Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Class Numbers, Continued Fractions, and theHilbert Modular Group
Jordan Schettler
University of California, Santa Barbara
11/8/2013
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Outline
1 Motivation
2 The Hilbert Modular Group
3 Resolution of the Cusps
4 Signatures
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Motivation
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
‘Minus’ Continued Fractions
Let α ∈ R\Q. Then ∃unique continued fraction expansion
α = [[b0; b1,b2, . . .]] := b0 −1
b1 −1
b2 − · · ·
where b0 ∈ Z and b1,b2, . . . ∈ Z>1.
(b0,b1, . . .) is eventually periodic⇔ α is algebraic of degree 2.
Note: [[2; 2,2, . . .]] = 1, so we must have bk ≥ 3 for∞ly many k
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
“An Amusing Connection”
Let ` > 3 be a prime such that ` ≡ 3 (mod 4). Then√` = [[b0; b1, . . . ,bm]]
where m = minimal period is even, bm = 2b0 and
(b1,b2, . . . ,bm−1) = (bm−1,bm−2, . . . ,b1).
Theorem (Hirzebruch)
If Q(√`) has class number 1, the class number of Q(
√−`) is
h(−`) =13
m∑k=1
(bk − 3).
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The Hilbert Modular Group
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Notation
H = {z ∈ C : =(z) > 0}
GL+2 (R) acts on H via Möbius transformations:(
a bc d
)· z =
az + bcz + d
The action induces an isomorphism between the group ofbiholomorphic maps H → H and the group
PL+2 (R) = GL+
2 (R)/{(
a 00 a
): a ∈ R×
}
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Notation
Fix an integer n ≥ 1, and consider Hn = H×H× · · · × H︸ ︷︷ ︸n times
.
(PL+2 (R))n acts on Hn component-wise.
∃SES1→ (PL+
2 (R))n → An → Sn → 1
where An = group of biholomorphic maps Hn → Hn andSn = a symmetric group.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Notation
F = number field of degree n over Q
Assume F is totally real: ∃n distinct embeddings
F ↪→ R : x 7→ x (j) for j = 1, . . . ,n
GL+2 (F ) = {A ∈ GL2(F ) : det(A)(j) > 0,∀j = 1, . . . ,n}
We use the embeddings to view
PL+2 (F ) ⊂ (PL+
2 (R))n
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Notation
OF = ring of integers of F
We define the Hilbert modular group
G = SL2(OF )/{±1} ⊂ PL+2 (F )
G is a discrete, irreducible subgroup of (PL+2 (R))n
More generally, let Γ denote any discrete, irreduciblesubgroup of (PL+
2 (R))n such that
[G : Γ] :=[G : G ∩ Γ]
[Γ : G ∩ Γ]<∞
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Notation
With coordinates zj = xj + iyj on Hn, ∃Gauss-Bonnet form:
ω =(−1)n
(2π)n ·dx1 ∧ dy1
y21
∧ · · · ∧ dxn ∧ dyn
y2n
Theorem (Siegel)
Hn/Γ
∫ω = [G : Γ] · 2ζF (−1) ∈ Q
where ζF (s) is the Dedekind zeta function of F .
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Define the isotropy group at z ∈ Hn by
Γz = {γ ∈ Γ : γ · z = z}
Let am(Γ) = # of Γ-orbits of points z with |Γz | = m
Every Γz is finite cyclic, and∑
m≥2 am(Γ) <∞.
TheoremHn/Γ is a non-compact complex analytic space with finitelymany “quotient” singularities and Euler characteristic
χ(Hn/Γ) =
Hn/Γ
∫ω +
∑m≥2
am(Γ)m − 1
m
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The n = 1 Case
If n = 1, then F = Q and G = SL2(Z)/{±1}
∃biholomorphism j : H/G→ C
1 = χ(C) = χ(H/G) = 2ζ(−1) +12
+23
= 1
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The n = 1 Case Continued
For n = 1 we could take Γ = Γ0(N), a congruence subgroup oflevel N
non-compact Riemann surface H/Γ = Y0(N)
compact Riemann surface X0(N) = Y0(N) ∪ {cusps} where
{cusps} = ({∞} ∪Q)/Γ0(N)
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Back to General Case
If Γ ⊆ G, we can compactify Hn/Γ by adding “cusps” P1(K )/Γwhere we view
P1(K ) ⊂ ({∞} ∪ R)n = ∂Hn
Theorem∃bijection {cusps of Hn/G} ↔ class group C of F :
orbit of [α, β] ∈ P1(K ) with α, β ∈ OF 7→ ideal class of (α, β)
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
From now on take n = 2, so F = Q(√
d) for a squarefree d > 1.
OF =
Z[√
d ] if d ≡ 2,3 (mod 4)
Z[
1+√
d2
]if d ≡ 1 (mod 4)
O×F = {±1} × εZ
H2/G is a Hilbert modular surface.
The # of cusps = the class number h(d) of Q(√
d).
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The number of quotient singularities of H2/G is related to theclass numbers of imaginary quadratic fields.
Theorem (Prestel)
For d > 6 and (d ,6) = 1,
a2(G) =
10h(−d) if d ≡ 3 (mod 8)4h(−d) if d ≡ 7 (mod 8)h(−d) if d ≡ 1 (mod 4)
a3(G) = h(−3d), am(G) = 0 for m > 3.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Example
Suppose d ≡ 1 (mod 12). Then
2ζF (−1) =1
15
∑1≤b<
√d
b odd
σ1
(d − b4
4
)
where σ1(m) = sum of divisors of m.
Thus
30χ(H2/G) = 2∑
1≤b<√
db odd
σ1
(d − b4
4
)+ 15h(−d) + 20h(−3d)
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Resolution of the Cusps
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Consider a cusp of H2/G with representative x ∈ P1(F ).
Translate the cusp to infinity:
ρx =∞ = (∞,∞)
for some ρ ∈ (PL+2 (R))2.
∃deleted closed neighborhoods for∞, x :
W (r) = {(x1 + iy1, x2 + iy2) ∈ H2 : y1y2 ≥ r}
U(r) = ρ−1W (r)
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
We can choose r � 0 so that
U(r)/G = U(r)/Gx ≈W (r)/ρGxρ−1 ⊆ H2/ρGxρ
−1
There is a SES
1→ M → ρGxρ−1 → V → 1
where M is a fractional ideal and V = {u2 : u ∈ O×F }.
The narrow ideal class of M is uniquely determined by the cusp(indep. of ρ), and we may choose ρ such that
ρGxρ−1 = G(M,V ) = {( v m
0 1 ) : v ∈ V ,m ∈ M}
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The quotient space H2/G(M,V ) is a complex manifold.
We can compactify
H2/G(M,V ) = H2/G(M,V ) ∪ {∞}
to obtain a complex analytic space with a singularity at∞.
We now show how M,V are determined and how to resolve thesingularity at∞.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The narrow class group C+ = fractional ideals modulo strictequivalence: a ∼ b⇔ a = λb for some totally positive λ ∈ F
For a fractional ideal a of F , a 7→ a−2 induces a homomorphism
Sq : C → C+
where C+ is the narrow class group of F
Hence to each cusp corresponding to an ideal class a, we havean associated narrow ideal class C = Sq(a).
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Every narrow ideal class C ∈ C+ contains an ideal of the form
M = Z + wZ
with w ∈ K and w > 1 > w ′ > 0 (w ′ = Galois conjugate).
This implies w has a purely periodic continued fraction:
w = [[b0; b1, . . . ,bm−1]]
where m = minimal period. (Note: all bk ≥ 2 and bj > 2 some j)
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The cycle ((b0,b1, . . . ,bm−1)) (defined up to cyclic permutation)depends only on C ∈ C+.
We define bk by extension using periodicity for all k ∈ Z.
For each k ∈ Z take Rk = C2 with coordinates (uk , vk ).
∃biholomorphism
ϕk : R′k → R′′k+1 : (uk , vk ) 7→ (ubkk vk ,1/uk )
where R′k = Rk\{uk = 0} and R′′k+1 = Rk+1\{vk+1 = 0}.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Take the disjoint union ∪kRk and identify R′k with R′′k+1 via ϕk .
This gives a complex manifold Y of dimension 2 with chartsψk : Rk → C2 given by coordinates (uk , vk )
∃curves Sk in Y given by uk+1 = 0 in Rk+1 (and vk = 0 in Rk ).
By construction, Sk · Sk+1 = 1 while Sk · Sj = 0 for k < j + 1,and we can compute the self-intersections:
Sk · Sk = −bk
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
M acts freely on C2 via λ · (z1, z2) = (z1 + λ, z2 + λ′)
Note that
Y −⋃k∈Z
Sk = {(u0, v0) : u0 6= 0 6= v0},
so the map
2πiz1 = w log(u0) + log(v0)
2πiz2 = w ′log(u0) + log(v0)
induces a biholomorphism
Φ: Y −⋃k∈Z
Sk −→ C2/M
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Define A0 = 1 and inductively Ak+1 = w−1k+1Ak where
wk+1 = [[bk+1,bk+2, . . . ,bk+m]]
Then Am generates the group U+ of totally positive units, andAcm = Ac
m generates V = (O×F )2 where c = [U+ : V ] ∈ {1,2}.
The group V acts on Y + = Φ−1(H2/M) ∪⋃
k∈Z Sk :
(Acm)n sends (uk , vk ) in the k th coordinate system to the pointwith the same coordinates in the (k + ncm)th coordinatesystem.
Under the action, Sk is mapped by (Acm)n to the curve Sk+ncm
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Y + is an open submanifold of Y with a free and properlydiscontinuous action of V .
Y ((b0, . . . ,bcm−1)) = Y +/V is a complex manifold
∃cycle of curves S0,S1, . . . ,Scm−1 with intersection matrix
−b0 1 0 · · · 0 11 −b1 1 0 · · · 00 1 −b2 1 0 · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·0 · · · 0 1 −bcm−2 11 0 · · · 0 1 −bcm−1
or(−b0 2
2 −b1
)for cm = 2, or (−b0 + 2) for cm = 1.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
The Resolution
∃holomorphic map
σ : Y ((b0, . . . ,bcm−1))→ H2/G(M,V )
such that:
σ−1(∞) =cm−1⋃k=0
Sk
and
Y ((b0, . . . ,bcm−1))−cm−1⋃k=0
Sk → H2/G(M,V )
is a biholomorphism.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Signatures
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Definition
Let M be a complex surface. ∃symmetric bilinear form
β : H2(M,R)× H2(M,R)→ R
given by the intersection of homology classes.
We define the signature of M by
sign(M) = b+ − b−
where b+ (resp. b−) is the # of positive (resp. negative)eigenvalues of a matrix representing β.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Two Geometric Formulas
Let M be a connected, complex surface.
Theorem (Adjunction Formula)For a nonsingular, compact curve S on M,
χ(S) = −K · S − S · S
where K is a canonical divisor on M.
Theorem (Signature Formula)
If M is a compact manifold with no boundary,
sign(M) =13
(K · K − 2χ(M))
where K is a canonical divisor on M.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
∀a ∈ C we associate a compact manifold with boundary Xaobtained by resolving the singularity (as above) of
W (r)/G(M,V ) ≈ (U(r)/G) ∪ {x} ⊆ H2/G
where r � 0 and x is the cusp corresponding to a.
We define the signature deviation invariant
δ(Xa) =13
(K · K − 2χ(Xa))− sign(Xa)
where K is a canonical divisor on Xa.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Computing δ(Xa)
Xa is constructed by blowing up the cusp x into a cycle of cmnonsingular curves S0, . . . ,Scm−1.
The intersection matrix (as in the previous section) gives
sign(Xa) = −cm
In fact, Xa is homotopy equivalent to⋃cm−1
k=0 Sk , so
χ(Xa) = 1− 1 + cm = cm
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Computing δ(Xa)
For each k the adjunction formula gives
2 = χ(Sk ) = −K · Sk − Sk · Sk = −K · Sk + bk ,
so
−K =cm−1∑k=0
Sk ,
and
K · K = −cm−1∑k=0
bk + 2cm.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Computing δ(Xa)
Therefore
δ(Xa) =13
(−c
m−1∑k=0
bk + 2cm − 2cm
)− (−cm) = −c
3
m−1∑k=0
(bk − 3)
Suppose F = Q(√
d) has no units of negative norm. (c = 2)
Theorem (Curt Meyer)
If ζ(s,C) = partial zeta function of C = Sq(a),
ζ(0,C) = −ζ(0,C∗) =16
m−1∑k=0
(bk − 3)
(=−12c
δ(Xa)
)
where a−2 = C ∪ C∗.
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Assume F = Q(√`) where ` > 3 is a prime with ` ≡ 3 (mod 4).
∃unique, character ψ on C+ which is non-trivial and real-valued.
Meyer’s theorem implies
sign(H2/G) =∑a∈C
δ(Xa) = −4∑C∈C+
ψ(C)ζ(0,C)
= −4L(0, ψ) = −4h(−`)h(−1)
2= −2h(−`)
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
If, additionally, F = Q(√`) has class number 1, then C = {a}
where a = [OF ] is the trivial ideal class.
C = Sq(a) is the trivial narrow ideal class, so we may choose
M = OF = Z + (d√`e+
√`)Z
with √` = [[b0; b1, . . . ,bm]]
where m = minimal period, b0 = d√`e, bm = 2b0, and whence
d√`e+
√` = [[2b0; b1, . . . ,bm−1]].
Motivation The Hilbert Modular Group Resolution of the Cusps Signatures
Thus we recover the “amusing connection”
−2h(−`) = sign(H2/G) = δ(Xa) = −23
(2b0 +
m−1∑k=1
(bk − 3)
),
or more simply
h(−`) =13
m∑k=1
(bk − 3)
Note: We did NOT need ANY signatures or surfaces to derivethe formula for the class number.