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Class Rules1. Punctuality
a. The last person to come into the class later than me will teach the class for 2 minutes on a selected topic by yours truly.
b. Homework to be returned during the first Theory lesson of the week.
2. Cleanliness
3. Courtesya. If you need to speak, raise your hands.b. If someone is speaking, open your ears, and not your mouth.
4. Consistencya. You must always have your notes with you.
5. Commitmenta. If you are tasked to do something, I expect it to be done with all your
effort.
5.1 Plant Structure & Function
5.2 Photosynthesis 5.3 Leaf Adaptation & Photosynthesis
5.4 Plant Mineral Nutrition
5.1.1 General Plant Anatomy
5.1.2 Leaf Structure and Function
5.1.3 Structural Diversity in Flowering Plants
5.2.1 The Importance of Photosynthesis
5.2.2 Essential Conditions for Photosynthesis
5.2.3 Plant pigments
5.2.4 Absorption and Action Spectra
5.2.5 Photosynthesis – The Process
5.2.6 Fate of the Products of Photosynthesis
5.2.7 Factors Influencing the Rate of Photosynthesis
5.2.8 Compensation Point
5.2.9 Role of Guard Cells
5.2.10Water and Carbon Dioxide Uptake
5.4.1 Nitrates
5.4.2 Magnesium
5.3.1 Structural Adaptations
5.3.2 Sun & Shade Leaves
Plant Nutrition
Topic Overview
Learning O
bjectives
By the end of the lesso
n, you should be able to:
i)Describe the factors t
hat influence sto
matal
opening. (If time perm
its)
ii)Describe the form
ation of carbohydrates and
their subsequent st
orage.
iii)Outlin
e the intake of carbon dioxide and water
by plants for photosynthesis.
Factors that Control Stomata Opening
Factor Effect
Light• In most plants, stomata open in the presence of
light, and close in darkness.
Water supply
• Stomata open if there is sufficient water supply.• Even in bright light, when there is insufficient
supply of water or when water is lost in large amount, stomata will close.
Carbon dioxide concentration
• A low CO2 concentration in the stomatal air chamber leads to stomata opening.
• Conversely, high CO2 concentrations lead to their closing.
Abscisic Acid concentration
• In the presence of high concentrations of abscisic acid, a plant growth regulator, stomatal pores will be closed.
Fate of Photosynthetic Products
5. Proteinsexcess used as
1. Glucoseused directly as
6. Fatsforms
2. Sucrosein daylight, excess converted to
Glucose formed Reacts with Nitrates &
Mineral Salts to form 3. Starch
4. Amino Acids
used directly asAmino Acids
in darkness, converts back to
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Fate of Photosynthetic Products
1. Glucosea. Cellular Respiration in the leafb. Cellulose Cell Wall
2. Sucrosea. For transport out of the leaf to other storage
organs
3. Starcha. For storage directly in the leaf
THE CARBOHYDRATES
C
CC
C
C
C
Fate of Photosynthetic Products
4. Amino Acidsa. For building of protoplasmb. Conversion to Proteins for storage.
5. Proteinsa. For building new protoplasm.
PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS
Fate of Photosynthetic Products
6. FATSa. For building of protoplasm.b. For storage.c. For cellular respiration
FATS & LIPIDS
Utilizing Stored Products
Maltosediastase maltase
Sucroseconverted
to
for transport
Starch Glucose
Amino AcidsPolypeptidespepsin erepsinProteins
FatsGlycerol
Fatty Acids
Photosynthesis: Where Are We Now?
Light energy + 12 H2O + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2Ochlorophyll
2. Fates of Photosynthetic Products
Carbohydrates Proteins Fats
3. How Mesophyll Cells Import Raw Materials into their Cytoplasm
1. How Gaseous Exchange is Controlled
Water Uptake
1) From Roots to the Xylem in the Leaves..\Transport in Plants\transpiration.swf
2) From the Xylem in the Leaves to the Mesophyll Cells
Light energy + 12 H2O + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2Ochlorophyll
a. As photosynthesis proceeds, there is a net consumption of water in the mesophyll cells.
b. This causes the water potential in the mesophyll cells to become more negative.
c. Water from the xylem then enters the mesophyll cells by osmosis.
a. As photosynthesis proceeds, there is a net consumption of water in the mesophyll cells.
b. This causes the water potential in the mesophyll cells to become more negative.
c. Water from the xylem then enters the mesophyll cells by osmosis.
Carbon Dioxide Uptake
Light energy + 12 H2O + 6 CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2Ochlorophyll
1 ) P h o t o s y n t h e s is lo w e r s [ C O 2] in t h e c y t o p la s m o f m e s o p h y l l c e l ls .
2 ) T h in fi lm o f m o is t u r e s u r r o u n d in g m e s o p h y l l c e l ls
n o w h a s h ig h e r c o n c e n t ra ti o n o f d is s o lv e d C O 2 t h a n
c y t o p la s m .
3 ) C O 2 d iff u s e s in t o m e s o p h y l l c e l l c y t o p la s m
d o w n c o n c e n t ra ti o n g ra d ie n t .
4 ) L o w e r s [ C O 2] in t h in fi lm o f m o is t u r e w .r.t . [ C O 2] in in t e r c e l lu la r
a ir s p a c e s .
5 ) C O 2 f r o m in t e r c e l lu la r a ir s p a c e s d iff u s e in t o t h in fi lm o f m o is t u r e .
6 ) L o w e r s [ C O 2] in in t e r c e l lu la r a i r s p a c e s w r t a t m o s p h e r ic [ C O 2] .
7 ) A t m o s p h e r ic C O 2 d iff u s e s in t o in t e r c e l lu la r a i r s p a c e s t h r o u g h
s t o m a t a .
1) Photosynthesis lowers [CO2] in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells.
2) Thin film of moisture surrounding mesophyll cells now has higher concentration of dissolved CO2 than
cytoplasm.
3)CO2 diffuses into mesophyll cell cytoplasm down concentration gradient.
4) Lowers [CO2] in thin film of moisture w.r.t. [CO2] in intercellular air spaces.
5) CO2 from intercellular air spaces diffuse into thin film of moisture.
6) Lowers [CO2] in intercellular air spaces wrt atmospheric [CO2] .
7) Atmospheric CO2 diffuses into intercellular air spaces through stomata.
Photosynthesis
Rap
http://www.educationalrap.com/62/photosynthesis.htm
Structural Adaptation for Photosynthesis
Adaptation FunctionPetiole (leaf stalk) Holds leaf in position to absorb maximum light energy.
Thin flat lamina
Allows maximum absorption of light energy.
Allows CO2 to reach inner cells rapidly.
Enables sunlight to reach all mesophyll cells.Waxy cuticle on upper and
lower epidermis Reduces water loss through evaporation from the leaf.
Stomata present in the epidermal layers
Open in sunlight, allowing CO2 to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out of the leaf.
Chloroplasts, with chlorophyll, in mesophyll cells
Chlorophyll absorbs and transforms light energy to chemical energy used in the manufacture of sugars.
Presence of more chloroplast in upper palisade tissue More light energy can be absorbed near the leaf surface.
Interconnecting system of air spaces in spongy mesophyll Allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide into mesophyll cells.
Veins containing xylem and phloem vessels
Xylem transports water and mineral salts to mesophyll cells.
Phloem transports sugars away from the leaf.