Class VIII - Home Assignments English The best Christmas present in the world : By Michael morpurgo 1. The author went to a junk shop in Bridport. He found a roll top desk that was in a bad condition . He decided to buy that and get it repai red. 2 . He removed the roll top and tried hard to pull out the drawer. He found a small black tin box inside the drawer and there was a note on i t that said 'Jim's last letter, received January 25 1915 . 3 . Out of curiosity he opend the box. Inside i t he found an envelope with the address. Mrs Jim Macpherson, Bridport V, Dorset . The l etter was dated December 26, 1914 . The letter had been wri tten by Jim to his wife connie 4 . After reading t he letter he found that Jim was a British soldier , set against the Germans dur i ng the first world war . 5. Jim had written that on the Christmas morning a wonderful thing happened . First Germans wished happy Christmas to English soldiers and same response was given by English also . The leaders,Jim and Hans Wolf , along with their soldiers shared their ideas and feelings with each other , enjoyed the taste of marzipan , and sang carols 6. Before joining the army Hans Wolf used to play the cello in an orchestra and Jim had been a school teacher in Dorset.Soldiers from both the sides played football. Both agreed on one point that the countries had better resolve their disputes playing a football or cricket match because no one dies in a match where as war leaves behind orphans and Windows 7. The author decided to gi ve the letter to Jim' s wife to the address which was written on the enve l ope. 8. Connie was in a Nursing Home and she was 101 years old. The author wished Happy Christmas and gave the l etter to her. She recognised the writing of her husband and felt very happy 9 . She mistook the author for Ji m who had come home as promised on Christmas .She asked the author to read the letter to her .She wanted to listen to the voice of her husband . She said that he (Jim) himself was the best Christmas Present to her. Answer the following questions 1. Jim talks about an incident that had just happened at the front. what was it? 2 Mention the various ways in which the Bri tish and the German soldiers become friends and find things in common at Christmas 3 write a synonym of resolve. 4 . Who did connie macpherson think her visitor was? 5. Write the adjecti ve of dispute.
Transcript
Class VIII - Home Assignments
English
The best Christmas present in the world By Michael morpurgo 1 The author went to a junk shop in Bridport He found a roll top desk that was in a bad
condition He decided to buy that and get it repaired 2 He removed the roll top and tried hard to pull out the drawer He found a small black
tin box inside the drawer and there was a note on it that said Jims last letter received January 25 1915
3 Out of curiosity he opend the box Inside it he found an envelope with the address
Mrs Jim Macpherson Bridport V Dorset The letter was dated December 261914 The letter had been written by Jim to his wife connie
4 After reading the letter he found that Jim was a British soldier set against the
Germans during the first world war 5 Jim had written that on the Christmas morning a wonderful thing happened First
Germans wished happy Christmas to English soldiers and same response was given by English also The leadersJim and Hans Wolf along with their soldiers shared their ideas and feelings with each other enjoyed the taste of marzipan and sang carols
6 Before joining the army Hans Wolf used to play the cello in an orchestra and Jim
had been a school teacher in DorsetSoldiers from both the sides played football Both agreed on one point that the countries had better resolve their disputes playing a football or cricket match because no one dies in a match where as war leaves behind orphans and Windows
7 The author decided to give the letter to Jims wife to the address which was written
on the envelope 8 Connie was in a Nursing Home and she was 101 years old The author wished Happy
Christmas and gave the letter to herShe recognised the writing of her husband and felt very happy
9 She mistook the author for Jim who had come home as promised on Christmas She
asked the author to read the letter to her She wanted to listen to the voice of her husband She said that he (Jim) himself was the best Christmas Present to her
Answer the following questions
1 Jim talks about an incident that had just happened at the front what was it
2 Mention the various ways in which the British and the German soldiers become friends
and find things in common at Christmas
3 write a synonym of resolve
4 Who did connie macpherson think her visitor was
5 Write the adjective of dispute
The Ant and the Cricket Summary
1 There was a cricketHe used to sing all through the pleasant months of
Summer and spring When winter arrived he found that there was no food at
home 2 He did not bother to store food for the rainy season and cold winter
3 He went to an ant to get shelter and food He promised to return it He
added that if the ant did not do what he wanted he would die 4 The ant replied that as a matter of principle the ants neither borrow nor
lend She asked why he never bothered to lay by something for the rainy
day 5 The cricket admitted that he had been careless and foolish
6 He enjoyed the beauties of Summer and sang merrily
7 The ant adviced him to pass away the Winter by dancing Saying so the ant
turned the cricket out of the house 8 The poet ends his story with the moral He says that this is not a fable but
truth He goes on to add that some human beings are like the cricket Answer the following questions
1 Why does the poet call the cricket silly
2 Why didnt the cricket have anything to eat
3 Who was starvingthe ant or the cricket
4 What did the ant tell the cricket
5 Write the central idea of the poem the ant and the cricket
6 What is your opinion of the ants principles
How the Camel Got His Hump Rudyard Kipling 1 The World had just begun The animals had started working for humansThe Horse the
Dog and the Ox pulled loads and served manBut there was only one animal camel that refused to work It lived in the desert and ate thorny plants When anybody spoke to him he said Humph
2 One Monday morning the horse came to the camel He told the desert animal (camel) to
work like them The dog and the ox also told the same But they could not succeed 3 The three complained Man against the camel But man grew angry and asked them to work
double to compensate camels work 4 The animals were unhappy They held a panchayat The camel laughed at them and went
away 5 The Djinn or the spirit incharge of deserts came thereHe listened to their complaint and
agreed with them He decided to punish such an idle animal 6 The Djinn found the camel looking at his own reflection in the pool of water 7 The Djinn had made the three other animals do extra work since Monday morning
8 When the Djinn asked him to clarify camel only said Humph He showed no willingness to
work 9 The Djinn Cursed him with a burden on its back as it had refused to work
10 Soon the Camels back puffed up into a big hump The Camel was told to
work for three days without eating anything because his food was stored in his hump
11 The hump on his back made it difficult for him to carry the load The Djinn said
that it would ser ve as a storehouse of food He also said that it would disappear when the camel would learn to behave properly
12 The camel went away to join the three From that day he has been wearing
a hump
Moral of the story is that nothing is achieved by sitting idle and wasting time One who is lazy and does not fulfill his responsibility suffers in the end
Answer the following questions
1 The camel was looking at his own reflection in the poolWhat does it suggest to you about the camel
2 The camel said Humph repeatedlyHow did it affect him
3 What made the dogthe horse and the ox very angry
4 Who was Djinn How did he set the camel right
5 Why did the camel live in the middle of the desert
6 What is the writers opinion about the camel
Children at Work
Gita wolf Anushka RavishankarOrijit Sen Summary
Children are made to work and earn in different waysSome of them help their family make a livelihood Many run away from unhappy homes they work too hard to sustain in any metropolitan and could not afford to go any school
1 Velu was an eleven year old boy He ran away from home because his father was addicted to drinking He used to beat him and his sister and snatched whatever they earned
2 The Kanyakumari Express pulled in at Chennai Station Velu got down and sat on a bench He had never before seen so many people and the noise was terrible He was feeling tired and hungry
3 He had neither money nor ticket He heard voice of a girl around his own age The girl was carrying a big bag in which she was collecting plastic cups Her name was Jaya
4 The girl said that she could find some food for him Velu had nowhere else to go so he followed her
5 Smoke and dust made Velu uncomfortable Velu saw big buildings and the broad road of the city Jaya warned him not to get caught otherwise he would be in jail
6 They finally stopped in front of a marriage hall Behind the hall was a garbage heap
7 The girl picked up a crushed banana and a vada which Velu ate unwillingly
8 Velu felt better Jaya was going home to get another bag
9 Jaya and Velu next came to a bridge across a dirty drain They came to a row of huts built out of wood plastic and sheets It was Jayas village
10 She dumped her sack there and gave Velu a pair of old shoes a sack and stick
11 Jaya told Velu that she was a ragpicker
12 People like her collected things from rubbish bins They collected paper plastic and glass It was then sold to Jaggu a junk dealer
13 Velu had no option He decided to work as a ragpicker until he found a better job
Answer the following questions
1 Why had Velu run away from home
2 Why did he decide to follow the strange girl
3 What material are the strange huts made out of
4 How did Jaya earn her livelihood
5 Do you think Jaya is a brave and sensitive child Give reason for your answer
6 What one throws away as waste may be valuable to others Do you find this sentence meaningful in the context of the story How
lsquoलाख की चड़ियााlsquo कहानी क लखक lsquoशरी कामतानाथrsquo ह | परसतत कहानी म कहानीकार न औदयोगिकरण तथा शहरीकरण क कारण कटीर तथा लघ उदयोि-धधो पर पिनवाल दषपपरभावो का वणणन ककया ह | परसतत कहानी जनादणन (लखक) तथा बदल की ह | बदल लखक क मामा क िााव का ह | वह मननहार (चड़ियाा बनान वाला) ह | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक पशा था | छटटटयो म लखक को अपन मामा क घर जाना बहद पसद था कयोकक बदल उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | लखक बदल को बदल मामा न कहकर बदल काका कहकर पकारता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस बदल काका कहत थ |
पाठ म लखक न बदल क साथ अपन आतमीय सबध का उललख ककया ह | बदल लखक को lsquoललाrsquo कहकर बलाता था | िाय क दध की मलाई तथा पक हए आम दकर अकसर बदल लखक की खानतरदारी करता था | लखक भी परनतटदन घटो बठकर बदल को चड़ियाा बनात दखा करता था | बदल सवभाव स बहत सीधा था | वह कभी ककसी स झििा नही करता था | वह अपनी चड़ियो को पस स नही बचता था | लोि अनाज क बदल चड़ियाा ल जात थ | अभी तक उसका वसत-ववननमय का तरीका था |
धीर-धीर समय बीतता ह और कई वरषो बाद लखक पनः अपन मामा क िााव आता ह | िााव म सबकछ बदल चका ह | जब वह बदल स लमलता ह तो उसस बात-चीत क करम म यह मालम होता ह कक उसकी लाख की चड़ियो का वयवसाय पणणतः समापत हो चका ह | उसका सथान कााच की चड़ियो न ललया ह | लखक तथा बदल क बीच होनवाली बात-चीत स हम यह भी पता चलता ह कक बदल को कााच की चड़ियो स अगधक गचढ़ ह | वयवसाय बद होन क कारण बदल आगथणक शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया ह जजस दखकर लखक दखी ह |
पाठ क अत म लखक न बदल क वयजकततव क एक परमख पकष का उललख ककया ह कक बदल का वयजकततव कााच की चड़ियो की तरह कमजोर नही जो शीघर टट जाए | लखक को इस बात की परसननता थी कक बदल न हारकर भी हार नही मानी |
[2]
शबिाथथ ndash
चाव = चाह रगच
सलाख = सलाई धात की छि
मािरी = िोल मटठयादार लकिी जो ठोकन-पीटन क काम आती ह
खपत = माल की बबकरी
कसर = घाटा परा करना कमी
मगचया = बठन क उपयोि म आन वाली सतली आटद स बनी छोटीचौकोर खाट
मखानतब = दखकर बात करना
डललया = बाास का बना एक छोटा पातर
फबना = सजना शोभा दना
नाजक = कोमल
पििी = लसर पर लपट कर बााधा जान वाला लबा कपडा पाि
मरहम-पटटी = जखम का इलाज घाव पर दवा लिाकर पटटी बााधना
पाठयगत परशनोततर
परशन 1
बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क गााव चाव स कयो जाता था और बिल को lsquoबिल मामाrsquo न कहकर lsquoबिल काकाrsquo कयो कहता था
उततर ndash बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क िााव चाव स जाता था कयोकक वहाा बदल नाम का एक मननहार (चिी बनान वाला) था जो उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | य िोललयाा इतनी सनदर होती थी कक ककसी भी बचच का मन मोह ल | लाख की इन रि-बबरिी िोललयो को पाकर लखक बहत खश होता था |
[3]
lsquoबदलrsquo लखक क मामा क िााव का था | इस दजषपट स lsquoबदलrsquo को लखक दवारा मामा कहा जाना चाटहए था परनत लखक बदल को lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहकर बलाता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहत थ | परशन 2
वसत-ववननमय कया ह ववननमय की परचललत मदरा कया ह
उततर ndash lsquoवसत-ववननमयrsquo ववननमय की एक पराचीन पदधनत ह | परान समय म मदरा क आववषपकार क पवण वयजकत एक वसत क बदल दसरी वसत का लन-दन करता था | वयजकत एक वसत को बचकर अपनी ज़ररत की दसरी वसत को खरीदता था | यही lsquoवसत-ववननमय परणालीrsquo थी |
वतणमान समय म मदरा ववननमय परणाली परचललत ह जजसक अतिणत वसतओ का लन-दन मदरा क दवारा होता ह |
परशन 3
मश न यग न ककतन हाथ काट दिए ह ndash इस पककत म लखक न ककस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह
उततर ndash मशीनी यि न ककतन हाथ काट टदए ह ndash इस पजकत म लखक न बदल जस असखय कारीिरो की उस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह जो मशीनो क आववषपकार क कारण पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िए ह | य कारीिर अपन पतक कायो को आि बढ़ाकर अपना जीवन-यापन करत थ और उसी म सतषपट भी रहत थ | मशीनी यि क आन स उनका रोज़िार नछन िया | इन मशीनो न कारीिरो की रोज़ी-रोटी पर गरहण लिा टदया | यहाा हाथ कटन का तातपयण लोिो क बरोज़िार होन स ह |
परशन 4 बिल क मन की ऐस कौन-स वयथा थ जो लखक स निप न रह सकी
उततर ndash बदल मननहार था | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक (वपता स परापत) पशा था | िााव की जसतरयाा उसकी बनाई हई लाख की चड़ियाा पहना करती थी परनत जस-जस कााच की चड़ियो का परचलन बढ़ा बदल का वयवसाय ठप होन लिा | अपन वयवसाय क बद होन स बदल मन-ही-मन बहत दखी रहन लिा | बात-चीत क करम म बदल लखक को यह भी बताता ह कक अब लोिो म कारीिरी की कदर नही ह | बदल क मन की यही वयथा लखक स नछपी न रह सकी |
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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ewable reexhausted
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RIBUTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
The Ant and the Cricket Summary
1 There was a cricketHe used to sing all through the pleasant months of
Summer and spring When winter arrived he found that there was no food at
home 2 He did not bother to store food for the rainy season and cold winter
3 He went to an ant to get shelter and food He promised to return it He
added that if the ant did not do what he wanted he would die 4 The ant replied that as a matter of principle the ants neither borrow nor
lend She asked why he never bothered to lay by something for the rainy
day 5 The cricket admitted that he had been careless and foolish
6 He enjoyed the beauties of Summer and sang merrily
7 The ant adviced him to pass away the Winter by dancing Saying so the ant
turned the cricket out of the house 8 The poet ends his story with the moral He says that this is not a fable but
truth He goes on to add that some human beings are like the cricket Answer the following questions
1 Why does the poet call the cricket silly
2 Why didnt the cricket have anything to eat
3 Who was starvingthe ant or the cricket
4 What did the ant tell the cricket
5 Write the central idea of the poem the ant and the cricket
6 What is your opinion of the ants principles
How the Camel Got His Hump Rudyard Kipling 1 The World had just begun The animals had started working for humansThe Horse the
Dog and the Ox pulled loads and served manBut there was only one animal camel that refused to work It lived in the desert and ate thorny plants When anybody spoke to him he said Humph
2 One Monday morning the horse came to the camel He told the desert animal (camel) to
work like them The dog and the ox also told the same But they could not succeed 3 The three complained Man against the camel But man grew angry and asked them to work
double to compensate camels work 4 The animals were unhappy They held a panchayat The camel laughed at them and went
away 5 The Djinn or the spirit incharge of deserts came thereHe listened to their complaint and
agreed with them He decided to punish such an idle animal 6 The Djinn found the camel looking at his own reflection in the pool of water 7 The Djinn had made the three other animals do extra work since Monday morning
8 When the Djinn asked him to clarify camel only said Humph He showed no willingness to
work 9 The Djinn Cursed him with a burden on its back as it had refused to work
10 Soon the Camels back puffed up into a big hump The Camel was told to
work for three days without eating anything because his food was stored in his hump
11 The hump on his back made it difficult for him to carry the load The Djinn said
that it would ser ve as a storehouse of food He also said that it would disappear when the camel would learn to behave properly
12 The camel went away to join the three From that day he has been wearing
a hump
Moral of the story is that nothing is achieved by sitting idle and wasting time One who is lazy and does not fulfill his responsibility suffers in the end
Answer the following questions
1 The camel was looking at his own reflection in the poolWhat does it suggest to you about the camel
2 The camel said Humph repeatedlyHow did it affect him
3 What made the dogthe horse and the ox very angry
4 Who was Djinn How did he set the camel right
5 Why did the camel live in the middle of the desert
6 What is the writers opinion about the camel
Children at Work
Gita wolf Anushka RavishankarOrijit Sen Summary
Children are made to work and earn in different waysSome of them help their family make a livelihood Many run away from unhappy homes they work too hard to sustain in any metropolitan and could not afford to go any school
1 Velu was an eleven year old boy He ran away from home because his father was addicted to drinking He used to beat him and his sister and snatched whatever they earned
2 The Kanyakumari Express pulled in at Chennai Station Velu got down and sat on a bench He had never before seen so many people and the noise was terrible He was feeling tired and hungry
3 He had neither money nor ticket He heard voice of a girl around his own age The girl was carrying a big bag in which she was collecting plastic cups Her name was Jaya
4 The girl said that she could find some food for him Velu had nowhere else to go so he followed her
5 Smoke and dust made Velu uncomfortable Velu saw big buildings and the broad road of the city Jaya warned him not to get caught otherwise he would be in jail
6 They finally stopped in front of a marriage hall Behind the hall was a garbage heap
7 The girl picked up a crushed banana and a vada which Velu ate unwillingly
8 Velu felt better Jaya was going home to get another bag
9 Jaya and Velu next came to a bridge across a dirty drain They came to a row of huts built out of wood plastic and sheets It was Jayas village
10 She dumped her sack there and gave Velu a pair of old shoes a sack and stick
11 Jaya told Velu that she was a ragpicker
12 People like her collected things from rubbish bins They collected paper plastic and glass It was then sold to Jaggu a junk dealer
13 Velu had no option He decided to work as a ragpicker until he found a better job
Answer the following questions
1 Why had Velu run away from home
2 Why did he decide to follow the strange girl
3 What material are the strange huts made out of
4 How did Jaya earn her livelihood
5 Do you think Jaya is a brave and sensitive child Give reason for your answer
6 What one throws away as waste may be valuable to others Do you find this sentence meaningful in the context of the story How
lsquoलाख की चड़ियााlsquo कहानी क लखक lsquoशरी कामतानाथrsquo ह | परसतत कहानी म कहानीकार न औदयोगिकरण तथा शहरीकरण क कारण कटीर तथा लघ उदयोि-धधो पर पिनवाल दषपपरभावो का वणणन ककया ह | परसतत कहानी जनादणन (लखक) तथा बदल की ह | बदल लखक क मामा क िााव का ह | वह मननहार (चड़ियाा बनान वाला) ह | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक पशा था | छटटटयो म लखक को अपन मामा क घर जाना बहद पसद था कयोकक बदल उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | लखक बदल को बदल मामा न कहकर बदल काका कहकर पकारता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस बदल काका कहत थ |
पाठ म लखक न बदल क साथ अपन आतमीय सबध का उललख ककया ह | बदल लखक को lsquoललाrsquo कहकर बलाता था | िाय क दध की मलाई तथा पक हए आम दकर अकसर बदल लखक की खानतरदारी करता था | लखक भी परनतटदन घटो बठकर बदल को चड़ियाा बनात दखा करता था | बदल सवभाव स बहत सीधा था | वह कभी ककसी स झििा नही करता था | वह अपनी चड़ियो को पस स नही बचता था | लोि अनाज क बदल चड़ियाा ल जात थ | अभी तक उसका वसत-ववननमय का तरीका था |
धीर-धीर समय बीतता ह और कई वरषो बाद लखक पनः अपन मामा क िााव आता ह | िााव म सबकछ बदल चका ह | जब वह बदल स लमलता ह तो उसस बात-चीत क करम म यह मालम होता ह कक उसकी लाख की चड़ियो का वयवसाय पणणतः समापत हो चका ह | उसका सथान कााच की चड़ियो न ललया ह | लखक तथा बदल क बीच होनवाली बात-चीत स हम यह भी पता चलता ह कक बदल को कााच की चड़ियो स अगधक गचढ़ ह | वयवसाय बद होन क कारण बदल आगथणक शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया ह जजस दखकर लखक दखी ह |
पाठ क अत म लखक न बदल क वयजकततव क एक परमख पकष का उललख ककया ह कक बदल का वयजकततव कााच की चड़ियो की तरह कमजोर नही जो शीघर टट जाए | लखक को इस बात की परसननता थी कक बदल न हारकर भी हार नही मानी |
[2]
शबिाथथ ndash
चाव = चाह रगच
सलाख = सलाई धात की छि
मािरी = िोल मटठयादार लकिी जो ठोकन-पीटन क काम आती ह
खपत = माल की बबकरी
कसर = घाटा परा करना कमी
मगचया = बठन क उपयोि म आन वाली सतली आटद स बनी छोटीचौकोर खाट
मखानतब = दखकर बात करना
डललया = बाास का बना एक छोटा पातर
फबना = सजना शोभा दना
नाजक = कोमल
पििी = लसर पर लपट कर बााधा जान वाला लबा कपडा पाि
मरहम-पटटी = जखम का इलाज घाव पर दवा लिाकर पटटी बााधना
पाठयगत परशनोततर
परशन 1
बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क गााव चाव स कयो जाता था और बिल को lsquoबिल मामाrsquo न कहकर lsquoबिल काकाrsquo कयो कहता था
उततर ndash बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क िााव चाव स जाता था कयोकक वहाा बदल नाम का एक मननहार (चिी बनान वाला) था जो उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | य िोललयाा इतनी सनदर होती थी कक ककसी भी बचच का मन मोह ल | लाख की इन रि-बबरिी िोललयो को पाकर लखक बहत खश होता था |
[3]
lsquoबदलrsquo लखक क मामा क िााव का था | इस दजषपट स lsquoबदलrsquo को लखक दवारा मामा कहा जाना चाटहए था परनत लखक बदल को lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहकर बलाता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहत थ | परशन 2
वसत-ववननमय कया ह ववननमय की परचललत मदरा कया ह
उततर ndash lsquoवसत-ववननमयrsquo ववननमय की एक पराचीन पदधनत ह | परान समय म मदरा क आववषपकार क पवण वयजकत एक वसत क बदल दसरी वसत का लन-दन करता था | वयजकत एक वसत को बचकर अपनी ज़ररत की दसरी वसत को खरीदता था | यही lsquoवसत-ववननमय परणालीrsquo थी |
वतणमान समय म मदरा ववननमय परणाली परचललत ह जजसक अतिणत वसतओ का लन-दन मदरा क दवारा होता ह |
परशन 3
मश न यग न ककतन हाथ काट दिए ह ndash इस पककत म लखक न ककस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह
उततर ndash मशीनी यि न ककतन हाथ काट टदए ह ndash इस पजकत म लखक न बदल जस असखय कारीिरो की उस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह जो मशीनो क आववषपकार क कारण पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िए ह | य कारीिर अपन पतक कायो को आि बढ़ाकर अपना जीवन-यापन करत थ और उसी म सतषपट भी रहत थ | मशीनी यि क आन स उनका रोज़िार नछन िया | इन मशीनो न कारीिरो की रोज़ी-रोटी पर गरहण लिा टदया | यहाा हाथ कटन का तातपयण लोिो क बरोज़िार होन स ह |
परशन 4 बिल क मन की ऐस कौन-स वयथा थ जो लखक स निप न रह सकी
उततर ndash बदल मननहार था | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक (वपता स परापत) पशा था | िााव की जसतरयाा उसकी बनाई हई लाख की चड़ियाा पहना करती थी परनत जस-जस कााच की चड़ियो का परचलन बढ़ा बदल का वयवसाय ठप होन लिा | अपन वयवसाय क बद होन स बदल मन-ही-मन बहत दखी रहन लिा | बात-चीत क करम म बदल लखक को यह भी बताता ह कक अब लोिो म कारीिरी की कदर नही ह | बदल क मन की यही वयथा लखक स नछपी न रह सकी |
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
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plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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IR
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
OUS
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ends upon
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
How the Camel Got His Hump Rudyard Kipling 1 The World had just begun The animals had started working for humansThe Horse the
Dog and the Ox pulled loads and served manBut there was only one animal camel that refused to work It lived in the desert and ate thorny plants When anybody spoke to him he said Humph
2 One Monday morning the horse came to the camel He told the desert animal (camel) to
work like them The dog and the ox also told the same But they could not succeed 3 The three complained Man against the camel But man grew angry and asked them to work
double to compensate camels work 4 The animals were unhappy They held a panchayat The camel laughed at them and went
away 5 The Djinn or the spirit incharge of deserts came thereHe listened to their complaint and
agreed with them He decided to punish such an idle animal 6 The Djinn found the camel looking at his own reflection in the pool of water 7 The Djinn had made the three other animals do extra work since Monday morning
8 When the Djinn asked him to clarify camel only said Humph He showed no willingness to
work 9 The Djinn Cursed him with a burden on its back as it had refused to work
10 Soon the Camels back puffed up into a big hump The Camel was told to
work for three days without eating anything because his food was stored in his hump
11 The hump on his back made it difficult for him to carry the load The Djinn said
that it would ser ve as a storehouse of food He also said that it would disappear when the camel would learn to behave properly
12 The camel went away to join the three From that day he has been wearing
a hump
Moral of the story is that nothing is achieved by sitting idle and wasting time One who is lazy and does not fulfill his responsibility suffers in the end
Answer the following questions
1 The camel was looking at his own reflection in the poolWhat does it suggest to you about the camel
2 The camel said Humph repeatedlyHow did it affect him
3 What made the dogthe horse and the ox very angry
4 Who was Djinn How did he set the camel right
5 Why did the camel live in the middle of the desert
6 What is the writers opinion about the camel
Children at Work
Gita wolf Anushka RavishankarOrijit Sen Summary
Children are made to work and earn in different waysSome of them help their family make a livelihood Many run away from unhappy homes they work too hard to sustain in any metropolitan and could not afford to go any school
1 Velu was an eleven year old boy He ran away from home because his father was addicted to drinking He used to beat him and his sister and snatched whatever they earned
2 The Kanyakumari Express pulled in at Chennai Station Velu got down and sat on a bench He had never before seen so many people and the noise was terrible He was feeling tired and hungry
3 He had neither money nor ticket He heard voice of a girl around his own age The girl was carrying a big bag in which she was collecting plastic cups Her name was Jaya
4 The girl said that she could find some food for him Velu had nowhere else to go so he followed her
5 Smoke and dust made Velu uncomfortable Velu saw big buildings and the broad road of the city Jaya warned him not to get caught otherwise he would be in jail
6 They finally stopped in front of a marriage hall Behind the hall was a garbage heap
7 The girl picked up a crushed banana and a vada which Velu ate unwillingly
8 Velu felt better Jaya was going home to get another bag
9 Jaya and Velu next came to a bridge across a dirty drain They came to a row of huts built out of wood plastic and sheets It was Jayas village
10 She dumped her sack there and gave Velu a pair of old shoes a sack and stick
11 Jaya told Velu that she was a ragpicker
12 People like her collected things from rubbish bins They collected paper plastic and glass It was then sold to Jaggu a junk dealer
13 Velu had no option He decided to work as a ragpicker until he found a better job
Answer the following questions
1 Why had Velu run away from home
2 Why did he decide to follow the strange girl
3 What material are the strange huts made out of
4 How did Jaya earn her livelihood
5 Do you think Jaya is a brave and sensitive child Give reason for your answer
6 What one throws away as waste may be valuable to others Do you find this sentence meaningful in the context of the story How
lsquoलाख की चड़ियााlsquo कहानी क लखक lsquoशरी कामतानाथrsquo ह | परसतत कहानी म कहानीकार न औदयोगिकरण तथा शहरीकरण क कारण कटीर तथा लघ उदयोि-धधो पर पिनवाल दषपपरभावो का वणणन ककया ह | परसतत कहानी जनादणन (लखक) तथा बदल की ह | बदल लखक क मामा क िााव का ह | वह मननहार (चड़ियाा बनान वाला) ह | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक पशा था | छटटटयो म लखक को अपन मामा क घर जाना बहद पसद था कयोकक बदल उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | लखक बदल को बदल मामा न कहकर बदल काका कहकर पकारता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस बदल काका कहत थ |
पाठ म लखक न बदल क साथ अपन आतमीय सबध का उललख ककया ह | बदल लखक को lsquoललाrsquo कहकर बलाता था | िाय क दध की मलाई तथा पक हए आम दकर अकसर बदल लखक की खानतरदारी करता था | लखक भी परनतटदन घटो बठकर बदल को चड़ियाा बनात दखा करता था | बदल सवभाव स बहत सीधा था | वह कभी ककसी स झििा नही करता था | वह अपनी चड़ियो को पस स नही बचता था | लोि अनाज क बदल चड़ियाा ल जात थ | अभी तक उसका वसत-ववननमय का तरीका था |
धीर-धीर समय बीतता ह और कई वरषो बाद लखक पनः अपन मामा क िााव आता ह | िााव म सबकछ बदल चका ह | जब वह बदल स लमलता ह तो उसस बात-चीत क करम म यह मालम होता ह कक उसकी लाख की चड़ियो का वयवसाय पणणतः समापत हो चका ह | उसका सथान कााच की चड़ियो न ललया ह | लखक तथा बदल क बीच होनवाली बात-चीत स हम यह भी पता चलता ह कक बदल को कााच की चड़ियो स अगधक गचढ़ ह | वयवसाय बद होन क कारण बदल आगथणक शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया ह जजस दखकर लखक दखी ह |
पाठ क अत म लखक न बदल क वयजकततव क एक परमख पकष का उललख ककया ह कक बदल का वयजकततव कााच की चड़ियो की तरह कमजोर नही जो शीघर टट जाए | लखक को इस बात की परसननता थी कक बदल न हारकर भी हार नही मानी |
[2]
शबिाथथ ndash
चाव = चाह रगच
सलाख = सलाई धात की छि
मािरी = िोल मटठयादार लकिी जो ठोकन-पीटन क काम आती ह
खपत = माल की बबकरी
कसर = घाटा परा करना कमी
मगचया = बठन क उपयोि म आन वाली सतली आटद स बनी छोटीचौकोर खाट
मखानतब = दखकर बात करना
डललया = बाास का बना एक छोटा पातर
फबना = सजना शोभा दना
नाजक = कोमल
पििी = लसर पर लपट कर बााधा जान वाला लबा कपडा पाि
मरहम-पटटी = जखम का इलाज घाव पर दवा लिाकर पटटी बााधना
पाठयगत परशनोततर
परशन 1
बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क गााव चाव स कयो जाता था और बिल को lsquoबिल मामाrsquo न कहकर lsquoबिल काकाrsquo कयो कहता था
उततर ndash बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क िााव चाव स जाता था कयोकक वहाा बदल नाम का एक मननहार (चिी बनान वाला) था जो उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | य िोललयाा इतनी सनदर होती थी कक ककसी भी बचच का मन मोह ल | लाख की इन रि-बबरिी िोललयो को पाकर लखक बहत खश होता था |
[3]
lsquoबदलrsquo लखक क मामा क िााव का था | इस दजषपट स lsquoबदलrsquo को लखक दवारा मामा कहा जाना चाटहए था परनत लखक बदल को lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहकर बलाता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहत थ | परशन 2
वसत-ववननमय कया ह ववननमय की परचललत मदरा कया ह
उततर ndash lsquoवसत-ववननमयrsquo ववननमय की एक पराचीन पदधनत ह | परान समय म मदरा क आववषपकार क पवण वयजकत एक वसत क बदल दसरी वसत का लन-दन करता था | वयजकत एक वसत को बचकर अपनी ज़ररत की दसरी वसत को खरीदता था | यही lsquoवसत-ववननमय परणालीrsquo थी |
वतणमान समय म मदरा ववननमय परणाली परचललत ह जजसक अतिणत वसतओ का लन-दन मदरा क दवारा होता ह |
परशन 3
मश न यग न ककतन हाथ काट दिए ह ndash इस पककत म लखक न ककस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह
उततर ndash मशीनी यि न ककतन हाथ काट टदए ह ndash इस पजकत म लखक न बदल जस असखय कारीिरो की उस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह जो मशीनो क आववषपकार क कारण पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िए ह | य कारीिर अपन पतक कायो को आि बढ़ाकर अपना जीवन-यापन करत थ और उसी म सतषपट भी रहत थ | मशीनी यि क आन स उनका रोज़िार नछन िया | इन मशीनो न कारीिरो की रोज़ी-रोटी पर गरहण लिा टदया | यहाा हाथ कटन का तातपयण लोिो क बरोज़िार होन स ह |
परशन 4 बिल क मन की ऐस कौन-स वयथा थ जो लखक स निप न रह सकी
उततर ndash बदल मननहार था | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक (वपता स परापत) पशा था | िााव की जसतरयाा उसकी बनाई हई लाख की चड़ियाा पहना करती थी परनत जस-जस कााच की चड़ियो का परचलन बढ़ा बदल का वयवसाय ठप होन लिा | अपन वयवसाय क बद होन स बदल मन-ही-मन बहत दखी रहन लिा | बात-चीत क करम म बदल लखक को यह भी बताता ह कक अब लोिो म कारीिरी की कदर नही ह | बदल क मन की यही वयथा लखक स नछपी न रह सकी |
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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DEVELOP
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es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Children at Work
Gita wolf Anushka RavishankarOrijit Sen Summary
Children are made to work and earn in different waysSome of them help their family make a livelihood Many run away from unhappy homes they work too hard to sustain in any metropolitan and could not afford to go any school
1 Velu was an eleven year old boy He ran away from home because his father was addicted to drinking He used to beat him and his sister and snatched whatever they earned
2 The Kanyakumari Express pulled in at Chennai Station Velu got down and sat on a bench He had never before seen so many people and the noise was terrible He was feeling tired and hungry
3 He had neither money nor ticket He heard voice of a girl around his own age The girl was carrying a big bag in which she was collecting plastic cups Her name was Jaya
4 The girl said that she could find some food for him Velu had nowhere else to go so he followed her
5 Smoke and dust made Velu uncomfortable Velu saw big buildings and the broad road of the city Jaya warned him not to get caught otherwise he would be in jail
6 They finally stopped in front of a marriage hall Behind the hall was a garbage heap
7 The girl picked up a crushed banana and a vada which Velu ate unwillingly
8 Velu felt better Jaya was going home to get another bag
9 Jaya and Velu next came to a bridge across a dirty drain They came to a row of huts built out of wood plastic and sheets It was Jayas village
10 She dumped her sack there and gave Velu a pair of old shoes a sack and stick
11 Jaya told Velu that she was a ragpicker
12 People like her collected things from rubbish bins They collected paper plastic and glass It was then sold to Jaggu a junk dealer
13 Velu had no option He decided to work as a ragpicker until he found a better job
Answer the following questions
1 Why had Velu run away from home
2 Why did he decide to follow the strange girl
3 What material are the strange huts made out of
4 How did Jaya earn her livelihood
5 Do you think Jaya is a brave and sensitive child Give reason for your answer
6 What one throws away as waste may be valuable to others Do you find this sentence meaningful in the context of the story How
lsquoलाख की चड़ियााlsquo कहानी क लखक lsquoशरी कामतानाथrsquo ह | परसतत कहानी म कहानीकार न औदयोगिकरण तथा शहरीकरण क कारण कटीर तथा लघ उदयोि-धधो पर पिनवाल दषपपरभावो का वणणन ककया ह | परसतत कहानी जनादणन (लखक) तथा बदल की ह | बदल लखक क मामा क िााव का ह | वह मननहार (चड़ियाा बनान वाला) ह | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक पशा था | छटटटयो म लखक को अपन मामा क घर जाना बहद पसद था कयोकक बदल उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | लखक बदल को बदल मामा न कहकर बदल काका कहकर पकारता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस बदल काका कहत थ |
पाठ म लखक न बदल क साथ अपन आतमीय सबध का उललख ककया ह | बदल लखक को lsquoललाrsquo कहकर बलाता था | िाय क दध की मलाई तथा पक हए आम दकर अकसर बदल लखक की खानतरदारी करता था | लखक भी परनतटदन घटो बठकर बदल को चड़ियाा बनात दखा करता था | बदल सवभाव स बहत सीधा था | वह कभी ककसी स झििा नही करता था | वह अपनी चड़ियो को पस स नही बचता था | लोि अनाज क बदल चड़ियाा ल जात थ | अभी तक उसका वसत-ववननमय का तरीका था |
धीर-धीर समय बीतता ह और कई वरषो बाद लखक पनः अपन मामा क िााव आता ह | िााव म सबकछ बदल चका ह | जब वह बदल स लमलता ह तो उसस बात-चीत क करम म यह मालम होता ह कक उसकी लाख की चड़ियो का वयवसाय पणणतः समापत हो चका ह | उसका सथान कााच की चड़ियो न ललया ह | लखक तथा बदल क बीच होनवाली बात-चीत स हम यह भी पता चलता ह कक बदल को कााच की चड़ियो स अगधक गचढ़ ह | वयवसाय बद होन क कारण बदल आगथणक शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया ह जजस दखकर लखक दखी ह |
पाठ क अत म लखक न बदल क वयजकततव क एक परमख पकष का उललख ककया ह कक बदल का वयजकततव कााच की चड़ियो की तरह कमजोर नही जो शीघर टट जाए | लखक को इस बात की परसननता थी कक बदल न हारकर भी हार नही मानी |
[2]
शबिाथथ ndash
चाव = चाह रगच
सलाख = सलाई धात की छि
मािरी = िोल मटठयादार लकिी जो ठोकन-पीटन क काम आती ह
खपत = माल की बबकरी
कसर = घाटा परा करना कमी
मगचया = बठन क उपयोि म आन वाली सतली आटद स बनी छोटीचौकोर खाट
मखानतब = दखकर बात करना
डललया = बाास का बना एक छोटा पातर
फबना = सजना शोभा दना
नाजक = कोमल
पििी = लसर पर लपट कर बााधा जान वाला लबा कपडा पाि
मरहम-पटटी = जखम का इलाज घाव पर दवा लिाकर पटटी बााधना
पाठयगत परशनोततर
परशन 1
बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क गााव चाव स कयो जाता था और बिल को lsquoबिल मामाrsquo न कहकर lsquoबिल काकाrsquo कयो कहता था
उततर ndash बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क िााव चाव स जाता था कयोकक वहाा बदल नाम का एक मननहार (चिी बनान वाला) था जो उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | य िोललयाा इतनी सनदर होती थी कक ककसी भी बचच का मन मोह ल | लाख की इन रि-बबरिी िोललयो को पाकर लखक बहत खश होता था |
[3]
lsquoबदलrsquo लखक क मामा क िााव का था | इस दजषपट स lsquoबदलrsquo को लखक दवारा मामा कहा जाना चाटहए था परनत लखक बदल को lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहकर बलाता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहत थ | परशन 2
वसत-ववननमय कया ह ववननमय की परचललत मदरा कया ह
उततर ndash lsquoवसत-ववननमयrsquo ववननमय की एक पराचीन पदधनत ह | परान समय म मदरा क आववषपकार क पवण वयजकत एक वसत क बदल दसरी वसत का लन-दन करता था | वयजकत एक वसत को बचकर अपनी ज़ररत की दसरी वसत को खरीदता था | यही lsquoवसत-ववननमय परणालीrsquo थी |
वतणमान समय म मदरा ववननमय परणाली परचललत ह जजसक अतिणत वसतओ का लन-दन मदरा क दवारा होता ह |
परशन 3
मश न यग न ककतन हाथ काट दिए ह ndash इस पककत म लखक न ककस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह
उततर ndash मशीनी यि न ककतन हाथ काट टदए ह ndash इस पजकत म लखक न बदल जस असखय कारीिरो की उस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह जो मशीनो क आववषपकार क कारण पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िए ह | य कारीिर अपन पतक कायो को आि बढ़ाकर अपना जीवन-यापन करत थ और उसी म सतषपट भी रहत थ | मशीनी यि क आन स उनका रोज़िार नछन िया | इन मशीनो न कारीिरो की रोज़ी-रोटी पर गरहण लिा टदया | यहाा हाथ कटन का तातपयण लोिो क बरोज़िार होन स ह |
परशन 4 बिल क मन की ऐस कौन-स वयथा थ जो लखक स निप न रह सकी
उततर ndash बदल मननहार था | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक (वपता स परापत) पशा था | िााव की जसतरयाा उसकी बनाई हई लाख की चड़ियाा पहना करती थी परनत जस-जस कााच की चड़ियो का परचलन बढ़ा बदल का वयवसाय ठप होन लिा | अपन वयवसाय क बद होन स बदल मन-ही-मन बहत दखी रहन लिा | बात-चीत क करम म बदल लखक को यह भी बताता ह कक अब लोिो म कारीिरी की कदर नही ह | बदल क मन की यही वयथा लखक स नछपी न रह सकी |
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
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Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
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JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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ing that cagy are two i
is the app
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gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
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ources are ls
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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nce into resn doing or
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
eresource
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
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Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
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RIBUTION
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Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
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ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
lsquoलाख की चड़ियााlsquo कहानी क लखक lsquoशरी कामतानाथrsquo ह | परसतत कहानी म कहानीकार न औदयोगिकरण तथा शहरीकरण क कारण कटीर तथा लघ उदयोि-धधो पर पिनवाल दषपपरभावो का वणणन ककया ह | परसतत कहानी जनादणन (लखक) तथा बदल की ह | बदल लखक क मामा क िााव का ह | वह मननहार (चड़ियाा बनान वाला) ह | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक पशा था | छटटटयो म लखक को अपन मामा क घर जाना बहद पसद था कयोकक बदल उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | लखक बदल को बदल मामा न कहकर बदल काका कहकर पकारता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस बदल काका कहत थ |
पाठ म लखक न बदल क साथ अपन आतमीय सबध का उललख ककया ह | बदल लखक को lsquoललाrsquo कहकर बलाता था | िाय क दध की मलाई तथा पक हए आम दकर अकसर बदल लखक की खानतरदारी करता था | लखक भी परनतटदन घटो बठकर बदल को चड़ियाा बनात दखा करता था | बदल सवभाव स बहत सीधा था | वह कभी ककसी स झििा नही करता था | वह अपनी चड़ियो को पस स नही बचता था | लोि अनाज क बदल चड़ियाा ल जात थ | अभी तक उसका वसत-ववननमय का तरीका था |
धीर-धीर समय बीतता ह और कई वरषो बाद लखक पनः अपन मामा क िााव आता ह | िााव म सबकछ बदल चका ह | जब वह बदल स लमलता ह तो उसस बात-चीत क करम म यह मालम होता ह कक उसकी लाख की चड़ियो का वयवसाय पणणतः समापत हो चका ह | उसका सथान कााच की चड़ियो न ललया ह | लखक तथा बदल क बीच होनवाली बात-चीत स हम यह भी पता चलता ह कक बदल को कााच की चड़ियो स अगधक गचढ़ ह | वयवसाय बद होन क कारण बदल आगथणक शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया ह जजस दखकर लखक दखी ह |
पाठ क अत म लखक न बदल क वयजकततव क एक परमख पकष का उललख ककया ह कक बदल का वयजकततव कााच की चड़ियो की तरह कमजोर नही जो शीघर टट जाए | लखक को इस बात की परसननता थी कक बदल न हारकर भी हार नही मानी |
[2]
शबिाथथ ndash
चाव = चाह रगच
सलाख = सलाई धात की छि
मािरी = िोल मटठयादार लकिी जो ठोकन-पीटन क काम आती ह
खपत = माल की बबकरी
कसर = घाटा परा करना कमी
मगचया = बठन क उपयोि म आन वाली सतली आटद स बनी छोटीचौकोर खाट
मखानतब = दखकर बात करना
डललया = बाास का बना एक छोटा पातर
फबना = सजना शोभा दना
नाजक = कोमल
पििी = लसर पर लपट कर बााधा जान वाला लबा कपडा पाि
मरहम-पटटी = जखम का इलाज घाव पर दवा लिाकर पटटी बााधना
पाठयगत परशनोततर
परशन 1
बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क गााव चाव स कयो जाता था और बिल को lsquoबिल मामाrsquo न कहकर lsquoबिल काकाrsquo कयो कहता था
उततर ndash बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क िााव चाव स जाता था कयोकक वहाा बदल नाम का एक मननहार (चिी बनान वाला) था जो उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | य िोललयाा इतनी सनदर होती थी कक ककसी भी बचच का मन मोह ल | लाख की इन रि-बबरिी िोललयो को पाकर लखक बहत खश होता था |
[3]
lsquoबदलrsquo लखक क मामा क िााव का था | इस दजषपट स lsquoबदलrsquo को लखक दवारा मामा कहा जाना चाटहए था परनत लखक बदल को lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहकर बलाता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहत थ | परशन 2
वसत-ववननमय कया ह ववननमय की परचललत मदरा कया ह
उततर ndash lsquoवसत-ववननमयrsquo ववननमय की एक पराचीन पदधनत ह | परान समय म मदरा क आववषपकार क पवण वयजकत एक वसत क बदल दसरी वसत का लन-दन करता था | वयजकत एक वसत को बचकर अपनी ज़ररत की दसरी वसत को खरीदता था | यही lsquoवसत-ववननमय परणालीrsquo थी |
वतणमान समय म मदरा ववननमय परणाली परचललत ह जजसक अतिणत वसतओ का लन-दन मदरा क दवारा होता ह |
परशन 3
मश न यग न ककतन हाथ काट दिए ह ndash इस पककत म लखक न ककस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह
उततर ndash मशीनी यि न ककतन हाथ काट टदए ह ndash इस पजकत म लखक न बदल जस असखय कारीिरो की उस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह जो मशीनो क आववषपकार क कारण पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िए ह | य कारीिर अपन पतक कायो को आि बढ़ाकर अपना जीवन-यापन करत थ और उसी म सतषपट भी रहत थ | मशीनी यि क आन स उनका रोज़िार नछन िया | इन मशीनो न कारीिरो की रोज़ी-रोटी पर गरहण लिा टदया | यहाा हाथ कटन का तातपयण लोिो क बरोज़िार होन स ह |
परशन 4 बिल क मन की ऐस कौन-स वयथा थ जो लखक स निप न रह सकी
उततर ndash बदल मननहार था | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक (वपता स परापत) पशा था | िााव की जसतरयाा उसकी बनाई हई लाख की चड़ियाा पहना करती थी परनत जस-जस कााच की चड़ियो का परचलन बढ़ा बदल का वयवसाय ठप होन लिा | अपन वयवसाय क बद होन स बदल मन-ही-मन बहत दखी रहन लिा | बात-चीत क करम म बदल लखक को यह भी बताता ह कक अब लोिो म कारीिरी की कदर नही ह | बदल क मन की यही वयथा लखक स नछपी न रह सकी |
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
eresource
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urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
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DISTR
OUS
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ends upon
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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se which g
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ke building sources
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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hinery amp
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
[2]
शबिाथथ ndash
चाव = चाह रगच
सलाख = सलाई धात की छि
मािरी = िोल मटठयादार लकिी जो ठोकन-पीटन क काम आती ह
खपत = माल की बबकरी
कसर = घाटा परा करना कमी
मगचया = बठन क उपयोि म आन वाली सतली आटद स बनी छोटीचौकोर खाट
मखानतब = दखकर बात करना
डललया = बाास का बना एक छोटा पातर
फबना = सजना शोभा दना
नाजक = कोमल
पििी = लसर पर लपट कर बााधा जान वाला लबा कपडा पाि
मरहम-पटटी = जखम का इलाज घाव पर दवा लिाकर पटटी बााधना
पाठयगत परशनोततर
परशन 1
बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क गााव चाव स कयो जाता था और बिल को lsquoबिल मामाrsquo न कहकर lsquoबिल काकाrsquo कयो कहता था
उततर ndash बचपन म लखक अपन मामा क िााव चाव स जाता था कयोकक वहाा बदल नाम का एक मननहार (चिी बनान वाला) था जो उस लाख की रि-बबरिी िोललयाा बनाकर दता था | य िोललयाा इतनी सनदर होती थी कक ककसी भी बचच का मन मोह ल | लाख की इन रि-बबरिी िोललयो को पाकर लखक बहत खश होता था |
[3]
lsquoबदलrsquo लखक क मामा क िााव का था | इस दजषपट स lsquoबदलrsquo को लखक दवारा मामा कहा जाना चाटहए था परनत लखक बदल को lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहकर बलाता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहत थ | परशन 2
वसत-ववननमय कया ह ववननमय की परचललत मदरा कया ह
उततर ndash lsquoवसत-ववननमयrsquo ववननमय की एक पराचीन पदधनत ह | परान समय म मदरा क आववषपकार क पवण वयजकत एक वसत क बदल दसरी वसत का लन-दन करता था | वयजकत एक वसत को बचकर अपनी ज़ररत की दसरी वसत को खरीदता था | यही lsquoवसत-ववननमय परणालीrsquo थी |
वतणमान समय म मदरा ववननमय परणाली परचललत ह जजसक अतिणत वसतओ का लन-दन मदरा क दवारा होता ह |
परशन 3
मश न यग न ककतन हाथ काट दिए ह ndash इस पककत म लखक न ककस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह
उततर ndash मशीनी यि न ककतन हाथ काट टदए ह ndash इस पजकत म लखक न बदल जस असखय कारीिरो की उस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह जो मशीनो क आववषपकार क कारण पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िए ह | य कारीिर अपन पतक कायो को आि बढ़ाकर अपना जीवन-यापन करत थ और उसी म सतषपट भी रहत थ | मशीनी यि क आन स उनका रोज़िार नछन िया | इन मशीनो न कारीिरो की रोज़ी-रोटी पर गरहण लिा टदया | यहाा हाथ कटन का तातपयण लोिो क बरोज़िार होन स ह |
परशन 4 बिल क मन की ऐस कौन-स वयथा थ जो लखक स निप न रह सकी
उततर ndash बदल मननहार था | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक (वपता स परापत) पशा था | िााव की जसतरयाा उसकी बनाई हई लाख की चड़ियाा पहना करती थी परनत जस-जस कााच की चड़ियो का परचलन बढ़ा बदल का वयवसाय ठप होन लिा | अपन वयवसाय क बद होन स बदल मन-ही-मन बहत दखी रहन लिा | बात-चीत क करम म बदल लखक को यह भी बताता ह कक अब लोिो म कारीिरी की कदर नही ह | बदल क मन की यही वयथा लखक स नछपी न रह सकी |
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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PMENT
TENTIALR
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E
Biotic
IR
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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wn amp they a
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re
ES
MANURCES
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EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
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Peo
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leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
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hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
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urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
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ke building sources
es
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
[3]
lsquoबदलrsquo लखक क मामा क िााव का था | इस दजषपट स lsquoबदलrsquo को लखक दवारा मामा कहा जाना चाटहए था परनत लखक बदल को lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहकर बलाता था कयोकक िााव क सभी बचच उस lsquoबदल काकाrsquo कहत थ | परशन 2
वसत-ववननमय कया ह ववननमय की परचललत मदरा कया ह
उततर ndash lsquoवसत-ववननमयrsquo ववननमय की एक पराचीन पदधनत ह | परान समय म मदरा क आववषपकार क पवण वयजकत एक वसत क बदल दसरी वसत का लन-दन करता था | वयजकत एक वसत को बचकर अपनी ज़ररत की दसरी वसत को खरीदता था | यही lsquoवसत-ववननमय परणालीrsquo थी |
वतणमान समय म मदरा ववननमय परणाली परचललत ह जजसक अतिणत वसतओ का लन-दन मदरा क दवारा होता ह |
परशन 3
मश न यग न ककतन हाथ काट दिए ह ndash इस पककत म लखक न ककस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह
उततर ndash मशीनी यि न ककतन हाथ काट टदए ह ndash इस पजकत म लखक न बदल जस असखय कारीिरो की उस वयथा की ओर सकत ककया ह जो मशीनो क आववषपकार क कारण पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िए ह | य कारीिर अपन पतक कायो को आि बढ़ाकर अपना जीवन-यापन करत थ और उसी म सतषपट भी रहत थ | मशीनी यि क आन स उनका रोज़िार नछन िया | इन मशीनो न कारीिरो की रोज़ी-रोटी पर गरहण लिा टदया | यहाा हाथ कटन का तातपयण लोिो क बरोज़िार होन स ह |
परशन 4 बिल क मन की ऐस कौन-स वयथा थ जो लखक स निप न रह सकी
उततर ndash बदल मननहार था | चड़ियाा बनाना उसका पतक (वपता स परापत) पशा था | िााव की जसतरयाा उसकी बनाई हई लाख की चड़ियाा पहना करती थी परनत जस-जस कााच की चड़ियो का परचलन बढ़ा बदल का वयवसाय ठप होन लिा | अपन वयवसाय क बद होन स बदल मन-ही-मन बहत दखी रहन लिा | बात-चीत क करम म बदल लखक को यह भी बताता ह कक अब लोिो म कारीिरी की कदर नही ह | बदल क मन की यही वयथा लखक स नछपी न रह सकी |
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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TENTIALR
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Biotic
IR
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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re
ES
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EX----- Sola
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
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salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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se which g
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ke building sources
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
f physical f
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
[4]
परशन 5 मश न यग स बिल क ज वन म कया बिलाव आया
उततर ndash मशीनी यि क आन स बदल की चड़ियो का वयवसाय बद हो िया कयोकक जसतरयाा अब कााच की चड़ियाा पहनन लिी थी | बदल पणणतः बरोज़िार हो िया | इस बरोज़िारी का सीधा असर उसक शरीर और मन पर पिा | घर की आगथणक जसथनत खराब होन क कारण वह शारीररक और मानलसक रप स दबणल हो िया | उसक हाथो और माथ पर नस उभर आई | उस अपनी िाय भी बचनी पिी |
परशन 6
लाख की वसतओ का ननमाथण भारत क ककन-ककन राजयो म होता ह लाख स चड़ियो क अनतररकत कया-कया च ज़ बनत ह जञात कीकजए |
उततर ndash लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण मखय रप स राजसथान उततर परदश और झारखड म होता ह | इसक अनतररकत मधय परदश उिीसा महाराषपर तथा िजरात क कई कषतरो म लाख की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | लाख स चड़ियो कि मनतणयाा िल का हार झमक िोललयाा तथा सजावट की वसतओ का ननमाणण होता ह | डाकघर व अनय सथानो पर सामान पक करक सीलबद करन क ललए भी लाख का परयोि ककया जाता ह |
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 लाख की चड़ियाा पाठ का मखय पातर बदल ह बदल क चररतर की मखय ववशरषताओ को ललख 2 हमार खान-पान रहन-सहन और कपिो म भी बदलाव आ रहा ह इस बदलाव क पकष-ववपकष म बात-चीत कर तथा बात-चीत क आधार पर एक लख तयार कर |
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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is the app
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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nce into resn doing or
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
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hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
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energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
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urces‐‐‐
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
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f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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se which g
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
बस की यातरा पाठ हररशकर परसाई दवारा रगचत वयगयातमक यातरा वतात ह पाठ क माधयम स लखक न उन पराइवट बस कपननयो पर सटीक वयगय ककया ह जो लसफण अपन लाभ क ललय याबतरयो की जान को खतर म डालत ह
लखक और उसक चार सागथयो को जबलपर जान वाली रन पकिनी थी आस-पास क कई लोिो न लखक तथा उनक लमतरो को इस बस स यातरा न करन की सलाह दी थी लखक जजस बस स यातरा करन जा रहा था वह बहत परानी थी
लखक क साथ कपनी क टहससदार भी यातरा कर रह थ उस बस क ववरषय म सभी न अपन-अपन ववचार रख ककसी न इस पजा क योगय बताया तो ककसी न इस नयी नवली बसो स अगधक ववशवसनीय बताया यातरा शर हई लखक अपन लमतरो क साथ बस म बठ िए
इजन सटाटण हआ परी बस म तज़ िनत स कपन हआ जजसस सारी बस ही इजन लि रही थी बस का सारा टहससा एक-दसर स असहयोि कर रहा था जजसक कारण लखक को िााधी जी क असहयोि आदोलन की याद हो आई
कछ दर चलन क बाद परोल की टकी म छद हो िया डराइवर न परोल को बालटी म ननकालकर उस बिल म रखा और पाइप क सहार इजन म भजन लिा
बस बहत बरी हालत म चल रही थी ऐसा लि रहा था कक बरक फल हो सकता ह सटयररि टट सकती ह आशचयण की बात यह थी कक कपनी क टहससदार को यह सब सामानय लि रहा था कछ दर आि जात ही पललया पर टायर फट िया
दसरा नघसा टायर लिकर बस कफर चली थोिी दर बाद लखक की बताबी तनाव समापत हो िया सभी न अपनी मजज़ल तक पहाचन की उममीद छोि दी थी
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
[6]
शबिाथथ
धमणभीर = जजस धमण छटन का भय हो अधमण स डरन वाला पदाणफ़ाश = दोरष परकट करना भद खोलना उजािर = परकट करना
ितवय = सथान जहाा ककसी को जाना हो
कषपटकर = कषपट दनवाली
आशा की जयोनत = आि बढ़न की उममीद कातर मदरा = रोनी सरत
लोक-गचतत = लोिो क हरदय म
मनीवरषयो = ववचारक
भौनतक = कबतरम
कोटट-कोटट = करोि
आकरोश = िससा
सचार = सही रप स
परशनोततर
परशन 1 मन उस कपन क दहससिार की तरफ पहली बार शरदधाभाव स िखा लखक क मन म दहससिार साहब क ललए शरदधा कयो जग गई
उततर - लखक क मन म बस कपनी क टहससदार साहब क ललए शरदधाभाव जि िई कयोकक टहससदार साहब बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर भी पणण समपणण और ववशवास क साथ इस चला रह थ व
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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is the app
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L
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
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plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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EX----- Sola
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
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energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
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se which g
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
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es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
[7]
दसरो की जान क साथ-साथ अपनी जान को भी खतर म डालकर इस बस स यातरा कर रह थ | ऐस वयजकत क परनत सहज ही शरदधाभाव उतपनन होता ह लखक न वयगय म ऐसा कहा ह |
2 लोगो न सलाह िी कक समझिार वयककत इस शाम वाली बस स सफ़र नही करत लोगो न यह सलाह कयो िी
उततर - लखक जजस बस म यातरा क ललए तयार हए थ उस बस क ववरषय म लोिो का कहना था कक समझदार वयजकत इस बस स सफर नही करत यह रात की आखखरी बस थी इसकी जसथनत अतयत दयनीय थी यह कही-भी कभी-भी खराब हो सकती थी ऐसी जसथनत म लोिो को रात कहाा बबतानी पि इसका कछ पता नही रहता
3 ऐसा जस सारी बस ही इजन ह और हम इजन क भ तर बठ हldquo लखक को ऐसा कयो लग रहा था उततर- बस क इजन क सटाटण होत ही सारी बस म जोरदार कपन शर हई इस कपन स सारी बस झनझनान लिी ऐसी जसथनत म बस क भीतर बठकर लखक को यह अहसास हआ कक सारी बस ही इजन ह और सभी इजन क भीतर बठ ह 4 गजब हो गया ऐस बस अपन आप ही चलत ह ldquo लखक को यह सनकर हरान कयो हई
उततर - बस की जजणर जसथनत को दखकर लखक को इसक वदधावसथा म होन का अनमान हो रहा था उस लि रहा था कक यह बस नही चल पाएिी जब उसन बस क टहससदार स पछा तो उनहोन कहा कक यह बस अपन आप चलिी बस की ऐसी जसथनत म अपन आप चलना ही लखक की हरानी का कारण था 5 म हर पि को अपना िशमन समझ रहा था ldquo लखक पिो को िशमन कयो समझ रहा था
उततर - बस अपनी खराब जसथनत क कारण जजस परकार टहलती-डलती चल रही थी उसस ऐसा परतीत होता था कक यह बस अभी-अभी ककसी पि स टकरा जाएिी इसम बठ सभी लोिो का पराणात हो जाएिा जब एक पि ननकल जाता तो दसर पि का इतजार रहता बस की इस जसथनत म ऐसी चाल क कारण लखक को हर पि अपना दशमन लिता था
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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ion of resoude
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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ng resourcservation
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ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
[8]
ववदयारथथयो क ललए गह-कायथ
1 बस की यातरा पाठ स कया सदश लमलता ह
2 सववनय अवजञा आनदोलन ककसक नततव म ककस उददशय स तथा कब हआ था इनतहास क उपलबध पसतको क आधार पर ललख
3 आप अपनी ककसी यातरा क खटट-मीठ अनभवो को याद करत हए एक लख ललख
पररयोजना कायथ
भारत क ककनही पााच महापरषो तथा पााच िशथन य सथलो क बार म सकषप म ललख
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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Biotic
IR
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RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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re
ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
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hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
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urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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se which g
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ke building sources
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Class 8 MATHEMATICS
Assignment Topic RATIONAL NUMBERS Definition A number of the form 119901119901
119902119902 where p and q are integers q ne 0 is a rational
number Eg 14 minus3
5 5
7 etc
Note All natural numbers whole numbers integers fractions are rational numbers Positive and Negative Rational Numbers A rational number 119901119901
119902119902 is said to be
positive if both p and q are of same sign ie p and q are either both positive or both negative
Eg 34 minus8
minus5 etc
A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be negative if p and q are of opposite signs ie if p is
positive and q is negative or vice-versa
Eg minus34
4minus7
etc
Standard form of a rational number A rational number 119901119901119902119902
is said to be in standard
form if i) q is not a negative integer and ii) p and q has no common factor other than 1 Eg Standard form of 36
Properties of Rational Numbers (1) Closure Property For any two rational numbers a and b
(i) a + b = a rational number (ii) a ndash b = a rational number (iii) a x b = a rational number (iv) a divide b ne a rational number Therefore Rational number is closed for addition subtraction multiplication but not for division as because division by 0 (zero) is not defined
(2) Commutative Property For any two rational numbers a and b (i) a + b = a + b (ii) a ndash b ne b - a (iii) a x b = b x a (iv) a divide b ne b divide a Therefore Commutative property holds good for addition and multiplication but not for subtraction and division for rational numbers
(3) Associative Property For any three rational numbers a b and c (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (ii) a x (b x c) = (a x b) x c But (iii) a - (b - c) ne (a - b) - c (iv) a divide (b divide c) ne (a divide b) divide c Therefore addition and multiplication are associative for rational numbers but for subtraction and division are not associative for rational numbers
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
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ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
(4) Existence of Additive Identity Zero is called the identity element for the addition of rational numbers because for any rational number a a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(5) Existence of Multiplicative Identity 1 is called the identity element for the multiplication of rational numbers because for any rational number a a x 1 = 1 x a =a
(6) Additive Inverse For any rational number a a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 Therefore a and (-a) are called additive inverse or negative of each other Eg
Rational Number Additive Inverse 6
7 - 6
7
minus38
38
(7) Reciprocal or Multiplicative Inverse A rational number 119888119888119889119889
is said to be
multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of another rational number 119886119886119887119887
if 119886119886119887119887
X 119888119888119889119889
= 1 Eg
Rational Number Multiplicative Inverse 5
11 11
5
minus37
minus73
Note a) Rational Number 0 has no reciprocal b) The numbers 1 and -1 are their own reciprocals
c) Reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive and that of negative rational number is negative
(8) Distributive Property Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction For all rational numbers a b and c (i) a (b + c) = ab + ac (ii) a (b ndash c) = ab ndash ac
Assignment
1 Verify commutative property of addition and multiplication of rational numbers if a = minus11
5and b = 4
7
2 Verify associative property of addition of rational number ie (a + b) + c = (a + b) + c when a = 1
2 b = 2
3 and c = minus1
5
3 Re-arrange suitably and find the following (i) 11
12 + minus17
3 + 11
2 + minus25
2 (ii) 1
8 + 5
12 + 2
7 + 7
12 + 9
7 + minus5
16
4 Simplify 32 x 1
6 + 5
3 x 7
2 - 13
8 + 4
3
5 Using appropriate properties find minus23
x 35 + 5
2 - 3
5 x 1
6
6 The cost of 194
meters of wire is Rs 1712
Find the cost of one metre of the wire
7 A train travels 14452
km in 172
hours Find the speed of the train in kmh
8 The product of two rational numbers is minus1427
If one of the numbers be 79
find the other
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
9 Find the product of additive inverse of -114 and multiplicative inverse of
384
10 Find five rational numbers between 23 and 4
5
TOPIC LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
To solve a linear equation in one variable the simple tips is to separate variable and constants on either sides of the equation
Earlier we use hit and trial method to solve a linear equation but now we will use the method of transposition to solve a linear equation
In this method a term of the linear equation is transferred from LHS to RHS or vice versa In this case the sign of the term changes from (+) to (-) (-) to (+) multiplication changes to division and division changes to multiplication
2 The present age of Sahilrsquos mother is three times the present age of Sahil
After 5 years their ages will add to 66 years Find their present ages 3 The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363 Find these multiples 4 The difference between two whole numbers is 66 The ratio of the two
numbers is 2 5 What are the two numbers 5 Deveshi has a total of ` 590 as currency notes in the denominations of ` 50 `
20 and ` 10 The ratio of the number of ` 50 notes and ` 20 notes is 35 If she has a total of 25 notes how many notes of each denomination she has
6 Two numbers are in the ratio 53 If they differ by 18 what are the numbers
7 The digits of a two-digit number differ by 3 If the digits are interchanged and the resulting number is added to the original number we get 143 What can be the original number
Topic Understanding Quadrilaterals
Simple curve A curve which do not intersects (retrace) itself is called a simple curve
Simple Closed Curve A simple curve which ends at the same point from where it starts is called a simple closed curve Eg Circle
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
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Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
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Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
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d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
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JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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LEVELOF
RCES
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ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
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MANMADEESOURCES
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Polygons A simple closed curve made up of line-segments only is called a polygon The simplest polygon is triangle
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS
We classify polygons according to the number of sides (or vertices) they have
Number of sides or vertices Classification 3 Triangle 4 Quadrilateral 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon 9 Nonagon 10 Decagon n n-gon
Diagonals of a polygon The line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon is called its one diagonal
Convex and Concave Polygon A polygon is said to be convex polygon if
(i) Its all angles are less than 1800 (ii) Its all diagonals lies completely in its interior
Otherwise the polygon is said to be a concave polygon
Regular and Irregular Polygon A polygon is said to be regular polygon if
(iii) Its all angles are equal (iv) Its all sides are equal
Otherwise the polygon is said to be irregular Example Equilateral Triangle Square are regular polygons
Interior Angle Sum Property of a Polygon The sum of all interior angles of a polygon of n sides is (n ndash 2) X 1800
Exterior Angle sum property of a polygon The sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides is 3600
An exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides = 360⁰119899119899
Different kinds of quadrilaterals
1 Kite A kite is a quadrilateral in which exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length
Polygon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon No of Sides 3 4 5 6 Angle Sum = (3 ndash 2) times 180deg
= 180deg = (4 ndash 2) times 180deg = 2 x 180deg = 3600
= (5 ndash 2) times 180deg = 3 x 180deg = 5400
= (6 ndash 2) times 180deg = 4 x 180deg = 7200
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
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ources are ls
L
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
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plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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Biotic
IR
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RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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ES
MANURCES
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Non Renestocks are
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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ple are hum
ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
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urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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eresource
king people
---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
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ke building sources
es
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
2 Trapezium A quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides is parallel is called a trapezium
3 Isosceles Trapezium A trapezium whose non-parallel sides are of equal length is called an isosceles trapezium
4 Parallelogram A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram Properties of a parallelogram In a parallelogram
a) Opposite sides are equal b) Opposite angles are equal c) Diagonals bisect each other d) Adjacent angles are supplementary
Assignment
1 How many diagonals does each of the following have (a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle
2 Find the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45deg
4 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24deg
5 How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165deg
6 In a parallelogram ABCD A = 1000 B = x0 C = y0 D = z0 Find x y and z 7 Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has
exactly two opposite angles of equal measure 8 The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 2
Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 9 Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram 10 In parallelogram GUNS GU = 3y ndash 1 UN = 18 cm NS = 26 cm and SG = 3x
Find x and y
---------X-----------------X------------
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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These resoudakh
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living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
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Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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nce into resn doing or
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urces‐‐‐
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
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NON R
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se which g
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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hinery amp
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
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plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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IR
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
OUS
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ends upon
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
CLASS 8
PHYSICS
Ch11 Force And Pressure
FORCE
A push or pull acting on an object is called force
An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects
Force has magnitude as well as direction It is vector quantity
The SI unit of force is newton(N)
EFFECTS OF FORCE ON AN OBJECT
1 A force can move a stationary object 2 A force can stop a moving object 3 A force can change the speed of a moving object 4 A force can change the direction of a moving object 5 A force can change the shape and size of an object
Note A change in either the speed of an object or is direction of motion or both is known as a change in its state of motion RESULTANT FORCE CASE1 when two or more forces act on an object in same direction then their resultant is equal to the sum of their magnitude The direction of the resultant remains the same CASE 2 When two forces act on object in opposite direction then their resultant is equal to the difference of their magnitude The direction of resultant is along the force of larger magnitude CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCES CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is in contact with the object the applied force is called contact force eg- muscular forcefrictional force etc NON ndash CONTACT FORCE If the agent applying the force is not in contact with the object the applied force is called non- contact force eg- magnetic force electrostatic force gravitational force etc PRESSURE Force acting per unit area is called pressure ie Pressure= ForceArea The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Note Pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the suface area PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS AND GASES All the liquids and gases exert pressure on the bottom and walls of their containers Note 1 Pressure exerted by liquid at the bottom of the container depends on the height o its
column(Activity 118) 2 A liquid exert pressure on the walls of the container(Activity 119) 3 Liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth(Activity 1110)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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is the app
areclassifilopment
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ources are ls
L
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
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plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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PMENT
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Biotic
IR
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hebasisof
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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ES
MANURCES
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Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
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Peo
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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e are thosed of years t
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ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
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ke building sources
es
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE The atmospheric air extends upto many kilometres above the surface of the earthThe pressure exerted by this air is known as atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of air present in a very tall column of air standing on 1m2 area of the earth Working of dropperrubber sucker etc are based on atmospheric pressure Questions for practice 1 What is force write its SI unit 2 Write the possible effects of force on an object 3 What is meant by a contact force Give examples 4 What is meant by a non- contact force Give examples 5 Two forces of magnitudes 8N and 3N act on an object Find the resultant force when
they act along a)same direction and b)opposite direction 6 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure at the bottom of
the container 7 Explain an activity with labelled diagram showing liquid exert pressure on the walls of
the container 8 What is pressure Write its SI unit 9 Explain whyschool bags are are provided with wide straps to carry them 10 Calculate the pressure when a force of 200N is exerted on an area of 5m2 11 What is meant by atmospheric pressure Name two devices that work on atmospheric
pressure
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
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Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
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JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
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ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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PMENT
TENTIALR
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Biotic
IR
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hebasisof
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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wn amp they a
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ES
MANURCES
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Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
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Humvehi
Tech
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Peo
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
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ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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ke building sources
es
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
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ere like air wd only in
f physical f
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
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Once the d
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e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 1
Class VIII Science Notes
Synthetic fibres and plastics) Fibre
The cloths which we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made from fibres obtained from natural or artificial fibres Fibres are also used for making a large variety of household articles
Polymer A polymer is a substance composed of many repeated similar sub units The simplest molecule from which the repeating units are obtained is called monomer and the process of formation of a polymer from monomer is termed as polymerisation Synthetic Fibre Synthetic Fibres are those which are made by man in the laboratories These are called man made or artificial fibres Eg- Rayon Nylon and Polyester Natural Fibre The naturally occurring fibres that human derive from plants or animals are known as natural fibres Eg- Cotton Wool Silk etc Classification of synthetic fibre
Synthetic Fibre 1 Rayon Artificial Silk 2 Nylon 3 Polyester 4 Acrylic 1 Rayon Artificial Silk It is the first man made Fibre It is obtained from chemical treatment of wood pulp The process of making it in Europe is known as Viscose Process Rayon is mixed with cotton to make bed sheets or mixed with wool to make carpets 2 Nylon Nylon (word comes from ldquoNyrdquo=New York and ldquolonrdquo=London) was the first fully synthetic fibre prepared from coal water and air Fibre is strong elastic light lustrous and easy to wash It is used on a large scale in the preparation of carpets textile fibres bristles for brushes track suits rope etc
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
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JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
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Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
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CHA
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plication of
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These resoudakh
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living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
POT
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MANMADEESOURCES
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ewable reexhausted
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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ng resourcservation
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 2
3 Polyester Polyester is modern day synthetic fibre made up of a large number of molecules of the Easter group PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a well known polyester polymer It is used for making bottles utensils films wires and many other useful products NOTE Mixing of two different fibres results in the formation of blended fabrics 4 Acrylic Fibre Acrylic Fibre is obtained by the polymerisation of molecules of acrylonitride (petroleum product) This fibre is very light and soft like wool They are used for making light weight blankets shawls and yarn for hand neat sweater NOTE All synthetic fibres are prepared by number of processes using raw materials of petroleum origin called petrochemicals Characteristics of synthetic fibres
They dry up soon are durable less expensive readily available and easy to maintain
Plastics Plastics is a material which can be easily moulded into various forms Plastics have a high chemical resistance They are water resistant light weight very tensile good insulators of heat and electricity They can be made in any colour shape and size
PLASTICS
1 Thermoplastic 2 Thermosetting Plastic 1 Thermoplastic It is a plastic which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily Eg- Polythene and PVC These are used for manufacturing toys combs car grills and various types of container 2 Thermosetting Plastics These are some plastics which when moulded are cannot be softened by by heating Eg- Bakelite Melamine Teflon etc Plastics and environment The waste created by the synthetic fibres and plastics is not environment or ecofriendly On burning they create poisonous gases On dumping in the ground they make years to degenerate
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
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DEVELOP
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resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 3
Biodegradable Materials which get decomposed through natural process are called biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Those materials which are not easily decomposed by natural process are called non-biodegradable As a responsible citizen remember the 4R Principle Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover
Problems for Self Assessment 1 Give examples which indicate that Nylon fibres are strong 2 Explain why plastic containers are favored for storing food 3 Explain the difference between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics 4 Explain why the following are made of Thermosetting Plastics
a) Saucepan Handles b) Electric plugs Switches Plug boards 5 What are the advantages of synthetic fibres 6 What are blended fibres Why do we synthesize blended fibre 7 Give four characteristic of Nylon which makes it better than natural fibre 8 State three ways in which Synthetic Fibres are disadvantageous as compared to natural
Fibres 9 What is the Full form of ldquoPETrdquo 10 Whether cotton cloth a biodegradable or non biodegradable Explain
Multiple Choice questions 11 Plastic are poor conductor of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) air b) water c) cotton cloth d) wood 12 Terylene is a popular form of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip
a) nylon b) plastics c)rayon d)polyster 13 What is PET
a)Polyester b) Polyester and terylene c)Polyetheneterephthalate d) Polyterylene
Very Short Answer Questions 14 Polycot is a mixture of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip and helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 15 Choose the odd one out - Nylon Rayon Silk Acrylic 16 Synthetic fibres are obtained by chemical processing of helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 17 What is SR Principle 18 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip is made up of a large number of glucose units
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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RAPHY
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nce into resn doing or
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
CK
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se which g
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
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es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 4
Chapter - Materials Metals and Non ndash Metals
IMPORTANT NOTES- On the basis of their physical and chemical properties all the elements can be divided into 2 main groups Metals and Non- Metals PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS Malleability ndash the property which allows the metals to be hammered into thin
sheets is called malleability Gold and silver are the best malleable metals Other examples are ndash Al Cu etc
Non -metals are not malleable They are brittle Eg- carbon (coal graphite)sulphur etc
Ductility ndash the property by which metals can be drawn into wires Metals are generally ductile Eg - Au Ag Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Na K Hg Non- metals are not ductile Eg- S and P
Conductivity- metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity Eg- Cu Ag Au Al Fe etc
Exception ndash Hg Pb etc Non- metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Eg- S coal (carbon) etc Exception ndash diamond (a form of carbon ) is a good conductor of heat while graphite ( a form of carbon) is a good conductor of electricity
Luster ndash luster means shiny appearance Metals are generally lustrous Eg- Au and Ag
Exception- Na Non-metals are generally not lustrous Eg- S P Exception- Iodine
Sonorous ndash this means that metals make a ringing sound when we strike them Metals are generally sonorous Eg ndash Fe Cu Al etc
Exception ndash Hg Non- metals are not sonorous Eg- C and S
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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These resoudakh
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living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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REN
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e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
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RIBUTION
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LOCALIS
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IR
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
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Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
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ng resourcservation
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ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 5
Hardness ndash metals are generally hard This means that most of the metals cannot be cut easily Eg- Fe Al etc
Exception ndash Na and K are 2 soft metals which can be easily cut with a knife Most of the solid non- metals are quite soft Eg- S P Exception- diamond ( a form of carbon) is the hardest natural substance known CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON- METALS
Reaction with oxygen ndash metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides which are generally basic in nature The basic metal oxides turn red litmus paper to blue Examples are ndash
i Mg + O2 rarr MgO
MgO + H2O rarr Mg(OH)2
(Base) ii Fe + O2 + H2O rarr Fe2O3H2O
(Hydrated Iron Oxide ndash rust) (a basic oxide )
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides which are generally acidic in nature They turn blue litmus paper to red Example is When sulphur burns in air it forms sulphur dioxide This sulphur dioxide when dissolve in water it forms sulphurous acid The chemical reactions as follow
a S + O2 rarr SO2
b SO2 + H2O rarr H2SO3
( an acid) Reaction with water ndash when a metal reacts with water then a metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas are formed
The intensity of reaction of a metal with water depends on its chemical reactivity Some metals react vigorously even with cold water some with hot water some with steam whereas some do not even react with steam For eg a) Sodium is a very reactive metal hence it reacts violently even with cold water
A lot of heat is generated in the reaction even with oxygen (in air) it reacts rapidly Therefore it is stored in kerosene
Na + H2O rarr NaOH + H2
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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RIBUTION
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 6
Similarly potassium is also highly reactive metal and hence stored in kerosene b) Iron reacts with steam only
Non- metals generally do not react with water Some non-metals (reactive) are kept under water to protect them from the action of air Eg- Phosphorus
Reaction with acids ndash most of the metals react with dilute acids to form salts and hydrogen gas Only less reactive metals like Cu Ag and Au do not do so The vigour of reaction of a metal with dilute acid depends on the chemical reactivity of metal Eg-
Mg + dil HCl rarr MgCl2 + H2 Similarly Al Fe Zn metals also react with dilute acids to form corresponding salts and hydrogen gas This hydrogen gas burns with a lsquopoprsquo sound when a lighted match stick is brought near it Exception ndash copper metal reacts with hot and conc Sulphuric acid but no hydrogen is produced because hot and conc Sulphuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent Non-metals do not react with dilute acids Reaction with bases ndash some metals react with bases to form salt and hydrogen gas
Eg ndash Al reacts with NaOH( base) forming sodium aluminate( a salt) and hydrogen gas
NaOH + Al rarr NaAlO2 + H2
Some non-metals react with bases like NaOH but no hydrogen gas is produced The reactions are complex REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivates is called reactivity series of metals The reactivity series for some common metals as follow
K gt Na gt Ca gt Mg gt Al gt Zn gt Fe gt Pb gt Cu gt Ag gt Au
We should remember the above series because it helps to understand the displacement reaction of metals
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS-
A reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound in aqueous solution is called displacement reaction For example- a) CuSO4 + Zn rarr ZnSO4 + Cu
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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These resoudakh
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living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
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Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 7
Here Zn gt Cu hence displaces copper from CuSO4 and form ZnSO4 and Cu
b) FeSO4 + Cu rarr No displacement reaction
In this example Cu lt Fe hence copper does not displace iron USES OF METALS AND NON- METALS Uses of some metals-
a Iron Copper and aluminium are used to make cooking utensils and water boilers
b Copper is used for making electric wires
c Aluminium foils are used for packaging medicines chocolates etc Aluminium is also used to make aeroplanes
d Zinc metal is used for galvanizing iron to protect it from rusting
e Silver gold are used to make jewellery
Uses of non- metals- Some of the important uses are as follows-
a Oxygen is used for breathing by plants animals and human beings
b Nitrogen is used for making fertilizers
c Chlorine is used in the water purification process
d Iodine is used to make purple- coloured solution called lsquotincture iodinersquo which is used as an antiseptic
e Sulphur and phosphorus are used in fireworks (crackers)
ASSIGNMENT 1- Q1) Answer the following
a Name one metal amp one non ndashmetal which exist in liquid state at room temperature
b Two metals which can be cut easily with a knife
c Name a gaseous non- metal
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 8
d One non- metal used for making fertilizers
e The gas evolved when a metal reacts with dilute acid
f Write the formula of rust
g Name a metallic oxide
h Define ductility
i Which metal is more reactive Zinc or Iron
j An example of acidic oxide
Q 2) Answer the following questions in short I State any two differences between metals amp non metals based on their
physical properties
II Give reason why immersion rods which are used for heating liquids are made of metallic substances
III Match the columns
Column A Column B a) Oxygen Making rails
b) Copper Crackers
c) Sulphur Electric wires
d) Iron Breathing
IV Iron is more reactive than copper Write a chemical reaction to show this
V Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and _____ is sulphur dioxide gas When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water _____is formed This acid turns_____ litmus paper to red Generally oxides of ______are acidic in nature
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
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al gas
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DISTR
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RIBUTION
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NON R
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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SID
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Res
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Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
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ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JAWAHAR VIDYA MANDIR Shyamali Ranchi ndash834002
Affiliation No-3430004 School Code-66230 (Tel 0651-2411221) Email jvmshyamaliyahoocom
JVM SHYAMALI Page 9
Q3) Answer the following
I Define displacement reaction with two examples
II Complete the following
a Fe + CuSO4 rarr _____ + _____
b MgO + H2O rarr ______
c Zn + FeSO4 rarr_______ + ______
d Fe + dilHCl rarr _______ + H2
III Paheli bought a statue made of copper To her surprise it acquired a dull green coating after a couple of months Explain the reason with chemical reaction
IV Draw a well-labelled diagram to show that metallic oxides are generally basic in nature
V Define the following
a Malleability
b Conductivity
c Sonorosity
Q4) Explain with the help of an activity that non- metallic oxides are generally acidic in nature
Q5) Write any three chemical properties of metals along with chemical equations
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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LEVELOF
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ORI
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
POT
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MANMADEESOURCES
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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REN
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UBIQUITO
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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RIBUTION
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Res
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READTHEQUESTION
123
456
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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JAWSH
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
MICROORGANISMS -
(Friend and for)
Microorganism ndash It is a very small organisms which cannot be seen by naked eye and they are found almost everywhere in air water amp soil
Pathogen ndash Those microorganisms which can cause disease are called as pathogen
- Smaller than any other known cell - It is a borderline between living and non-living - It can reproduce only inside living bodies means they need a host
EgHIV Hepatitis B Adenovirus Bacteriophage Coropna virus etc
Fungi
- Plant like organism that do not contain chlorophyll - May be unicellular or multicellular
EgYeast Rhizopees Penicilluim Aspergillus etc
Protozoa
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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LEVELOF
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
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MANMADEESOURCES
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
- Unicellular organism - Mostly aquatic in nature
EgAmoeba Paramaecium etc
Algae
- Simple plant - Aquatic in nature - Can be unicelluar or multicellular
EgChlamydomonas diatoms spirogyra etc
Uses of Microorganisms
1 Lactobacillus (bacteria) used in the formation of curd 2 Used in the preparation of bread cake alcohol production etc 3 In agriculture microorganisms are used to increase the soil fertility by nitrogen
fixation 4 Yeast is used for commercial production of alcohol and wine 5 Bacteria amp fungi acts in decomposer amp helps in cleaning environment 6 Helps in the preparation of antibiotics 7 Yeast is used in fermentation Fermentation is a process of conversion of sugar into
alcohol
Harmful Microorganisms
Some microorganisms can cause diseases
Bacteria ndash cholera Typhoid TB
Virus ndash Polio Chicken pox
Fungi ndash Ringworm
Protozoa ndash Malaria Kala-azar
Types of diseases
(A) Comminicable Diseases ndash Diseases which can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through air water food or physical contact are known as communicable disease
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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TENTIALR
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Biotic
IR
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
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ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urces‐‐‐
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
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DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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se which g
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
EgChicken pox common cold tuber culosis etc
(B) Non-Communicable Diseases Those disease which cannot spread from infectedto healthy person is called as non-communicable disease
EgDiabetes Cancer etc
Carrier ndash the insects which transmit disease causing microorganism into human body are called as carrier
Eg (a) Housefly carries the parasite of typhoid
(b) Female Anopheles mosquito carries parasite of malaria
(c) Female Aedes mosquito carries the parasite of dengue
Food Poisoning
- It occurs due to contaminated food - Microorganism that grows on food product sometimes produces toxic substances - Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning - Generally caused by bacteria and fungi
Symptoms of food poisoning
(i) Diarrhoea (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Vomiting (v) Pain in abdomen
Vaccine ndash it is a dead or weakened form of microbes which stimulates the production of antibodies and provide immunity against several diseases
Antibiotic
It is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microorganisms
EgPenicillin
Plant Disease Causative Microorganism Mode of transmission Citrus Canker Bacteria Air Rust of Wheat Fungi Air Seed Yellow Vein mosaie of Bhindi
Virus Insects
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Preservation ndashthe process in which food material are given suitable physical and chemical treatment to prevent spoilage of food The chemical used for preserration is called preservatives They checks the growth of microorganism
Methods of food preserrationndash
(i) Sodium benzoate amp sodium metabisulphite are used as common preserratives (ii) Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish (iii) Sugar reduces the moisture contents which prevents the growth of bacteria
therefore jams jellies ampsquarshes are preserved by sugar (iv) Use of oil amp vinegar prevents the spoilage of pickles (v) Milk is hearted or boiled for 15 to 30 seconds and then cooled This process is
called pasteurization (discovered by Louis Pasteur)
Pasteurization prevents the growth of microbes
(vi) Sundrying prevents the growth of microorganism due to absence of moisture in foog item
(vii) Refrigeration or Cooling ndash microorganisms do not grow at low temperature
Nitrogen Cycle
It is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the atmosphere and back into the atmosphere It involves following process-
(a) Nitrogen fixation ndash Atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrogen compound
Types of nitrogen fixation
(i) Atmospheric fixation (ii) Industrial nitrogen fixation (iii) Biological nitrogen fixation (b) Nitrification ndash conversion of ammonia (NH3) into nitrate (c) Nitrogen Assimilation - Nitrogen compounds are converted into NH3 (d) Denitrification ndash Nitrogen compounds are converted into free nitrogen
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
ASSIGNMENT ndash MICROORGANISMS
Q1 What is pasteurization
Q2 What are microbes
Q3 How are bacteria useful to us
Q4 Name any two diseases caused by ndash
(a) Bacteria
(b) Virus
(c) Fungi
(d) Protozoa
Q5 What arte pathogens
Q6 What are antibiotics
Q7 Define fermentation
Q8 What are vaccine
Q9 Name the microorganism-
(a) Found in milk
(b) Act as decomposers
(c) Helps in increasing soil fertility
(d) Cause food poisoning
(e) Used in fermentation
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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e those res
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
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RAPHY
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nce into resn doing or
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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hnologyis
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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ces-----The
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esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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se which g
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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hinery amp
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Q10 What are carrier Name the carrier for following diseases-
(a) Malaria
(b) Dengue
(c) Typhoid
Q11 How is food poisoning caused Also mention the symptoms of it
Q12 What are preservatives
Q13 Write the differences between communicable and non-communicable disease Give two examples each
Q14 Draw a schematic diagram of Nitrogen-cycle
Q15 What is Nitrogen fixation Which microbes are useful in this process
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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LEVELOF
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ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
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MANMADEESOURCES
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UBIQUITO
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
CLASS 8
CHAPTER 1 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Crop Plants of the same kind that are grown and cultivated as a source of food in a large cultivable land is called crop
Types of Crops Crops which are grown in the winter season (from Oct to March) are called Rabi crops The crops which are sown in the rainy season (from July to Oct) are called Kharif crops
Preparation of Soil
bull Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating crop for food production bull The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop bull This is carried out using various processes and tools
Tilling or Ploughing The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing and is done by using a plough
Plough
bull Plough is a device that is used by farmers for different purposes such as adding of fertilizers tilling and loosening of the soil
bull It is also used for adding fertilizers to the soil removing weeds scaping of soil etc bull The ploughshare is the triangular iron strip bull A plough shaft is the main part of the plough which is made using a log of wood bull The other end of the shaft has a handle bull The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bullrsquos necks bull A wooden traditional plough can be operated by a pair of an ox and a man bull Nowadays these wooden ploughs are being replaced by the iron ploughs
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Hoe A hoe is a tool that used to dig up soil to remove weeds and also loosen up the soil before planting a sapling
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Cultivator
bull A cultivator is attached to the tractor and helps in loosening soil bull Cultivators are used instead of ploughs since they are faster
Advantages of ploughing 1 It helps in the penetration of roots deeply 2 Soil gets loose by ploughing and therefore air can pass through it So we can
say that it aerates the root 3 It is helpful in removing unwanted plants or weeds 4 It is helpful in mixing or upturning of soil 5 It is helpful in destroying harmful organisms
Leveling After ploughing certain lumps are left Then leveling helps in breaking of big lumps of soil It is done by a leveler
Advantages of leveling
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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ACTUA
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
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plication of
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These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
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RAPHY
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ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
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Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
1 It is helpful in protection of soil from erosion 2 It promotes irrigation
Manuring It is defined as mixing of soil with manure It is helpful in increasing soil fertility
Fertility means soil has sufficient nutrients
Sowing
bull Sowing the process of planting the seeds in the soil bull The seeds are sowed in the soil that is loosened by cultivator or plough
Quality of the Seeds
bull Quality of the seed is an important factor that determines the crop yield bull Selection of good seeds is done by putting the seeds in water bull The dead and damaged seeds become hollow and float on water whereas the good seeds
sink
Traditional Tools
bull Before the advent of modern agricultural machinery traditional tools were used by farmers bull These include ploughs shovels scythes and pickaxes bull The traditional tool used to sow the seeds was like a funnel bull Once seeds put into this funnel they would go to 2-3 tubes having sharp ends and the ends
will pierce into the soil and place the seeds there
Methods of sowing There are different methods of sowing which are explained as follows
Broad Casting It is a method in which seeds are sown manually directly by scattering in soil Disadvantage of this method is that it leads to unequal distribution of seeds and thereby reduces crop yield
Seed drill In a seed drill an iron funnel is placed at the top Seeds are put in the funnel and then released in soil furrows The advantage of this method is that it saves time and seeds are sown at right depth
Transplantation
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
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plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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IR
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ES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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ion of resoude
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urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
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ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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DISTR
OUS
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ends upon
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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SID
BLE
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
In this method seeds are sown first in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field For example Paddy
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers bull Manures and fertilizers are the substances that are added to the soil to increase
their fertility
bull While manures are made by decomposition of organic substances fertilizer is made of inorganic chemicals
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Manure
Fertilizer is an inorganic salt Manure is prepared from organic matter such as human waste cow dung and farm waste
Fertilizers are manufactured in factories Manures can be prepared in farms
Fertilizers are added in comparatively smaller quantities
Manures need to be added in large quantity as the nutrient content is less
Fertilizers do not provide any humus to the soil Manures provide a lot of humus to soil
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers bull Excessive use of fertiliser can cause pollution
bull It can also change pH of the soil in certain rare cases
Irrigation It is supplying water to plants
Sources of irrigation Water can be obtained from pond lake tube well
Traditional method of Irrigation The traditional methods of irrigation are as follows-
Moat Water is pulled out from the well and directly supplied to the plants
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
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is the app
areclassifilopment
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L
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
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plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
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to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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PMENT
TENTIALR
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Biotic
IR
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hebasisof
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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wn amp they a
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re
ES
MANURCES
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
elopment--
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DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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eresource
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
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ke building sources
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Dhekli In dhekli buckets are used and then with the help of rope water is pulled out from the well
Rahat In this method buckets are knotted with rope on wheel and then bulls rotate the handle due to which wheel turned up and then water gets filled into the bucket and used for different purposes
Chain pump In this method two wheels are used The one wheel is easily visible and the another wheel at the bottom is slightly dipped into the soil These two wheels are connected with each other through chain and buckets are joined with wheel When wheels rotate buckets get filled and used for different purposes
Modern methods of irrigation In modern methods two methods are used which are as follows
Sprinkler System
In this method water is distributed through a system of perpendicular pipes usually by pumping
It is then sprayed into the air over entire soil surface through spray heads on rotating nozzles so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground This system provides efficient coverage for small to large areas and is suitable for use on all types of soil This method of supplying water is similar to rainfall
Drip system
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
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ources are ls
L
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
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ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
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E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
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wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
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Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
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Humvehi
Tech
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Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
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elp in mak
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f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
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VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ends upon
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---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
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ke building sources
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
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IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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oads mach
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Once the d
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Res
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Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
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ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
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need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
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se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots Drip Irrigation also called trickle irrigation
A drip irrigation system carries water directly to the base of each individual plant Water is allowed to fall drop by drop from a pipe just near the roots It is an ideal watering method It saves water It also reduces soil erosion Water and nutrients reach directly to the places where needed It saves time and labour
Uses It is helpful in translocation of food
It protects the crops from frost and hot climate
Disadvantages of excess irrigation Due to excess irrigation seeds canrsquot respire
Due to excess irrigation roots do not grow well
Crop Rotation
bull Crop rotation ensures that the same crop will not grow continuously and lead to the erosion of the soil fertility
bull By growing crops that require different sets of nutrient we can ensure the soil fertility is restored
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds Weeds are undesirable plants that may grow naturally along with the crop
bull Weeds compete with the crops by absorbing all the water nutrients space and light
Tilling
bull Tilling is a process done before sowing of crops that helps in uprooting and killing of weeds
Manual Removal
bull Manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting them from the soil or chopping them off to ground level periodically
Weedicides
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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LEVELOF
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HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
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MANMADEESOURCES
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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REN
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UBIQUITO
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Chemicals used to kill the weeds are known as weedicides bull They usually donrsquot damage the crop
Harvesting
bull Harvesting is the process of cutting the crop after it is mature
Methods of Harvesting
bull Harvesting is done by 2 methods bull First is the manual method where a sickle is used bull Second is the mechanical method where a huge machine called harvester is
used
Threshing
bull Threshing is the process of loosening the grains from the chaff bull While it can be done manually these days a machine is used that separates all
the grain seeds
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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These resoudakh
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living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
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ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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U
REN
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urcesdeve
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UBIQUITO
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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ources depe
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DISTR
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Winnowing
bull Winnowing is the process of separation of grain seeds from the chaff using the help of the wind
bull Due to the wind the lighter chaff flies away and the heavier grains fall down
Storage
bull Storage of the grains is an important step in agriculture bull After harvesting steps the ready grains are stored in granaries or silos bull The grains have to stored in a dry place that does not have a rodent or fungal
infestation bull Fumigation of storage places is carried out to make it free from microbes
Granaries
bull Granaries are the place where the freshly obtained food grains are stored
Animal Husbandry
bull Animal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals for milk egg or meat
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
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ES
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ACTUA
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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These resoudakh
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LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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ifferentgr
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ark soils ofwhose enturces could
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DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
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ucationand
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proving thewn human
U
REN
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------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
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urcesdeve
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UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
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al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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DISTR
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RIBUTION
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READTHEQUESTION
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EABOVEMNSINGEO
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4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
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MENTIONEGRAPHYN
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WAHAR HYAMALI
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Pick out the odd one from the following words given in the box and give reason for it Plough seed Drill Hoe chain Pump Sickle
2 If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seeds
3 State whether the following statements are True or False Correct the false statements (i) Using good quality seed is the only criterion to get high yield (ii) Growing different crops in different seasons in the same field will deplete the soil of nutrients (iii) All crop plants are sown as seeds in the field (iv) Cells of root nodules of leguminous plants fix nitrogen (v) Freshly harvested grains must be dried before storing
4 During which months do farmers grow mustard in India 5 Which activity of the farmer can promote growth of earthworms and microbes in the
field 6 (a) Name the tool used with a tractor for sowing seeds in a field
(b) What are the advantages of using this tool 7 Classify the following crops into Kharif and Rabi crops and write in the tabular column
given below Maize paddy mustard pea gram wheat groundnut cotton
8 What are the advantages of leveling 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct word
a The same kind of plants grown and cultivated on a large scale at a place is called _____________
b The first step before growing crops is _____________ of the soil c Damaged seeds would _____________ on top of water
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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PMENT
TENTIALR
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Biotic
IR
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hebasisof
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RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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wn amp they a
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re
ES
MANURCES
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Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
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Hum
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Hum
Peo
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Hum
Impkno
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
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ke building sources
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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factors like
oads mach
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Once the d
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Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
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developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
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EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
d For growing a crop sufficient sunlight and _____________ and _____________ from the soil are essential
10 Discuss each of the following (a) Preparation of soil (b) Sowing (c) Weeding (d) Threshing
11 Differentiate between sprinkler and drip irrigation 12 Define the terms
a) Ploughing
b) Threshing
c) Animal husbandry
13 If wheat is sown in the kharif seasonwhat would happenDiscuss 14 What are weedsHow can we control them 15 What are the two ways of storage of food either at home or in godowns
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
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E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
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Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
e to create
SID
BLE
d or
ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
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e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
HISTORY CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER-2 FROM TRADE TO TERRITORY
THE COMPANY ESTABLISHES POWER
EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES EAST
bull The British originally came to India as small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories
bull In 1600 the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting it the sole right to trade with the East
bull All the companies wanted to buy the fine qualities of cotton silk pepper cloves cardamom and cinnamon from the Indian market
EAST INDIA COMPANY BEGINS TRADE IN BENGAL
bull The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651
bull Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty free
bull After the death of Aurangzeb the Bengal nawabs refused to grant concessions to the company
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY
bull Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
bull In 1757Robert Clive led the Company`s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
bull Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar one of Sirajuddaulah`s commanders never fought the battle
bull Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah
bull Battle of Plassey was the first major victory of English in India
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
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esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
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ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
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gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
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Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
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e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
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RAPHY
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PMENT
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Biotic
IR
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RESOURCE
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nce into resn doing or
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wn amp they a
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re
ES
MANURCES
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EX----- Sola
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ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
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IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
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hnologyis
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ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
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dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
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ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
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elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
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hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
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e resources
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SID
BLE
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factors like
oads mach
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Once the d
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ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
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ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
THE BATTLE OF BUXAR
bull Mir Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal but could not prove himself a puppet ruler for a long time
bull Mir Qasim was installed in place of Mir Jafar When Mir Qasim complained he was defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764
bull Mir Jafar was reinstalled who died in 1765 bull In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of
the provinces of Bengal
COMPANY OFFICIALS BECOME ldquo NABOBSrdquo
bull In 1764 Robert Clive was appointed as Governor of Bengal bull ldquo Nabobsrdquo ndash an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab
COMPANY RULE EXPANDS
bull After battle of Buxar the Company appointed Residents in the Indian states
bull Through the Residents the Compnay officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian States
bull The Company forced the states into a ldquosubsidiary alliancerdquo According to the terms of this alliance Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces They were to be protected by the Company but had to pay for the ldquo subsidiary forces ldquo that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection If the Indian rulers failed to make the payment then part of their territory taken away as penalty Awadh and Hyderabad for example were forced to cede territories on this ground
TIPU SULTAN ndash THE ldquo TIGER OF MYSORE rdquo
bull Tipu Sultan was the son of Haidar Ali ruler of Mysore bull He ruled from ( 1782- 1799 ) controlled trade established close
relation with French and modernised his army bull Four wars were fought with Britishers known as Anglo ndash Mysore wars (
1767 ndash 1769 1780- 1784 1790- 1792 and 1799) bull In 1799 the Britishers won the Battle of Seringapatam
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
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E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
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an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
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Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
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SID
BLE
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ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
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e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam
WAR WITH THE MARATHAS
bull The Marathas were subdued in a series of wars bull In the first war that ended in 1782 with Treaty of Salbai there was no
clear victor bull The second Anglo- Maratha war ( 1803- 05) was fought on different
fronts resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi
bull The Third Anglo ndash Maratha war of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power
THE CLAIM TO PARAMOUNTCY
bull Under Lord Hastings ( 1813- 1823 ) a new policy of ldquo paramountcy rdquo was initiated The Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme
bull Rani channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement She was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829
THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
bull Governor-General Lord Dalhousie devised a policy known as Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would become a part of Company territory
bull Satara ( 1848 ) Sambalpur ( 1850 ) Udaipur ( 1852 ) Nagpur ( 1853 ) and Jhansi (1854 ) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse
bull In 1856 the Company also took over Awadh
SETTING UP A NEW ADMINISTRATION
bull Warren Hastings became the first Governor- General of India ( 1773 ndash 1785 )
bull British territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies There were three presidencies Bengal Madras and Bombay Each ruled by a Governor
bull Each district had two courts ndash a criminal court ( faujdari adalat ) and a civil court ( diwani adalat )
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
S
E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
ity is know
an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
are being
n amp these
Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
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e are thosed of years t
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ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
e to create
SID
BLE
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ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
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e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector His main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges police officers and darogas
THE COMPANY ARMY
bull The British developed uniform military culture Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European ndash style training drill and discipline that regulated their life
bull Thus the East India Company was transformed from a trading Company to a territorial colonial power
ASSIGNMENT -
1 ) Define the term Mercantile Farman and Puppet
2) What attracted European trading companies to India
3) Explain the system of ldquo Subsidiary Alliance rdquo
4) Describe the Anglo- Maratha wars
5) What constituted the Mughal army
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
S
E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
ity is know
an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
are being
n amp these
Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
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RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
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d everywheh are found
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ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
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ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
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SID
BLE
d or
ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
s
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Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
CIVICS CLASS ndash VIII
CHAPTER - 1 THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
WHY DOES A COUNTRY NEED A CONSTITUTION
bull A Constitution lays out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens aspire to live in
bull A Constitution tells about the fundamental nature of our society bull A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all
persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed
bull This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold
bull When Nepal was a monarchy it reflected the final authority of the king After transition of Nepal in a democracy it started the process of writing a new Constitution for the country
bull In a democracy leaders exercise their power responsibly on the behalf of the people
bull In democratic societies the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against this misuse of authority by our political leaders
bull A Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups
bull A Constitution prevents tyranny or domination by the majority of a minority
bull The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might take that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in
THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION KEY FEATURES
bull The country was made up of several different communities who spoke different languages belonged to different religions and had distinct cultures
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
S
E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
ity is know
an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
are being
n amp these
Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
e to create
SID
BLE
d or
ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
s
e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull For this there was a need for Constitution which could ensure a perfect democracy A group of around three hundred people who became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and who met periodically for the next three years to write Indian Constitution
FEDERALISM
bull This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country In India there are governments at the state level and at the centre Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government
bull While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues they are bound to follow the laws of the central government as a matter of national concern The Constitution clearly defines the jurisdictions of powers of the government at the state and at the centre
PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT
bull The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens This means that the people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives
SEPARATION OF POWERS
bull There are three organs of government (a) LEGISLATURE ndash refers to our elected representatives (b) EXECUTIVE ndash is a smaller group of people who are responsible for
implementing laws and running the government (c) JUDICIARY ndash refers to the system of courts in the country
bull Each organ acts as a check on the other organs of government and this ensures the balance of power between all three
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
bull Is the lsquoconsciencersquo of the Indian Constitution bull Fundamental Rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute
exercise of power by the state bull The Constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State
as well as against other individuals
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
S
E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
ity is know
an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
are being
n amp these
Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
e to create
SID
BLE
d or
ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
s
e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include (a) RIGHT TO EQUALITY (b) RIGHT TO FREEDOM (c) RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (d) RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (e) CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (f) RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES
bull Directive Principles of State Policy ndash it ensure greater social and economic reforms and to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses
SECULARISM
bull A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to including the representatives that we elect to rule us
ASSIGNMENT
1) Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution 2) Define the term Universal Adult Suffrage 3) What do you mean by Secularism 4) Why does a democratic country need a Constitution 5) Describe all the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
S
E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
ity is know
an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
are being
n amp these
Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
e to create
SID
BLE
d or
ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
s
e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
RESOURC RESOURCTimeandTECHNOLthings
Naturalre1 Lev2 Orig3 Stoc4 Dist
Actualresused in theEX--- Coal Potentialare not beiEx----The u
Abiotic---Ex-----soilsBiotic‐‐‐‐‐Ex--- Plant
ES
E‐-- AnythtechnologyLOGY--- It
esourcesavel of develgin ck tribution
sources‐‐‐e present in Ruhr reresourcesing used aturanium fo
--These ress rocks m These resots amp animal
ACTUA
NATURRESOUR
A
JAWSH
ing that cagy are two i
is the app
areclassifilopment
‐‐ They are
gion of Gers----- They t present Tound inLad
sources areminerals
ources are ls
L
LRESOUR
RALRCES
Abiotic
WAHAR HYAMALI
CHA
ClassndashVI
n be used timportant
plication of
iedintodi
e those res
rmany amp daare those w
These resoudakh
e non-living
living
LEVELOF
RCES
RE
HUMRE
ORI
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
APTER‐‐‐‐
IIIndashGEOGR
to satisfy afactors thaf latest kn
ifferentgr
ources wh
ark soils ofwhose enturces could
g
DEVELOP
POT
ESOURCES
MANMADEESOURCES
GIN
MANDIndash 834002
1
RAPHY
a need is reat can chanowledge a
roupsonth
ose quanti
f the Deccaire quantitd be used i
PMENT
TENTIALR
S
E
Biotic
IR
source nge substanand skill in
hebasisof
ity is know
an Plateau ty may not n the futur
RESOURCE
HUMRESOU
nce into resn doing or
f
wn amp they a
be known
re
ES
MANURCES
sources making
are being
n amp these
Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
e to create
SID
BLE
d or
ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
s
e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Renewablreplenishe
EX----- Sola
Non Renestocks are
Ex ------ co
UBILOCloca Theclim
Hum
Humvehi
Tech
Hum
Peo
Edu
Hum
Impkno
leresourced quickly
ar amp wind
ewable reexhausted
oal petrole
IQUITOUS-CALISID‐‐‐alisid
Ex-----
distributimate amp altit
manmade
manpeoplicles which
hnologyis
manresou
ple are hum
ucationand
manresou
proving thewn human
U
REN
JAWSH
ces-----The
energy
esources---d it may tak
eum natura
------ Reso‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Tho
- Copper I
ion of resoude
eresource
e use natuh are know
salsoahu
urces‐‐‐
man resou
dhealth h
urcesdeve
e quality of n resources
UBIQUITO
NEWABLE
WAHAR HYAMALI
se resourc
----- Theseke thousan
al gas
ources thatose resour
Iron ore
ources depe
s--
ral resourcwn as huma
manmade
rces
elp in mak
elopment--
f peoples sks developm
DISTR
OUS
STOC
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
es are tho
e are thosed of years t
t are foundrces which
ends upon
ces to makan made res
eresource
king people
---
kills that thment
RIBUTION
CK
NON R
MANDIndash 834002
se which g
e which hto be be re
d everywheh are found
number o
ke building sources
es
a valuable
hey are abl
LOCALIS
RENEWAB
IR
get renewed
have limitenewed or r
ere like air wd only in
f physical f
bridges r
e resources
e to create
SID
BLE
d or
ed stock Oreplenishe
we breathecertain pla
factors like
oads mach
s
e more reso
Once the d
e aces are
e terrain
hinery amp
ources is
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Res
Usincons
Sust
Balafutu
READTHEQUESTION
123
456
sourcesco
ng resourcservation
tainabled
ancing the ure is called
EABOVEMNSINGEO
1 Define r2 Name tw3 Distingu
a Actub Abioc Rend Ubiq
4 ldquoTechno5 Why are6 What is
JAWSH
nservatio
es carefull
developme
need to usd sustainab
MENTIONEGRAPHYN
resources wo importauish betweual resourcotic resourewable resquitous andology is a he resources sustainabl
WAHAR HYAMALI
n‐‐‐‐
ly and givi
ent‐‐‐‐‐
se resourcble develop
EDNOTESNOTEBOO
ant factorseen-- ces and potrces and biosources and localised
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Natural
Biosphatmosph
Ecosysteach oth
Import
1) P
2) G
3) P
4) P
5) A
6) W
7) In
8) T
9) V
Distributi
The growt
Onthebafourgroup
Forests---
Grassland
Thornyshrainfall
Tundra---
Classificat
Evergreen
1) Evergr
2) Deciduto cons
Majorthr
Deforestatsome of th
lvegetatio
ere--- It ishere in wh
tem--- In ther for surv
tanceofna
Plants prov
Gives shelte
Produce oxy
Protects soi
Acts as shel
Wildlife pro
nsects prov
The birds fe
Vulture feed
ionofnatu
th of vegeta
sisoftemppsforests
Forests a
ds--- Grass
hrubsampsc
- Tundra v
tionthefo
nampdecidu
reenforest
uousforestsume loss o
eatsforna
tion soil erhe human amp
JAWSH
onampwildl
s narrow zohich natura
the biosphevival This
aturalvege
ide us with
er to anima
ygen we br
il from soil
ter belts et
ovide milk
vide honey
eed on inse
d on dead l
uralvegeta
ation depen
peratureampgrassland
re found in
slands are f
crubs--- Th
vegetation f
orests‐‐‐
uousfores
ts--- The t
ts--- The trof moisture
aturalveg
rosion conamp natural
WAHAR HYAMALI
life‐‐‐
one of contl vegetatio
ere living bs life suppo
etationampw
h timber
als
reathe
erosion
tc
meat hide
y
ects amp act a
live stock is
ation--
nds on tem
ampmoisturdscurbsamp
n the area o
found in th
horny shru
found in th
sts
trees of this
rees of thise through t
getationampw
struction a
VIDYA RANCHI ndash
tact betweeon amp wildlif
beings are iorting syste
wildlife---
es amp wool
s decompo
s a scaveng
mperature
retheworlamptundra
of heavy ra
he area of m
ubs amp scrub
he cold pola
s forests do
s forests shranspiratio
wildlife---
activities fo
MANDIndash 834002
en the lithofe exists
inter relateem is know
oses
ger
amp moisture
ldrsquosvegeta
ainfall
moderate r
bs are foun
ar region
o not shed
hed their leon
orest fires
IR
osphere h
ed amp inter dwn as the ec
e
ationarec
ainfall
nd in the dr
their leave
eaves in a p
tsunamia
ydrospher
dependentcosystem
classifiedi
ry areas of
es
particular s
and landslid
re amp
t on
into
low
eason
des are
Onemajo
The anima
A) Hides
B) Skins
C) Nails
D) Teeth
E) Horns
F) Feathe
Animalsw
Tiger lionpeacock
Methodsf
1) Nationatur
2) Awarencou
3) Manyanim
4) In Ind5) An in
anim
READTHINGEOG
1) Why
2) List
3) Defi
4) Nam
5) Writ
6) Wri
7) Clas
8) Why
9) Defi
10) Wri
rthreatsf
als are poac
ers
whicharep
elephant
forthecon
onal parks ral vegetatireness proguraged at ty countriesals dia killing o
nternationaals amp birds
HEABOVERAPHYNO
y is land co
two factor
ine--- lands
me the facto
te four met
ite four me
ssify the na
y the decid
ine poachin
ite any thre
JAWSH
forthewil
ched for co
poached--
deer black
nservation
wildlife saion and wilgrammes lithe regiona has passed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
Onemajo
The anima
A) Hides
B) Skins
C) Nails
D) Teeth
E) Horns
F) Feathe
Animalsw
Tiger lionpeacock
Methodsf
1) Nationatur
2) Awarencou
3) Manyanim
4) In Ind5) An in
anim
READTHINGEOG
1) Why
2) List
3) Defi
4) Nam
5) Writ
6) Wri
7) Clas
8) Why
9) Defi
10) Wri
rthreatsf
als are poac
ers
whicharep
elephant
forthecon
onal parks ral vegetatireness proguraged at ty countriesals dia killing o
nternationaals amp birds
HEABOVERAPHYNO
y is land co
two factor
ine--- lands
me the facto
te four met
ite four me
ssify the na
y the decid
ine poachin
ite any thre
JAWSH
forthewil
ched for co
poached--
deer black
nservation
wildlife saion and wilgrammes lithe regiona has passed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
JVM SHYAMALI HOME ASSIGNMENT 2020- 2021
Class- VIII
Subject- Fine Art Painting
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ----- 1 Black amp White Design 2 Colorful Design Complete both the design in your drawing copy or any white page
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
Chapter 1NETWORK
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
NETWORK
Network refers to inter connected group of peopleobject companies computers etc which areconnected together to exchange information andresources among themselves
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
COMMUNICATION
bull Communication means to establish link betweenpeople or computers to share information andresources among each other
bull In communication process there is a sender a receiverand a communication channel
bull Sender is the one who sends data ie the sourcebull Receiver is the one who receives data ie the
destinationbull Communication channel is the media by which the
data is transferred ie air water waves satelliteconnection etc from sender to receiver
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
bull Networking enables to share files among different
nodes or workstations
bull Networking helps in sharing of hardware devices
bull Networking helps in instant delivery of information
bull In a network data or information can be transferred at
a very low cost
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
bull Server It is a centralized computer that has hugestorage capacity and very high processing speed It actsas an intermediary between two or more computerswhich are on networks
bull Workstation It refers to a the computer connected in anetwork It is also known as node
bull Network Interface Unit (NIU) It is a device attached toeach node and thus is connected to the server It acts as acommon interface to establish connection betweennetworked computers to connect to an outside network
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
EXERCISE 11
1 Define network2 Explain Communication process and its
components 3 Write down the advantages of networking Define
Network Interface Unit4 What do you mean by server
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
bull Guided Transmission of data takes place through a
physical wired medium eg Ethernet cable Co-Axial
cable Optical fiber cable
bull Unguided Transmission of data takes place through
wireless medium eg Radio-wave Microwave
Infrared
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
bull Ethernet Cable- It is a data link technology used in localarea network Such cables enables transmission speedsof 100-1000 mbps Ethernet cable can be categorizedinto -Straight Through Ethernet Cable ndash It is used to connectthe computer to a hub switch or to router There aretwo standards in which the colours of such cables arestraight ie T-568A and T-568B
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Ethernet Crossover Cable ndash It is used to connectcomputing devices without connecting to hub or switchSuch cables have different pin points or plugs on eachside
bull Co-axial Cable ndash It acts as an efficient electricaltransmission media It consists of a single line ofconductor surrounded by an insulation layer and aconductive shield over it
bull Fiber optics ndash It has more capacity and provides highspeed of data transfer Here data is transferred throughlight waves
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
bull Bluetooth ndash It is a wireless network connectivity thatenables to connect or transfer data between deviceswithin a short range like between mobile phoneslaptops personal computers printers etc Theconnectivity through bluetooth consumes less powerand the physical range of communication is upto 100meters Bluetooth communication is applied at manyplaces like for bar code scanning hands free headsetwireless connection of a PC with input and outputdevices
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull WindashFi ndash Wireless Fidelity is a network of wirelessconnection Wi-Fi connections are commonlyestablished in electronic gadgets including videogame console home networks PDAs tablets mobilephones etc To form a wireless computer network aWi-Fi adaptor is required on computer or terminaldevice
bull Infrared ndash computers or other devices can transferfiles or digital data to each other with the help ofinfrared connectivity within a short distance Thetransmission of data takes place through infraredadapters that are installed in handheld personaldevices or mobiles
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
EXERCISE 12
1 Explain the two categories of communicatingmedia with suitable examples
2 What is Ethernet cable3 Define Bluetooth4 Explain different types of unguided media5 What is the use of Wi-Fi6 Compare Co-axial cable with Wi-Fi7 Mention one area each where Ethernet Coaxial
cable and Wi-Fi are used
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
TYPES OF NETWORK
1 LAN (Local Area Network) It is a type of network in which computers are connected in a local unit or within a small geographical area such as offices departments of a manufacturing unit etc
Characteristics of LANa) In LAN data communication takes place at a rate of
100-1000 mbpsb) It is owned by an individual or an organizationc) There is no specific tariff for its usage
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
2 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN is a type of network in which the computers are connected over large geographical area such as a city and its suburbs It may be a single network or may be a network that connects several LANs
Characteristics of MAN a) It covers larger area than LAN but smaller
geographical area than WANb) It is surrounded within a single city or its suburbsc) It is mainly owned by large organizations to
interconnect all its branches across a city
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
3 WAN (Wide Area Network) It is a type of networkin which computers are connected over largegeographical area such as cities states countries oreven the whole world The common example of WANis Internet
Characteristics of WAN-a) The speed of data transfer is upto 150 mbpsb) It connects large geographical area at lesser costc) In WAN two or more network are connected
through Gateway that establishes connectivitybetween the protocols used in one network with theother network
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
4 PAN (Personal Area Network) It is a computernetwork that is used by an individual or is limitedwithin a range of 10 meters It is an interconnectionof several peripherals devices such as laptops smartphone printer etc Bluetooth Infrared are commonexamples of PAN
5 CAN ( Controller Area Network) It is an ISOcertified method of communication between variouselectronic devices used for lighting control airconditioning airbags central locking embedded in avehicle etc
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
EXERCISE 13
1 Explain network and give one real life example for it2 Expand the following
(a) LAN (b) MAN (c) WAN(d) PAN (e) CAN
3 Explain LAN Write down its characteristics4 What do you mean by MAN Explain its
characteristics5 What is wide area network Write down its
characteristics6 Write short notes on- (a) PAN (b) CAN
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the physical layout of connectionbetween different workstations ie nodes or server in anetwork1 Linear Topology ndash In linear topology nodes are
connected serially with each other except the last nodeat both ends
2 Bus Topology ndash In bus topology each node in thenetwork is connected to the single commoncommunication wire and this single communication lineis referred as Bus
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
3 Star Topology ndash In star topology computers or itsdevices are not directly linked to each other but theyare connected via centralized network componentcalled as hub
4 Ring Topology ndash In ring topology computers areplaced in a circle of cable without any terminating endsince there is no disconnected end
5 Tree Topology ndash A tree topology combines thecharacteristics of linear bus and star topology Itconsists of group of networks connected to a bus orcable
6 Mesh Topology ndash In a mesh topology every node hasdedicated point-to-point link to every other node
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
E-LINKS1 e-Mail ndash e-mail or electronic mail is a way to send and
receive messages among people across the globe2 e-Commerce ndash It refers to the paperless exchange of
business information on internet and is also known asElectronic Commerce
3 e-Governance ndash It relates to administration of variousgovernment departments by means of exchanginginformation
4 e-Banking ndash It is an electronic way of transferringmoney from one account to other It is used forfinancial transactions
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
5 e-Reservation ndash One can electronically book orreserve tickets of airways railways etc with the helpof internet
7 e-Wallet ndash It is a payment gateway in which amountcan be transferred to a payeersquos account through apayment application installed in the mobilecomputerSome commonly used mobile wallets are PaytmMobikwik Freecharge etc
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
INTERNET AND INTRANET
bull Internet is wide area network of millions of computerthat are linked together around the world that shareinformation in the form of data graphics soundsoftware text etc as and when required Internet isalso referred to as lsquoNetwork of Networksrsquo
bull INTRANET ndash It refers to a private network(LANWANMAN) of an organization Nodesconnected in an intranet are accessible by the userswith authentication only
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
bull HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ndash HTML is amarkup language that is used to publish web pages
bull Web Page ndash A web page is an electronic document ofinformation that can be accessed through a webbrowser
bull Web Site ndash A website is a collection of one or moreweb pages that displays information with the help ofweb browser The first page of a website is called asHome Page
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Web Browser- A web browser is an applicationsoftware that helps a user to open different web siteson internet and to display web pages
bull Web Address- On internet there are numerous websites it is only with the help of web address that wecan find a particular websitesIt is also termed asURL(uniform resource locator)
bull Domain Name System- Text based addressing systemon internet is called Domain Name System (DNS) Inthis system each website has a unique name such as oraclecom cbsenicin etc
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Web Servers- It provides data and information tocomputers on request which are connected to itthrough the network via internet
bull Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ndash Each web pagehas a unique address or location that is called as URLIt identifies the location on the internet
bull Internet Service Providers (ISP)- ISP providesaccessibility to use internet through its server Aninternet service provider usually supplies accessrights with a username and password
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Modem ndash It stands for Modulator-Demodulator A modem is a peripheral device which converts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa
bull Internet Protocol (IP) Address ndash It is an address of a terminal or computer on internet IP addresses identifies the location of the computer that is connected to internet IP addresses can be either static or dynamic
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Web Portal ndash It is a specially designed website that often serves as a single point that avails various information resources and services such as e-mail forums search engines etc from diverse sources in a uniform way
bull Switch- A network switch is a small hardware device that is used to amplify data signals and create smaller network segment or several subnets of bigger network
bull Hub ndash A hub is a hardware device which provides common connection point to connect several devices together in a network
bull Protocol-It refers to the set of rules defined to transfer data over a network
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Bridge ndash A bridge is a networking device that connectstwo network together which have same protocol
bull Router ndash It is an electronic device that has the ability toconnect LAN which have different protocol
bull Gateway ndash It is a device that joins two networks havingdifferent protocols
bull Hyperlinks ndash It enables to link one page on net withother web pages
bull Bandwidth ndash It refers to the speed of transfer of dataover a network It represents the capacity of a networkfor supporting data transfers
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
EXERCISE 14
1 Define topology and name few types of it2 Explain
(a) Linear Topology (b) Bus Topology(c) Star Topology (d) Ring Topology(e) Tree Topology (f) Mesh Topology
3 Explain e-wallet4 How networking lead to huge savings of natural
resources5 Define Internet6 What does Intranet refers to7 Explain any five common terminologies used in
the world of internet
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
PROTOCOL
A protocol is a convention or standard that regulates the
operation of devices It can be defined as the set of rules
governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of
communication between hardware software or both
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
bull Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ndash It is aprotocol that is used to display information on theWorld Wide Web Its main purpose is to provide away to display and retrieve HTML pages It is arequest protocol between clients and server
bull File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ndash It is a clientserverprotocol that helps in transferring or exchanging filesbetween client and server It may be authenticatedwith user name and password
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol(TCPIP) ndash It is a rule governing communication among all the computers on internet
bull Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) ndash It is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server and allows a user to view and manipulate the message as if they were stored locally on the users computing device
bull Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) ndash It is a TCPIP protocol that is used in sending and receiving e-mail
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cloud computing is a concept that enables sharingof computing resources rather than having localservers or personal devices to handle applicationWhenever someone uses an online service to sendemail edit documents watch movies or TV listento music play games or store pictures and otherfiles it is likely that cloud computing is making itall possible behind the scene
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
bull Cost ndash Cloud computing eliminates the capitalexpense of buying hardware and software and settingup and running on-site data centers set up cost ofservers round the clock electricity for power backupthe IT experts for managing the infrastructure
bull Productivity ndash On-site data centers typically require alot of hardware set up software requirements andother time-consuming IT management tasks Cloudcomputing removes the need of many such tasks sothat the IT teams can spend time on achieving moreimportant business goals
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
bull Performance ndash The bigger cloud computing servicesrun on a worldwide network of secure data centerswhich are regularly upgraded to the latest generationof fast and efficient computing hardware
bull Reliability ndash Cloud computing helps in regular databackup and has provided for facilities for datarecovery as data gets mirrored at multiple redundantsites on the cloud providers network
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
Crop
Types of Crops
Preparation of Soil
Tilling or Ploughing
Plough
Hoe
Cultivator
Advantages of ploughing
Leveling
Advantages of leveling
Manuring
Sowing
Quality of the Seeds
Traditional Tools
Methods of sowing
Broad Casting
Seed drill
Transplantation
Adding Manure and Fertilisers
ManureFertilizers
Difference between Manure and Fertilizers
Disadvantages of Using Fertilizers
Irrigation
Sources of irrigation
Traditional method of Irrigation
Modern methods of irrigation
Drip system
Uses
Disadvantages of excess irrigation
Crop Rotation
Protecting from Weeds
Weeds
Tilling
Manual Removal
Weedicides
Harvesting
Methods of Harvesting
Threshing
Winnowing
Storage
Granaries
Animal Husbandry
ADP22FCtmp
CLASS VIIISUBJECT COMPUTER
NETWORK
COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING
EXERCISE 11
MEDIA OF COMMUNICTION
TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 9
TYPES OF UNGUIDED MEDIA
Slide Number 11
EXERCISE 12
TYPES OF NETWORK
Slide Number 14
Slide Number 15
Slide Number 16
EXERCISE 13
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Slide Number 19
E-LINKS
Slide Number 21
INTERNET AND INTRANET
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN INTERNET
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
Slide Number 26
Slide Number 27
Slide Number 28
EXERCISE 14
PROTOCOL
TYPES OF PROTOCOL
Slide Number 32
CLOUD COMPUTING
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Slide Number 35
EXERCISE
EXERCISE
1 What do you mean by Protocol2 Expand-(a) HTTP (b) FTP (c) TCPIP
(d) IMAP (e) SMTP3 Define Cloud Computing4 List the advantages of Cloud computing5 Write short notes on-
(a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(b) File Transfer Protocol(c) Internet Message Access Protocol(d) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Class 8_Chapter 1_Crop Production and Management_By Archanapdf
