Class02 ChemistryG12 Notes and Homework

8/4/2019 Class02 ChemistryG12 Notes and Homework

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GRADE12CHEMISTRY

OLYMPIADSCHOOL

. .

FRIDAY4.456.45


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Chapter-2: Reactions of Organic

CompoundsThere are 3 main types of Organic Reactions:

Addition reactions; Substitution reactions; and

Elimination reactions

Most organic reactions can be classified as one ofthese three types.


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n an a on reac on, a oms are a e o a ou e

or triple bond. One bond of the multiple bond breaksso that two new bonds can form.

To recognize an addition reaction, remember thattwocompounds usually react to form onemajor

pro uct. omet mes two somers are orme . eproduct has more atoms bonded to carbon atomsthan the or anic reactant did. Addition reactions arecommon for alkenes and alkynes.

Addition reactions can also occur at a CO bond.ome examp es o a t on react ons are s own on

the next slide.


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AdditionReaction:

Reactant+Reactant Product

ou e on ng e on s


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n a su s u on reac on, a y rogen a om or a

functional group is replaced by a different functionalrou .

To help you recognize this type of reaction,remember that twocompounds usually react to formtwo

erent pro ucts. e organ c reactant s anthe organic product(s) have the same number ofatoms bonded to carbon.

Alcohols, alkyl halides, and aromatic compounds

commonly undergo substitution reactions, as shownn t ese examp es.


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SubstitutionReaction:

Reactant Pro uct


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,

molecule to form a double bond. This type of reaction isthe reverse of an addition reaction.

Onereactant usually breaks up to give twoproducts. Theorganic product typically has fewer atoms bonded to

carbon atoms than the organic reactant did. Alcohols often undergo elimination reactions when they

are heated in the presence of strong acids, such assulfuric acid, H2SO4, which acts as a catalyst. (See the

.elimination reactions to produce alkenes.


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EliminationReaction:

Reactant Product+Product


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An important type of organic reaction occurs when there

is a change in the number of hydrogen or oxygen atoms.

As you will learn, oxidation and reduction always occurto ether. One reactant is oxidized while the other reactant

is reduced. In this section, however, you will focus on theorganic reactant only.

ere ore, you w ea w ox a on an re uc onseparately, as they apply to organic compounds. In

or anic chemistr oxidation and reduction are defined bthe changes of the bonds to carbon atoms in the organicreactant.


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n organ c c em s ry, ox a on s e ne as a reac onin which a carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen,O or less bonds to h dro en H. An oxidation thatinvolves the formation of double CO bonds may alsobe classified as an elimination reaction.

or examp e, a co o s can e ox ze to pro ucealdehydes and ketones. Oxidation occurs when anor anic com ound reacts with an oxidizin a ent.Common oxidizing agents include acidified

potassium permanganate, KMnO4, acidified, , , .


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The symbol [O] is used to symbolize an oxidizing agent.

Note that equations for the oxidation of organic.of the equation is to show the changes in the organicreactant onl .

To identify an oxidation, count and compare thenumber of CH and CO bonds in both the reactantand product. Try it for the following examples.


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n organ c c em s ry, re uc on s e ne as areaction in which a carbon atom forms fewer bondsto ox en O or more bonds to h dro en H.

Often, a CO bond or CC bond is reduced to a singlebond by reduction. A reduction that transforms

ou e or on s to s ng e on s may a so eclassified as an addition reaction.

, ,reduced to become alcohols. Alkenes and alkynes

can be reduced by the addition of H2 to becomea anes. e uct on occurs w en an organ ccompound reacts with a reducing agent.


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Common reducing agents are lithium aluminum

hydride, LiAlH4, and hydrogen gas over a platinum, .a reducing agent. As is the case for oxidation,e uations showin the reduction of or anic

compounds are often left unbalanced. To identify a reduction, count and compare the

number of CH and CO bonds in both the reactantand the product. Try it for the following examples.


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In this lesson, you will also encounter the

followin classes of or anic reactions:condensation reactions and hydrolysis

.

Condensation and hydrolysis reactions

are both types o substitution reactions.


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In a condensation reaction, two organic molecules

combine to form a single organic molecule. sma mo ecu e, usua y wa er, s pro uce ur ngthe reaction. For example, a carboxylic acid and an

.


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In a hydrolysis reaction, water adds to a bond,

splitting it in two. This reaction is the reverse of a.

For example, water can add to an ester or amide.

if an ester bond is hydrolyzed, as shown in theexample below.

A carboxylic acid and an amine are produced if an

amide bond is hydrolyzed.


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Class02 ChemistryG12 Notes and Homework

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