were banned from sailing to any foreign ports

- American ports were also closed to foreign countries

June 1807: British Warship Leopard fired on US frigate

Chesapeake impressing the crews. Jefferson signed the Embargo

Act (December 1807)

- Embargo Act (1807-1809)

- No American ships were allowed to sail to foreign ports

- No foreign vessel was allowed to unload its cargo at American

ports

1. American economy suffered serious dislocation

2. Dockworkers sailors were unemployed

3. Merchants went broke

4. Farm surpluses languished in storage

5. Embargo was unpopular; ineffective

6. Boom in manufacturing; no foreign competition

7. Reduced trade

8. Reduced revenue

9. Low agriculture production

10. Shipbuilding stopped

11. Regional tension on embargo: New England wants secession

12. Unemployment goes up

13. Many Americans disobeyed law; ships left before embargo

14. Transpose letters (O Grab me)

Results

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


(1809) Non-Intercourse Act

→ repealed the Embargo Act of 1807; opened trade with all ports

except France and Britain

(1810) Macon Bill No. 2

→ Trade with both if they stop impressing sailors (not sure of

accuracy of this part check it)

Extra Notes

- peaceful/commercial/economic coercion → “stop trading with

rest of the world”

- “Boomerang effect” on US economy

- South hurt

- Important cheap goods from Britain replaced by expensive ones

from North → South pays more

- Industrial Revolution’s path paved by War of 1812

- New England hurt → shipbuilding industry

→ temporary reemergence of federalists

- third party trades

- elasticity, unitary

- Only hurt America… not so much to everyone else

11/20

Aim

- “Mr. Madison’s War”

- “The War for Canada”

- “The Indian War beyond the Appalachian Mountains”

- “Second War for Independence”

→ war aims varied, confusing, and ambiguous

: What were the causes of the War of 1812?

(1) Violation of neutral sea faring rights

(2) Impressment of alien sailors

(3) Competition for fur

(4) Anti-British propaganda by fugitives from British laws

(5) Endemic Anglophobia

(6) National Humiliation

(7) War Hawks-Madmen of the West- John Calhoun, Henry Clay

(8) Pan-Indian attacks on Americans. British incitement of

Indians

(9) America’s Florida- Canada expansionist desire

(10) Land hunger(11) British promotion of Tecumseh’s activities

(12) Blockade causes loss of foreign outlet and depression

Causes of the War of 1812

Frontier states support war

- Vermont – Ohio – Kentucky – Tennessee

New England states oppose war

West/South wanted war

1. Hate Southern Dominance

Hartford Convention

2. Limit power of the South in national politics

3. No more 3/5th

Compromise

4. 2/3rd

majority of Congress for war or admitting states

5. One term for President

6. Ejection of west from the Union

Treaty of Ghent

- No territories were lost or gained by either side

- No reference was made to impressment of seamen or to

violation of neutral rights

- Signed Christmas Eve (1814)

Declared an armistice

War ended in a stalemate

(Belgium)

Extra Notes

- Ultra federalists

- States rights: Articles of Confederation, Virginia-Kentucky

Resolution, Hartford Convention, Nullification of South Carolina

(1828), Civil War

- Nothing happened in Hartford Convention- Another cause for War of 1812 → poor communication

- William Henry Harrison

- America industrialized after War of 1812

11/23

Aim

- Nationalism grew in America after the war

(1) Political cooperation/unity

(2) Harmony

(3) One Part system

(4) “The Era of Good Feeling”

(5) Good communication system

(6) Good transportation system

(7) Nationalism was reflected in economics

- Law

- Foreign Policy

(8) Monroe ran unopposed

(9) New generation of Republicans shifting from Jefferson to

Hamilton

: How did the War of 1812 affect America’s pride in their

nation? (1815-1825)

- Instead of agrarianism- Narrow construction of

constitution

- States rights

- Industrialization- Broad interpretation of

Constitution

- Nationalism

A. Political Nationalism

1. Disappearance of Federalist Party

2. One party

3. “Era of Good Feeling”

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


Steamboat (1807)

Cumberland National Road (1811-1818)

Erie Canal (1825)

Railroad (1830)

Transportation Revolution

B. Judicial Nationalism/ Legal Nationalism

1. Increase the power of the national gov’t/central gov’t

2. Established the doctrine of “implied powers”

3. Strengthened the judicial branch of gov’t

4. Marshall established the supremacy of the Federal gov’t over

the state

5. Marshall checked the general movement towards states rights

and popular democracy

C. Diplomatic Nationalism

1. Monroe Doctrine (John Quincy Adams) (1823): Ultimate

expression of nationalism. It unified the country

2. Monroe Doctrine was an assertive foreign policy

3. Western Hemisphere is off limits to further Euro colonization

4. American won’t interfere/intervene in European affairs in

return (Greek war w/Turks for independence)

D. Economic Nationalism

1. “American System” or “Clay System”

2. American aid for internal improvement road, bridges, canals

3. Protective tariffs

4. National Bank (rechartered in 1816)

5. Trade

6. Protectionism

7. Stimulate commerce8. Economic growth and stability

E. Missouri Compromise (1820)

1. Missouri enters as a slave state → No slavery rest of Louisiana

Purchase

2. Maine enters as a free state

3. Slavery not allowed in North 36° 30’ (mins) latitude

F. Educational Nationalism (1820)

1. Noah Webster “Webster’s Dictionary”

2. American speech values customs (Colour-color, theatre-theater,

goal-jail)

Extra Notes

- Doctrine was never a law; not very strong

- US not good militarily but had backing of British, strengthening

the doctrine

- Clay had economic concepts similar to Hamilton’s economic

package

- John Marshall was appointed by John Adams and he remained

for 34 years

- McCulloch vs. Maryland → taxing banks

- Judicial Review: Supreme Court: right to say if laws passed unconstitutional

11/24

Aim

A. Chief Justice John Marshall established Judicial Review when

he declared laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional

: How did Chief Justice John Marshall expand power of

Supreme Court? (1801-1835)

B. Chief Justice Marshall declared the Judiciary Act or 1789

Section 13 to issue writ of Mandamus to be unconstitutional

C. Marshall (federalist) John Adams secretary of state appointed

chief justice by John Adams

D. As chief justice, John Marshall

1. Established the doctrine of “implied powers”

2. Increased power of the national gov’t

3. Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court

4. Supremacy of the federal courts over state courts

5. Strengthen capitalism, private property, work, and profit

1. Marbury vs. Madison (1803) – The Supreme Court assumed

the right to declare a law of Congress unconstitutional; used again

in the Dred Scott case (1857)

2. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) – Supreme Court has right to declare a

state law unconstitutional

3. Martin vs. Hunters (1816) – The Supreme Court has the right

to hear cases appealed from state courts and reverse state courts

decisions

A. Principles of Judicial Review

1. McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

Recognize the right of Congress to establish a national bank under

loose interpretations of the Constitution. Declared null and void a

state attempt to tax a legitimate US agency.

*2. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

Reaffirmed federal control over interstate commerce under a

broad interpretation of this clause in the Constitution

B. Principles of Implied Power

Supreme Court

Court of Appeal

Federal District Court

Extra Notes

- writ of certiorari: accept case; skip first 2 go straight→ Sup. Ct.

- HANDOUT: Supreme Court Case Study 1 (Marbury vs.

Madison)

- intrastate commerce

- Elastic clause: Article I Section VIII

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


11/25

Aim

Problems with England post-War of 1812

(1) Land problem

(2) Boundaries

(3) Waterway

(4) India threat

(5) Military post

: How did the growing reconciliation with Great Britain end

external threat to the US after the War of 1812?

A. Treaty of Ghent postponed several land settlement between

Britain and America

B. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) (1818)

1. Disarmament agreement between Britain and America

2. Demilitarization of Great Lakes

3. Demilitarization of the America-Canada border

4. Reopen the coast of Newfoundland to America fishing

5. US joint ownership of Oregon

C. Convention of 1818

1. American fisherman granted rights to work in Eastern Canada

2. The US Canadian border was fixed From Minnesota to the

Rockies

*C. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) (Transcontinental Treaty)

1. Spain gave up Florida to the US (5 million dollars)

2. Boundary between the Louisiana territories and Spanish

possession was drawn

3. US gave up its claim to Texas as part of the Louisiana

territories Spain’s claim to Texas recognized

4. Spain gave up its claim to Oregon

5. Purchase of Florida from Spain

* Monroe Doctrine (1823)

- Immediate causes for issuing the doctrine

Austria, Prussia, France, Russia planned to reconquer Latin

America

- Rejection of British proposal for a joint declaration

- Basic ideas of the doctrine

- significance and some results

Extra Notes

- Diplomatic Nationalism

- Anglo-American Rapprochement

- * Oregon: England, US, Russia, Spain

- During Monroe’s Presidency secretary of state was John Quincy Adams

- Spain couldn’t hold onto Florida b/c of conflicts in Latin

America

- Florida quickly sold for 5 mill

- Originator of Monroe Doctrine = British → negative for Latin

America

- George Lanis? (unsure)

- Panic of 1819 (3 questions)

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


11/30

Aim

A. How did Clay hold the balance of power in the presidential

election of 1824?

: Why was the election of John Quincy Adams as

President in 1824 unfair?

B. Question: Why did the party unity breakdown in the

election of 1824?

1. Slavery

2. Banking

3. Tariff policies

4. Financial Panic

5. Territorial Expansion

C. John Quincy Adams before presidency: - minister to

Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, US Senator, chief negotiator

Treaty of Ghent, Minister to England, Secretary of State

D. John Quincy Adams

Personality

1. Reserved

2. Cold demeanor

3. Austere

4. Unsocial/aloof

5. Has no power of fascination

6. Weak, could not work with congress

7. Nationalist when most were sectionalists

8. He had inflated idea of his own importance

E. Election of 1824

1. Election was based only off personalities

2. No political party

3. No issues

4. No party labels

5. Sectionalism replace/sectional rivalries nationalism

F. Presidential nomination 1824 based on sectionalism

1. John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts

2. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee

3. William Crawford, Georgia

4. Henry Clay, Kentucky

G. Electoral votes

Jackson-99

Adams-84

Crawford-41

Clay-37

- None of the candidates received a majority of electoral votes

H. 12th

Amendment

Clay → support Adams → makes Clay secretary of state

→ Jackson called this “corrupt bargain”

I. John Quincy Adams

1. He was inept

2. He endorsed federally sponsored internal improvement

3. Proposed construction of network of roads

4. Uniform banking laws

Adams → one term president

→ argued Amistad case

12/03

Aim

Question: How did Andrew Jackson transform the elitist

character of American politics?

: How did the new politics of mass democracy help Andrew

Jackson win the election of 1828 over John Quincy Adams?

A. 1. Spoil System

2. Party machine

3. Popular democracy

B. Character

1. Combative

2. Quick-tempered (nullification)

3. Thin-skinned

4. Scotch-Irish

5. Military service

6. American Revolution

7. Burr conspiracy (1817-1818)

8. War of 1812

9. First Seminole War (1817-1818)

C. Before Presidency

1. Practiced Law

2. US Representative (1796-1797)

3. US Senator (1797-1798)

4. Duel with Charles Dickinson (1806)

5. US Senator (1823-1825)

D. Election of 1828

1. Campaign was personal rather than on issues

E. Jackson campaign of 1828

1. Organized mass meetings

2. Torchlight parades

3. Barbeques to celebrate his frontier origin

4. Outpouring of popular enthusiasm

5. Personal popularity

6. Election of 1828 → Jackson-178, Adams-83

F. Spoils System

1. Rotation in office

2. Spoil system: rewarding political supporters w/public office

*kitchen cabinet

- Jackson trusted only van Buren in cabinet

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


12/04

Aim: How did Andrew Jackson increase the power of the

federal gov’t?

Peggy Eton Affair: kitchen cabinet → President Jackson’s

informal advisers outside of office cabinet

Spoil System

1832: Bank war

Jackson vetoed the recharter of the second Bank of the US b/c

he thought:

(1) Congress lacked the authority to create it. It’s therefore

unconstitutional

(2) It is an elitist institution that favors eastern manufacturing at

the expense of common people

(3) The bank is corrupt

(4) The bank is partisan controlled by his political opponents

(5) The bank is undemocratic

the common man could hold office w/out experience

Nullification crisis: 1832-1833

Tariff and Nullification (states’ rights vs. federal union)

1. Tariff of 1816

2. Tariff of 1824

Slight increase

Tariff of Abomination (1828) (Increase of 50%) Calhoun’s

objection to the increase in tariff → wrote about nullification

issue in his Exposition and Protest . Calhoun exponent of

nullification.

Tariff of 1832

lower the tariff of 1828South dissatisfied. Declares it null and void and decides to

secede.

Compromise- tariff 1833 by Clay gradual reduction until 1842

- Force Bill 1832 → passed by Congress to authorize military

action to enforce the tariffs

* Dinner in 1830 marking Jefferson’s 87th

anniversary birthday

Toast by Jackson- “Our union, it must be preserved”

Calhoun- “The union, next to our liberty, the most dear”

→ still defeated Clay

Whigs supported Clay

Jackson most vetoes

South Carolina and tariffs → New England had upper hand

(more money for northern goods)

nullification

Extra Notes

12/07

Aim: How did Jackson’s policy towards Indians serve

America’s best interest?

1828- gold found in Georgia (Indian land)

- Indian Crisis

- Indian Removal Act of 1830

- Trail of Tears

- Assimilation

- John Russ leader of Cherokee

- Sequoyah-Scholar developed Cherokee alphabet

1831: Cherokee vs. Georgia1832: Worcester vs. Georgia

Cherokee Phoenix: Newspaper

1. Andrew Jackson adopted a paternalistic attitude

towards Indians

2. He supported Georgia in its efforts to remove the

Cherokees from their homeland in that state

3. Acting under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 Jackson

forced Indians to move west of the Mississippi

5 Indian tribes: Cherokee, Greeks, Chickasaws,

Seminoles, Choctaws

Cherokees most advanced Indians

1. Had their own constitution

2. Had their own alphabet and writing schools

3. Declared independence as separate nation

1831: Cherokee vs. Georgia

1. Cherokee Nation was not an independent nation. They

were considered as “domestic independent word of the

federal gov’t

2. Marshall refused to recognize them as a nation

3. Indians have a right to their land until they decide togive it up

4. Marshall did not decide against…

5. Georgia has no standing in the court. Georgia is

neither a state nor a foreign nation. It does not have

original jurisdiction.

1832: Worcester vs. Georgia

1. Indian tribes are dependent domestic nations subject

only to federal jurisdiction

2. Laws of Georgia have no authority over Indians

3. Georgia violated US constitution in extending its

jurisdiction over the Cherokee nation4. The Cherokee nation was a distinct community with

which Georgia has no force

5. Georgia disregards this ruling and Jackson didn’t

enforce it

Extra Notes

Jackson overpowering supreme court:

1. Flouted bank

2. Removal of Indians

→ “King Andrew I”

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


12/08

Aim

A. Daniel Webster and Robert Haynes debate started in 1830

Federal Land policy. New England wanted to slow the sale of

western land between because population shifted westward,

New England power would decrease

: How did the Webster-Haynes fit into the controversy

between Jackson and Calhoun? (1830)

B. The South and West joined in a fierce counter-attack

C. Robert Haynes Senator of South Caroline brought up issued

nullification

Robert Haynes Senator

South Caroline (1/1830)

Daniel Webster (Senator

Mass. 1/1830)

1. States Rights

2. State Sovereignty

3. Nullification

4. Interposition5. The union is a compact

between sovereign states-

they can nullify laws

6. The states created the

federal; gov’t

1. National Sovereignty

→ It’s the People’s

constitution, the people’s

gov’t made by the peopleanswerable to the people

2. The federal gov’t not

only an agent of the state

but has sovereign power

3. The union is not a

compact of sovereign

state- the people and not

the state created the

Constitution

4. He attacks nullification

Calhoun: “the union next to our liberty most dear…”

Webster: “liberty and union now and forever one and

inseparable”

Jackson: “our federal union it must be preserved”

What gave rise to the Whig party?

1. Democrats unhappy with Jackson’s financial plan?

2. Calhoun’s states rights fighters

3. Person’s intolerant of Jackson’s coarseness

4. Threat to nullification

5. Defiance to Supreme CourtPanic of 1837 “pet banks”

12/09

Wildcat banks and shit figure this out yourself I explained it

very well in Pratt if you weren’t listening too bad and if you’re

not in my period stfu

Aim

12/10/09

: how did Jackson and martin van Buren’s failure

to create an effective responsive institution to the bank

of the United States lead to the panic of 1837?

Martin van Buren

•governor of New York Jan to march 1829

•secretary of state (1829-1831)

•vice president (1833-1837)

Causes of the panic of 1837

•bank war

•Nicholas Biddle's withdrawal of bank loans•failure of crops, wheat

•failure of British banks

•Jackson’s use of state banks

•tight money supply of Jackson

•specie circular

a. end of land sale boom

b. cut available credit

c. shortage of specie

•overexpansion of credit

•unfavorable balance of trade with England

Depression

•business failure

•high unemployment

•investment declined

•900 bank failure

•rise in prices

Martin van Buren's solution to the panic of 1837

•proposed a system of sub treasuries where

government money can be deposited

Texas question•Americans coveted the vast expanse of Texas

•newly independent Mexico invited Stephen and

something Austin to Texas

•Texans were to become Catholics and mexicanized

and leave their slaves in the us

•friction arose between Mexicans and Americans

over issues such as slavery immigration and local rights

•1835 Santa raised an army to suppress Texans

•Texas independent in 1836, Sam Houston

commander in chief

Aim: How did the Whigs win the presidential election

of 1840?

The Election of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

W.H. Harrison

- Professional Soldier

- Indian War in the Northwest territories

- Secretary of the Northwest Territories (1798-1799)

- Governor Indian Territories (1800-1812)

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


War of 1812 defeated Tecumseh

- US House of Representatives (1816-1819)

- Ohio State Senator (1819-1821)

- US Senator (1825-1828)

- Whig nominee (1836)

- oldest person to run for presidency

- Last president not born in America

- Basically he was gangsta

Portrayed as:

Election of 1840

W. H. Harrison Martin van Buren

1. Log cabin dweller

2. Hard cider drinker

3. Frontiersman

4. Major military hero

5. self-made man;

humble

1. Champagne drinking

2. Plutocrat

3. Aristocrat

4. Drank fine wine

5. Always well-dressed

Slogans:

“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”

”Van, van, van, van is a used up man”

There were song, decorative objects

Electoral votes → Harrison (234) Buren (60)

Campaign Issues

panic of 1837

depression

Harrison won

- Western settlers

- Eastern bankers

- Won NY (Van Buren’s home)

Tennessee (Jackson’s home)

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


12/17

Aim: How did the Second Great Awakening

affect social change in America?

1. Mormons

Reform Impulse

2. Education

3. Prison’s reforms

4. Women’s rights

5. Temperance movement

6. Crime, poverty

1. Angel Moroni (1820)

Mormons-Church of Jesus Christ of Latter

Day Saints

2. Battle of the good Nephites/with evil

Lamanites (American Indians)

3. Church organized in a hierarchically

structured way with Smith as

(a) Seer (b) Translator (c) Prophet (d) Apostle

of Christ

(e) Elder of the Church (f) Book of the

Mormons [600 pgs]

(g) Golden Plate (h) Polygamy

4. Geography

(d) Nauvoo Indians

(e) Utah

(a) New York (b) Ohio (c) Missouri

5. Brigham Young

6. Mormonism

7.

(a) The Bible isn’t the only source of

Revelation

(b) Polygamy

(c) Economic cooperation not

competition

(d) Appeal to the downtrodden

• Horace Mann advocated free public

education

Education

• Webster, Noah

• William H. McGuffey (The McGuffey

Reader)

• Emma Willard

• Mary Lyon- Mount Holyoke College

• Dorothea Dix – prison reform –

mentally ill

• Thomas Gallaudet School for the Deaf

• Samuel Gridley Howe School for the

Blind

Extras

Lyceum Movement → museums,

libraries, etc.

12/18

Aim: How did women address the issues of

inequality in the mid-nineteenth century? (1848)

A. Cult of Domesticity

Doctrine of Separate Sphere

Gender Roles

- Women are moral leaders who should instill

good values in children

- Women should concentrate on home and

children and men should go out and earn a living

B. Document: The Declaration of Sentiments →Seneca Falls (1848)

Rochester → Seneca Falls Syracuse

C. List of Grievances (he made a list numbered

one to six but he didn’t write anything down… if

you know what it was, do tell -_-)

D. Why were women often viewed as morally

superior but were not allowed to exercise

financial and economic power?

Moral Superiority of Women Inferior Status of Women

1. Cult of Womanhood

2. Cult of Domesticity

3. Provide moral and religious inst

for children

4. Piety

1. Feminization of

occupations

2. Divorce laws favor men

3. They shouldn’t control

their own wages/money

5. Submission 4. They cannot vote

5. No high edu. aside of

Oberlin/Mt. Holyoke

Vocabulary

- Suffrage: right to vote

- Suffragette: women’s right to vote

- Cult of domesticity

→ cult of Republican womanhood

- Cult of womanhood

- Doctrine of Separate Sphere

12/21

Aim: Why were abolitionists seen in the

north as troublemakers and rabble-

rousers?

1. Most favored gradualism meaning

resettling freed slaves in Africa and

compensating slave owners. These were

known as gradualists.

Abolitionists Came in Varieties

2. Other abolitionists will settle for

nothing short of an intermediate end to

slavery, even if violence was used to

achieve their goals. These were known

as immediatists.

3. (a) Lincoln was a gradualist

(b) William Lloyd Garrison was an

immediatists

4. William Lloyd Garrison (RadicalAbolitionist)

(a) Uncompromising on his position

(b) Immediatists w/out compensation to

slave owners

(c) Organized New England Anti-

Slavery Organization

(d) He was unyielding

(e) He published the Newspaper The

Liberator

“I am earnest, I will not equivocate, I

will not excuse,

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


I will not retreat a single inch,, and

I will be heard.”

(f) Garrison refused to take part in

political activities

- He was a pacifist

- The American Colonization Society

(1817) favored gradual approach

- Frederick Douglas North Star

(g) David Walker published Book

Extra Notes

- Appealed to the colored citizens of the world (1829)

- Advocates a bloody end to slavery

(h) Abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy killed

- ACS → a president of society was John

Adams

→ established Liberia

After slavery abolished (England) → Somerset

case (1833) → free town (Sierra Leone)

(North Carolinian and

South Carolinian slaves) → capital Monrovia

→ America $, America flag…ish

Immediatists: now and no compensation to

slave masters

WLG → did not think women should join in

movement and no violence

apolitical → no politics

Douglass→ supported violence → Northern

Star → leading escapees to freedom

- Henry Box Brown (I don’t even fuckin know

fkit)

- Frederick Douglass Autobiography - Solomon Northrop 12 Years of Slavery

- Harriet Beecher Stowe

12/22

Aim: How would cooperative communities

organize in their attempts to improve the life of

the common man?

1. Utopians were dreaming schemers. They

wanted to create communal experiences

Utopian Societies

2. They withdrew from society; avoid

competition

Shakers

(1840) Leader Ann Lee

(1840) Leader Ann Lee

1. Held property in common

2. Kept men and women apart

3. No marriages or sexual relations;

celibacy

4. God is neither male/female

5. Singing, shaking, ecstatic

6. Women exercised most power

Oneida

1. Perfectionists

(1848) Leader John Humphrey

Noyes (Putnam, VT)

2. Rejected traditional roles of marriage

and family

3. No permanent conjugal ties

4. All residents were married to all

other residents

5. Children were raised communally

6. No private property

7. Financial success due to manufacture

of steel, animal trap

8. Improve human race through

eugenics, selective breeding, and

selection of parents to produce superior

offspring

9. No legal or cultural restraint on

women

Brook farm

1. Combination of intellectual life and

manual labor

(1841- George Ripley)

2. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Theodore

Parker

3. Destroyed by fire and debt

New Harmony, Indiana

Fell victim to (1) Laziness (2)

Selfishness (3) Poor management

(4) Inadequate financing

(1825-1827)

- Robert Owens (founder)

- Best education

- Attacked private property

- Attached marriage

- Hardworking

Extra Notes

Handout: Lecture Supplement

- Dancing center of Shakers

- Oneida was pretty successful, but

eugenics was bad

- Promise of salvation by Mormons,

more organized as well

12/23

Aim

- Transcendentalism: each person knows

the truth intuitively by going beyond the

senses by consulting the spark of the divine

: How did Thoreau and Emerson

contribute to the spirit of reform? (1830)

(1) Lecturer

Emerson

(2) Essayist

Lecture title: “American Scholar”

(a) Argued for self-reliance

(b) Independent thinking

(c) Argued for the spiritual over the

material

(d) Emerson criticized the church

(e) Emerson rejected organized religion

and institutions

(f) criticized capitalism

(g) Spiritual truth only comes from nature

(h) Nature gives us truth

(1) Opposed to industrialization

Henry David Thoreau

(2) Opposed to immigration

(3) Lived for one year in Walden

(4) Civil disobedience influenced Gandhi

and King

Emerson opposed slavery not

industrialization

Thoreau –“A poet writes the history of his

own body.”

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


01/22/10

Aim: What were the Civil War strategies of

the North and the South? (1861-1864)

A. Union strategy was to blockade the

Southern coast, capture key seaports, and

river towns.

Union Naval War

B. Intention of Naval Plan

1. To prevent arms, clothing, and food from

reaching Confederacy

2. Keep cotton and tobacco from leaving

Confederacy

3. Destroy the ability of Confederacy to

conduct trade

C. Confederate Naval Strategy

D.

1. To break the blockade and defend the

South’s vital rivers and seaports

2. Confederacy attack the blockade with a

variety of weapons3. Confederate ships attached and sank Union

ships

(a) Alabama

(b) The Virginia

(c) Shenandoah

Anaconda Plan

E.

1. Devised by General Winfield Scott

2. Blockade the South; prevent them from

trading cotton

3. Take the Mississippi River separating

Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana from the rest

of the South4. Blockade VA

5. Cut off their ability to import/export

Civil War Foreign Policy

England

Union-support: Queen Victoria, middle class,

working class

South-support: landed British aristocracy

France

01/25/10

- Napoleon III took Mexico, supported

the South

- France, Spain, challenged the Monroe

Doctrine

Russia supported the Union

Aim

- Anaconda Plan

: What were the challenges facing

Lincoln during the Civil War? (1861-1865)

- Advantages of the Union and

Confederacy (Leadership, Railroad,

Economy, Infrastructure, Military,

Supplies, Gov’t, Geography)

- Antietam- Bloodiest Day of War

- Emancipation Proclamation

- Battle of Vicksburg

- Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address,

Draft Riots, Bread Riots

- 54th Massachusetts Regiment

Extraordinary wartime measures

1. Curb civil liberties

2. Permitted military arrest and court martial

of civilian war activists, notably Clement L.

Vallandigham

3. Spent war funds prior to Congressional

approval

4. Suspended Habeas Corpus (Ex Parte

Merrymen wtf?)

Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

Supreme Court said that Lincoln acted

illegally in authorizing court martial of

civilians during the civil war in places where

civil courts were open

William Seward: Secretary of State

King Cotton diplomacy → declined

King Wheat emerged

Alexander Stevens was VP of Confederacy

→ “slavery caused war…”

Anaconda Plan → blockade to hurt Southern

economy

- start of the war, Confederacy had better

generals

Jefferson Davis was stubborn

Confederate capital (Richmond, VA)

Border states insulate union

Total War

Economy of North boomed during war

Lincoln → good leader

Antietam → North won → Emancipation

Proclamation – free only rebellious states

Extra Notes

02/02/10

Aim: How did Republican civil war politics

play a major role in the economic

development of north and west?

Agenda: Settle the west; land grant colleges;

National Banking Act 1863; protective tariffs

Morrill Tariff Act

(Hanibal Hamlin) → Lincoln’s first VP

(Andrew Johnson) → second VP

(1861)

- raise tariff rates (5-10%) to increase revenue

and protect infant industry

Homestead Act (1862)

Promoted land settlement in the Great Plains

Morrill Land Grant (1862)

Agricultural and technical colleges

Six Black Colleges

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

transcontinental railroad northern route to

link economies of CA and western territories

to eastern markets

National Banking System

- unify banking network

- national currency system

General Hunter, General Frémont wanted to

free slaves

Extra Notes

02/03/10

Aim

A.

: How did the US attempt to rebuild after

the civil war? (1865-1877)

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan (soft)- no revenge - no malice - no persecution -

admit the south easily - pardon the South -

state gov’ts will be recognized after 1/10th

B.

of

voters of 1860 take oath of allegiance (10%

plan) - general amnesty to all except war

criminals - leniency

Radical Republicans

Majority of voters had to take oath of loyalty

to the US to become part of the US - Lincoln

pocket-vetoed this bill

- Thaddeus Stevens - Charles Sumner -

supported the Wade-Davis Bill - Radical

Republicans called for a hard peace - instead

of Lincoln’s 10% plan

C. Radical Congressional Reconstruction

1. Establish democracy in the South

2. Voting rights for Blacks

3. Confiscate and distribute land to blacks (40

acres and a mule)

4. Military occupation of the South

5. 13th amendment, 14th amendment, 15th

B.

amendment to the Constitution

6. Freedmen’s Bureau → Oliver Otis Howard(found Howard University too)

Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction

1. Support Lincoln Plan

2. Grant pardon to all southerners except high

Confederate officials and persons with

property worth $20,000 willing to take an

oath of loyalty and outlaw slavery

3. Opposed black suffrage

Extra Notes

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


Pocket-veto → not signing bill and it expires

- Congress tried to get democracy in the

South

- blacks became sharecroppers

- south → 5 military zones

14th

02/04/10

amendment → (Due process, equal

protection) Clauses

- scalawags and carpetbaggers

Aim

A. Dunning School, Columbia University

Traditional View of Reconstruction

1. Radical reconstruction was vindictive

2. Reconstruction was a tragic era (Claude

Bower)

3. Blacks were inept, corrupt, and inefficient

politically

4. Menace of Black Rue

5. Civil War was a glorious lost cause”

6. Scalawags were traitors to the white race

and region

7. Reconstruction was a national disgrace

8. Radical Republican: extravagant,

persuasive, ostentatious; taxes were high

: Was Reconstruction a noble experiment

that fouled?

9. Reconstruction was misguided

Movies: Gone with the Wind

- Birth of a Nation (glorified KKK)

B. Dunning School

Carpetbaggers were:

1. Northerners who came to the South to steal

and plunder

2. They were unscrupulous

3. Carpetbagger gov’ts were inefficient,

wasteful, and corrupt

Revisionism (Hiram Revels, Bruce Blanche) -

Black Senator(s)

1. John R. Lynch published The Facts of

Reconstruction (1913)

- WEB DuBois published Black

Reconstruction (1935)

both books disgraced w/the Dunning School.

They claim meritorious and commendable

things about Reconstruction

Revisionist Views

Edwin Stanton was secretary of war.

Congress passed Tenure of Office Act,

preventing President from firing a cabinet

officer w/out congressional approval →

Johnson fired Stanton

- appointed (insert dude here)

1. Reconstruction was not as bad as portrayed

by Dunning School

2. Extraordinary progress for blacks

3. African Americans didn’t control

Reconstruction politics

4. Corruption existed during Reconstruction,

but it was not confined to one region, race, or

party

02/05/10

Aim

A. 1. Ulysses S. Grant’s personal integrity

was unquestionable

2. He allowed others to do corrupt practices

w/out stopping them

3. He made bad appointments except for

Hamilton Fish

4. Grant was rigidly incorruptible

5. His administration was marked by major

scandals

: Why was Ulysses S. Grant to blame for

the corruption of his administration and for

the inconsistency and failure of his Southern

policy?

6. His administration was known as the “Era

of Good Stealing”

7. Scandals and money crisis hurt Grant

8. Grant’s appointees were dishonest

9. Grantism means corruption

1869 Black Friday

1872

- Jay Gould and Jim Fisk urged President

Grant not to sell gold b/c they had enough

gold to control the price of gold. They spread

the rumor the gov’t will not sell gold. The

price went up. Soon after the gov’t sold gold

and the price went up.

Crédit Mobilier

- Railroad Company formed and given a

contract by congress to build a trans-

continental railroad. The company swindled

$23 million and Congress was bribed

w/stocks not to investigate

Delinquent Tax Corruption

1873-1877

: special agent to

collect taxes was granted a fee of 50% on

taxes collected

Whiskey Ring

1876

Hundreds of (something something) and

federal officials diverted taxes on whiskey

into their pockets. Secretary Benjamin H.

Bristow was implicated o.o

- Grant’s private secretary was also in it

Belknap Bribery

1873

Secretary of war Belknap took annual

kickback from traders in an Indian post

Salary Grab

02/08/10

: Congressional act which

doubled the pay of Grant and Congress by

50% retroactive 2 yrs

- later was repealed (suckazzzz =P)

Aim

A. Grant policy on Reconstruction

1. Continued occupation of the South

2. Force Acts (KKK) (1870-1871); severe

penalty to anyone who prevented blacks from

voting, provided federally appointed election

supervisors

- Grant was given power to suspend habeas

corpus in lawless areas

3. He signed legislation dismantling the

Freedmen’s Bureau (1872)

: How were the Reconstruction policies

of Ulysses Grant inconsistent?

4. End of his first administration he lost

interest in reconstructing the South. He

stopped sending troops to the South

5. Amnesty Act: Pardon Confederates (1872)

6. The nation had other interests besides

slavery (Indian war in the west, i.e.)

Alabama Claim (Treaty of Washington)

USA and Britain agreed to submit to

international arbitration of the Alabama

claim-US suit against Britain for damages

inflicted by the CSS Alabama and other

Confederate warships constructed in British

ports. The US was given $15 million.

Causes of the Panic of 1873

1. Failure of Jay-Cooke Company

2. European Depression crash of the Viennastock market

3. Overextension of Railroad Act

4. Depressed state of insurance industry-

Wake of Chicago Fire (1871)

Internation Centennial Exhibition

02/09/10

(1876)

Edouard de Laboulaye

Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Sculptor) →

Statue of Liberty

Alexander Graham Bell → phone

Aim

1. Weak President

2. Ineffective Congress

3. Spoilsmen- Age of Cynicism

4. Political record poor

: Did Rutherford B. Hayes deserve the

title of “His Fraudulency”?

Election of 1876

Tilden → democrat → 184 electoral vote

Rutherford B. Hayes → Republican →

electoral votes 165

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


- electoral votes needed: 185

- 20 disputed electoral votes: SC, LA, FL

Compromises of 1877

5. Military withdrawal from the South

End of Reconstruction

1. Federal funds to construct railroad

2. Improve Southern harbors

3. Project to make Southern rivers navigable

4. Civil government restored

- Solid South

One party democrat

Extra Notes

- new south

Redeemers: conservative whites

who took over South after

Reconstruction

- Exodusters: blacks who left south

- Bourbons

- 1896: Plessey vs. Ferguson → De

Jure (By Law) segregation

- Separate but equal

- Homer Plessey: 1/8 black, 7/8 white

- Jim Crow Laws

- De facto: not permitted by law but

done anyway

- 1954 desegregation

02/11/10

Aim

1. Weak President

: How successful was the Presidency of

Rutherford B. Hayes?

2. Inefficient Congress

3. Didn’t keep Compromise of 1877

4. Vetoed the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 (soft

money policy to buy $2-4 million of silver)

5. Hayes called out troops to Baltimore and

Ohio railway strikes

6. Fired his fellow Republican Chester Arthur

from an important patronage position in NY

7. Hayes proponent of “hard money”-

Resumption of Species Act (1879) - Enforced

it. Redeem in gold all greenback tendered

after 01/01/1879

8. Civil service reform- congress never acted.

Signed executive order barring federal

employees from taking part in political

activities

9. Chinese immigration restricted but not

banning Chinese immigration

Reflected in the Resumption Act of 1875Crime of ‘73

Greenback Labor Party

Hard money

Garfield (Republican)

Winfield Scott (Democrat)

Garfield won, gave many jobs to different

people

Assassinated by Charles Guiteau

Chester Arthur becomes president →

Pendleton Act → Civil Service Act

Election of 1880

MugwumpsStalwarts

(Conklingites)Half-Breeds

1. Professional civil

service based onmerit

2. Honesty in gov’t

3. Promote gov’t

efficiency

1. Favor old spoils

system2. Don’t change the

status quo

3. Leader: Senator

Roscoe Conkling

4. Want 3rd

1. Favor reform

term for

Grant

5. Grant, Arthur

2. Leader James G.

Blaine

3. Hayes

4. Garfield

- gov’t sided with management rather than labor

Extra Notes

- violation of interstate commerce act

- greenback should be backed by gold

- farmers/debtors wanted inflation (soft money)

-

1/16

th

- rise of meritocracy

gold = greenback

02/22/10

Aim

- 1st democrat president since Buchanan

: How successful was Democrat Grover

Cleveland as President?

Election of 1884

- no waving of the bloody shirt

- campaign was more about personal

insults/morality

Cleveland (Democrat)

- fathered a son out of marriage

“Ma ma, where’s my pa? Gone to the White

House, ha ha ha.”

James Blaine (Republican)

- Blaine had profited from Railroad interest

while in Congress

“Blaine, Blaine, James Blaine! Continental

liar from the state of Maine.”

- Blaine was at a Protestant meeting. When

Reverend Samuel Burchard said that “we are

Republicans and we are not going to leave

our party for the party of Rum, Romanism,

and Rebellion.”

- At a time of high unemployment Blaine was

caught/seen eating with John Jacob Astor, Jay

Gould- lost labor support

Mugwumps (Anti-Blaine)

1. Republicans for Democrat Grover

Cleveland

2. Pro-reform

3. Republicans

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


4. Lived in large cities

5. Sound money proponents

6. Promote free trade

7. Cross party line

8. Mugwumps-Blaine too attached to old

system, and his implication in Credit Mobilier

Achievement- Administration

1. Presidential Succession Act (1886)

2. Pension and Private Relief Bill

3. Interstate Commerce Act, 1887

4. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Indians

become citizens- They were to renounce

tribal allegiance- brought about by Helen

Hunt Jackson’s book A Century of Dishonor

02/23/10

5. Reduced tariffs

6. Hatch Act 1877- Federal funds for

agricultural colleges

Aim

1. Railroad-America’s first big business

(a) Increased demand for labor

(b) brought different parts of the country into

a new relationship

(c) reduced transportation cost

(d) created national market

(e) opened up vast farming and mining

regions of the west

(f) provided markets for steel

(g) promoted immigration

(h) paved the way for high finance and big

business

(i) transportation of (something) and

passengers

(j) urbanization

(h) transport of military personnel

: How did railroads stimulate economic

growth during the gilded age? (1865-1900)

Government and Railroads

2. Railroads as exploitative business-

problems

(a) dishonest stock practices

(b) influence over gov’t

(c) Unequal freight rates

(d) pooling agreement(e) rebates

(provided land

grants, subsidies, loans)

Gilded Age Industrialists/ Entrepreneurs

Financiers

- Charles Pillsbury: Flour Milling

- Gustavus Swift: Meat Packing

- James Hill: Railroad

- John D. Rockefeller: Standard oil

- J.P. Morgan: Railroad banking

- Philip Armour: Meat packing

- Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad NY Central

- Andrew Carnegie: Steel

- Andrew Mellon: Aluminum

- Henry Clay Fish: Railroad

Captains of Industries

1. Industrial statesmen

2. Mass production abundance

3. Provided jobs

4. Philanthropists

Gave to charity, museums, universities

5. Provided money for research

Robber Barons

1. Ruthlessly crushed competition

2. Lust for draft

3. Exploited workers, paid low wages

4. Greedy

5. Aggressive

6. Developed Monopolies

7. Lawless

8. Dreadful working conditions

Watered stocks → worthless stocks pooling agreement → fixed prices

- laissez-faire business

Extra Notes

02/24/10

Aim

1.

: How did pioneers of industries create

models during the gilded age? (1865-1900)

Rockefeller: Horizontal integration

2.

One company--same business

Merge similar companies

Other methods employed by Rockefeller

include employing spies, extorting rebates,pursuing a policy of ruin/rule, threats, price

war, deceit

Carnegie (Steel): Vertical Integration

3.

One company controls all aspects from raw

materials to production

- eliminate the middlemen

J.P. Morgan: Interlocking directorates

A. Interlocking directorates

B. Group of persons who serve as directors in

more than one corporation

C. Purpose to set uniform policies for theentire industry

D. Mr. Eric Lubomir of JP Morgan becomes a

member of bank board A, B, and C. He is

able to influence uniformity w/in the industry

and sustain monopoly

Social Darwinism as a Justification of the

acquisition of wealth and inequality

- human race evolves through competition.

The fittest will survive, the weak will die out.

Wealth reflects fitness poverty

Interlocking directorates → placed own men

on board of directors of rival comp.

Extra Notes

- Gain influence/reduce competition

Gospel of wealth, Horatio Alger, and social

gospel challenged social Darwinism

02/25/20

Aim

Justification for the enormous disparity in

wealth were expressed in philosophy,

literature, social, and behavioral sciences

: What were the arguments for and

against cooperate monopoly and restricted

competition during the gilded age?

Horatio Alger- from Rags to Riches

- industry - self-discipline - sacrifice

- hard-work

Social Darwinism (William Graham Sumner)- Herbert Spencer’s utilization of an

evolutionary universe serving as a

justification for economic individualism -

Charles Darwin’s biological processes has a

social counterpart. Economic struggles for

existence and the survival of the fittest would

best be consummate under “unrestrained free

enterprise”

Social Darwinism

- Government should stay out of the affairs of

the businesses

- Those who are fit will survive; those not fitwill die out

- oppose effort by the gov’t to regulate

business

Edward Bellamy (1887)

Book: Looking Backward

- Attacks excessive competiveness, economic

brutality, and social Darwinism

- Emphasis should be put on cooperation and

not on competition

- no profit - no monetary economy

- gov’t control of economy

Henry George

Restore equality with a single tax on

unearned profit to end land monopoly

Book: Progress and Poverty

Question: Why is there a paradox btwn

progress and poverty?

George attacks Social Darwinism

Eliminate speculation

Eliminate monopolies

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


*Social Gospel Movement

*

(1880-1890)

- Application of Christian doctrines and

principles to industrial conditions

- church advance the interest of the poor

- urban churches provide services for the poor

- argued for social welfare and reform

Gospel of Wealth

Frank Lester Ward

(Carnegie)

- The wealthy should use their surplus money

to improve society

- they believed in both Darwinism and Gospel

of Wealth

Dynamic Sociology

03/01/10

:

Human intelligence not natural selection

governs human nature

Aim

A.

: How did labor unions in the late 1800s

overcome setbacks imposed by the US

government and employers?

Timeline

B.

:1. National Labor Union (1866-1872)

2. Knights of Labor (1869-1886)

3. American Federation of 1866

Problems faced by workers/labor

C.

1. Low pay

2. Long hours

3. Few holidays/vacations

4. Few safety standards in factories, mines,

mills

5. Job-related accidents

6. Diseases struck down children, women,

and men

7. Child labor

Difficulties Organizing Union

D.

1. Poor leadership

2. Public opinion against unions

3. Floods of immigrants willing to work for

low pay; religious differences as well as

language difficulties

4. Negroes were unwanted

5. Women workers work for low pay

6. Unsuccessful strikes

7. Government laissez-faire

Knights of Labor

2. Organized vertically

3. Unionized women, blacks, children,

skilled, unskilled, immigrants

(1869-1886)

1. Founder: Uriah Stephens

E. American Federation of Labor (1886)

1. Founder: Samuel Gompers2. Organized horizontally w/skilled workers

3. Didn’t unionize women, blacks, unskilled

labor, immigrants

4. Policy: Political accommodation not

confrontation, strikes, or violence

5. Major interests “Bread and Butter” and real

wages

LOOK AT HANDOUT ON LABOR

UNIONS I agree with this person

Extra Notes

American Federation of Labor wanted less

Homestead Strike→ Pinkerton Guards

Molloy McGuire (who the fuck is that? If you

have the same question, I recommend an

outside source… like Google or your

textbook =])

03/02/10

Aim

Old immigrants

: What was the impact of urban life,

immigration, Darwinism, and religion on

Americans during the Gilded Age?

New immigrants

From Northern

Europe Western

Europe England

Scandinavia

Germany Ireland

France

Southern, Eastern

Europe

Mexico Asian

Italians Poles

Croats Slovaks

Greeks Jews

Did not experiencedemocracy

- Large urban centers - explosive urban

growth - new immigration - new religious

outlook - crowded slums

-conflicts over culture/values

- difficulties for families

- average family shrank

- divorce rate grew

- families grew isolated

Economic

Reasons for Nativism

Political Psychological Cultural

Working for low wages Immigrants may be radical,

anarchists, revolutionaries

Some races are considered

superior to others

1. Dominant culture has to be

protected

2. Immigrants ill never fit into

society

American Protective Association (APA) Limit Catholic Civil Rights

in US and immigration

The Immigration Restriction League (IRL)

Assimilation: loss of one’s culture in favor of another

Prospective immigrant takes literacy test

- Tammany Hall → sale of votes

Extra Notes

Moody Bible Institute

03/03/10

Aim

How should banks deal with segregation and

Jim Crow laws in the South?

1. Accommodation (Booker T. Washington)

2. Protest: WEB DuBois

3. Migration: Pap Singleton: How did Booker T. Washington differ

from WEB DuBois in attempts to solve

problems of segregation in America? Booker T. Washington (Advocate of

vocational education)

Manual skills: cooking, sewing, nursing for

girls, farming, bricklaying, shoemaking,

printing, carpentry)

Booker T. Washington: appeal to masses

1. Accommodation, accept social and

economic inequality

2 Industrial education

3. Hard work (vocational education)

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


4. Voice of Patience

5. Jim Crow System and second class

citizenship

6. Self-help

7. Race Pride

8. Founder: Tuskegee Institute

WEB DuBois

4. Political Power

5. Founder of NAACP (1910)

6. First Black PhD from Harvard

7. Wrote: Souls of Black Fouls

8. Editor:

: appeal to black elites

1. Higher education

2. Voice of protest

3. Civil Rights

The Crisis

Booker T. Washington

NAACP paper

WEB DuBois

Atlanta Exposition Compromise

Anti Labor Unions

We are as separate as our five

fingers

Cast down your bucket where

you are

Submission to prejudice

Spoke to the masses of the

people

Book Up from Slavery

Talented tenth (elites that would

uplift the black race)

Niagara Movement

Elitist

Pan-Africanism

Independence of all blacks

worldwide

5th Pan-African Congress

Manchester

03/04/10

Aim

A. Republicans firmly in control of both

houses

to satisfy western farmers and mine owners

he signed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act-

increase the amount of silver in circulation

2. He signed into law the Sherman Anti-

Trust Act which outlawed trusts or

businesses combines that interferes with

commerce

3. He also signed into law the McKinley

Tariff Act (1890)

- civil war veterans got big pensions;

Democrats called the Republican Congress

the “Billion Dollar Congress”

- Harrison spent the surplus he inherited

from Cleveland

: How did Harrison’s presidency

provide a second non-consecutive term for

Grover Cleveland?

B. Election of 1892

C.

- at issue tariff

- Cleveland: Democrats

- Harrison: Republicans

- James Weaver: Populists

Cleveland wins in 1892

Depression sets in 1893

Causes of the Depression of 1893

Cleveland repealed Silver Purchase Act of

1893

Democrats divided

1. Industrial Expansion

2. Low gold reserve

3. Poor crop failure in the West and South

4. Economic slump in Europe

5. Railway overexpansion

6. Growth of federal deficit

7. Loss of business confidence

D. Jacob Coxey

03/05/10

Coxey march to Washington; Coxey army

Wilson Gorman Act (1894) reduced the

McKinley Act from 48% to 41%. The

income tax part of the bill was declared

unconstitutional.

Dingley Tariff of 1897

Aim: Was the Spanish-American war

justified?

Alfred T. Mahan: book: 1890

Rationale for American Expansion

the influence

of sea power upon history

Future prosperity of America depends upon

access to world markets. Mahan urged US to

develop its navy

(2) Civilizing the world Rev. Josiah Strong,

Book 1895

Our Country, its Possible Future, and its

Present Crisis

(3)

. The white race has the duty

to civilize the world. American Christian

Empire would spread across the Pacific andAsia (Social Darwinism) → white race

superior

Frederick Jackson Turner

(4) TV Commercial

Disappearing frontier. The closing of the

frontier means seeking opportunities

I: industry

M: markets

P: prestige, power

E: exploitation, export

R: raw materials

I: ideology, import

A: advanced civilization

L: land

I: investment

S: strategic bases

M: missionary work

Imperialists: Theodore Roosevelt, Senator

Cabot Lodge, Alfred T. Mahan

Anti-Imperialists: Mark Twain, Jane

Addams, William Jennings Bryan

Causes of the Spanish-American War (1896)

1. Sympathy for Cuban struggle forindependence

2. Yellow Journalism; Joseph Pulitzer;

William Randolph Hearst

3. Private letter written by Enrique Dupuy

Delome insulting McKinley

4. Sinking of the USS Maine → blamed

Spain

5. Humanitarianism

Treaty of Paris (1898) ended the war

US got

- Guam

- Philippines- Hawaii

- Wake Island

- Cuba

- Puerto Rico

- Spain sells Philippines for $20 million

Teller Amendment

America promised not to annex Cuba →

The Platt Amendment

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


03/08

Aim

A. 1.

: Why did complete victory evadePopulists?

Question

B. Farmers were angry at:1. Railroads

2. Grain Elevators (High cost)3. Banks4. Politicians who did not respond to

them

: How did populists set theagenda for the political and economicreform for the next 36 years?

C. Business- Ocala Demands 1890- Populist Party Platform- Omaha Platform 1892

- Agricultural overproduction- High costs, low prices

- farmers’ indebtedness- Periodic Natural disasters

Problems of Farmers

Election of 1892Populist James Weaver McKinley (R)

Election of 1896Populist William Jennings Bryan (D) (P)Bryan 39% lost“Cross of gold” speech

Legacy of PopulismRole of third partiesWhy did McKinley win the election of 1896?- Mark Hanna - Front Porch Campaign- Campaign finance

Why did Populists fail?

7. End of Depression8. They had a bad image as rural radicalrebel-rousers

1. They were never able to recruit outsidetheir own rank.2. Discovery of gold fields inflated thecurrency (Alaska)3. Attempt to include blacks didn’t appeal tothe South4. Much of their ideas were adopted by the

two major parties5. They were not able to get support fromlabor, poor people, and the middle class6. Demand for US goods increased abroad

Extra Notes

03/09

- Orange Movement- Farmers’ Alliance- Greenback

- Populists- Ocala, Florida- graduate income tax (high salary = hightax)* Handout: Farmers Begin the Populist

Movement - Progressives, not the Populists, madePopulist ideas into law- McKinley conducted a “Front Porch”campaign, Bryan spread all around- “Cross of Gold”: WJB speech repudiating

gold and praising farmers- bimetallism: gold and silver- farmers wanted more silver- silver: gold → 16:1

Aim: Why was American imperialism justified or unjustified?

Causes of the Spanish American War1. Humanitarian2. Economic

3. Yellow Journalism4. Explosion on the USS Maine5. Latter by Dupuy Delome6. Jingoism/Nationalism/Expansionism

Foraker Act 1900 (Puerto Rico)

Jones Act 1917: Puerto Ricans granted US

citizenship. No representation in Congress,no vote in presidential elections- Governor appointed by US President- 2 houses elected by the people

- Possession of US- Puerto Ricans select lower house- Upper House nominated by president,approved by Congress- Governor- general appointed by president- NO citizenship

TELLER AMENDMENT (1898)

- Supported by those in favor of Cubanindependence- 1902, US withdrew according to the TellerAmendment

- Joint declaration (Senate + Congress)- US pledge to not annex Cuba

Platt Amendment1. Cuba will not enter into treaties that willtake away its independence2. Cuba will not have any debt to countries itcould not pay3. America has the right to intervene inCuba if Cuban independence is threatened4. US will lease Guantanamo5. America limited Cuba’s rights to borrowmoney, makes treaties. US has right tointervene to maintain life, liberty, property

OPEN DOOR POLICY (1899) (John Ha

- All nations should have equal access totrade in areas under spheres of influence- Countries should not intervene in eachother’s interests- Chinese gov’t will collect taxes- It was not a policy US could enforce- Accepted in principle, not in practice

Boxer Rebellion

*Handout: Peace Treaty of Paris

(1899-1900)- Chinese nationalists (righteous and

harmonious) massacred foreigners andChristians. It was put down by combinedUS, French, German, British, and RussiaForces → led to the Second Open Door

Policy

03/11

Aim: How did Theodore Rooseveltintroduce new energy and assertiveness tAmerican foreign policy?

Reasons for New Imperialism

(B) Roosevelt introduced (1904) the Big

Stick Diplomacy or a corollary/addition the Monroe Doctrine

1. Sensationalist appeals of the Yellow Pr2. Desire for new markets3. Missionary fervor4. Darwinist ideology5. Great power rivalry6. Naval competition

(C) In international affairs, the US will u

to protect its interests

(D) Dominican Debt Default (1904-1905- US intervened: Dominican Republic faito pay debt to Europeans

(E) President Roosevelt and the PanamaCanal

(F)

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty April 15, 18501. US and England will cooperate andinform each other before building a canalanywhere in Latin America2. Neither England nor American will for /exercise exclusive control over it

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of Feb 1900

(G)

America was allowed to build a canalanywhere in Latin America, but cannotfortify it

Second Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901. US given a freehand to build, own, andcontrol a canal and were allowed to fortif2. Prohibition of fortification dropped3. Canal would be open to all nations onequal terms

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


Spooner Act of 1902: US Congressauthorized the purchase of the French assetsand concluded a treaty w/Colombia

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty w/Panama

Canal Engineers

• Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

- George Goethals- Philippe Bunau Varilla

• Russo Japanese War

• Great White Fleet (1907)

• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) →

open door policy and respect for Pacificpossessions

• Treaty of Portsmouth gave TR NobelPeace Prize

03/12

Aim

Populists

: What were some accomplishments of Progressives?

Progressives

FarmersRural

UneducatedLess appeal

ProfessionalsUrban

EducatedBroad Appeal

Progressive presidents: TR, Taft, Wilson

Progressive Aims

1. Progressives were reformers2. Wanted gov’t to run well/efficiently3. Keep competition in business4. Clean up politics5. Rescue the poor6. Broaden income distribution7. Curb monopolies, regulate business8. Gov’t accountable and responsible to thepeople9. Protect children and women10. Restrict Immigration11. Outlaw alcoholism12. Stomp out prostitution

Roots of Progressivism1. Nativism2. Prohibition/Temperance movement3. Social gospel philosophy/movement4. Electoral reform5. Settlement houses (Jane Addams)6. Evangelical background7. Populists8. Muckraking Journalism

Muckrakers- Investigative Journalists

- Upton Sinclair The Jungle- Meatpackingindustry- Jacob Riis- photography of how poor livesHow the Other Half Lives- published in McClure’s Magazine - Ida Tarbell Standard Oil big oil companieswant to swallow smaller ones- Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Citiesexposed corruption in city gov’t- Ray Stannard Baker Following the ColorLine exposed condition of blacks

- Frank Norris Octopus

03/15

writes a fictionalbook about the stronghold of railroads overCA farmers

Aim

1. Fair Play, equal opportunity2. Abolish privileges; enlarge opportunitiesfor farmers, workers, middle classAmericans

3. Square deal for business, labor, poor →give workers equal opportunity4. TR as a trust buster- Break up of Northern Securities RailroadCompany

: How did TR provide Americans w/asquare deal?

C. Anthracite Coal Strike

D. Meat Inspection Act 1906Food and Drug Act 1906

- barred “adulterated” or misbranded orpoisonous or deleterious food, drug,medicine, and liquors from interstatecommerce

1902: 150,000 coal miners went on strike forunion recognition, higher pay and shorterhours. Mine owners declined to negotiatewith strikers and at first refused to submit toarbitration. TR threatened to seize the mines.Arbitration ruled in favor of workers exceptunion recognition

E. Commerce Department 1903Collect information to enforce legislationabout big businessElkins Act 1903: Granting rebate to shippedwas illegal

Hepburn Act 1906 → Extension of ICC Gave ICC power to regulate oil pipelines,railroad terminals, sleeping car companies,bridges, and ferries. It can prescribe book keeping methods for companies. Railroadcannot carry goods produced by themselves.

Roosevelt’s Conservation Policy1. Newland Reclamation Act – 1907 sale of public land go towards irrigation2. In land waterway commission (1907)survey of rivers soil forest for waterpower

and transportation3. White House Conference on conservat(1908)4. National Conservation Commission

03/16

- Pinchot as Director of Conservation

Aim: What were the accomplishments ofProgressives?

State level

B. Also achieves – city managers- commissioners

Achieved –secret ballots –primary electio- initiative – referendum – recallPut into law in South Dakota, Utah, Oreg

C. Robert LaFollette aka “Battling Bob”

- governor and senator from Wisconsin- introduced bus to control railroadsUtilities introduced income tax, and toprotect the Natural Resources Wisconsin

became a national model, a “laboratory fdemocracy”

- Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) → raise tar

- Ballinger-Pinchot controversy- speaker Cannon- rift w/TR

William Howard Taft (R)

New FreedomWall of Privilege – tariff – high finance –trusts

Woodrow Wilson- Adamson Act (1916) 8 hrs of work fortrainmen- Child Labor law Keating Owen Act-interstate shipment of goods made bychildren

Progressivism at its HeightWoodrow WilsonNew Freedom-1. 16th Amendment Progressive Income T(1913)2. 17th Amendment Direct Election of

Senators3. Federal Reserve Bank (1913)4. Federal Trade Commission to curb unfpractices such as industrial spying5. Bribery, mislabeling foods, misleadingads. Also, to investigate monopolisticpractices6. 19th Amendment Women’s Suffrage7. Underwood Tariff (1913) Reduced tarifrom 41% to 27%

Clayton Anti-Trust ActWritten to strengthen Sherman Anti-Trus

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


- known as the Magna Carta of labor →

labor and agriculture exempt from anti-trustlaws. Curbs injunction. Legislative strikes,picketing, and boycotts.

Extra Notes

03/17

- Taft busted more trusts than TR- New Nationalist doctrine vs. New Freedom- election of 1912 TR “Bull Moose”- 16 A: Income tax; 17 A: Direct Senators19 A: Women’s Suffrage

- Progressive and Conservative Wing

Aim

A.

: Why did the US enter WWI?

Causes of WWI

B.

1. Nationalism2. Imperialism3. Alliance System- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy- Triple Entente: France, Russia, GreatBritain4. Militarism

Election of 1916

C.

American neutrality election slogan:“He kept us out of war”Wilson (D) Charles Evan Hughes (R)

Reason for US entry WWI 19171. British propaganda- Britain enlisted influential Americanpreachers, teachers, journalists, RhodesScholars to influence the US gov’t2. Unrestricted/unlimited submarine warfare

3. Germany’s ruthless militarism, navalism,imperialism, and commercialism were amenace4. To make the world safe for democracy5. German-Mexican Alliance (possiblyJapan) Zimmerman Telegram6. The Sussex and Arabic pledge (1916)7. Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)8. Closer ties w/allies or cultural ties

Revisionism

D.

US entered WWI because of:1. Bankers2. Munitions Manufacturers3. Devil’s Theory of War (to make $)4. Propagandists5. German Secret agents in USA

Food Production

E.

1. “Food Will Win the War”2. Herbert Hoover was in charge3. Raised food production and loweredconsumption4. Meatless Monday, WheatlessWednesdays → everything’s voluntary 5. Planting victory gardens

War PropagandaCommittee on Public Information (CPI)

Creel Committee

- portrayed Germans negatively and createdanti-German feelings

- employed photographers, journalists, artist

03/18

Aim

1. Vocab: doughboys, wobblies (spoke outagainst the war [IWW]), great migration- Ford financed peace ship to Europe

: How did Americans on the home frontsupport or oppose WWI?

2. First women to serve in Congress againstthe war → Jeanette Rankin of Montana

3. Jane Addams held a press conference inWashington

4. Conscientious objectors – oppose war on

religious grounds

5. Most popular song “Over There” “TheYanks are Coming” George M. Cohan

6. Propaganda to “sell” the war - Committee on Public Information (CPI)→ George Creel churned out press release tosupport the warFilms: “Kaiser the Beast of Berlin” etc

7. Food and fuel will win the war – Hoover

8. Selective Service Act (1917)

- All male 21-30 register for service

9. Financing the war

10. War Industries Board (July 1917)Bernard Baruch- it regulated all war industries and source of supply, controlled prices and distributed and

sold all war materials- dissolved after the war

- Liberty bonds- War Revenue Act (1917)- Graduated income tax- Excess profit tax- increase in excise tax

11. Espionage Act

12.

(July 1917)- Crackdown on dissent or spying- It was a crime to interfere with militarydraft. Penalties for spying, sabotage- Postmaster can intercept mails- Penalties for resisting military duties

Sedition Act 1918

- Writing and speaking against the gov’tconstitution, flag, or sole of bonds was acrime

- crime to say anything disloyal to US

03/22

Aim: Should the US ratify the VersaillesTreaty and join the League of Nations?

Question: Would joining the League of Nations amount to surrender of the

sovereign power of the US to decide matof war and peace?

Question: Why would the League permitinternational interference with Americanprivileges under the Monroe Doctrine?

1. Henry Cabot Lodge (Senate foreignrelations chair man)(a) They favored ratification of the treatyand membership in the League of Nationbut with amendments

(b) They wanted the new League of Natioto formally acknowledge America’sPreeminence in the Western Hemisphererecognizing the Monroe Doctrine (1823)(c) Lodge was protecting congressionalprerogative to declare war(d) They wanted to make sure the US coube sent into a foreign war only if Congresconsented(e) They demanded that an amendment bmade to Article X so that Congress and nthe majority of the vote of the League of Nations in Geneva could make the final

decision on sending American boys to figin a foreign war

Moderate Mild Reservationists

2. Irreconcilables(a) Strong opponents to any form of USparticipation in the League(b) They were also called Bitter

3.

(somethi(c) They were isolationists(d) They were Hiram Johnson, RobertLaFollette, William Borah

Pro-Treaty

Why did the US refuse to join the League1. Article X2. Republican Opposition3. American isolationism

(a) They wanted immediate ratificationw/out any reservations

4. Wilson was not conciliatory andunyielding5. Feud between Cabot and Wilson

Extra Notes - Wilson did not take members of foreign

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


relations committee with him- Article X: “Collective Security” → only

worked in Korean War; otherwise didn’twork

03/23

Aim

A. Election of 1920- Election Slogan →“Return to Normalcy” meaning:1. Return to laissez-faire2. No more progressivism3. Railroad return to private ownership4. Isolationism5. Return to pre-WWI6. Restriction on Immigration7. Reduced government spending8. Tax Cut9. No more wars, reform crusade

: What did Warren Harding mean whenhe said “America Should Return toNormalcy”?

B. Ohio Gang – friends of the president;

“poker playing buddies”

C. Harding surrounded:1. Himself with distinguished capable men- Charles Evan Hughes → State Dept - Andrew Mellon → Treasury - Herbert Hoover → Dept of Commerce

2. Scandals

D. More ScandalsHarry M. Daugherty of Ohio accused of:- hiring undesirables - war profiteering- abuse of pardon privilege- spying of unfriendly members of Congress- conspiracy to defraud the gov’t- didn’t go to jail

→ Harding - Teapot Dome Scandal, Secretary of Interior- Albert Falls sold, for personal gain, thenation’s oil reserves at Wyoming’s TeapotDome. He secretly allowed the Mammal OilCompany to tap the oil reserve in exchange

for $308,000 and a herd of cattle3. He also accepted $100,000 from the Pan-American Petroleum and TransportCompany for access to the Elk Hill Reservein CA → went to jail

E. Scandal- Charles Forbes1. Corrupt Director of the Veteran’s Bureau2. Made money from the sale of surplus wargoods3. Made money by buying gov’t supplies ata high price4. Convicted of fraud, conspiracy, bribery

Extra Notes

03/24

- Return to Normalcy wanted return to pre-WWI laissez faire policies- Progressivism ended by end of WWI

- US was unilateralist, not isolationist- Sinatra Doctrine- Immigration of 1965 → lifted quotas - Emergency Quota Act (1921) → 3% of

that nationality in 1910- Johnson Immigration Act (1924) → 2% of

each nationality 1890 and a total limit for allnationalists- Ohio Gang: friends brought to DC- Andrew Mellon → architect of financial

affairs in 1920s

- Albert Falls: first cabinet officer to go to jail in the US- Harding pardoned Eugene Debs- Calvin Coolidge → “Silent Cal” →

reduced debt, cut taxes, built roads, stoppedgov’t interfering w/business- Hoover: kept cooperation betweenbusiness and government strong

Aim

US was not isolationist in the 1920s, it wasunilateralist

: How did the US resolve differencebetween isolationism and international

cooperation?

Isolationism Unilateralism

1. ImmigrationAct (1921-1924)2. High tariffs3. AmericanNeutrality(1935-1937)

4. Refusal to join the Leagueof Nations andWorld Court

1. WashingtonConference (1921-1924)2. London Conference(1930-1936)3. 9-Power-Treaty4. Kellogg-Briand Pact

(1928)5. Linton (?)Committee6. Stimson Doctrine7. Dawes Plan (1924)8. Young Plan (1929)

Washington Conference (1921)Purpose of Conference

Washington Conference 1921 → Three

Treaties (5/4/9-Powers Treaty)

1. Naval Arms Limitation talks2. Sea-powers of the world agree to freezebattleship construction for ten years

3. Reduce tonnage of ships (set ratio)4. Scale back expenditure on war5. Create stability in the Pacific6. To halt arms race7. America looks forward to peace andprosperity

5 Power Pact (1922)1. USA, Britain, Japan, Italy, France agreeon a moratorium (Holiday) that no new ship

will be built for 10 years2. Limit for total naval tonnage wereestablished as well3. For every 5 tonnage of battleships forAmerica/ Britain, Japan would maintain 3France and Italy would maintain 1.75 eac4. No more poison gas

9-Power Treaty (11/1921)China, USA, England, France, Italy,Belgium, Japan, Netherland, Portugal

- respect the territorial integrity of China- uphold the principles of Open Door

4-Power TreatyRespect each other’s possession in thePacific USA, Great Britain, France, Japan

Extra Notes

03/25

- Japan wanted Pacific → don’t want to

dismember China- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) → Renoun

Aggression, denounce war as an instrumeon foreign policy → 62 countries - Locarno Pact (1925) → was should not

used as an instrument to foreign policy- US in L of N: Advised, consulted on maissues, collaborated- Stimson Doctrine: Hoover Administrati→ US won’t recognize aggressor nations

Aim

A.

: What effects did Postwar WWI havon America’s founding ideals?

1920s

B.

: Henry Ford- Assembly Line –Model T - boom

industries used ideas of Frederick W. Tay

Frederick W. Taylor

C. 1920s: Age of Consumerism andAdvertisement- Bruce Barton:

“Scientific Management”- engineer- he wanted workers to produce more andstop wasting time- time management- use of conveyor belt- purpose was to maximize efficiency fromachines and workers- continuous motion

The Man Nobody Knows

D. Andrew Mellon: despised b/c he didn’help in depression1. Secretary of the Treasury2. Greatest Secretary of Treasury sinceHamilton3. Robber Barron

→ Jesus was the greatest salesman. Tookordinary fisherman and made a successfubusiness → greatest advertising man

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


4. Pro-Business5. Had three plans: balance the budget, cuttaxes, and reduce the national debt6. Supply side economics

E. Republicans1. Curtailed gov’t regulations2. Appointed big business to the FederalTrade Commission and Federal ReserveBank; gov’t didn’t regulate business3. Appointed conservatives to the Supreme

Court

Issues

04/07

- New Moralities- Evolutionism- Jazz- Immigration Act (1921-1924)- Prohibition (Volstead Act enforced it) andcrime- Fundamentalism → Scopes Trial - Ku Klux Klan- Mass culture- Consumerism

- Harlem Renaissance- Marcus Garvey → Universal Negro

Improvement Association (UNIA) → Back

to Africa movement

Aim

A.

: What caused the Great Depression?

Herbert Hoover

B.

1. Mining Engineer2. Relief Effort and WWI (Belgium)3. Secretary of Commerce 1921-1928 underHarding and Coolidge

4. President 1928-1932

Republican Presidential Nomination 1928

C. Hoover’s opponent Alfred E. Smith(Progressive governor of NY) was firstRoman Catholic to be nominated forpresident by a major party

1. Praising Coolidge prosperity2. Reduction of taxes3. Reduction of national debt4. Right of collective bargaining

D. Campaign Issues (1928)- Prohibition – Catholicism

E. Warning Signs1. Building starts down (huh? O.o)2. Consumer spending down3. Inventories building up4. Black Friday (Oct. 24 1929) Stock marketcollapse5. Oct 29 1929 stock market crash

6. Dow Jones industrial average droppedfrom 381 in 1929 to 41 in 1932

Causes of the Great Depression

F. Other causes of the Great Depression

04/08

1. Chronic surplus in agricultural productsdepressed farm prices2. Overproduction, under-consumption inthe industrial sector3. Lack of credit restraints, especially in thesecurities industry where stocks can bepurchased at 25% margin

4. High tariffs discouraged world trade5. Acceleration of corporate profits at theexpense of higher wages stunted purchasingpower6. Bank failure (7000)7. Uneven distribution of wealth8. Excessive borrowing to purchase stocks9. Over-speculation10. Bonus Army11. Dust Bowl

Aim

1.

: Why was Herbert Hoover, a greathumanitarian of wars, to become a heartlessvillain of the Great Depression?

Hoover’s Solution

2. – Hoover met with business leaders, laborand agriculture; urged them to maintainwage and production- Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930) – 50%increase- Foreign governments also raised their owntariffsRevenue Act of 1932Tax increase highest in peacetime

Associational Philosophy- voluntary cooperation between gov’t andbusiness- direct relief will destroy people’s self respect- refused to provide direct aid- direct intervention will expand gov’t power- Hoover refused to engage in a massivereform of direct federal assistance to or aid

to the poor and unemployed- believed in trickle-down economics- balanced budget and private relief

3. Reconstruction Finance Corporation(1932)Lend money to:Banks, railroad insurance companies, in aneffort to revive the economy (this was loan)Hawley Smoot Tariff - raised process – hardship for Congress– serious interference w/world trade

E. Economic Reprisals from other countries.Hoover thought high tariff would bringprosperity, but they didn’t

4. Home Loan Bank – Loan Act (1932)- Passed to reduce foreclosures- Federal Home Loan Banks to loan realestate development

(1932) Bonus Army

Hoover Administration

- Hoover-Stimson Doctrine- Norris LaGuardia- Anti-Injunction Act (1932)- Election of 1932

- Causes of the Great Depression- Depression as a national event- Hawley Smoot Tariff

- Reconstruction Finance Corporation- Bonus Army- Hooverville- Clark Memorandum – Ruben Clark (SeState) → prelude to Good Neighbor Polic

rebukes Roosevelt Corollary- London Naval Conference- Hoover Moratorium- Manchuria

Extra Notes

04/09

- Home Loan Bank was successful to anextent- Bonus Army → showed Hoover as

heartless → Congress passed Bonus Bill

Senate rejected it- Dust Bowl: desertification- Drago Doctrine → Luis Drago - Japan walked out on L of N

Aim

1. FDR won the election of 19322. FDR signed a proclamation to convenethe Congress into extraordinary results3. FDR tried to stop the hording of gold acurrency4. Embargo on exportation of gold, silverand currency5. FDR’s New Deal was bold, experimenflexible, non-ideological, pragmatic, andinconsistent

6. He took his “Brain Trust” to Washingt7. First 100 days March 9-June 16 19338. FDR wanted: Relief : provide immediate help to the pooand unemployed Recovery: bring businesses back from thedepths of bankruptcy Reform: introduce into economic systemlong-range changes that would preventfuture depression9. March 5 1932: National Bank Holiday10. Only banks that were solvent wereallowed to open

: How did FDR’s New Deal meet thechallenges of the Great Depression?

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


11. April 1932, he took the US off the goldstandard12. FDR Fireside Chat on the radio assuringrelief for the people

First New Deal

1934: FRA

(1933-1935)- Direct Relief to the unemployed- cooperation w/business-help labor- improve position in society- position w/business (partnershipcooperation, suspended anti-trust laws)

- 1933: AAA, TVA, NIRA-NRA, PWA,FDIC, CWA

1935: Social Security, NLRA, NYA

Extra Notes

04/13

- Problem of the Depression:1. Crisis of a collapsing financial system2. Crippling unemployment3. Agricultural and industrial breakdown

Aim

A.

: What were the criticisms of the NewDeal?

Criticisms

B.

1. Supreme Court oppositions2. Too costly3. Abandonment of laissez-faire4. Big bureaucracy (big gov’t)5. Threat to individualism and democracy6. Waste and incompetency7. FDR is a dictator and he undermines theconstitution

8. Threat to individualism and democracy9. New Deal increased power of federalgov’t10. It failed to provide full employment11. Business objected to high taxes andgov’t control

Extremists voice their opposition1. Roosevelt was not doing enough2. Upton Sinclair Novel Governor of California and How I Ended Poverty

C.

He called for higher taxes and inheritancetax. He called for $50 monthly pension forelderly3. Dr. Francis Townsend-proposed payinganyone 60 years old and above $200.00 permonth. The entire amount should be spent in30 days.4. Norman Thomas Socialist critical of theNew Deal5. Father Coughlin originally supportedFDR but later attacked international bankers6. Senator Huey Long (Governor of LA)opposed the New DealShare-our-wealth plan: Every man a king

$5000.00 guaranteed annual income forevery family in the US

Conservative Attack Liberty League1. FDR has established a dictatorship2. Endangering the constitution

Supreme Court Decisions

John Maynard Keynes

(1935) Schechter Poultry vs. US (NRA)

- US vs. Butler (AAA)

- NYS minimum age law

The General Theory of Unemployment,Interest, and Money1. Run budget deficit through increasedgovernment spendingTax cut or both

Extra Notes - NIRA is the Law Legislation, NRA is theadministration- AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) →

directly pay farmers no processing fee →

10th

04/15

amendment state power was given togov’t → unconstitutional → Soil

Conservation and Allotment Act: gov’t paidfarmers to plant ground cover- Court Packing scheme (1937) →

unsuccessful but made S.C. more liberal →

Judicial Review (a form of checks/balances)

Aim

1. The New Deal failed to eradicate racismand sexism from American society. For bothminorities and women the social andeconomic gains were limited

: How did the New Deal address issuesaffecting minorities?

2. Overall, lynching, segregation, anddisenfranchisement in the South remainedunchallenged

3. Intimidation and violence were often usedto drive blacks from jobs

4. Scottsboro Case: 9 black teens were takenoff a freight train in Alabama and arrested

for vagrancy and disorder. Two whitewomen on the train accused them of rape.An all white jury in Alabama found themguilty w/out evidence1932: Supreme Court overturned thedecision

5. Blacks benefitted from Federal WritersProject given by Works ProgressAdministration (WPA)- Claude McKay - Richard Wright- Ralph Ellison- WPA supported musicians and theaters

6. Federal Writer’s ProjectFederal Theatre ProjectFederal Arts Project→ Blacks participated

7. Ms. Eleanor Roosevelt. Her best negrofriends Mrs. McLeod Bethune- She was a prominent adviser in the NewDeal

8. Daughters of the American Revolution

refused to permit the young negro singerMarian Anderson to appear in ConstitutioHall in DC. Roosevelt declined hermembership. Marian sang at LincolnMemorial.

9. Black cabinet Robert Weaver (Secretaof HUD)

Women

Lucy MercerD of AR → very conservative → pro-WA

- Unequal wage scale for women- official gov’t policy was “equal payconsideration for women” but on the localevel officials disputed this requirement- appeal by women’s league of voters,women trade union league for equal pay equal work and equal opportunity for equability. Many NRA codes mandated uneqpay.

Women weren’t really favored by New D→ NRA: Women paid less→ CCC: never employ women

Social Security didn’t cover women whoworked as maids

04/16

Aim: How did the New Deal diplomacypave the way to WWII?

A.

Good Neighbor Policy

Questions1. How did FDR part from previous foreipolicy towards Latin America?2. How did FDR formalize a policy initia

by Herbert Hoover?

Good Neighbor Policy

3. Respect for Latin America4. Treat Latin America as equal5. Renounce America’s unilateralintervention into Latin America6. Repeal Platt Amendment7. Renounce unpopular armed interventio

1. America for peace/order in Latin Ame2. Friendly towards Latin America; abandRoosevelt Corollary

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


8. Economic rather than politicalintervention9. America withdrew marines from severalLatin American nations

B. 1. Recognition of the Soviet Union(1933) by the US; Soviet Union promise notto interfere into America’s domestic affairs

C. Reciprocal Trade Agreement

D.

(1934)1. The presidents could raise or lower tariffs

without Congressional approval in return forreciprocal concessions from other nations.Volume of trade w/Western Hemisphererose 100%

London Conference

E.

(1933) 66 countries1. Tariff Reduction Talks2. Currency stabilizations FDR rejected bothand walked out

Tyding-McDuffie Act (1934)Independence for the Philippines (Promise)

Extra Notes

04/19

- Russian recognized for trade benefits- Reciprocal Trade Agreement → used

against Hawley Smoot- London Economic Conference → no use

for economic stabilization → America had

less gold than the rest of the world- treaties were regularly broken (Japan brokeKellogg-Briand Pact and 9-Power Treaty)

Aim: Why was American involvement inWWII inevitable?

A. Dictators on the loose

Causes of WWII

1. Treaties were broken

2. Non-aggression pacts were made to lullthe prospective victim into a false sense of security

3. Naked aggression by dictators in the1930s

4. Johnson’s Act 1934: US will not extendany further loans to countries in unpaid debtto America (Finland: only country to pay)

5. Un-neutrality short of war

6. Neutrality Act 1936 – loans or creditprohibited to belligerents

Neutrality Act of 1935 upon the outbreak of war between foreign nations- all export of American arms and munitions to them willbe embargoed for six months

7. Neutrality Act 1937 forbade shipment of arms to warring factions in Spain

8. Threat to World Order

9. Ethiopia

The Manchurian Crisis 9/1931 → violated

Kellogg-Briand Pact and 9-Power Treaty

10. Occupation of Rhineland

11. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

12. Sino-Japanese War – Japan sinksAmerican gunboat Panay in Yangtze River

13. October 1937 “Quarantine theAggressor” speech in Chicago

14. German expansion 1938 Sudetenland

Neutrality Act 1939

Destroyer for bases50 destroyers for a 99 year lease on air andnaval bases in British territories inNewfoundland, Bermuda, and the Caribbean1941: Lend Lease

- cash and carry- short term loan to belligerents- forbade American ships to trade

w/belligerents or for Americans to travel inships w/belligerents

Extra Notes

04/20

- Lytton Committee: established to look intoconduct of Japan- Nye Committee: investigated “bloodbusiness”

Aim

A. 1. FDR Quarantine Speech2. Atlantic Charter: war aims, motives

: How did the US prepare for WWII?

3. FDR Four Freedomsa. State of the Union address 1941b. Future world order based on human

freedoms4. At various times he compared his four

freedoms to the 10 commandments,Emancipation Proclamation, and the MagnaCarta

B. 4 Freedoms painted by Norman Rockwell1. Family enjoying Thanksgiving dinner –want- private2. Ordinary people (citizens) speaking at atown meeting – public speech3. Members of different religious groupsseen at worship- private religious worship4. A mother and father stand over a sleepingchild (Freedom from fear) Private

5. Four freedoms provided a cruciallanguage of national unity6. Four Freedoms can be found in theAtlantic Charter and the UN charter

C. Patriotic posers, animated film shorts,Rosie the Riveter, Rationing

D. War bond drives bond rallies

E. War Production Board

1. Produced military goods instead of consumer goods2. War manpower commission- draftedpeople for the war3. War labor board- handled labor dispute4. Office of Price Administration imposeceiling and rationing

Japanese Americans lose their liberties* Fred Korematsu vs. the US 5

th

Navajo code: able to send messages

Amendment Due Process and EqualProtectionBorn in America second generation

04/21

Aim

1. Date: 1941Newfoundland, CanadaFDR, Churchill, Atlantic Charter

: How would you evaluate WWIIdiplomatic conferences?

2. 11/1943 FDR, ChurchillChiang-Kaishek Cairo, Egypt

Supplies to China, Pacific Strategy

2/1943: FDR, Churchill, Stalin (Tehran)- Normandy Invasion, Postwar economicrecovery, UN- Date of Normandy Invasion set- Stalin to attack Japan- Aid to Tito Yugoslavia

Provision: 2/1943 Yalta: Churchill, StalinFDR1. Denazification of Germany2. Demilitarization of Germany3. Division of Germany into occupying

zones4. Creation of the United Nations5. Free and unfettered elections in Polandand in Eastern Europe6. Stalin will enter the war 3 months afterGermany falls in the Pacific and attack Japan. For this, the USSR would controlManchuria, Mongolia, and would be cedehalf of Sakhalin Island and Kurile IslandNorthern Japan7. Only Russia asked for reparation

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


Potsdam- Germany (Stalin, Truman, Atlee)July 17-August 2 19451. Demilitarization of Europe2. Unconditional surrender of Japan3. Germany occupation and reparation4. Truman receives word of the bomb atPotsdam5. Future of Poland6. Continue to solicit Stalin’s help againstJapan7. Trial of the war criminals

Extra Notes

04/22

- puppet regime in Poland after WWII- Nuremberg Trials, Tokyo Trials- League of Nations dissolved after war- 1945 UN San Francisco → Security

Council (veto) (hidden veto)

Aim

- Nuremberg Trial - Tokyo Trial- Douglas MacArthur Constitution

: Is defeat in war an international crimeto be punished by the victors?

Question: Was the Nuremberg Trial one of justice rather than impartial justice?

A. Law of War and peace written by HugoGrotius (1583-1654)

Law of War includes

B,

:- treatment of wounded soldiers- treatment of prisoners of war andshipwrecked- punishment of war crimes by international

organizations- contraband, visitation capture- rights of neutral vessels

Nazi Trial

C. 1.

- Leader of the Nazi Party- The military- The SS leader- The Gestapo leaders

War CrimesViolations of the laws or customs of war like- murder- ill treatment of civilian populations orprisoners of war- wanton destruction of cities- killing of hostages- devastation not justified: shooting, boilinghumans, starvation, poisoning2. Crimes Against Peace- planning and prepping for war- initiation or waging of war of aggression- violation of international treaties3. Crimes Against Humanity- murder or persecution of civilianpopulation on political, racial, or religious

grounds4. Conspiracy to commit any/all of the threecategories of crimes

Tokyo Trial/Japanese War Crime

D.

Premier Kideki Tojo tried and killed

Japan’s New Constitution

E. Stanley Milgram experiment onobedience and conformity

- Limited power of the emperor- Trial by jury- Abolished titles and no nobilities

- Freedom of speech

F. Nuremberg Trial- International crimes are committed by menand not nations or states as abstract entities

04/23

Aim

1. Rise in birthrate

: Why did Harry S. Truman fail to easeAmerica into Peacetime?

2. Increased demand for goods and services,which in turn encouraged consumerspending

3. Growth in business

4. Agriculture declined as a profession

5. White collar jobs and service employmentrose

6. More people flocked to urban centers and

suburbsEconomic problems resulted with thetransition from wartime to peacetimeeconomy

Domestic Problems-Post WWII1. Returning millions of servicemen to theirhomes2. High prices, shortage of consumer goods3. Labor unrest-strikes, automobile,electrical, railroad, mining, and steelindustries (this was a major problem forTruman)

4. Inflation5. Supply could not keep up with consumerdemand

Fair Deal- Truman wanted1. Regional Style TVA2. Continuation of the New Deal3. Minimum wage increase (passed)4. National Health Insurance (rejected)5. Expand Public Housing for low income(passed)6. Aid to education (rejected)7. Desegregation of the armed forces

8. Repeal Taft-Hartley9. Aid to small farmers (rejected)10. Enforce civil rights (rejected)→ Congress rejected almost all of the Fa

Deal. Instead, Congress passed tax cut fothe rich and Taft-Hartley Act (June 1947

Taft-Hartley Act

1. 80 days cooling-off period for strikers key industries2. Outlawed the closed shop (process of hiring only union members)3. Banned compulsory union membership4. Union leader swear as not communist

(1947)- Anti-labor- Passed by Congress over Truman’s veto- It was conservative response to powerfu

labor unions

5. Unions lost bargaining rights and legalprotection6. Forbade unions to contribute tocampaigns

Extra Notes - Taft-Hartley outlawed “closed” shops,made unions liable for damages that resufrom jurisdictional disputes among them,and opposed the Wagner Act of the NewDeal (NRA)- ELECTION OF 1948:Thomas Dewey → NY governor J. Strom Thurmond → “Dixiecrat” of Sou

CarolinaTruman received critical support fromfarmers, workers, and blacks- “Point Four”

04/26

: financial support of poor,

underdeveloped lands to keepunderprivileged from becoming commun

Aim

The Cold War was a war of espionage,threat, intimidation, arms buildup, wordsand ideological tension btwn the USSR athe US

: On what basis does one assign primresponsibility for initiating Cold Warconflicts?

Origins of the Cold Wa

Year

r

USSR USA

1946 Keep troops inIran

DiplomatiProtest

1947 - PressureTurkey- Aid Greek communists

TrumanDoctrine

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


1947 Economic Aidto EasternEurope(Molotov Plan)

Marshall Plan

1948 BerlinBlockade

Berlin Airlift

1949 Eastern EuropeAssistanceWarsaw (1955)

North AtlanticTreatyOrganization

1946: Churchill: “Iron Curtain” Speech

1946

National Security Act 1947 established- Department of Defense- National Security Council (NSC)- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

: Containment Policy- George F.Kennan- sent long telegram and his article in foreignaffairs- the USSR cannot be treated as a normalgov’t- the USSR cannot be dislodged in EasternEurope- the USSR wants to spread their ideology

- containment policy is to restrict Sovietexpansion

*Truman’s Point 4 Program1. Support the UN2. Support a stable world economy3. Aid to free nations4. Technical Assistance to developingcountries

Military Containment

04/27

- OAS-20 Latin American countries- ANZUS 1951- Australia and New Zealand- SEATO – Britain, France, Belgium,Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark,Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Canada,US

Aim

1. House Un-American Committee (HUAC)(Congress)- focus on communist influence in laborunions- state department- movie industries- Hollywood 10 → 5

: How was postwar Americacharacterized by a fear of Communist

subversion?

th

2. Alien Registration Act (Smith Act) 1940A. Set criminal penalties for teaching or

advocating revolution or belonging to agroup that did either. Several Communistleaders were imprisoned for violation of theSmith Act

amendment; refusedto testify against themselves

Presidential

That they were not communists. Manyemployees were dismissed

3. Federal loyalty program (1947)- federal employees were to take oath

4. Alger Hiss

5. McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950- passed over Truman’s veto- all communist organizations to registerwith the gov’t and publish their records- communists were denied passports andprohibited from working in defense plants

: a former state departmentofficial against whom charges was leveledby Whittaker Chambers, a confessed Sovietagent. He was accused of stealing statedepartment documents. Documents werefound in Hiss’ farm in a hollowed out …Pumpkin Papers → sentenced 5 yrs

6. German-born British physicist namedKlaus Fuchs

7. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were tried,convicted, and executed for passing atomicsecrets to the Soviets

confessed he spied for theSoviet Union while working on theManhattan Project for Britain

8. McCarthyism: Republican Senator fromWisconsin (1947-1957) claims to have 205

names who are communists working in thestate department

9. Sputnik caused fear → NASA and

National Defense and Education Act

10. Duck and cover drills

04/28

Aim

NSC-68: issued in response to the fall of

China and Korea

: Why was NSC-68 an American dogmaafter the Korean War?

Question: Was NSC-68 too simplistic andmilitaristic?

A. Truman and the Cold War- Containment Policy- NSC-68 lasted for 60 yrs- Department of Defense, CIA

NSC-68- study of Soviet objectives- strategies, desires, and how to mobilize US

public opinion for high defense budget- prepared by Defense and State Dept toevaluate Soviet National Security and hoto win the Cold War- a study of Soviet capabilities- mobilize public opinion for highexpenditure and higher taxes- authors thought in terms of militarysolutions- a portrait of an implacable communistconspiracy by the Soviet Union motivate

by greed for territory and fanatic faith incommunism- document describes the world as dividebetween forces of slavery and freedom

Plan

04/29

- US will win the war by diplomacy andintegrating the colonies of Japan, Europeand America- US encourages friendly nations to rearmand make its former enemies into militaryallies- Outbreak of the Korean War June 1950

confirms communism as a military threat

Aim

A.

: Why did Eisenhower rely more on threat of nuclear retaliation rather thanconventional forces?

Election of 1952

B.

- Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower- Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson

Campaign Issues1. Eisenhower will wipe out formula

→ K 1C2

Eisenhower(Advantages)

: Korea, Communism, Corruptio→ “I like Ike” “They like Ike” 2. Nixon: Eisenhower’s running mate hadmaintained an $18,000.00 slush fund →

Checker speech3. Eisenhower, if elected “I shall go toKorea” to break the deadlock in the peacenegotiation4. Eisenhower vs. Stevenson

Stevenson(Disadvantages)

FolksinessSmilingBenevolence helpedhim

Stevenson’sbrilliance andeducation hurt h- Intellectuals wdubbed “egghea

C. Foreign Policy (Secretary of State)→ John Foster DullesNew Look 1. Eisenhower believed that the US could

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


not contain communism through a series of small wars such as Korea2. Instead of a large scale army the USshould use atomic weapons →

“brinksmanship,” massive retaliation,deterrence, Mutual Assured Destruction(MAD)

D. Reasons for this policy1. Cut back on troops2. Cut back on military spending

3. Balance the budget4. Containment is too cautious

*Use of brinksmanship- US was going to use nuclear weapons toprotect Taiwan, Matsui … against China

05/03

Aim

A. 1. Eisenhower was a pragmatist2. He avoided conservative call to dismantlethe New Deal3. He agreed to increase social security,unemployment insurance & minimum wage4. He was a fiscal conservative5. Also known for his “dynamicconservatism”6. Balanced the budget three times in 8 yrs7. Reduced defense spending down 10% of GNP from 13%8. Encouraged private company to competewith TVA9. Labor unions grew in power10. Republicans lost both houses

11. Alaska admitted as 49

: Why was Dwight D. Eisenhower asuccessful president?

th state in 1958Hawaii as 50th

B. 1. Eisenhower did not intend to become a“civil rights” president2. 1950s NAACP achieved desegregation(separate but equal)3. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren Chief Justice of Supreme Court 19534. Although viewed as a conservative he leda liberal court5. Brown vs. BOE 1954- Thurgood Marshall overturned Plessy vs.

Ferguson

state in 1959

6. Reemergence of the KKK7. Crisis Little Rock Arkansas 1957- Governor Orval Faubus ordered NationalGuard to prevent 9 black students fromentering Central High8. Eisenhower reluctantly sent 1000 intoLittle Rock and nationalized the ArkansasNational Guard9. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955- …)10. Martin Luther King Jr.11. Southern Manifesto signed by Southern

Gov’t- tried to overthrow Brown decision

05/04

Aim: What impact did Eisenhower have onforeign policy?

Global Concerns

2. Eisenhower Doctrine (1/5/57)- offered military and economic assistance toensure the territorial independence of Middle Eastern nations threatened by armedaggression from communist countries- Doctrine invoked to assist King Hussein of Jordan. Marine sent to Lebanon

1. A. Military Industrial ComplexB. SEATO (1954)

C. CENTO (1953)

3. A. Geneva Summit Conference (1955-1957)B. Disarmament program-“open skies plan,”lowering traveling barriers, exchange of goods and ideas

4. Atomic energy commission ICBMHydrogen Bomb

5. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)1953: Overthrew Iran’s Premier1954: supported coup in Guatemala

6. Vietnam-Geneva Agreement 1954Eisenhower refused to help France inVietnam

7. Domino Theory-Eisenhower → 17

th

8. Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

parallel

9. Castro, Cuba, 1959

10. U-2 Spy PlanePilot Francis

Gary PowersNikita S. KhrushchevSpies in the Skies

05/05

Aim

1. Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) → rights of communists

: Why was Warren Court considered aJudicial activist court?

2. (1963) Gideon vs. Wainwright - 14th amendment due process clauseguaranteed a 6th

3. 1964- Escobado vs. Illinois Arrested persons are entitled to a lawyer the time of interrogation

amendment right to alawyer to all defendants in a criminal case(right to counsel)

First Amendment: Freedom of Establishment Clause, Prohibition Clause

Religion in Public Schools

Engel vs. Vitale (1962)Supreme Court struck down a prayer

composed by NYS Regents- violates freedom of religion

District of Abington Township vs. Schem

(1963)Court ended reciting of the lord’s prayerand the daily reading of 10 verses from thBible in schools; violates free religion

8. Baker vs. Carr (1962)Wesberry vs. Sanders (1964) Reynold vs. Sims (1964)established the doctrine of “one man, onevote”

- Supreme Court ended the old practice oapportioning legislative districts to over-represent rural areas

Heart of Atlanta Motel vs. US (1964)→ discrimination in public accommodati

TLO vs. NJ

Extra Notes

Writ of mandamus → Marbury v. Madiso

Writ of certiorari → hierarchy of courts

Gerry Mandering → idk

05/06

Aim

A.

: How did some Americans rebelagainst conformity in the 1950s?

Conformity

B. 1. Suburbia2. Uniform houses3. Uniform distance4. Some class5. Same incomes6. Similar lifestyle7. Watch some TV shows

- 1950s1. Conventional way of behavior2. Go along to get along3. Important to please others4. Customary way of behavior5. To cooperate

6. Everyone behaved and thought in sociaaccepted ways7. 1950s was a homogenized society

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


C. 1. Family Role: Working dads and stay athome moms2. Dr. Benjamin Spock Common SenseBook of Baby and Child Care

D. 1. Mass media reinforced family role,books, magazines – Husband breadwinner,mother stayed home2. Television brought the ideal family to lifeon screen

3. “Leave it to Beaver,” “Father KnowsBest”

→ advised

mothers to be full time mothers

E. Middle class moves to suburbs(Levittowns)

F. Move to the Sunbelt: warm weather statesacross the southern third Florida to CA

G. Triumph of Automobiles: Edel,Oldsmobile interstate highway system

H. Polio Vaccine: Dr. Jonas Salk

I. *Sociologist David Riesman- attackedconformity in book

Rebellion Against Conformity

Lonely Crowd

William Whyte

- Middle class suburban child learns toconform to a group as soon as they learnanything. They grow up wanting to fit inwith their peers. They do not think forthemselves.

The Organization Man- employees conform to the group ratherthan individual thinking

Beatniks

Alan Ginsberg…

-Leader Jack Kerouac- reject materialism 9-5 jobs- wore boards, berets, dark clothes

*Sloan Wilson

*Betty Friedan

The Man in the Grey FlannelSuit

05/07

The Feminine Mystique

Aim

Campaign 1960

: What was Kennedy’s New Frontier?

Nixon (R) vs. Kennedy (D)- Nixon: Member of HUAC, VP, Congress- Kennedy: Senator, Congress

A. 1. Legislative failure-unable to get muchthrough Congress due to resistance from

South Democrat and Republicanconservatives2. Space race-put a man on the moon →

John Glenn, Allan Shepard- continued crusade against organized crime

Kennedy’s Domestic Policies

B. Civil Rights

C.

1. 1962 James Meredith enrolled at theformally all-white University of Mississippi-Governor Ross Barnett physically attemptedto bar his admission – Kennedy provided the

National Guard to protect him2. Alabama 1963, Governor George Wallacestood defiantly at the door of the stateuniversity to prevent admission of black students3. “Freedom Riders” Medgar Evers,NAACP, Director Mississippi Assassination- 1963 “I Have a Dream” speech

Foreign Policy

6. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)7. Nuclear Test ban Treaty Hotline- rolled back price of steel

1. Operation MongooseBahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) 19612. Flexible Response “missile gap”

3. Alliance for Progress (Latin AmericaMarshall Plan)4. Peace Corp5. Berlin Wall 1961

Extra Notes

05/11

- VP Lyndon B. Johnson- Flexible Response- Theodore Sorenson- George McBundy

- Robert (Bobby) Kennedy → AttorneyGeneral

Aim

1. Ho Chi Minh (nationalist leader)

: Why was America’s growinginvolvement in Vietnam a mistake?

2. Vietminh (Nationalist group)Domino group

3. Vietminh used guerillas

4. Dien Bien Phu → French military basefell after a siege by Vietnam troops thatlasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954

5. Ngo Dinh Diem, South Vietnam leader

6. Vietcong-Guerilla (National LiberationFront-NLF) army organized by Ho ChiMinh in the South

7. Gulf of Tonkins Resolution

8.

Congressional resolution that allowedPresident Johnson to use force to defendAmerican troops in Vietnam

Agent Orange

9.

: a chemical that strips lefrom trees

Ho Chi Minh trail

10.

: network of paths onwhich North Vietnam sent arms and suppto South Vietnam

TET offensive: Jan 1968Vietcong and North VietnameseLaunched a huge surprise attack duringTET, Vietnamese New Year- They attack US air bases and major citi*Vietnamization

11. Troops to gradually withdraw and SoVietnamese to take over the fighting

: A plan for the USA

12. Pentagon Papers

13.

: Published by NYT.Classified doc on deception by gov’t on w

War Powers Act: 1973A law which requires the president to infCongress of any troop commitment withi48 hrs and to withdraw the troops within days unless approved by Congress

Aim

Michael Harrington

: to end illiteracy, discrimination,hunger, povertyAid to education, Aid to cities, influence great society

The Other America

Great Society Program1. Medicare-Old2. Medicare-Poor3. Head start4. Upward Bound5. 24th Amendment: end poll taxes6. HUD and Dept of Trans.7. Job Corp8. Voting Rights Act 19659. Immigration Act 196510. Civil Rights Act 196511. National Foundations for Arts andHumanities12. National Public Broadcasting System

Extra Notes

05/13

Nixon vs. US

Nixon secretly bombed CambodiaPlumber’s UnitDaniel Ellesberg N YT vs. US → freedom of speech

Aim: How did Richard Nixon reshape thepolitics of America

8/9/2019 Class Notes 9-23 to 5-14


A. 1. Nixon based his foreign policy onrealpolitik, politics of reality → politics

based on practical rather than idealisticconcerns2.

Foreign Policy

Realpolitik: based on national interest andbalance of power3. Détente

B.

was a key to balance of power4. Nixon visits Moscow playing his Chinacard

5. SALT I Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty(1972) ; Grain Deal6. Evaluation of Détente7. Energy Crisis 1973 Yom Kippur War8. China visit 1972

Domestic Policies1. New FederalismRevenue Sharing2. Blocked renewal of Voting Rights Act of 19653. Proposed antibusing bill4. Occupational Safety and Health Act

(OSHA) 19705. Earth Day April 20 19706. Wage and price control (1971)

Watergate1. Breaking and entering2. Illegal contributions3. Dirty Tricks4. Cover up/obstruction of justice5. Miscellaneous offenses and reforms- Attorney General John Mitchell controlleda secret fund for dirty tricks- Illegal political contribution (ITT)- Burglary of the offices of Ellesberg’s

Psychiatrist- Watergate burglars to receive clemency- Illegal wiretap

Extra Notes - New Federalism (Nixon/Reagan) ; fiscalfederalism → give state money, don’t follow

it- Secretary of State Henry Kissinger- Plumber’s Unit- CREEP- Nixon Doctrine: Asian allies receive USaid against communism → these countries

must give in most of their effort (similar toVietnamization)- DoctrinesMonroe: Latin AmericaTruman: Europe (Greece/Turkey)Eisenhower: Middle EastNixon: Asia

1. Carter and Human Rights

2.

Carter insisted that the US use its influenceto stop other governments from abusing itscitizens

Foreign Policy

C. Panama Canal Treaty provided for

transfer of ownership of the canal to Panamain 2000 and guaranteed its neutralityD. Camp David Accord: Anwar SadatMenachem Begin- Recognition of China (1979) PRC

A. Humanitarian diplomacy ultimatelyineffectiveB. For black majority rule in South Africa

3. Cold War PoliticsA. 1979 Carter signed SALT II with theUSSR. SALT I expired in 1977.B. SALT I not ratified by the Senate b/cSoviet invasion of Afghanistan. End of DétenteC. Iranian Hostage 1979. 444 days →

released after ReaganShah of Iran Ayatollah Khomeini

Domestic Policies- Fuel Shortage- DeregulationAirline Deregulation Act 1978Elimination of Civil Aeronautics BoardRail Act 1980-Trucking mergers allowed- Superfund for cleanup of chemical wastedumps- 1979: 3 mile Island Nuclear PowerincidentLove Canal, Nicaragua, NY

- Amnesty for Vietnam draft dodgers- Allan Bakke vs. University of California(1978)- Affirmative Action → not equality of

opportunity; equality of resultNo Quota No set aside Race consciousnessyesAW Philips- stagflation: high unemployment highinflation

Extra Notes - Monroe Doctrine: Latin America

- Carter Doctrine: Persian Gulf - Nixon Doctrine: Asia- Eisenhower Doctrine: Middle East- Truman Doctrine: Greece/Turkey- ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)- American Indian Movement

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