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SERVING THE ARMY IN ITS PREVENTIVE MEDICINE PROGRAM

. REPORT OF PROJECI: NO. RP0006H1-65/66

MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISPERSION OF BERYLLlUM FROM DISPOSAL OF A SOLID PROPELLANT BY TRENCH BURNING AT

DUGWAY PROVING GROUND, UTAH

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Project No. RW006H1-65/66: M n i t o r i n g of Envirotnnental Dispersion of Beryllium from Disposal of a Solid Propellant by Trench Burning a t Dugway Proving Ground, Utah

Direc t ing Agency: US Army Envi romenta l Hygiene Agency Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland

Requesting Agencies: The Surgeon General, Department of t h e Anny The Surgeon General, Department of t h e A i r Force

Ekr t i c ipa t ing Agencies: The Surgeon General, Department of the Army The Surgeon General, Department of t h e A i r

US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency US Army Materiel Cormnand US Army Test br Evaluation Camnand Dugway Proving Ground 392nd Aero Space Medical Group, Vandenburg AFB Regional Environmental Health Laboratory,

Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Edwards AFB Regional Envirorrmental Health Laboratory,

H i l l AFB

Force

Kelly AFB

McClelland AFB

Coordinating Agencies: US Public Health Senrice Utah Department of Health

Period Covered by Report:

R o f e e s i o n a l Authors of

J u l y 1965

Pr inc ipa l Invest igators : Colonel Robert G. &Call, MSC, Director

L t Colonel Alois Peczenik, MC, Direc tor of Engineering Services, USAEHA

of Medical Services, USAEHA

F i e l d Iaves t iga tore : Major Lee C. Herwig, Jr., Assistant f o r A i r

Captain Frederick B. Higgins, Jr., Ass i s t an t Pol lut ion , USAEHA

for A i r Pol lut ion, USAEHA

Reports Control Symbol: USAEHA-E

Secur i ty Claee If ico t ion: (Unclassified)

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FCREWARD

The F i e l d Inves t iga to r s , & l o r Lee C. Herwig, Jr., b S C , and Captain Frederick B. Higgins , Jr., YSC, Ass i s t an t s f o r A i r Po l lu t ion , D i rec to ra t e of Engineering Services , US Amy Environmental Hygiene Agency, were t h e a c t i o n o f f i c e r s i n prepara t ion of t he protocol , conducting the opera t iona l phases of the study and preparing the r e p o r t under the guidance of t h e p r inc ip l e inves t fga tors .

However, while primary d i rec t ion of t h i s s tudy w a s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e US Amy Environmental Hygiene Agency, i t could not have been c a r r i e d out without t he a s s i s t a n c e of many persons from o the r agencies . many members of t h e interagency t e a m who pa r t i c ipa t ed in t h i s study:

Sincere apprec ia t ion is due the

a. The Regional E m f r o m e n t a l Health Laboratory a t Kelly A i r Force Base, Texas, commanded by Colonel Walter Melvin, which performed a l l t h e chemical analyees .

b. Captain Owen K i t t i l s t a d of t he Edwards Rocket Propulsion Laboratory who served a s A i r Force Technical Coordinator, p a r t i c i p a t i n g a c t i v e l y i n both t h e planning and sampling phases of t h e study.

c. Nr. Pope A. Lawrence, Chief, Federal Agencies Sect ion, DivLeion of A i r Pol lu t ion , US Public Health Service; M r . Austin Heller, Deputy Chief , Technical Services Branch, Divis ion of A i r Po l lu t ion , US Public Health Service; and Mr. Paul Htrmphries, Chief Meteorologis t , Division of A i r Po l lu t ion , US Public Health Service who ac ted as technica l consul tan ts , providing extremely va luable a s s i s t a n c e i n the prepara t ion of t h e final protocol.

d. DK. C . D. Car ly le Thompson, Director of Public Health and Dr. Grant S. Winn, Utah S t a t e Department of Health, who provided both admin i s t r a t ive and technica l a s s i s t ance during t h e test.

e. Colonel William W. Stone, Jr., Commanding Off icer , Dugway Proving Ground, who placed f u l l support of a l l f a c i l i t i e s a t his i n s t a l l a t i o n i n support of t h i s pro jec t . Safe ty Direc tor , Dugway R w i n g Ground, f o r his cont inuing a s s i s t a n c e throughout t he planning and opera t iona l phases of t h i s study.

392nd Aero Space Medical Group, Vandenburgh AFB, Cal i fo rn ia , and t h e Regional Environmental Health Laboratory, McClellan AFB, Cal i fo rn ia , who provided the bat tery-operated samplers f o r t h e d i f fus ion study.

Mr. Robert L. Alg,

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g. L t Frank Parker, BSC, of H i l l AFB, and Captain Wendell Ward, MSC, Office of the Surgeon, Sixth US Amy Headquarters, who assisted i n conducting the sampling portion of thio etudy.

ABSTRACT

PIIQJECT NO. RP0006H1-65/66 TITfiE Monitoring of Environmental Dispersion of Berylliun ftm D i e p ~ e a l of a Sol id Pr0r)ellant by Trench BurnfnR at Dunway 9- -@ U

Name and Address of Reporting Ina t a l l a t ion :

US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland 21010

Period Covered by Report: 28 June-18 J u l y 1965

Authors: Major Lee C. Herwig, Jr., FISC, Assistant f o r A i r Po l lu t ion ,

Captain Frederick B. Higgins, Jr., NSC, A s s i s t a n t f o r A i r US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency

Pol lu t ion , US Army Environmental Wgiene Agency

Reports Control Symbol: USAEHA

Secur i ty C l a s s i f i c a t i o n : (Unclaesif fed)

A s tudy of d i f fus ion of beryll ium from dieposa l of a s o l i d propel lan t waste was conducted a t Dugway Rov ing Ground, Utah, dur ing June-July 1965. open t renches i n a canyon previously designated as a dispoea1 area at t h e base of Grani te Mountain on t h e w e s t range of t h e Roving Ground.

The propel lan t waste was burned i n two

A i r sampling was accomplished by w e of several types of high volune a i r samplers. Some s o i l sampling was a l s o conducted.

The study was designed pr imar i ly t o determine t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of beryll i tm, t o t h e environment. Once t h i s wae accomplished, i t became poss ib le t o eva lua te t h i s s i t e as a d isposa l area, and t o make recommendations as t o the ex ten t of sampling and precaut ionary measures t o be taken if the s i te were t o be used i n t h e fu tu re for t h f s type of d isposa l .

Resul t s i n d i c a t e that while beryll ium concentrat ions are high a t t h e d i sposa l s i t e following i g n i t i o n of t h e waste, they fall off r ap id ly wi th t h e and d is tance . of beryl l iun-containing solid propel lan t can be s a f e t y burned at Dugway Roving Ground wi th mfnimtnn hazard to c i v i l i a n cwmunft ies o r t o m i l i t a r y personnel involved i n t h e d isposa l e f f o r t provided s p e c i f i c meteorological conditions preva i l .

The s tudy shows that l a rge q u a n t i t i e s

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It is mphasized that this can be accomplished a t Dugway Roving Ground becau8e of the uniqueness of the terrain and the vast meteorolo- g ica l measurement capability that is readily available.

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C O N T E N T S

T i t l e

FOREWARD

ABSTRACT

LNTRODUCTION

1. Authority 2 . References 3 . Objective 4 . Background 5 . Scope

INVESTIGATION

6 . 7 . Procedures 8 . Findings 9 . Discussion

Description of the Test Site

CrnCLUS IONS

10. Conclusions 11. Beconrmenda t ions

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDICES

I Medical and Industrial Hygiene Standards For Beryllium Propellants 45

11 Laboratory Procedures' for Determination of Beryllium Using Acetylacetone 50

111 Meteorological Data (Tables 8-16) 54

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F I G U R E S

TITLZ - Map of Utah Showing Location of Dugvay

Proving Ground

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FIGURE NO.

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t k p of Western Utah Showing Location of Dugway P r w i n g Ground

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7 Aer ia l V i e w of Delle, Utah 3

4 Aerial View of Grani te llountain, Dugway Proving Ground

Aerial View of Canyon Used f o r IJaste Disposal at Base of Grani te Nountain

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V i e w of Disposal Trench Showing Cylinders Containing Propel lant fdaste

Wind Direct ion a t Dugway Proving Ground

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8 Nap of Western Utah Showing Location of High Volume Samplers 11

Changing of F i l t e r Paper on e GMW Sampler, Fish Springo, Utah

Location of High Volume Samplers in Vic in i ty of Granite Ikmn ta i n

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Location of S o i l Sampling Points and Fa l lou t Boards i n the Disposal Canyon

Location of Neteorological S t a t i o n s Shoving Wind Direct ions Over Range Area at Time of Burn

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V i e w of Burn S i t e h e d i a t e l y Pollovring Igni t ion 13

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V i e w of Disposal Trenches During Peak of Burn

V i e w of Disposal S i t e Showing Plume Rising from the F i r e

Concentrations of Beryllim i n Vic in i ty of Granite Mountain, 'Day of Rurn

Concentrations of Beryllium i n Vic in i ty of Disposal P i t Vs Time

Ground and Edwards Rocket Propulsion Laboratory Resul t8 of Open P i t Burning a t Dugay Proving

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T A B L E S

TITLE - PAGE - 26

TABLE NO,

1 Concentrations of Beryllium Found a t 10 Sampling Locations

2 Concentrations of Beryllium a t A i r Sampling S t a t i o n s i n Vic in i ty of Grani te Nountain During Burn Period 27

3 Concentrations of BeryLlim Found at A i r Sampling S ta t ions i n V i c i n i t y of Grani te 1-fountain on Days Subsequent t o Burn 29

Concentrations of B e r y l l i u m i n Canyon Obtained by Air Sampling 31

32 R e s u l t s of Soil Sampling and Fa l lou t Board

Sampling

Concentrations of Beryllium Found i n Ereathing Zone of Culldozer Operator

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Concentrations of Beryllium Found a t Sampling S ta t ions Oilcrated by Utah Department of Health 34

Wind Direc t ion and Veloci ty Data at the Camnand Post (CP) During B e r y l l i u m Waste Disposal

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Wind Direc t ion and Veloci ty Data at the P r o f i l e 14ast During B e r y l l i u m Xaste Disposal 56

Wind Direc t ion and Veloci ty Data a t S ta t ion #8l During B e r y l l i m Waste Disposal 57

'Wind Direc t ion and Veloci ty Data a t S t a t i o n Downwind 61 During Beryllium Waste Disposal 58

Wind Direct ion and Veloci ty Data a t S t a t i o n Downwind #2 During B e r y l l i u m Waste Disposal 53

60 Winds Alof t at Downwind #I

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TABLE NO.

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T A B L E S (Continued)

TITLE - Winds Aloft Data a t Downwind #2

Winds Aloft a t Station #81

Temperature Gradient Data a t the Profile Mast

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NONITaRINC OJ? ENVIRONMENTAL DISPERSION OF B E R Y U I W FRmi QISPOSAL OF A SOLID PROPELLANT BY TRENCH BURNING AT

DUGWAY PRaV MG GROUND, UTAH

I. INTRODUCTION

I. AUTHCRITY.

a. DF, lEDPS-PO, Off ice of The Surgeon General, Department of t he Army, 19 Apri l 1965, sub jec t : So l id Propellant Disposal a t Dugway Rov ing Ground, Utah, t o CO, USAZKA.

b. DA Porn 1323, "Program and Funding Authorization Schedule", -. from Office of The Comptroller, OTSG, t o the USAHHA, c i t i n g the following appropriat ion: 21x2040 P 5028 (6.21.56.01.1) Rio-Medical Inves t igat ions - $14 , 619.

2 . REFERENCES.

a . Memorandum f o r Record, USAEHA-EB, 15 Apr i l 1965, subject : Atmospheric Pol lut ion w i t h Berylliurc.

b. TWX, Chief of S t a f f , US A i r Force, 17 A p r i l 1965, subject : Disposal of Beryllium Propellant Waste, Dugway Proving Ground.

c . Letter from Acting Chief , Division of A i r Pol lut ion, USPHS, June 1965, subject : Monitoring of Environmental Dispersion of Beryllium from Disposal of a Sol id Propellant by Trench Burning a t Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, t o CO, USAEHA.

3 . OBJECTIVE. The ob jec t ive of t h i s study was t o determine the d i s t r i b u t i o n of beryllium t o t he environment as a r e s u l t o f disposing of beryll ium-containing missile propel lant wastes by burning i n an open t rench a t Dugway Proving Ground, Utah.

4. BACKGROUND.

a . Because of i t s l i gh tness , i ts a b i l i t y t o absorb and conduct hea t r ap id ly , and o the r favorable f a c t o r s , the use of beryll ium is being app l i ed i n many operat ions. Included is i t s u s e as a component of missile p rope l l an t s , in which i t has been shown t o produce a s i g n i f i c a n t increase i n s p e c i f i c impulse and consequently i n missile performance.

b. However, a f t e r a period of time, propel lant f u e l may d e t e r i o r a t e o r crack i n t h e engine, o r f o r o the r reasons, d i spos i t i on of i t may have t o be made. Addit ional ly , t ox ic wastes including p rope l l an t , handling materials, p ro tec t ive r e s p i r a t o r s , etc. , are

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produced i n l a b o r a t o r i e s and on the production l i n e and require , s p e c i a l d i sposa l techniques. S i g n i f i c a n t q u a n t i t i e s of these materials have been generated by A i r Force c i v i l i a n con t r ac to r s located i n the v i c i n i t y of S a l t Lake C i ty , Utah. In 1963, an agreement was reached between the US A i r Force and Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, i n which t h e l a t t e r accepted a con t rac t t o dispose of a given quan t i ty of t h i s p rope l l an t waste. and by A p r i l 1965, 42,000 pounds of propel lant waste were on s i te a t Dugway. t o 50,000 pounds of waste, of which i t was estimated t h a t 300 pounds of beryll ium metal were present .

A s a r e s u l t , shipment began i n August o f that year

Further d e l i v e r i e s during t h e summer of 1965 r a i sed the t o t a l

c. While much i n f o m a t i o n concerning t h e t o x i c i t y of beryllium has t een co l l ec t ed , the na tu re and t h e extent of t he hazard a s soc ia t ed w i t h i t s use under a wide v a r i e t y of condi t ions are s t i l l con t rove r s i a l . However, h i s t o r i c a l l y , t h e use and handling of t h e metal and i t s compounds have caused a n appreciable number of se r ious i l l n e s s e s ; and, t he re fo re , the in ju r ious e f f e c t s of contact with and absorpt ion or' these substances are matters of deep concern.

d . Because of t h i s s i t u a t i o n both c i v i l i a n and m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s were concerned with t h e proposed d i sposa l by burning* of such a l a r g e q u a n t i t y of beryll ium, and as a r e s u l t , a j o i n t meeting of r ep resen ta t ives of the US A i r Force and US Army Surgeons General w a s held during Apri l 1965 (Reference 2a). It was decided by t h i s group that the US Army Environmental Hygiene Agency would se rve as a lead a c t i v i t y i n the development of and carrying ou t of a n environmental i nves t iga t ion p r i o r t o , during, and following d i sposa l of t he beryll ium waste a t Dugway.

5 . SCOPE.

a. The environmental i nves t iga t ion a t Dugway was divided i n t o f i v e major t a sks as follows:

(1) Determination by means of a l i terature search and review, through discussion with var ious consul tants , and through a p p l i c a t i o n of e x i s t i n g mathematical equations, t he exposure t o b e r y l l i m a t se l ec t ed inhabited and/or p o t e n t i a l l y occupied locat ions i n the environment under t h e o r e t i c a l meteorological condi t ions e x i s t i n g a t time of t he burning.

(2) Determination of t h e baseline o r background l e v e l s of b e r y l l i m i n the environment p r i o r t o disposal of the propel lant .

*Para 120, Department of t he Army Technical Manual 9-1300-206 states, "Burying of explosives o r ammunition o r dumping them i n t o waste p l aces , p i t s , wells, marshes, shallow streams o r inland waterways is proh ib i ted. It

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(3) Determination of t he actual concentrat ions of beryll ium i n the a i r a t s e l ec t ed loca t ions , as a r e s u l t of burning the waste m a t e r i a l under the given meteorological condi t ions.

b. The major l i m i t a t i o n s on t h i s study were t h e lack of . - prec i se information as t o source s t r eng th of t h e beryllium waste and

both d i f fus ion p red ic t ion and gene ra l i za t ion of data a f t e r t he f a c t . -- t h e ra te a t which i t burned; and l i m i t a t i o n s that t h e t e r r a i n plays i n

(4) Invest igat ion of the re-entrainment or' beryllium i n the a i r and t o t a l change o f the environment a f t e r burning.

(5) Correlat ion and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the data found so that i t might serve as a b a s i s f o r recommendations regarding pol icy and procedures.

c . No attempt was made during t h i s study t o determine new o r eva lua te e x i s t i n g hygienic c r i t e r i a with r e spec t t o beryll ium. The c r i t e r i a s p e c i f i e d by the US A i r Force t o t h e i r con t r ac to r s , which pa ren the t i ca l ly are b a s i c a l l y a restatement of the o r i g i n a l AEC recoromendations, were used as a guide t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of our data (Appendix I contains a copy of these recommendations).

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11. INVESTIGATICN I

* . 6. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST SITE.

a . Location.

(1) Dugway Proving Ground is located i n a semi-arid area of western Utah, and is bounded on th ree s ides by mountain ranges and on the f o u r t h by the G r e a t S a l t Lake Desert (See Figures 1 ’

and 2 ) . is 80 miles no r theas t of Dugway.

S a l t Lake City, i n the center of the Great S a l t Lake Valley,

(2) In add i t ion t o Dugway Proving Ground, the g r e a t e s t port ion of t h i s area of Utah is comprised of t he Wendover Bombing Range, a cu r ren t ly inac t ive A i r Force i n s t a l l a t i o n .

(3) The population dens i ty i n the area is extremely low. C i v i l i a n communities are located a t Wendover, Knolls, Low and Delle, no r th of Dugway, and Callao and F i sh Springs, south of Dugway. Rnolls, Low and Delle each c o n s i s t of a f i l l i n g s t a t i o n and r e s t au ran t (see Figure 3) along US Route 40 which a t i ts nea res t point is approximately 40 miles no r th of Dugway Proving Ground. a small town with l e a s than 2,500 population, is GO miles ac ross the salt f l a t s t o the northwest. Cal lao is a c l u s t e r of four ranches on t h e Nevada border 30 miles southwest of the tes t si te. Fish Springs is a Department of t he I n t e r i o r F i s h and Wi ld l i f e Refuge 20 miles south of the t e s t s i t e where the re are approximately 10 people permanently l i v i n g .

Wendover,

(4) The s i t e of t he propel lant waste d i sposa l was Gran i t e Nountain, a peak extending approximately 3,000 f e e t above the v a l l e y f l o o r which i n tu rn i s a t an e l eva t ion of about 4,000 feet above sea l e v e l (see Figure 4). Granite peak is located on Dugway Proving Ground 30 miles due west of che main post (Easy Area) and 20 m i l e s west of t h e t echn ica l operations area (Dog Area).

( 5 ) The d i sposa l area is located in a canyon on the Northeast t i p of the mountain (see Figure 5 ) . The r idge t o the nor th of t he canyon is approximately 300 f e e t above the canyon f l o o r . were two trenches containing the waste material, one p a r a l l e l t o the r i d g e and approximately 300 f e e t long (see Figure 6 ) . perpendicular t o the ridge and approximately 100 Eeet long.

There

The second was

b. Climate.

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(1) The climate i n the a rea is general ly dry. Most p r e c i p i t a t i o n is in the form of snow and spr ing r a i n s and f a l l s between

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FIGURE 1 MAP aF UTAH SHOWING LOCATION OF DUGWAY PROVING GR(xMD

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December and March. when heavy showers of s h o r t durat ion occur. about 40 percent from June t o September; 53-60 percent i n sp r ing and autumn; and 70-80 percent during the winter.

Other months are r a t h e r dry, except f o r August Relative humidity is

(2) An immense quan t i ty of data pe r t a in ing t o wind p a t t e r n s is a v a i l a b l e from the I4eteorological Section, Dugway Proving Ground. The mountains and the s a l t f l a t s surrounding Dugway play a l a r g e r o l e in determining these pa t t e rns . Normal Dugway summer weather is c-haracterized by a northwest flow ac ross the v a l l e y toward the mountains of the southeast during the period midday t o mid- afternoon. This is an upslope flow caused by the sun heat ing the western s i d e of these mountains and p reva i l s u n t i l 1900 hours. B t t h i s time the flow vee r s t o the southeast , because of drainage flow i n the basin.

( 3 ) Figure 7 i nd ica t e s average data f o r t he months of June and J u l y taken Over an e igh t year period a t a meteorological s t a t i o n on a bearing of 1500 and f f v e t o s i x miles from the test s i t e . This da t a w a s taken a t a height of two meters during dayl ight hours (0700-1800) and is f o r a l l wind speeds.

7 . PROCEDURES.

a. Sampling.

(1) Inhabited and P o t e n t i a l l y Occupied Areas. ,

(a) General. This phase o€ the sampling program had as i t s ob jec t ive the measurement of concentrations of beryll ium t o which c i v i l i a n and m i l i t a r y personnel might be exposed as a r e s u l t of disposing of the beryll ium waste. In a sense, t h i s was the public h e a l t h phase of the sampling program.

(b) Sampling Locations. Ten General H e t a l Works samplers [described i n para 7a (1) ( f ) l were used f o r t h i s sampling and were located i n c i v i l i a n and mili tary communities and on t h e range where personnel might normally be working. Their l oca t ions are shown in Figure 8. the one a t the corner of Stark and Zulu Roads on the range, which were operated €ram generators , the samplers were a l l operated from 110 AC l i n e cu r ren t . Five of t h e samplers were located i n the c i v i l i a n communities of Wendover, Knolls, Delle, Cal lao and F i s h Springs, Utah (see Figure 8 ) . on t h e m i l i t a r y instal la t ion--Easy A r e a , t he DPG Headquarters and family residence area; and Dog Area, the Technical Operations Area. The three remaining samplers were located a t p o t e n t i a l l y occupied si tes (although not occupied during this disposal period) on t h e

With the exception of t he sampler a t Callao and

Two were located i n populated areas

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FIGURE 8

NAP OF WESTLRLI UTAH SHOWING LLOCATION OF HIGH VOLuI.0 SAI:PLERS

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west range. on Horizontal g r i d , and the i n t e r s e c t i o n of Zulu and Stark Roads, t he la t ter one of the more heavi ly t r a v e l l e d of the range roads.

These sites were the change house on "V" gr ld , t he CP

(c) Duplicate Samplinq. Throughout the e n t i r e operat ion, cooperation of t he S t a t e of Utah Department of Health was exce l l en t . A t a meeting with t h e Director of Public Health, arrange- ments were made f o r sampling i n the c i v i l i a n communities. agreed that both the S t a t e and Army would l o c a t e samplers a t Wendover, Knolls, Delle and a t Easy Area on the m i l i t a r y i n s t a l l a t i o n . An arrangement was reached whereby se rv ic ing of t hese samplers i n the c i v i l i a n communities would be by S t a t e personnel during the week and by Army personnel over the weekend.*

It was

(d) Transportation of Samplers, Because of the tremendous d i s tances involved i n se rv i c ing of samplers, maximum use was made of a i r t r anspor t a t ion . As an example, the sampling equipment f o r t h e two southern sites were hauled i n by a i r . The generator used a t Cal lao was hauled t o i t s s i t e by uee of a s l i n g a t t ached beneath an H-23 Helicopter. Servicing of the sampler a t Fish Springs (see Figure 9) was accomplished on a d a i l y b a s i s using a i r t r anspor t a - t i o n and, f i n a l l y , a l l f i v e samplers i n the c i v i l i a n communities were picked up on the f ina l day by a i r .

operat ion Easy A r e a

(e) Sampler Operation. Samplers were placed i n t o a t c e r t a i n po in t s , "V" g r i d , Horizontal g r i d , Dog A r e a , and on the 1st of Ju ly . The samplers a t Delle, Knolls, and Wendover

were placed in operat ion on t h e 2nd of Ju ly . Fish Springs began operat ion 6 Ju ly ; Stark Road, 7 July; and Callao, 8 July. Once placed i n operat ion, they operated continuously and w e r e shutdown approximately every 24 hours only i n order t o change the f i l t e r paper. i n s t ance , no member could g e t t o t h e sampler to change i t because of t ime-distance l i m i t a t i o n s o r because other tests taking place on t h e range a t Dugway precluded i t . Horizontal Grid, and 12 J u l y and 14 J u l y on Stark Road, sampling periods were d e l i b e r a t e l y shortened t o coincide with t h e sampling periods of bat tery-operated samplers on the range.

.I

This va r i ed s l i g h t l y , if f o r

On t h ree occasions, on 9 J u l y on

lko sampling periods were

*This arrangement r e s u l t e d i n a considerable saving OE Army resources , inasmuch as each sampling run t o these points amounted t o a 230 m i l e round t r i p , admin i s t r a t ive capaci ty i n reimbursing c i v i l i a n s f o r t he power consuned i n operat ing the samplers. a day per sampler . son of a nearby rancher, who was a l s o paid one d o l l a r a day. and oil f o r running t h e generator a t t h i s s i t e were purchased l o c a l l y t o avoid having t o f l y it i n by he l i cop te r . t h e S t a t e which was la ter reimbursed by the Army.

The S t a t e served i n an a d d i t i o n a l valuable

Power was paid f o r a t t he rate of one d o l l a r The sampling s t a t i o n a t Callao was serviced by the

Gasoline

This again was paid f o r by

12

...

FIGURE 9

. ;'

Changing of F i l t e r Paper on a GMW Sampler, F i sh Springs , Utah

lengthened u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y . The sampler located on t h e Horizontal Grid r an f o r 56 hours on t h e 7 th , 8 t h and 9 t h of July. Sampler No. 9 a t Cal lao ran sporad ica l ly f o r t h r e e days on 9 , 10 and 11 July, providing a composite sample with approximately 20 hours running time.

( f ) Sampler C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The model GMWL 2000 General Metal Works Sampler i s a high speed, t u rb ine type a i r sampler weighing 15 pounds. I t has a 1 1 5 - V AC, 0.56 hp motor which draws 5.5 amperes and ope ra t e s on 25-60 c y c l e cu r ren t . The sampler was f i t t e d with an 8"xlO" s t a i n l e s s steel f i l t e r holder (Located a t an e l eva t ion of approximately t h r e e f e e t ) and operated with an i n i t i a l f low between 45 and 60 cubic f e e t pe r minute. The u n i t was placed i n an aluminum housing t h a t a l s o broke down t o form a shipping container . A v i sa - f l o a t gauge (rotameter) was used f o r measuring a i r flow.

(g) Sampler Ca l ib ra t ion . The samplers were c a l i b r a t e d using a c l a i b r a t c o n o r i f i c e with replaceable o r i f i c e p l a t e s (previously c a l i b r a t e d ) , a water manometer, and visa-f l o a t ( rotameter) . The c a l i b r a t i o n o r i f i c e was f i t t e d onto the instrument and w a s connected t o t h e manometer so a s t o measure d i f f e r e n t i a l

13

j. . (..

pressure across t h e o r i f i c e p l a t e . a i r flow through the sampler was con t ro l l ed by a t t ach ing the var ious plates i n t u rn . Readings were taken of d i f f e r e n t i a l pressure a t t he o r i f i c e and of t h e flowmeter readings a t a number of flow r a t e s . D i f f e r e n t i a l pressures were converted t o flow, using the o r i f i c e c a l i b r a t i o n curve, t o produce a graphical r e l a t i o n s h i p between flowmeter reading and t r u e flow rate.

With a clean f i l t e r i n place, the

(h) Handling and Shipping F i l t e r s . Each f i l t e r was nunbered on two diagonal ly opposi te corners , one on f r o n t and one on t h e r eve r se , ou t s ide t h e area t o be exposed, and placed i n a sepa ra t e manila fo lde r . The numbered f i l t e r wa6 taken t o the sampling point and c a r e f u l l y placed i n the holder of t he a i r sampler. sampler was s t a r t e d and t h e t i m e and i n i t i a l a i r f l o w were read. A t t he end of t he sampling i n t e r v a l , t h e time and f i n a l a i r f low was read. The motor was stopped, t he f i l t e r removed, folded length- wise w i t h the d i r t y s i d e i n , and placed i n a manila envelope. f i l t e r s were then airmailed t o t h e laboratory.

The

The

(i) Laboratory Analysis. Analysis f o r beryllium was accomplished by t h e A i r Force Regional Environmental Health Laboratory, Kelly A i r Force Base, Texas, using the a n a l y t i c a l technique described i n Appendix 11.

(1) Filter Paper. Whatman #41 f i l t e r paper was used because of i t s easy d i g e s t i b i l i t y and high r a t e of flow.

(2) Range Locations.

(a) General. The purpose of t h i s phaoe of t h e sampling program was t o gain as much information about the d i f f u s i o n of beryllium i n the inunediate v i c i n i t y of t h e disposal s i t e under the specif Led meteorological conditions as poss ib l e , recognizing that the r e s u l t s could not be generalized. Exis t ing d i f fus ion equations are a v a i l a b l e that are use fu l €or s p e c i f i c conditions. None of these equation,, however, f i t t h e unique conditions e x i s t i n g during t h i s test . [This w i l l be discussed more f u l l y i n para 9b(3).] t he da t a which was obtained was f o r t he purpose of providing some idea of the d i spe r s ion a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s i t e , under the s p e c i f i c condi t ions enumerated ear 1 ier i n t h i s r epor t .

Therefore,

(b) Sampling Locations. Thir ty-f ive Gelman and

One sampler w a s mounted on a bulldozer, and Staplex samplers [described i n para 7a (2) (d)] were a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s port ion of the study. t h r e e were located i n the canyon i t s e l f , leaving 31 samplers f o r the d i f f u s i o n study. Several days before the burn, several standard m i l i t a r y smoke pot8 were set o f f i n the canyon, and t h e d r i f t of t he smoke w a s observed. T h i s b r i e f test indicated that t h e mountain played a l a r g e r o l e i n inf luencing wind pa t t e rns , e spec ia l ly when

14

.-

e

t he wind was from the southeast o r due south. coverage of samplers would have t o be given t o the no r th and northwest of the burn s i t e if we were t o be sure of obtaining p o s i t i v e samples on a t least some of the samplers. Keteorological information fo re - c a s t several days p r i o r t o t he burn indicated a g r e a t e r p r o b a b i l i t y of winds from these d i r e c t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y during the e a r l y hours of t he burn. located as shown i n Figure LO. Calculat ions indicated tnat the minimum expected width of tho cloud on Stark Road would be approximately one-third of a m i l e . In order t o s implify the layout of the samplers, i t was decided t o space them a t equal i n t e r v a l s of 0.3 mile on S ta rk Road and a t 0 . 5 ni le i n t e r v a l s on Goodyear Road (Burns Road). On t he lee s lope of t h e mountain the samplers were located along e x i s t i n g t r a i l s a t i n t e r s e c t i o n s o r o the r points which could be e a s i l y located on a map, but a t the same t i m e would Give zood coverage over a wide f r o n t . The samplers were placed on the standard f i v e f o o t e l eva ted Dugway sampling s tands which 'had previously been located and driven i n t o tho ground by a team from the D E F i e l d Operations Sect ion. The samplers were simply wired onto t h e s tand, with the head point ing toward t h e burn s i te .

Re la t ive ly g r e a t e r

AB a r e s u l t of t h i s information, the samplers were

(c) Sampler Operation. These samplers were each powered by two nickel-cadniur.1 b a t t e r i e s operated i n series. operated f o r a p p r o x h a t e l y f i v e hours during and a f t e r t h e burn and were turned on f o r two t o fou r hours on days subsequent t o the burn. This l i m i t a t i o n w a s due t o the l imi t ed l i f e of t h e b a t t e r i e s , and tile tremendous l o g i s t i c a l p r o b l m tlut soon developed i n attempting t o maximize samp 1 ing t ine .

They

(d) Sampler Charac t e r i s t i c s . ' b o t y F s of samplers were used a t 'ihe range, t he Gelman Hurricane, and the Staplex Hi-Volume Sampler. The 24-V DC Hurricane a i r sampler was used with a 4" diameter f i l t e r holder (located a t a n e l eva t ion of approxiinately f i v e f e e t ) . The i n i t i a l flow r a t e f e l l i n the range 3-6 cubic feet p e r minute, The 24-V DC model of t he Staplex vas a l s o used with a 4" f i l t e r holder. The f i l t e r s were p la t ed onto the heads a t base camp and wrapped i n cellophane bags. They were taken t o the sampling s t a t i o n s where the bag was removed and the head screwed onto the sampler , thus minimizing the contamination p o t e n t i a l .

(e) Sampler Ca l ib ra t ion . These eawplero were c a l i b r a t e d using Venturi meters by t h e Air Force p r i o r t o t h e i r shipment t o Dugway Proving Ground. a b l e f o r each sampler, which were corrected f o r Dupay a l t f t u d e p r i o r t o t h e i r use.

Cal ib ra t ion curves were a v a i l -

( f ) The handling and shipping of t he f i l t e r s and laboratory a n a l y s i s was as has been previously descr ibed,

15

.'.

' 1 . - _ _ .

-. -

. *.I r:. .

FIGURG 10

IBCATION OF HIGH VOLUME SAMPLERS IN VICINITY OF GRANI TE MOUNTAIN

16

--

b. soil Sampling and F a l l o u t Board&.

(1) Two methods of s o i l sampling were used during the study. Sampling po in t s are shown i n Figure 11. A l t t h e se po in t s , g ra s s was \

remwed and the ground was leveled and smoothed ou t . s o i l approximately l"xl"x1/2" w a s removed wi th a spa tu l a and placed i n a g l a s s jar . Health Laboratory a t I k l l y A i r Force Base, Texas, where they were analyzed using t h e technique described i n Appendix 11.

A port ion of

The samples w e r e s e n t t o t h e Regional Environmental

(2) The second nethod was the use of a r o l l e r technique. An adhesive one foo t square was a t t ached t o a 250 pound c y l i n d r i c a l r o l l e r with the adhesive su r face outward. The r o l l e r was then twice passed over t h e previously snioothed ou t area, and p a r t i c l e s then adhered t o the "sticky" paper. The adhesive was then removed from the r o l l e r and s e n t t o t h e laboratory to be analyzed by the technique previously descr ibed. The t o t a l weight of beryll ium was then reported as micrograms of beryll ium per square foo t of soil su r face area. methods described were accomplished p r i o r t o and following the burn.

The two

(3) Fa l lou t boards were a l s o prepared which had a n area of one square f o o t of adhesive su r face f ac ing upwards. l a i d on the ground p r i o r t o t h e burn a t t he sites sham i n Figure 11. These were then picked up following t h e burn and s h i p ed t o the labora-

These were

t o r y f o r a n a l y s i s . Resul ts were reported as u g h e t e r E . c. Environmental Samples. Wipe samples were taken on

c e r t a i n pieces of equipment which remained i n the canyon during t h e burn, and on the rubber "booties" of c e r t a i n personnel who entered the canyon follvwing t h e burn. using 4'I-Whatrnan square foo t on the equipment (generator and b a t t e r y cases) and was over both the tops and bottoms of the boot ies .

These samples were taken The s i z e of the wipe was one f i l t e r paper.

d. Meteorological (%senrations.

(1) Meteorological condi t ions f o r the test had been previously s p e c i f i e d i n the protocol. that t h e test would not proceed unless t he following conditions prevai led: Wind from SE, S, o r SW Quadrants, wind speed above 10 mph, w i th lapse condi t ions prevai l ing. These condi t ions were met during the tes t .

The assumption had been made

!

(2) In order t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e disposal would not proceed without proper condi t ions, t he D K meteorological s ec t ion was requested t o p r e d i c t both t h e d a t e and tLxe when t h e prescribed condi t ions could be net, and t o record t h i s da t a f o r a n a l y s i s a f t e r t h e €act.

17

NORTH 1

FIGURE 11

LOCATION UP SOIL SN-IPLING POINTS AM) FALLOUT B W S IN THE DISPOSAL CANYON

50'

"7 30 '

1 B U R N T R E N C H

f 10'

- 100 ' 100' ,[email protected]' ,-+

18

_- .

(3) This was accomplished using both e x i s t i n g pernanent s t a t i o n s and mobile meteorological s t a t i o n s set up expressly f o r t he d isposa l program. l le teorological data was recorded a t t h e fol lowing f i v e loca t ions (see Figure 12):

(a) P r o f i l e mast a t the i n t e r s e c t i o n of November and Stark Roads--measuring wind speed and wind d i r ec t ion a t 2 meter and 16 meter he ights and temperature grad ien t data .

(b) S t a t i o n 691 a t the in t e r sec t ion of Lima Road and Nest Downwind Road--measuring wind speed and wind d i r e c t i o n a t a he ight of 8 meters.

(c) The CP a t t he weot end of X-ray Road--measuring wind speed and wind d i r e c t i o n a t 2 meters.

(d) Downwind #l nor theas t of t he CP--measuring wind speed and wind d i r e c t i o n a t 2 meters.

(e) Downwind #2 located approximately six miles nor theas t of t he CP--measuring wind speed and wind d i r e c t i o n a t 2 and 16 meters. F i f t e e n minute averages of wind speed f o r a l l s t a t i o n s . a t a l l he ights (2, 8 and 1 6 meters) i nd ica t e v a r i a t i o n frorl: s l i g h t l y under t o s l i g h t l y over 10 miles per hour during the burn. In genera l , t h e winds were from t h e south-southwest. The s t a t i o n s c loses t t o t he t3 mountain r e f l e c t t h e more souther ly flow and even a southeas te r ly flow a f t e r t h e f i r s t 90 minutes. ' d from the southeas t , car ry ing t h e smoke over the canyon wall t o t h e : o northwest. The data obtained a t these s t a t i o n s is s h a m in Tables 8-12 i n Appendix 111.

1. 8 Canyon winds were va r i ab le but p r i r a r i l y

' - 7

, . / "

(4) In add i t ion t o measurement of su r face winds, data were recorded on winds a l o f t a t t h ree s ta t ions- -Sta t ion #8l, Downwind $1 and Downwind #2. Winds a l o f t were measured every hour a t 13 d i f f e r e n t a l t i t u d e s from 125 f e e t t o 2290 f e e t . constant i n d i r e c t i o n from the southwest. of 10 mph a t ign i t i on , dropped t o approximately 8 mph one hour a f t e r i g n i t i o n , and rose aga in t o a p p r o : c h t e l y 20 mph by two hours a f t e r i g n i t i o n . The data per ta in ing t o winds a l o f t i s shown i n Tables 13 t o 15 i n Appendix 111.

These winds were r e l a t i v e l y They va r i ed from an average

( 5 ) During the burn the re wa8 no cloud cover, temperature of t he ground was 91.8 degrees, the relative humidity was 12 percent , and t h e d i f f e rence i n temperature between e leva t ions of 2 .0 m e t e r s and 16.0 meters var ied from -0.2 to -3.9 degrees Fahrenheit during t h e burn period. (See Table 1 6 i n Appendix 111)

19

..

20

. .

..

(6) In add i t ion t o t h e da ta previously descr ibed, weather information including wind v e l o c i t y and d i r e c t i o n , i n the form of hourly averages, was recorded f o r t h e e n t i r e per iod 2 July-16 Ju ly a t the Dog Area Weather S ta t ion .

e. Igni t ion of t h e Inlaste Mater ia l .

(1) A t 1155 hours on Friday, 9 Ju ly 1965, t h e Explosive Ordnance Detachment ign i t ed t h e b a r r e l s of waste, which had previously been soaked wi th 500 ga l lons of f u e l oil poured over t h e tops of the barrels. been modified to be f i r e d e l e c t r i c a l l y by squibs .

Ign i t i on was accomplished by f i v e thermite grenades which had

(2) A sequence of photographs (Figures 13 t o 15) provide the b e s t evidence of t he progress of t he burn. i g n i t i o n three small puffs of smoke were seen i n the longer t rench and flames i n the s h o r t e r . Within seve ra l minutes t h e t renches were a roa r ing blaze. Almost icnzlediately the grass and sage brush i n the canyon caught on f i re and swept damwind across the canyon f l o o r . Several cedar trees on the s lope of the canyon and an abandoned genera tor shed were soon ab laze . s eve ra l explosions were heard, and some b a r r e l s were seen f l y i n g out of t h e t renches. t rench; however, several were l i f t e d as high as 50 f e e t above the t rench and landed a t a d i s t ance approximately 30 feet away. t h e burn, the l i d s of these b a r r e l s were a l l that remained and could be seen on t h e charred ground surrounding the trench. Thc f i r e i n the t renches burned vigorously f o r approximately 30 minutes. From tine t o time, during t h i s per iod, t he re were in tense yellow-white flames from sec t ions of t he t rench where small rocket engines o r clumps of propel lan t were burning. Also during t h i s per iod, black clouds bil lowed from t h e trenches. After 30 minutes, t h e f i r e i n the t renches slackened measurably, and a f t e r two hours a l l that was l e f t were l i d s i n the t rench which were smouldering. A t t h i s time, f l a n e s were confined t o cedar t r e e s on the canyon w a l l , and a white-gray smoke from t h e burned trees was t h e primary emission. were v i r t u a l l y no v i s i b l e emissions from the t renches, a l though pe r iod ica l ly , a crackl ing sound of embers could be heard by an observer a t t he edge of t he t rench. small amount of smoke from the trees was observed, and during one sampling per iod, an a d d i t i o n a l tree came ablaze . t he re was no v i s i b l e smoke i n the canyon. canyon, i t severed t h e e l e c t r i c a l l i n e s operat ing t h e cascade impactors which had been set up by DPG personnel t o measure p a r t i c l e s i z e . result , no da ta was obtained. Fortunately, however, t h e grass around the s tands support ing the high-volume samplers had been c leared .

Immediately upon

About f i v e minutes followLng i g n i t i o n

Most d i d not rise much above t h e top l e v e l of t h e

After

After 24 hours, t he re

On t h e af ternoon of t he fol1oTJing day, a

By Sunday af te rnoon When the f i re ewept up the

As a

As

21

-.

FIGURE 15

I

I

V i e w of Disposal S i t e Showing Plume Rising from t h e F i r e

a r e s u l t , t h e s e samplers continued i n operat ion throughout t h e burn and provided va luab le information regarding concentrat ions i n t h e canyon dur ing this per iod, S o m e of t h e f a l l o u t boards w e r e s l i g h t l y charred and could not be used, but most came through i n t a c t and showed no evidence of any f i r e . The plume from t h e f i r e r o s e r a t h e r v e r t i c a l l y , and c o n s i s t e n t l y seemed t o hug t h e canyon w a l l and rise over i t t o t h e no r th and northwest. Occasionally, because of v a r i a b l e canyon winds, it would s l i p off t h e no r theas t corner of the r idge. The plume appeared t o rise over t h e canyon w a l l t o a height of 600-900 f e e t above t h e canyon f l o o r . To a d i s t a n t observer , by t h e t i m e it had reached 2,000 meters ( t o Stark Road), i t was no longer v i s i b l e . A t t i m e s , and e s p e c i a l l y toward the l a t t e r p a r t of t h e af ternoon, the wake of t h e mountain seemed t o play a g r e a t e r r o l e and t h e lower po r t ion of t h e plume was v i s i b l y pul led t o t h e ground. A t about f o u r hours a f t e r i g n i t i o n , t h e e n t i r e zone i n t h e lee of t h e mountain no r th t o a d i s t a n c e of about 1,000 meters was filled with smoke. A t no t i m e d id t h e plume move back toward t h e south more than about 50 meters, and t h e CP which was i d e a l l y located was never endangered. i

23 I

2. Neasuranent of Temperature of F i r e .

(1) The Explosive Ordnance Detachment, D E , had been requested t o measure t h e temperature of t he f i r e i n the trenches a t three points . Accordingly, t h r e e Chromel-Almil thermocouples were placed i n t he trenches with each thermocouple being placed i n the bottom of a b a r r e l p a r t i a l l y f i l l e d wi th rocket propel lant . lead wires were buried i n the bottom and s i d e s of t h e trenches and were covered with d i r t ac ross the f l o o r of the canyon. An osc i l l og raph was ueed as t h e recording rnecbn im. The en t i r e apparatus was c a l i b r a t e d on s i te immediately p r i o r t o i g n i t i o n .

The

(2) Unfortunately, no data per ta ining t o temperature of the f i re w a s obtained. Invest igat ion a f t e r the f i r e revealed that Thermocouple $3 probably f a i l e d t o funct ion because t h e lead wire burned and shorted out before the f i r e reached the thermocouple. No s a t i s f a c t o r y explanation was obtained as t o why thermocouple 51 and #2 f a i l e d t o funct ion.

8 . Decontamination P ro tec t ive Measures.

(1) F u l l p ro t ec t ive c lo th ing including gas masks were

This included two l a y e r s of "cloth" c lothing, required f o r a l l personnel including observers on the west range during the day of the burn. rubber boots w i t h "booties" over them and a head covering over t h e mask.

(2) A l l personnel "suited up" completely p r i o r t o i g n i t i o n and only the mask was no t worn, but held in readiness i n the event that the re was a wind s h i f t . This d id not occur.

(3) Personnel en te r ing the canyon (cameramen and f i e l d inves t iga to r s ) and meteorological groups downwind wore the f u l l c lo th ing including the gas mask. two-hour period.

None entered during the f i r s t

( 4 ) Vehicles and personnel were decontaminated a t t he s i te as they came out of the canyon by a 1000-gallon truck which c a r r i e d a standard detergent decontamination agent.

h. Coverlnq the Trenchee. The trenches i n the canyon On remained open over t he weekend, and sampling was continued.

Elonday, t h r e e days a f t e r i g n i t i o n , covering over of t he trenches w i t h e a r t h by use of a bulldozer began. dozed o u t i n construct ing the d i t ches and was p i l e d a t the ends of each t rench, lengthy and took several hours on each of two consecutive days.

The earth had been previously

As a consequence, t h e b a c k f i l l i n g operat ion was r a t h e r The

24

opera tors wore f u l l p ro t ec t ive c lo th ing , including gas mask. Each man wore a l a p e l sampler while i n the canyon. ba t te ry-opera ted S tap lex sampler was mounted on the dozer, and two Gelman samplers were operated from sampling s tands i n the canyon. t h e conclusion of b a c k f i l l i n g the dozer was hosed down wi th a de tergent p r i o r t o i t s being placed back i n normal operat ion.

Addit ional ly , a

A t

8. FINDINGS.

a. The r e s u l t s of a l l a i r sampling i n t he c i v i l i a n and m i l i t a r y communities and p o t e n t i a l l y occupied a reas on the range are shown i n Table 1.

b. The r e s u l t s of the d ispers ion study i n the v i c i n i t y of Grani te Kountain on t h e day of the burn is sham i n Table 2 and Figure 16.

c . The r e s u l t s of sampling on days subsequent t o the burn on t h i s g r i d are shown i n Table 3.

d. The r e s u l t s of saiilpling i n t he canyon during the burn and succeeding days is shown i n Figure 17 and Table 4 .

e . The r e s u l t s of t h e s o i l samples and f a l l o u t board samples are shown i n Table 5 .

E. The results of t h e a i r samples taken on the dozer are shown i n Table 6.

g. The r e s u l t s of a i r sampling conducted by t h e S t a t e of Utah Department of Health during the same period are shown i n T a b l e 7 .

9 . DISCUSSION.

a. Backnround Sampling.. A pos i t i ve background sample was

This sample (Sampler 2 found i n only one of t he 56 pre-burn samples taken by Army personnel and this was r i g h t a t the de t ec t ab le l i m i t . a t t h e CP on t h e Horizontal Grid) on the Dugway range had been permit ted t o run f o r 56 hours r a t h e r than t h e s tandard 24 hour period. Addit ional ly , the S t a t e of Utah found background on th ree of t h e i r aamplea (one a t b o l l s and two a t Delle, Utah) taken p r i o r t o t h e burn. Thus, t he re appears t o be some background which may be sporadic i n na ture a t concentrat ions a t the de t ec t ab le l i m i t of 0,0001 micrograms per cubic meter. Longer sampling times may pick-up these concentrat ions over a wider a rea of western Utah. There is mining a c t i v i t y i n t h e area south of Dugway i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Topaz

25

I -

26

TABLE 2

CONCENTRATIONS OF BERYLLIUM AT AIR SAMPLING STATIONS IN VICINITY OF GRANITE MOUNTAIN

DURING BURN PERIOD

SAMPLER CONCENTRATION SAMPLER CONCENTRAT ION NO. (ua /m3 ) NO. (un /m3 )

103 0.03 120 0.03

104 0.005 12 1 * 105 0.31 122 * 1OG 0.04 123 * 107 0.33 124 0.007

108 0.05 125 0.003

109 0.06 126 0.01

110 0.02 127 0.005

111 0.003 133 J(

--- 112 0.003 134

113 0.14 135 0.003

0.13 136 --- 114

115 0.03 13 7 0.003-

llG 0.02 13 8 0.002

117 0.02

118 0.02

119 0.04

NOTE: *Sampler Below Detectable L i m i t -Not va 1 i d

27

FIGURE 16

CONCENTRATIONS OF BERYLLIUM I N VICINITY OF GRANITE MOUNTAIN

DAY OF BURN

28

TABLE 3

-.

CONCENIRATIONS OE' BERYLLIWI FOUND AT A I R SAIIPLIHG STATIONS IN VICINITY OF GRANITE EIOUNTAIN OLi

DAYS SUBSEQUENT TO BURN (ug/m3)

SAI*lPLER D A T E NO. 10 July 11 July 13 July 14 July

103 32 * .Ol * 9; 105 10 6 * .Ol * >!-

107 108 * * 109 * 0.03 110 * 0.004 115 0.02 115 0.006 117 Ye 118 Yt

119 * 120 12 1 * 122 * 123 Jr

124 125 * 126 0.02 127 133 13 5

ft * *

*

* *

* Jr

- NOTE: *Sample below d e t e c t a b l e limit.

* *

* * *

29

FXGURZ 17

I 2s ug/m=

r

K)oo.

1

100.

2 ' IO* 0 s

e i5 3 * 0.1

tj 1.0

0

zi

a a W

0 *Ol

.001

IN VICINITY OF DISPOSAL PIT VS TIME

\ \ \

\ \ Is

EASTEND f OF PIT

& .01 u g / d

9 JULY IO JULY II JULY I2 JULY 13 JULY 14 JULY TZME

30

. . !

. _ . L

' 6 I O

i

-.

TL~BLE 4

CONCENTRATICNS OF BL3YLLIUEI IN CAXYON OBTAINED BY A I R SAMPLING

SAMPLER LOCATIO3 D A T E West End of East End of C 0 M I4 E N T - Trench Trench

9 Jul 65 8 202.0 u g h 3 a145.0 ug/m3 First two hours of burn

4.0 0.72 Third and fourth hours of burn

10 Jul 65 0.7 0.05 Day after burn

11 Jul 65 0 .28 0.06

12 Jul 65 0.17 0.07

3.14 Covering of first 0.09 trench

13 Jul 65 0.10 0 .01 Covering of second 0.02 0.01 trench

14 Jul 65 0.02 * Day after covering of trench

NMIE: *Sample below detectable l t n i t a . aA third sampler further to the east yielded 5 . 3 ug/m3.

31

TABLE 5

RJSULTS OF SOIL SAPlPLIl?G AND FALLOUT B O f W SM;PLIt?G - -

SOIL smpLv* ROLLER SAI5PLE Pa 1 l o u t 2 U r a m soil) Wmete r 1 -- SAIQLlXG* POUTT -

Preburn Post -Burn Preburn Post -Gum ug /rueter*

!I B C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 P X Y

11.4 1.8 1 . 7 0.8 1 . 2 0.7 1.0

0.3 0.8 0.5 0 . 5

*

Jrk ** 0.3 0 . 5 ** **

10.8 9.4 +* ** * ** 2 .1 ** XJC

5.0 0.3

11.4 ** .kJ;

** 1 .7 ** *

55.1 44.9 4 . 3 G . 1

14.3 10.7 16.3

7.2 7.2 2.9 5.1

51.0 2.3 3.6

1.8 163.2 .

* **

44 9 3315

581 6885

J:* ** 204

Wr

** ** ** 983

1938 285 G

63 8 387

37.2 2346.0

%*

-k*

7038 7 344 w J;dr * 9384 8976 4335 2703 4284

5865 7089 (3120

W r **

**

*See Figure 11 *Sample no t taken o r l o s t

***Arbitrary opera t iona l limits es tab l i shed a t Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, Ca l i fo rn ia , a r e 500 ug/gram of soil i n areas where beryl l ium opera t ions are i n progress . (See reEerence 11)

32

TABLE G

CONCENTRATIWS OF BERYLLIUM FOUND IN BREATHING Z m OF BULLDOZER OPERATOR

DOZER SAI4PLIJ

# 1

02

#3

#4

#5

#6

C~CENIW4TION (us /m3 )

3.76

0.95

0.31

0.25

0.14

0 . 5 8

A V 3 R A G E 0.50

LAPEL SAMPLE

# 1

82

i?3

3 CONCENTRATION (ug/m )

3.0

2.0

*

*NOTE: Below Detectable L i m i t (4.0001 u g / d )

I

33

I

I I I I I I I I

I dc I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I * I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1

I * I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I

: *

I C U I 0 1 0 1 ? I * O :

8 : o ; *

I I I

0 1

I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8

1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 8 1

I +

I *

I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I

1 I I I I I I I t I I t u

I I 1 I I I 1 t

I I I I 1 I I I

: *

I * I

VI 0

r-l 3

I

34

a

Nountain. There are reported t o be l a rge depos i t s of a r a t h e r l o w y i e l d be ry l l i um f l u o r o s i l i c a t e o re i n that a rea . A f l i g h t by m i l i t a r y peraonnel over t h i s area revealed some exploratory core d r i l l i n g bu t no production. The p o t e n t i a l add i t ions that mining operat ions might add t o n a t u r a l background concentrat ions is obvious. While no conclusions were reached concernirig t h i s f a c t o r , t h e active operat ions i n t h i s a r ea were pln-pointed f o r t h e S t a t e of Utah and they have begun i n i t i a l s tud ie s of background concentrat ions i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Topaz Mguntain.

b. Results of Air Sanplinq During the Burn.

(1)' Table 1 i nd ica t e s that off t he range, i n t h e surrounding c o m u n i t i e s , t he re were j u s t t h ree samples i n which beryl l ium waa detected: a t Delle, Callao and a t Dog &ea. A l l are j u s t a b w e de tec t ab le concentrat ions and mote than one o rde r of magnitude below permfssible community monthly average l eve l s . The Cal lao sample was a bad sample; t h e generator operat'ed sporad- i c a l l y during t h i s ti e and t h e sane f i l t e r paper was kept on the s a m p l e r over a per iod of t h ree days. of a c t u a l e l apsed time but i t was estimated by t h e operator that t h i s was about 20 hours. t he f a c t that the re was a s i z a b l e quant i ty of beryll ium on i t ( l . G ug) which g ives an approximate concentrat ion of 0.001 ug/m3 if indeed the sampling per iod were 20 hours . Any e r r o r here would have r e su l t ed i n g r e a t e r sampling time and consequently a lower concentrat ion. What makes t h i s sample so i n t e r e s t i n g is that the re were no recorded winds b l a r i n g toward Cal lao EroK the burn s i t e during the period. of t h e way sampling a t that s i t e was handled, t he re was l i t t l e chance that t h e sample could have been contaminated. explanat ion i s that t h e sample represents background concentrat ions. However, t h i s is c e r t a i n l y not supported by o ther data. The pos i t i ve samples at Delle (0.0003 ug/m3) and i n Dog A r e a (0.0002 u g h 3 ) seem l o g i c a l i n that the sanplere l a y in the general path of the winds during the burn. Time of t r anspor t t o the samplers was th ree t o four hours f o r Delle and one t o two hours for Dog Area. a t Delle is confused however by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e S t a t e of Utah obtained p o s i t i v e samples (0.0002 u g h 3 and 0.0004 u g h 3 ) on two days p r i o r t o t he burn a t Delle and found a lower concentrat ion (0.0002 ug/m3) on the day of t he burn i t s e l f . that t h e r e may be a background sourcc in the v i c i n i t y of Delle. The moat important f a c t derived from t h e data is however that t h e concentrat ions of beryll ium found i n t h e comnunities was so low as t o b e v i r t u a l l y neg l ig ib l e .

An exact account was not kept

The sample would have been discarded except f o r

Because

The best poss ib le

The sample

It i o very poss ib le

(2) The r e s u l t s of t he d ispers ion study on 'ihe range i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Granite Bbuntain on the day of t h e burn are shown i n

35

.’ . . . Figure 16. The l i n e s represent contours of equal concentrat ions. In genera l , t h e samples represent four hours of sampling ti: e beginning r i i t h i gn i t i on . F i r s t , the con en t r a t ions in t h e canyon i tself should be noted: two hour samgles . The h ighes t r e s u l t is from the west ,end of t h e p i t , and t h e lowest from the e a s t end of t h e p i t , r e f l e c t i n g wind d i r e c t i o n i n the canyon. A t t he end of two hours, these th ree samplers were replaced wi th two o the r s . Th reduced concentrat ions during t h e second two-hour per iod were 4.0 u g h and 0.72 ug/m3; again the higher concen- t r a t i o n being on t h e west end. i n t h e canyon during t h e f i r s t two hours averages more than 100 u g h o r nore than four times the i n d u s t r i a l TLV or‘ 25 ugh3. concentrat ion ou t s ide and downwind from the canyon should b e noted. The contours represent concentrat ions of 0.30 ug/m3, 0.10 u g h 3 , 0.15 ug/m3, ‘ respec t ive ly . i t represents t h e maximum average concentrat ion permitted i n a community. The 0.01 u g h 3 l i n e is t h e permissible 30 day average community level. The highest concentrat ion ou t s ide the canyon is 0.33 u g h 3 found on Sampler 0107. The next h ighes t is 0.31 u g h 3 found on Sampler $105 which was s l i g h t l y east and downwind from the canyon, The General Metal Works sampler loca ted i n the d i r e c t path of t he cloud a t a d i s t ance of about 8 kilometers indicated a concentra- t i o n of 0.0004 u g h 3 during the burn per iod o r approximately 1/25th of the permissible comnunity air level. This sampler had a concentrat ion of 0.0001 u g h 3 during the following 24 hour period. a t the i n t e r s e c t i o n o f S t a rk and Zulu had a 0,0001 u g h 3 Concentration, lower than che bat tery-operated samplers around it. This merely iud ica ted t h e e f f e c t of averaging over t h e longer period of time (24 nours versus 4 hours) .

202 ug/m3, 145 u g h s and 5.3 u g h 3 respec t ive ly . These a r e

5 It ohould be noted that t h e concentr t i o n J

The lower

The 0.05 ug/m3 l i n e is significant because

The GI-fiJ loca ted

(3) One of t h e o r i g i n a l tasks of t he s tudy was the

A review of the determinat ion of t h e most probable exposure to beryllim a t var ious loca t ions as a r e s u l t of d i sposa l of t he waste. l i t e r a t u r e was conducted and discussed wi th consul tan ts . It soon became evident that t h e condi t ions f o r burning did not lend them- selves w e l l t o use of e x i s t i n g equat ions. involved as ind ica ted below:

Too many assumptions are

(a) Source s t r e n g t h is only an est imate .

(b) Emission r a t e is unknown.

( c ) Source is n e i t h e r a poin t nor a l i n e .

(d) Source cannot necessar i ly be considered as ground or e leva ted .

36

(e) The r e l a t i v e r o l e of r i d g e and drainage flows v i s - a -v i s d i f fus ion c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was not known.

( f ) The percentage of beryll ium that would be of t h e r i g h t p a r t i c l e s i z e and would become a i r borne could not be est imated.

( 8 ) Since i t was uncertain a t w h a t temperature the ma te r i a l would burn, i t was impossible t o estimate or take i n t o account the e f f e c t s of temperature upon buoyancy of t he material.

It w a s f e l t that the b e s t probable p red ic t ion should be based upon data a v a i l a b l e as a r e s u l t of work conducted upon beryllium containing missile propel lant over the pas t s eve ra l years a t Edwards Rocket Propulsion Laboratory i n California*. During the process of measuring t h e dispers ion of beryll ium emitted during the f i r i n g of rocket engines, the Propulsion Laboratory has developed a set of pred ic t ive curves, which permit t h e estimation of concentrations a t var ious d i s - tances downwind from the test s tand. In Figure 18, the l i n e Pz0.50 r ep resen t s a pred ic t ion equation for the 50 percent confidence l e v e l . They have a l s o burned small q u a n t i t i e s of rocket propel lant containing beryll ium i n open p i t s on seve ra l occasions, and the results a r e a l s o p l o t t e d i n Figure 18. Fortunately, t h i s t e s t i n g w a s accomplished under r e l a t i v e l y the same meteorological conditions as was the waste d i sposa l a t Dugway Proving Ground. tests i s that of terrain and the form of the ma te r i a l being burned. The r e s u l t s of t h e burn a t Dugway have a l s o been p l o t t e d in Figure 18. It can be seen that the r e s u l t s a t Dugway a r e approximately one order of magnitude below t h e concentrat ions which would have been predicted based upon the Propulsion Lab data . var iance i n r e s u l t s from a number of tr ials under similar conditions. Therefore the d i f f e rence between t h e Dugway and Propulsion s t u d i e s may not be s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . However, t he re is l i t t l e quest ion tha t t he loca t ion of the d i sposa l s i te i n the canyon a t the base of Grani te Mountain and t h e composition of t he waste material has a reducing e f f e c t upon concentration.

The major d i f f e rence between t h e two burn

Experience a t Edwards has s h a m large

c. Resu l t s of A i r Sampling After the Burn. As has previously been mentioned, t he trenches i n the canyon were s t i l l open over t h e weekend and air sampling continued. During t h f s two-day period, small concentrat ions (see Tables 3 and 4) were found on several of t h e high- volune samplers located i n the v i c i n i t y of the canyon on the range.

*Taylor, Major J . H., Nau, J. U., Oapt, and Tucker, G . L . , Capt, A i r Foxce Cambridge Research Laborator ies , Preliminary Report Project SANDSTGRM, June 1964.

37

' d ( 0

- i

,

0

0

Q

P P

t Q

? 0 -

-, . - ."

However a l l of t hese samples were approximately a t levels equal to or below that permissible f o r community air. are small concentrat ions of beryllium i n the a i r a f te r open t rench burning, e i t h e r as a r e s u l t of continuing f a l l o u t , because of re- entrainment, or more l i k e l y as a continuing emission from the t r ench ( e i t h e r from burning or a s h being blown out of t he t rench) . samples (0.0001 ug/m3, 0.0002 ug/m3 and 0.0002 ug/m3 re spec t ive ly ) were picked up on the th ree General Metal V?orks' samplers located on t h e range on t h e 12th of J u l y (see Table 1). the day t h a t bulldozing began i n the canyon, and it might be a n t i c i p a t e d that small q u a n t i t i e s might be blown out: of t he canyon. There were four o the r p o s i t i v e samples during the post-bu n period. OR the 14th and 15 th of J u l y (0.0002 ug/m By this time the bulldozing operat ion had been completed in t h e canyon, but neve r the l e s s these samples mus t be a t t r i b u t e d i n some way t o the d i sposa l . However, during the sane period, t he S t a t e of Utah reported two p o s i t i v e samples (0.0013 ug/m3 and 0.0011 ug/m3) from t h e i r sampler a t Delle. In l i g h t of t he background i n t h e a i r previously reported by the S t a t e of Utah, i t i s believed that these samples can bes t be a t t r i b u t e d to t h a t source.

This does i n d i c a t e that there

Pos i t i ve

S ign i f i can t ly t h i s i s

TWO on S ta rk Road 5 and 0.0002 ug/m3 r e spec t ive ly ) .

d. Resul ts OJ Samplinq i n the Canyon. A graph showing concentrat ions during the burn and on succeeding days i n t he canyon is shown i n Figure 17 and is of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . was accomplished i n the burn canyon, some 30 f e e t downwind from the trenches on s i x consecutive days, beginning a t the time of i g n i t l o n of t h e waste material. t h e over this six-day period. A f t r two hours of burnlng, the concen- t r a t i o g i n t h e p i t was below 2 u g h 5 on one sampler and approximately 4 ug/m on t h e other . The day a f t e r t he burn, t he concentrat ions were below 0 .1 ug/m3. On Sunday they were s l i g h t l y higher, and rose again when bulldozing began on Monday. off as t he t rench w a s covered on Tuesday. when t h e dozer moved i n t o cover t h e second trench. On t h e day a f t e r t he trenches were covered over, both samplers had dropped t o approximately t h e permissible community a i r l eve l .

During the s tudy, sampling

Figure 17 which is a semi-log p l o t shows the variation with

During the dozing operat ion, they t e l l Concentrations rose again

e. Exposures to Bulldozer Operators. As has previously been descr ibed, t he bulldozer operators were i n the canyon b a c k f i l l i n g the t renches for several hours on each of two successive days. This is an extremely dusty operat ion, c e n t r a t i o n s ( i f they do not w e a r p ro t ec t ive masks) of approximateIy 2-3 micrograms/m3 o r roughly t o concentrations i n the range of the permissible average i n d u s t r i a l e i g h t hour level (TLV)

The operators a r e exposed to beryllium con-

39

‘

1x1. CONCLUSIONS

10. CONCLUSIONS.

a. There appears t o be sane n a t u r a l beryllium background i n the Dugway a rea . When measured during the test were a t l e v e l s j u s t above the de tec t ab le l i m i t o f 0.0001 ug@.

b. The meteorological condi t ions prescribed i n t h e test protocol were m e t and were s u f f i c i e n t t o a s s u r e adequate dispers ion. Meteorological condi t ions can be predicted s u f f i c i e n t l y accu ra t e ly by personnel a t Dugway t o permi t r e l i a n c e upon prescrfbed meteorological condi t ions as a means of c o n t r o l l i n g the release of beryllium t o the atmosphere.

c . Concentrations i n t h e d i sposa l area (canyon) are extremely , high, but dispersed q u i t e r ap id ly . A l l concentrat ions ou t s ide the

canyon were below the 2.0 ug/m3 level and concentrat ions beyond Goodyear Road (approximately t h r e e miles from t h e dispoeal s i t e ) were below the 0.01 u g h 3 community Level.

i

i

d . Average concentrat ions measured were orders of magnitude below that predicted before the test .

e . Covering or t h e t rench reduced the concentrat ion i n the a i r to a q u a n t i t y approximately equivalent t o o r below the permissible 30-day community average.

f . Most important of a l l , exposures t o concentrations of b e r y l l i m by t h e c i v i l i a n and m i l i t a r y communities were neg l ig ib l e .

g . Finally, on t h e b a s i s of the above, it is concluded that d i sposa l of beryll ium-containing waste by open t rench burning can be s a t i s f a c t o r i l y accomplished a t Dugway Proving Ground.

11. RECOMMENDATIONS. On t h e b a s i s of t he data co l l ec t ed and observat ions during t h i s survey and the above conclusions, i t is re- commended t h a t :

a . The S t a t e of Utah conduct f u r t h e r s t u d i e s on the beryll ium background i n t h i s region, e s p e c i a l l y in the area south of Dugway Rov ing Ground, b u t a l s o no r th of Dugway Rov ing Ground near Knolls, t o provide base l ine data which may be use fu l i n f u t u r e yeare.

b . Since a t t h e present t i m e t he re is no p r a c t i c a l al ter- n a t i v e s o l u t i o n t o open t rench burning as a means of disposing of beryll ium-containing propel lant waste, that the area i n the v i c i n i t y of Grani te Mountain a t Dugway Rov ing Ground, Utah, be u t i l i z e d for t h i s purpose.

40

c. If The Surgeon General, Department of t he Rrniy, concurs i n recommendation l l b , that t h e minimum c r i t e r i a u t i l i z e d i n t h i s operat ion be as follows:

(1) Pr io r t o d i sposa l , a n a p p l i c a t i o n f o r permission to conduct open t rench burning, t o include protocol and schedule t o be followed and q u a n t i t i e s involved, should be submitted ehru channels t o The Surgeon General, ATl'N: IXDPS-W, Department of the R r n y .

(2) That waste be burned on a q u a r t e r l y b a s i s during a period when meteorological conditions a r e favorable. This w i l l minimize the volume of waste t o be burned a t any one time and w i l l subsequently lover the concentrat ion emitted t o the atmosphere.

. (3) That the meteorological condi t ions be met as prescribed f o r t h i s test.

(4) That a concentrated e f f o r t be made by con t r ac to r s accumulating t h e waste t o segregate i t i n t o two ca t egor i e s , namely, that containing explosives and thus r equ i r ing burning as a means of d i sposa l , and that which could be disposed of by b u r i a l .

(5) That the d i sposa l t rench be dug i n such a manner that it i s more e a s i l y covered following burning, thus reducing the t h e the bul ldozer operator i s i n t he canyon.

(5) T h a t b u r i a l of ash be accomplished as soon as poss ib l e following t h e burning but not u n t i l a f t e r emissions f r o n the t rench have been reduced t o a point where the re is no hazard t o the bul ldozer operator .

(7) That: f u l l p ro t ec t ive c lo th ing b e worn by anyone e n t e r i n g t h e canyon during the burn or u n t i l t he trench i s covered.

(8) T h a t anyone en te r ing the canyon during the f i r s t two hours post-burn should wear a suppl ied-air r e s p i r a t o r .

( 9 ) That during the period of bulldozing, a i r sampling ( l a p e l samplers) be Conducted i n the breathing zone OE the operator .

(10) That the S t a t e of Utah be kept: f u l l y informed so t h a t S t a t e personnel may conduct sampling and be present a t f u t u r e burning should they so d e s i r e .

(11) That high volume a i r sampling be conducted i n surrounding communities f o r medico-legal purposes. accomplished by t he S t a t e .

This is normally I n the event t h e S t a t e becomes unwill ing

4

. B d

' d ; o ' 7

?

-.. . . r.

41

o r unable t o perform t h i s funct ion, Dugway Proving Ground should be prepared t o assume t h i s t a sk . Therefore, i t is f u r t h e r recomnended that any con t r ac t f o r burning a t Dugway Proving Ground should p r w i d e f o r t h i s contingency by covering &he cost oE purchase and operat ion of sampling equipment and providing for laboratory a n a l y s i s of t he samples a t a recognized l abora to ry experienced i n beryll ium analysis such as the Regional Environmental Health Laboratory a t Kelly A i r Force Base.

42

. . . i

,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Manual f o r t he Ca l ib ra t ion and Use of High-Volume A i r Samplerg i n the Pieasurement of Suspended P a r t i c u l a t e ratter, C . I. Harding and E. R. Hendrickson, A i r Pol lut ion Research Laboratory, F lo r ida Engineering and I n d u s t r i a l Experiment S ta t ion , Bu l l e t in S e r i e s No. 1 1 7 , University of Flo r ida .

2 . P r e l i m i n a r y Report on Project SANDSTmI, l h j o r J. H. Taylor and Captains J . U . Nau and G . L. Tucker, A i r Force Cambridge Research Laborator ies , June 1964.

3. Symposium on Environmental Efeasurements, US Public Health Service Publication No. 99.3-AP-15, J u l y 1964.

4 . T i e Ocean Breeze and Dry Gulch Diffusion Proprams, Vol I, D. A. Haugen and J. J. Fuquay, Eds., A i r Force Cambridge Research Laborator ies , AFCRL-63-731(1), November 1953.

5 . Fleteorology and Atomic Energy, US Atomic Energy Commission, - AECU 3066, J u l y 1955. !

6. Toxici tv of Beryl l ium, Chemical Engineering Branch, Nanufacturing Technology Laboratory, Aeronautlcal Systems Division, A i r Force

. ' i2 :(* D

I d : o i Systems Cornwid, ASD-TR-62-7-665, April 1962.

' 9 7 . Toxic Hazards of Beryllim Propellant Operations , Biomedical Laboratory , Aerospace I-'iedical Research Laborator ies , Aerospace Medical Division, A i r Force Systems Command, MIRL-TDR-62-75, i September 1964.

8. Cloud Travel S l i d e Rules f o r t h e Determination of Downwind Travel and Area Caverape, A . K. Stuempfle, 111, D. 0. Bgner and Donald Campbell , US Army Chenitcal Research and Development Laboratories, CRDLR 3124, February 1?52.

9. Workbook i n Atmospheric Diffusion Calculat ions , G . A. DePlarrais , Idaho Operations Off ice , USAEC, IDO-12005, February 1'353.

10. f'Non-Occupational Beryl l iosis" , Pkrril Eiaenbud , R. C . Wanta, C y r i l Dunstan, L. T. Steadman, I?. B. Harris and E. S. Wolf, J. Ind. HYP,. and Tox., 31, 282 (1949).

11. "A Study of B e r y l l i u m Exposures at a High Explosive Assembly T e s t Fac i l i t y" , R. 0. Campbell, A. Ind. HYR . Assoc. J . , 22, 385 (1961).

43

12. "An Air Pol lu t ion Study of a Community Surrounding a Beryllium Plant", U. H. Sussman, Jan Lieben and J. G . Cleland, PA. Ind. NE. Assoc. J., 20, 504 (1959).

13. Unpublished Data Edwards Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Edwards A i r Force Base, Ca l i fo rn ia .

14. F i e l d Behavior of Chemical, Biological and Radiobiological Agents, Department of the .\my Technfcal Manual 3-240, b y 1963.

15. StoraRe. Shipment and Handling of Chemical Agents and Hazardous Chemicals, Department of t he Amy Technical Manual 3-250, August 1963.

16. Care, Handling, Preservat ion and Destruct ion of Ammunition, Department of t h e Army Technical Manual 9-1300-206, October 1 K 5 .

17. Nilitam B x ~ l o s i v e s , Department of the Army Technical FIanua1 9-1910, A p r i l 1955.

44

APPENDIX I

NEDICAL AND INDUSTRUL HYGIENE STANDAXDS FOR BERYLLIUII PROPELLANTS

45

I . .

!

C O P Y

HEADQUARTERS 6593 TEST GROUP

A I R FORCE SYSTEPIS COI4kAND UNITED STATES A I R FORCE EDWARDS, CALIFORNIA

Reply To ATm of : SSU-l/Capt K i t t i l s t a d

SUBJECT: Medical and I n d u s t r i a l Hygiene Standards f o r Beryllium Propel lan ts

TO:

1. This letter i s t o inform the s o l i d propel lan t indus t ry of t he 6593d Test Group (Development), AFSC pos i t ion regarding t h e medical and i n d u s t r i a l hygiene s tandards r e l a t e d t o t h e use of s o l i d propel lan t formulations containing b e r y l l i m . Only those formulat ions i n which the p r inc ip l e exhaust spec ies is beryll ium oxide are included.

2 . The i n t e r i m na tu re of these s tandards i e emphasized. The accumulation of experience and add i t iona l da ta from cur ren t and planned programs will provide a more d e f i n i t e knowledge of the actual hazards and methods of cont ro l which may n e c e s s i t a t e re- v i s i o n s i n these s tandards . For t h i s reason t h e minimrnn s tandards ou t l ined in Attachment #l t o t h i s let ter w i l l a u t a n a t i c a l l y terminate by v i r t u r e of t h i s n o t i c e on 31 December 1965 unless extended or modified by w r i t t e n n o t i c e t o the cont rac tors by the 6593d Test Group (Development), AFSC.

3. w F l l be incorporated i n t o con t r ac t s from the 6593d Test Group (Dev) as minimal medical and i n d u s t r i a l hygiene performance s tandards. The con t r ac to r s are encouraged t o ga ther and submit such empir ica l andfor s c i e n t i f i c data r e l a t e d t o t h e app l i ca t ion of t h i s cr i ter ia .

The standards as contained i n A t t a c b e n t 81 t o t h i s let ter

1 Atch ffealth 6 Safety Appendix

C O P Y

46

- -

' r ',

C O P Y

ATTACHflENT 1

-- Health and Safety Appendix

A. In-Plant Recommendations

1. The average in-plant atmospheric be ry l l i un concentration should no t exceed 2 micrograms per cubic m e t e r . weighted average concentrat ion, computed on a q u a r t e r l y b a s i s , €or any occupation exceeds the 2 u g h 3 , but is less than 5 ug/m3, t h e con t r ac to r w i l l submit plans f o r necessary co r rec t ions f o r A i r Force approval and provide a l l personnel exposed i n this a rea with approved personal res- p i r a t o r y p r o t e t i v e equipment. exceeds 5 ug/m , the operat ion i n quest ion w i l l be hal ted u n t i l t h e necessary improvements can be accomplished. t i o n exceeding 2 u g h 3 w i l l not be permitted t o exist f o r a period exceeding GO days except w i th t h e s p e c i f i c approval of t he A i r Force. This approval w i l l be granted only i n t h e event that s a t i s f a c t o r y procedures f o r reducing t h e concentrations t o below 2 u g h 3 have been accepted by the A i r Force.

If the r e s u l t of the d a i l y

I f t h e d a i l y average concentration s A d a i l y average concentra-

2. In the event that a s i n g l e a i r sample shows a concentration i n excess of 25 u g h 3 within t h e operat ing area, but i s less than 100 ug/w3, a l l exposed ind iv idua l s w i l l be provided with personal r e s p i r a t o r y pro- t e c t i o n approved by t h e A i r Force and the A i r Force w i l l be n o t i f i e d of s t e p s which are being taken t o eliminate t he h igh concentrat lon. If the concentrat ion exceeds 103 u g h 3 i n a s i n g l e sample, operat ions w i l l be ha l t ed and the necessary co r rec t ions made t o reduce a i rbo rne concentra- t i o n s a t t h i s s i n g l e point t o below 25 u g h 3 . t r a t i o n s above 25 u g h 3 be permitted t o exist f o r a period exceeding GO days without t h e s p e c i f i c approval of t he A i r Force. be granted only i f s t e p s have been undertaken which can be expected t o provide a s a t i s f a c t o r y reduct ion i n a i r concentration.

In no case w i l l concen-

This approval will

B. Out-Plant Recommendations

1. I n the neighborhood of t he p l an t handling beryll ium compoundsI the average concentrat ions a t t h e breathing zone Level should not exceed 0.01 micrograms pe r cubic meter. neighborhood concentration a t t h e ground during any calendar month, a s determined on a monthly b a s i s , exceeds 0.01 u g h 3 , but does not exceed 0.05 ug/ni3, the p l a n t w i l l be expected t o inform the Air Force of

3 s p e c i f i c procedures which w i l l be undertaken t o reduce the a i rbo rne concentrat ion. operat ions w i l l be immediately ha l t ed and the necessary co r rec t ions made t o reduce the average concentration to below 0.01 u g h 3 .

I n the event that the maximum average

In t h e event t h a t t he concentration exceeds 0.05 ug/m ,

In any

C O P Y

47

_ . . . ,v I..

c O P Y

event, concentrat ions above 0.01 u g h 3 will be permitted t o ex is t f o r no t more than a 60 day period unless s p e c i f i c a l l y authorized by t he Air Force. Such au tho r i za t ion w i l l be forthcoming only if s t e p s are being taken which are expected t o r e s u l t i n a s a t i s f a c t o r y reduct ion i n e f f l u e n t ma te r i a l .

2. Amaximal concentration of 25 u g h 3 f o r 30 u inu te s (i.e. 750 ug-min/m 3 may be used as a f i n i t e number which can be introduced i n t o d i f f u s i o n p red ic t ion formula t o estimate the downwind tox ic ae roso l exclusion r a d i i from a beryll ium propel lant combustion cloud when s i t i n g facilities.

C . Medical Supervision

There should be a medical program 6Upe1~1iSed by a physician t o cover

A complete medical examination, w i th p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n a l l workers who may be p o t e n t i a l l y exposed t o beryll ium and i t s compounds. paid t o the pulmonary system will be given t o a l l employees p r i o r t o assignment to beryll lum p r o j e c t s and pe r iod ica l ly (at least annually) t h e r e a f t e r , including a termination of employment physical examination. A 14 inch x 17 i nch ches t x-ray vi11 be taken a t each one of these examinations and r e t a ined f o r f u t u r e reference. If t he re is any evidence that a n ind iv idua l has chronic b e r y l l i o s i s poisoning, or any o t h e r pulmonary d i s e a s e which might be confused with b e r y l l i o s i s , such a n individual should be excluded from any f u t u r e exposure to beryll ium compounds.

D. Sampling Requirements

1. An environmental sampling program w i l l be submitted f o r approval by the 6593d Test Group (Dev), AFSC p r i o r t o the i n i t i a t i o n o f any operat ions involving the use of beryllium/beryllium compounds under this con t r ac t . This program must permit the evaluat ion of peak and long term exposure conditions both i n the p l an t and i n inhabi ted off -site areas. Provisions for obtaining maximal exposure information i n the event of an accident such as a production f i r e or detonat ion should be included.

2 . Meteorological instrumentation f o r q u a l i t a t i v e establishment of data t o minimize downwind t o x i c i t y hazards w i l l be provided p r i o r t o operat ion of the s i te . u t i l i z a t i o n of these data i n determining when f i r i n g s may be conducted.

The "Operating Procedures" must provide f o r

C O P Y

48

7

C O P Y

E . testing procedures shall be coordinated w l t h t h e Bio-environmental Engineering Office U R P L (KITH) , Edwards M E , California, through the Procuring Contracting Officer p r i o r t o in i t iat ion of e f for t .

Progran ?lans i n the overall area of industrial hygiene and

C O P Y

49

APPENDIX I1

LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINATION OF BERYLLILBI USING ACETYUCETC;NE

50

C O P Y 1 ; a 1

Dctennination of Beryllium Using Acetylacetone (AA)

In S o i l

-.

S i f t approximately 200 gins of the s o i l through a 33 mesh s i eve ,

t h i s process i s to remove rocks, r o o t s , s t i c k s , etc. Thoroughly m i j c

the 30 mesh sample. Take 39 to 40 gms of t h i s sample and with the

aid of a mechanical shaker s i f t t h i s port ion through a 100 mesh s i e v e .

Place the 100 mesh i n an oven and dry a t 105OC €or a t least: 2 hours.

Place 2 grams OP oven dr ied 100 mesh s o i l i n a 125 nl Phi l l i p8

beaker and destroy organic matter using concentrated n i t r i c a c i d

one m l a t o time u n t i l very l i t t l e brown funes are given o f f ; then

complete d iges t ion by adding 2 m l of pe rch lo r i c acid. 4

. t 2 n Add d i s t i l l e d water and a d j u s t t o approximately p€! 1 with sa tu ra t ed

t o complex i n t e r f e r r i n g ca t ions . The amount of EDTA required i n t h e . : r

first e x t r a c t i o n depends on the amount of i n t e r f e r r i n g c a t i o n s t o be

complexed.

s u f f i c e .

F i r s t Extract ion.

aqueous tetrasodium EDTA so lu t ion .

sample s o l u t i o n t o br ing t o pH 5 t o 6 and a d j u s t with Hc1.

Usually f o r 2 g r a m of 100 mesh s o i l the following amounts

J u s t before use dissolved 2 m l of AA i n 30 m l of a 21%

Add 20 m l of t h i s s o l u t i o n to t h e

Pour i n t o

a 125 m l separatory funnel making

t i l l e d water. Adjust volume with

C O P

51

complete t r a n s f e r of soil wi th d i s -

d i s t i l l e d I$O t o about 90 m l and mix.

Y

C O P Y

Allow 15 minutes f o r t he formation of t h e Be-AA complex.

twice with 15 m l por t ions of C C l 4 s o i l i n t o t h e stem of the funnel .

t a i n e r .

b o i l almost t o dryness (avoid charr ing) add water.

wash sepa ra to ry funnel w i th d i s t i l l e d %O.

Second Extract ion.

w i th NaOH.

extract with 15 m l of CC14.

as above.

- Third Extract ion. Repeat the second ex t r ac t ion using only 23 ml of

107. disodium EDTA. Boil down ac ids as above,

- Fourth Extract ion.

w i th d i l u t e NaOH. Add 0.5 m l of 5% AA and check the pH. After 10

minutes e x t r a c t t h e s o l u t i o n with 10 ml of CHC13 (used here because

of e a s i e r back-extraction of f r e e AA below).

d i sca rd the water phase, and wash the separatory funnel thoroughly.

Return the CKl3 t o the funnel and back e x t r a c t with two 20-ml port ions

of 0.1 N &OH t o remove excess AA. Each back-extraction should las t

90 seconds, while a l l o the r ex t r ac t ions should be continued f o r 2 minutes.

F i l t e r t h e Cm13 through medim f i l t e r paper i n t o a 10-ml volumetric

f l a s k .

Extract

being c a r e f u l not t o l e t any of the

Collect e x t r a c t s into o r i g i n a l con-

Add 8 r n l of conc. KC1 and 4 m l conc. HN03 and evaporate and

Discard soil and

Add 30 ml of 10% disodium EDTA and a d j u s t pH t o 7

Add 5 m l of 5% aqueous ILA so lu t ion , and a f t e r 10 minutes

Boi l down the e x t r a c t w i t h E1 and HNO3

Add 1 ml of 10% disodium EDTA and br ing the pH t o 7

Drain off t he e x t r a c t ,

Add f r e s h CEEl3 t o br ing the volume t o LO ml.

C O P Y

5 2

-.

' d

C O P Y

Absorbance bieasurement. The absorbance measurement i s made on a

BecIunan DK-2 spectrophotometer. As a con t ro l , t h e absorbance readings

should be scanned from 340 t o 280 mu.

below 0.01 absorbance.

reading. An experimentally determined blank must be subtracted fron; the

2$5 mu reading.

Preparation of Standard Curve - ca r ry standards containing fron: 0.0

t o 2.4 micrograms of Beryllium through digestion and extraction procedures.

NOTE:

The 340 nu reading should be

The absorbance peak should be exact ly at 235 mu

A l l glassware used must be free of compounds that absorb i n the

u l t r a - v i o l e t . Stopcock grease should no t be used.

-- A i r Dust F i l t e r s

Wet-ash t h e f i l t e r s with s u l f u r i c and n i t r i c ac ids . Add d i s t i l l e d

water and depending on the amount of i n t e r f e r r i n g cations sCart with

e i t h e r t h i r d o r fourth ex t r ac t ion procedure as given i n s o i l procedure.

Reference .

Merrill, J. R . , Ronda, ti. , Arnold, J. R . , Analyt ical Chemistry,

October 1360, p. 1420.

C O P Y

53

METECROLOGICAL DATA (TABLES 8-16)

54

..

TABLE 8

..

WIND DIRECTION AND VELOCI'lT DATA AT THE C M M q D POST (Cp) DURING BZRYLLILW VASTE DISPOSAL

TIPIE CP 2.0 METER FR0E.I

z * (Nin ) AVR - Eanpe Avn Range

D I R 3 C T I O N ( 0 ) S P E E D (nph)

-015

000

0 15

030

045

0 GO

075

030

105

120

135

150

165

203

2 15

181

188

200

206

162

1 80

175

170

135

190

2235

184

148

125

118

125

03 0

125

005

106

115

110

04 5

14 0

250

3 00

265

301

334

260

274

24 5

24 5

24 5

216

27 0

08.5

07.5

08.9

09.8

07.0

09.1

05.5

98.6

10.8

09.0

08.3

08.0

101.10

8.5

02.5

01.0

< 00.5

34.4

i)1,3

01.7

e 00.5

04.4

03.0

3 3 . 3

< 00.5

01.2

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

> 15.0

7 15.0

> 15.3

*Ignition T h e

55

- . - , . - . - , i . I , . . ,

OD

Eo rc

0

?j

a d d

\D

ul d

0 W 0

0 N d

(‘f r( N

v)

0 0 V

-s: N d

0

s In

0 0 v

5 hl l-4

0

N d

v)

$ ? h 0

N m N

? m 0

Eo d rl

m d

N

m 0

\b

0 r(

cv h m 4

? PI r(

0 H N

hl v, (sl

In d N

0 FI m

a m N

0 m N

In m N

0 0 h hl

m c-4

0 CY rl

9

In rl

c-J W I 4

5 h rl

W Eo

=3 W

m d

3 h r-4

0 N

0 hl

0 d 0

0 d 0

CJ 0 m 8IY

d 0

-3

m 0

In co 0 0

In a9 0 0

? m 0

F) 0

m 0

0 0 V

03 m 0 l4

? 9 0

? a0 0

W

o\ 0

Ui

00 0

0 b 0

nl a 0 0 rl

a3 00 0

cv m 0

h

00 QI 0

o\ 0

Q) 0

Q co N

In 0, N

0 m m N N m

0 In rl

N

N m N

m cn hl

In \o N

v) m N

v) h d

u) 00 d

In a) rl

0

2 0 co r(

h

l 4 0

0 rs N

v) m N

I- d (rl

VI m I-l

m v, 00 N

W m hl

3 N

0 v\ N

In m FI

m N N

a d

0 vl r(

m \o d

m 4 0

0 \D 0

In h 0

56

TABLE 10

IUND DIRECTION AND VELOCITY DATA AT STATION #81 DURING BERYLLIUN WASTE DISPOSAL

-~

T I2.x S T h T I O N $81 8.0 METER FRO; 1

(Nin ) Avn. R a n g e AVP * RanRe 2 D I R E C T I O k l ( O ) S P E E D (mph)

-015

000

015

030

045

060

075

090

105

120

13 5

150

165

233

23 5

225

220

200

230

220

260

240

240

208

2 10

2721

227

189

131

150

150

112

190

180

165

100

175

167

135

293

288

282

285

320

270

2 83

350

3 10

2 80

255

265

08.3

10.8

09.3

08.2

12.4

10.2

07.8

08.2

08.0

09.6

11.0

08.2

112

9.3

03.0

04.5

02.0

03.2

<00 -5

04.9

01.3

40.5

40.5

40.5

01.8

03 .O

17.3

16.2

17.3

13.6

15.3

18. G

15.4

16.3

17.5

15.8

18.4

14.2

57

TABLE 11

IJIND DIRECTION AND VELOCITY AT STATIaJ DOWNWIND #1 DURING BERYLLIUM WASTE DISPOSAL

~ ~ L E D 0 W N W I N D # 1 2.0 PETER

D I R E C T I O N e) S P E E D biph) FRCE 2

0 iln 1 Ava . Range AVP . Ranne

-015

000

015

030

045

ob0

07 5

090

105

120

13 5

150

165

200

2 14

135

190

186

197

200

160

178

176

160

195

2251

188

150

125

086

135

118

103

017

120

135

103

070

14 2

260

303

293

268

296

26b

34 5

2 00

235

240

220

273

08.6

06.4

07.5

08.4

08.3

07.8

07.0

09.7

10.0

08.5

10.0

07.5

100.3

8.4

a2.5

01.2

01.0

02.5

01.5

02.2

00.9

01.8

02.5

02.2

02.3

01.4

15.0

17.0

14.4

16.9

17.3

17.7

18.0

19.4

17.5

16.4

18.5

13.5

I *' 8 ' c 3

58

..

. . , -

-3: 0 FI

u)

N 0

9 rl rl

ca 0 m

vr 0 N

0 s

\D

a rl

00 0 0

c'! co 0

v)

m m

m m rl

c\l m N

m d 0

f cn r(

\3

rl 0

w3

QI 0

0 co N

0 4

v) N N

00 f3 d

u)

0 0 V

co \3 0

0 I- N

0 u) 0

h s

0 m 0

59

0

N

to N 0

\o

rJ d

d rl m

0 m rl

a 2

FI m ,a

m

s" 9 rl rl

u) cn N

z I 4

0 v) N

3

co v) N

0 m 0

a N 4

0 N c)

0 h rl

m 3

0

r- rl

"! d 0

5 00 0

0 2

5 m

a) vr N

0 u) 0

co h N

"! 0 0

0

s

u, N m

0 0 rl

0 0 N

"i m N

v)

? h

rl rl

u, m m

h m 0

m o\ rl

vr r- 0

0 0 N

u)

N 0

a)

rl rl

0 \o (\I

0 m rl

In h l-i

a3

h rl

"! 0 vo ? co 0

0 3

v) hl rl

u) h rl

ul

3

0 v) N

1 rl 0

UY

rl 4

rl ul N

v3 N I 4

0 co rl

to rl N

vr 0 e < OI 0

0 s 0 0 I 4

a0 h d

0 N rl

TABLE 13

-̂ _-I- ---I__ I ----- 1103 1303 143 0

Direction Speed Direction Speed Direction Speed HEIGHT (Feet A n d - IPL A L ! L

-..__u- A - ( m T h 2 _ _ . 0 ---- 09.1 171 23.5 191 02.4

09.2 175 17.6 1.34 33.6

125 219

250 219

11.3 189 13.5 200 97.3 480 216

12.9 193 13.1 200 07.2 67 0 215

850 211 11.5 193 11.0 206 34.9

206 12.6 175 06.8 208 05.1 1030

15.0 165 08.2 172 07.4 1210 235

20.4 178 13.0 171 09.6

25.7 181 20.2 191 11.2

1390 205

1570 203

21.4 182 31.1 193 10.4 1750 205

13.9 18 1 40.3 194 07 .o 1930 20 7 07.4

07.2

194

194

2110 188 09.7 179 35.6

2290 164 07.2 178 27.2

*S& Figure 11, page 18, for location of meteorological stations.

:c

60

:.. I" !, .'.

i

TABLE 14

. 1. , WINDS ALOFT DATA AT DOWNWIND #2*

. .. , c”

l Z U b ..”.I %

HEIGHT 1100 Direc t ion ( O ) Speed (mph) Direct ion (O) Speed h p h ) ’,. y. - (feet)

125 2 15 05.7 235 35.3

212 04.1 242 07.2 2 50

480 200 02.6 24 1 07.7

182 03.1 232 02.8 670

850 180 03.9 223 02.2

103 0 180 03.1 23 6 13.5

1210 165

1390 165

1570 180

1750 191

02.6

02.9

03.7

04.7

235

23 5

237

23 7

I

* ‘ - B 18.3 . n 13.0 ‘ d

;. 0 09.8 # 7

22.5

, ’ t .

1930 193 05.2 23 1 03.2

2110 193 04.7

2290 193 03.8

s e e Figure 11 fo r loca t ion of meteorological s t a t i o n s

61

t

i TABLE 15

WINDS ALOFT AT STATICN #81*

1100 1155 1300 1430 Direction Speed Direction Speed Direction Speed Direction Speed

(Pee t (0) GnPh) (0 ) (mph) (0 ) GnPh) (0) (mph)

125 193 07.5 221 10.3 259 05.1 246 06.6

250 183 08.2 23 6 10.8 252 05.7 235 09.0

4 80 173 06.5 249 11.2 247 07.4 227 20.8

670

850

1030

1210

1390

1570

1750

1930

187 03.0 244

236 02.0 23 8

242 01.4 238

222 01.1 235

233 01.1 229

195 01.1 229

164 01.8 234

173 02.8 236

11 .o 24 7 08.1 233 27.3

12.2 230 37.1 237 28.9

11.9 2 18 07.2 239 22.1

09.8 217 07.3 238 19.5

08.8 2 12 08.1 23 7 23.6

09.3 220 08.1 244 16.3

11.1 236 06.5 24 8 14.0

11.1 237 07.8 24 5 10.4

2110 182 04 ,6 233 10.2 226 07 .O 23 6 13.8

2290 183 05.8 233 10.1 222 05.2 236 19.2

, .,

I

, a

_ * I

..-- I i ? I

*See Figure 11 for location of meteorological stations

62

TAE 16

TEhIPERATURE GRADIENT DATA AT THE PROFILE I.IAST*

TIME PR oP1

Z Jmin)

-015

000

* >

015

03 0

045

063

07 5

090

105

120

13 5

150

r 165 - *See F.

4

0.5 - 1.0 m

-0.2

-0.3

-0.2

-3.4

-1.3

-0.4

-1.4

-1.0

-0.7

-0.8

-0.0

-0.8

ure 11 for :

P

0.5 - 2.0 IT

-0.8

-1.5

-0.5

-3 .O

-1.9

-1.7

-4.5

-4.8

-5.1

-3.1

-1.2

-1.3

O P I L E N A S T

0.5 - 4.0 I

-0.8

-1.1

-3.6

-4.2

-1.8

-0.2

-4.0

-4.6

-5.2

-3.8

-2.0

-2.1

0.5 - 8.0 I

-1.0

-0.0

-1.6

-1.1

-0.3

-2.7

-2.3

-5.1

-5 .2

-6.0

-3 .8

-5.6

cation of meteorological stations

0.5 - 16 m

-1.5

-1.7

-3.3.

-4 .3

-2.7

-2.6

-6.0

-6.1

-6.7

-7.0

-4.1

-4.3

0.2 - 16 m

-0.7

-0.2

-2.9

-1.3

-0.8

-0.9

-1.5

-1.3

-1.G

-3.9

-2.9

-3.0

63

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Armed Services T e c h n i c a l Information Agency, Arlington H a l l S t a t ion , Arl ington 12, Virgin ia

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US Army l ledical Research & Development Connnand, Department of t h e Army, Washington, D. C. 20315

One copy to:

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Walter Reed Army I n s t i t u t e df Research, Walter Reed A m y Medical Center,

14edical Equipment Development Laboratory, Fort Tot ten, Flushing 5 9 , L. I.,

US Army Pros the t i c s Research Laboratory, Walter Reed krmy kkdlca l Center,

US Army Medical Research Unit, &ala Lunpur, Malaya US Army Medical Unit , Fo r t Detr ick, Maryland US Army Tropical Research Medical Laboratory, APO 851, Mew York, N. Y. US Anny Medical Research Laboratory, Fo r t b o x , Kentucky US Anny Surg ica l Research Unit , Brooke Army Medical Center, Fo r t Sam Houston, Texas

Us Army Medical Research & Nutr i t ion Laboratory, Fitzefmons General Hospi ta l , Denver 30, Colorado

US Army Medical Research Unit, Europe, APO 180, New York, N. Y. US Army Medical Research Unit , Box 2011, Balboa Heights, Canal Zone Valley Forge General Hospi ta l , Phoenixville, Penneylvania (A"N: Librar ian) William Beamont General Hospi ta l , E l Paso, Texas (ATTN: Librar ian) Brooke General Hospi ta l , Brooke Army Medical Center, Fo r t Ssm Houston,

Fftzaimons General E b s p i t a l , Denver, Colorado (ATP: Librar ian) lkd igan General Hospi ta l , Tacoma, Washington (ATTN: Librar ian) Walter Reed General Hospi ta l , Walter Reed Army Medical Center,

Washington 12, D. C. ( A m : Librar ian) The H i s t o r i c a l Unit , US Army Medical Service, Forest Glen Sect ion, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington 12, D. C.

United S t a t e s Amy, Europe, APO 403, New York, New York (ATTN: Surgeon) United States Army, Alaska, APO 949, Sea t t le , Washington (AT"N: Surgeon) United S t a t e s Army, Pac i f i c , APO 958, San Francisco, Cal i forn ia (ATTN: Surgeon) *

United S t a t e s Army, Caribbean, For t Amador, Canal Zone (ATTN: US Army 9EATO Medical. Research Laboratory, APO 146, Sen Francisco, Cal l forn la

12, D. C .

Washington 12, D. C

New York

Washington 1 2 , D. C.

Texas (Am: Librar ian)

Surgeon)

(ATTN: Direc tor )

i

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