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Classical Era
The Age of Enlightenment
Things are a-changin’Things are a-changin’
Baroque EraLouis XIV, XV
Frederick the Great
Catherine the Great
POWER
WEALTH
Baroque EraLouis XIV, XV
Frederick the Great
Catherine the Great
POWER
WEALTH
Classical EraFrench and American RevolutionsMiddle class becomes more influential
“The first law is to enjoy oneself.”
Classical EraFrench and American RevolutionsMiddle class becomes more influential
“The first law is to enjoy oneself.”
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
What’s IN?rational, logical, empirical, reasoned
What’s OUT?Status quo, supernatural (What comes into question?)
The “brotherhood of man” becomes a popular theme, and Freemasonry grows. Both of these are, to some degree, at odds with the principals of enlightenment thinking.Contradiction, inconsistency, paradox = quite acceptable, almost the norm.
What’s IN?rational, logical, empirical, reasoned
What’s OUT?Status quo, supernatural (What comes into question?)
The “brotherhood of man” becomes a popular theme, and Freemasonry grows. Both of these are, to some degree, at odds with the principals of enlightenment thinking.Contradiction, inconsistency, paradox = quite acceptable, almost the norm.
The Classical EraThe Classical Era
European society is becoming more cosmopolitan.European society is becoming more cosmopolitan.
The Classical EraThe Classical Era
“Classical,” “classic,” “classicism”= very broad terms; not particularly well suited to describe this time in history. Interest in clean, simple lines of classical Greek architecture may provide connection.
Approximately the 18th Century
“Classical,” “classic,” “classicism”= very broad terms; not particularly well suited to describe this time in history. Interest in clean, simple lines of classical Greek architecture may provide connection.
Approximately the 18th Century
Classicism DefinedClassicism Defined
The period of the ancient Greeks and RomansA standard (enduring)
Genre of musicTime period
The period of the ancient Greeks and RomansA standard (enduring)
Genre of musicTime period
1750-1820
The Classical EraThe Classical Era
Cultural, societal adolescence--much change (often violent) & growth
Industrial revolution:move from agrarian to industrial economy
migration from country to cities
huge cities--e.g., 1800 Vienna = 250,000!!
American and French Revolutions:Europe in turmoil caused by Napoleon’s expansionism after French Revolution
redefine relationship of government and people
Cultural, societal adolescence--much change (often violent) & growth
Industrial revolution:move from agrarian to industrial economy
migration from country to cities
huge cities--e.g., 1800 Vienna = 250,000!!
American and French Revolutions:Europe in turmoil caused by Napoleon’s expansionism after French Revolution
redefine relationship of government and people
The Classical EraThe Classical Era
How is the relationship of government/aristocracy and common people redefined?
IndIvIdual becomes central. Government exists to serve ME; I do not exist to serve government (and, no, I will NOT eat cake...).
The American and French Revolutions illustrate the point.
How is the relationship of government/aristocracy and common people redefined?
IndIvIdual becomes central. Government exists to serve ME; I do not exist to serve government (and, no, I will NOT eat cake...).
The American and French Revolutions illustrate the point.
The Rise of the Middle ClassThe Rise of the Middle Class
a VIMP sociological processindustrialization produces more money for lower classes
eventually more “wealth” produces more leisure time
more leisure time leads to search for entertainment that produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fundamental changes in the arts:music functions mostly as Entertainment (not worship as in Baroque era)
a VIMP sociological processindustrialization produces more money for lower classes
eventually more “wealth” produces more leisure time
more leisure time leads to search for entertainment that produces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fundamental changes in the arts:music functions mostly as Entertainment (not worship as in Baroque era)
Classical ThinkingClassical Thinking
Reason was supreme
Sought the perfect society
Enlightenment
Beauty
Rules were valuable
Reason was supreme
Sought the perfect society
Enlightenment
Beauty
Rules were valuable
Classical Period ArtClassical Period Art
RococoRococoEmphasis on ultra beauty and nature
Less dramatic (more sweet) than Baroque
Themes: aimed at the wealthy class
Lighter, frivolous
Picnics, lovers, Greek gods
Portraits
Emphasis on ultra beauty and nature
Less dramatic (more sweet) than Baroque
Themes: aimed at the wealthy class
Lighter, frivolous
Picnics, lovers, Greek gods
Portraits
Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1768-9
Art in the 18th CenturyArt in the 18th Century
Baroque had been the style from 1600 to 1750
Elaborate, impressive
Show glory of church and/or state
New direction was disputed
Baroque had been the style from 1600 to 1750
Elaborate, impressive
Show glory of church and/or state
New direction was disputed
Baroque
Classical (Simpler) Rococo (Sweeter, nature)
Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David
Napoleon Crossing
the Alps
Napoleon Crossing
the Alps
Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David
Coronation of Napoleon
Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David
Napoleonin his study
Sculpture and ArchitectureSculpture and Architecture
Horatio GreenoughWashington
Horatio GreenoughWashington
University of Virginia (Designer – T. Jefferson)
ArchitectureArchitectureRecalled ancient classical
U.S. Capital
Monticello
Recalled ancient classical
U.S. Capital
Monticello
Petit Trianon, Versailles, France 1764 (Louis XVI)
NEO-CLASSICAL
Petit Trianon, Versailles, France 1764 (Louis XVI)
NEO-CLASSICAL
Fragonard,The Swing,
1769
Fragonard,The Swing,
1769
Rococo
David, The Death of Socrates, 1787David, The Death of Socrates, 1787NEO-CLASSICAL
1787 –
Date dataDate data
1600 –
1742 –
Caravaggio, The Calling of St Matthew; Baroque beginnings
Handel’s Messiah oratorio
J.L. DavidDeath of Socrates (Mozart, Don Giovanni)
1789 – French Rev.
1776 – Amer. Rev.
Age of EnlightenmentLiterature and Philosophy
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
Application of the scientific method to social problems
Parallel to the scientific awakening
Foundation of Classical art and music
The world behaves according to patterns and these ought to be obeyed
Application of the scientific method to social problems
Parallel to the scientific awakening
Foundation of Classical art and music
The world behaves according to patterns and these ought to be obeyed
Basic PremisesBasic Premises
Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society
Human race can be educated and all people are important
Emergence of the middle class
Belief in God based on reason
Scientific method can answer fundamental questions about society
Human race can be educated and all people are important
Emergence of the middle class
Belief in God based on reason
Growth of DeismGrowth of DeismIntellectuals believe in God but see him as a "watchmaker"
Deists skeptical of organized religion
Catholic church was attacked
Deists struggle with personal standards
Denial of providence (Voltaire) disputed by others (Pope, Rousseau)
Denial of evil
Intellectuals believe in God but see him as a "watchmaker"
Deists skeptical of organized religion
Catholic church was attacked
Deists struggle with personal standards
Denial of providence (Voltaire) disputed by others (Pope, Rousseau)
Denial of evil
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
Empiricism
"All that is real is material, and what is not material is not
real." – Hobbes
Empiricism
"All that is real is material, and what is not material is not
real." – Hobbes
Thomas HobbesThomas HobbesGovernment
"[Early man was] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short... [and in a constant state of] warre, [living in] continual fear and danger of violent death.“ – Leviathan
Absolute monarchy sent by God to help mankind
Hobbes' concepts used to justify colonialization
Government
"[Early man was] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short... [and in a constant state of] warre, [living in] continual fear and danger of violent death.“ – Leviathan
Absolute monarchy sent by God to help mankind
Hobbes' concepts used to justify colonialization
John LockeJohn LockeThe forefather of our forefathers
Attacked by Charles II
Friend of Newton
Influential in American
revolution
The forefather of our forefathers
Attacked by Charles II
Friend of Newton
Influential in American
revolution
John LockeJohn LockeGovernment
Second treatise of Civil Government
Chaos without governmentGod gave mankind natural rights
– Life, liberty, pursuit of property
Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments
Governments, which were formed by the people, must guarantee the rights of the people
– People have a right to rebel against tyrannies
Government
Second treatise of Civil Government
Chaos without governmentGod gave mankind natural rights
– Life, liberty, pursuit of property
Innate goodness of mankind led to formation of governments
Governments, which were formed by the people, must guarantee the rights of the people
– People have a right to rebel against tyrannies
John LockeJohn LockeTheory of Knowledge
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Reasoning puts man above animals
Rejected concept that ideas are innate
Outer ideas from experience
Inner ideas from contemplation
Mankind can attain all knowledge
Theory of Knowledge
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Reasoning puts man above animals
Rejected concept that ideas are innate
Outer ideas from experience
Inner ideas from contemplation
Mankind can attain all knowledge
Alexander PopeAlexander PopeEnglish PoetContributed to political thought and love of languageBelieved that God was in control of the earth and that all things were ultimately for our goodEssay on ManEssay on Criticism
Many famous sayings came from these books
English PoetContributed to political thought and love of languageBelieved that God was in control of the earth and that all things were ultimately for our goodEssay on ManEssay on Criticism
Many famous sayings came from these books
“Trust not yourself; but your defects to know,Make use of every friend – and every foe.A little learning is a dangerous thing;”
– Alexander Pope from Essay on Criticism
“Trust not yourself; but your defects to know,Make use of every friend – and every foe.A little learning is a dangerous thing;”
– Alexander Pope from Essay on Criticism
Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift
Hated injusticePolitically activeSatirist
Gulliver’s TravelsA Modest Proposal…
Hated injusticePolitically activeSatirist
Gulliver’s TravelsA Modest Proposal…
“For of what use is freedom of thought if it does not produce
freedom of action?”
Swift, “On Abolishing Christianity” (1708) [Quoted in Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence, 2000, p.273]
“For of what use is freedom of thought if it does not produce
freedom of action?”
Swift, “On Abolishing Christianity” (1708) [Quoted in Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence, 2000, p.273]
PhilosophePhilosophe
French name for philosopherEnlightenment reached height in France
French name for philosopherEnlightenment reached height in France
VoltaireVoltairePen nameCritical of Catholic churchInfluenced others by lettersDenied writings to avoid problems
Exiled to England for a whileReturned to live on Swiss border
Pen nameCritical of Catholic churchInfluenced others by lettersDenied writings to avoid problems
Exiled to England for a whileReturned to live on Swiss border
“The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than
a monster.”
Voltaire
“The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than
a monster.”
Voltaire
“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Voltaire
“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques RousseauContest: "Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?"
No!As civilizations progress, they move away from morality
Examples: Romans, Greeks, EgyptiansCivilization itself leads away from true fundamentalsTechnology and art give false desires
Social Contract“Noble Savage”
Contest: "Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?"
No!As civilizations progress, they move away from morality
Examples: Romans, Greeks, EgyptiansCivilization itself leads away from true fundamentalsTechnology and art give false desires
Social Contract“Noble Savage”
Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau
Influence on French and American revolutions
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"Invest all rights and liberties into a society
Compare to a corporation
Influence on French and American revolutions
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"Invest all rights and liberties into a society
Compare to a corporation
“Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”
Rousseau
“Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”
Rousseau
Summary of Rousseau's Teachings
Summary of Rousseau's Teachings
Old System
(Powerful Ruler or Chaos)New System
(Social Contract Concepts)
Instinct Justice
Strength and intelligence People equal on moral rights
Might Right
Natural inclinations Reason
Personal liberty Civil liberty
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot
EncyclopediaTeach people how to think criticallySolicited articles from many expertsControversial articles brought criticismOverall, moved forward the ideas of Enlightenment
EncyclopediaTeach people how to think criticallySolicited articles from many expertsControversial articles brought criticismOverall, moved forward the ideas of Enlightenment
"The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual."
- Diderot in L'Encyclopedie: Article on Government, quoted in Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p370.
"The good of the people must be the great purpose of government. By the laws of nature and of reason, the governors are invested with power to that end. And the greatest good of the people is liberty. It is to the state what health is to the individual."
- Diderot in L'Encyclopedie: Article on Government, quoted in Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p370.
Immanuel KantImmanuel KantFrom GermanyStrict habitsThe Critique of Pure Reason and …Practical Reason
Weakness of EmpiricismTranscendentalism
Empiricism and other knowledgeEx: infinity
Categorical Imperative
From GermanyStrict habitsThe Critique of Pure Reason and …Practical Reason
Weakness of EmpiricismTranscendentalism
Empiricism and other knowledgeEx: infinity
Categorical Imperative
"You should behave with only those types of behavior that are dictated by the absolute nature of the basic principle on which the act is based."
"Act as if your actions would become a moral maxim (principle or model) for all others and at all times."
– From Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
"You should behave with only those types of behavior that are dictated by the absolute nature of the basic principle on which the act is based."
"Act as if your actions would become a moral maxim (principle or model) for all others and at all times."
– From Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
David HumeDavid Hume
Scottish philosopherLeader of empiricism movementGrew to distrust all
Scottish philosopherLeader of empiricism movementGrew to distrust all
Adam SmithAdam Smith
Scottish professorWealth of Nation (1776) Free trade/capitalismDevised capitalismLaissez Faire la natureLiterally, "let do": a philosophy that advocates minimal government interference in the economy.
Scottish professorWealth of Nation (1776) Free trade/capitalismDevised capitalismLaissez Faire la natureLiterally, "let do": a philosophy that advocates minimal government interference in the economy.
Edward GibbonEdward Gibbon
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Urged reform in England
Anti-religious bias
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Urged reform in England
Anti-religious bias
Effects of the EnlightenmentEffects of the Enlightenment
EnglandCivil war and establishment of a limited monarchyAnger in the colonies because they are treated differently than "mother England"
France No immediate change but seething discontent that will lead to revolution
Other countriesAttempts to adopt Enlightenment principles
EnglandCivil war and establishment of a limited monarchyAnger in the colonies because they are treated differently than "mother England"
France No immediate change but seething discontent that will lead to revolution
Other countriesAttempts to adopt Enlightenment principles
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsFrederick II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)
Rebelled against fatherLater developed finest armyBuilt Sans Souci (Potsdam)Invited Voltaire to the court
Frederick II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786)
Rebelled against fatherLater developed finest armyBuilt Sans Souci (Potsdam)Invited Voltaire to the court
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsCatherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796)
German born wife of Czar Peter IIIControlled government after Peter III’s accidental(?) deathIncreased European culture in RussiaPeasant ReformsTerritorial ExpansionCorresponded with Diderot
Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796)
German born wife of Czar Peter IIIControlled government after Peter III’s accidental(?) deathIncreased European culture in RussiaPeasant ReformsTerritorial ExpansionCorresponded with Diderot
Enlightened DespotsEnlightened DespotsGustav III of Sweden (r. 1771-1792)
Forced Parliament to accept new constitutionStimulated literature
Charles III of Spain (r. 1759-1788)
Bourbon familyImproved life for SpanishSuppressed Jesuits
Gustav III of Sweden (r. 1771-1792)
Forced Parliament to accept new constitutionStimulated literature
Charles III of Spain (r. 1759-1788)
Bourbon familyImproved life for SpanishSuppressed Jesuits
Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1740-1780)
Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1740-1780)
16 children Economic reformsLimited power of the PopeReduced power of the lordsJoseph abolished serfdomPoland divided
16 children Economic reformsLimited power of the PopeReduced power of the lordsJoseph abolished serfdomPoland divided
Enlightened Despots vs. Absolute RulersEnlightened Despots vs. Absolute Rulers
Focused on improving country
Economic reform
Sought advise
Focused on improving country
Economic reform
Sought advise
Reluctant to change
Economic disasters
Dictated
Reluctant to change
Economic disasters
Dictated
French Revolution
Causes and AttitudesCauses and AttitudesThe EnlightenmentAnglophile feeling in FranceThe American RevolutionFrench system’s lack of change
Louis XVI clung to AbsolutismKing’s response to the poorClass resentmentEconomic problems
The EnlightenmentAnglophile feeling in FranceThe American RevolutionFrench system’s lack of change
Louis XVI clung to AbsolutismKing’s response to the poorClass resentmentEconomic problems
First Stage (1789-1793)First Stage (1789-1793)
King desired new tax to stabilize economyEstates General (3 estates)
Not met for 150 yearsNeeded to meetCertified by Parlement (high court)Election in early 1789
Finally met in Spring 1789
3rd Estate walked out
King desired new tax to stabilize economyEstates General (3 estates)
Not met for 150 yearsNeeded to meetCertified by Parlement (high court)Election in early 1789
Finally met in Spring 1789
3rd Estate walked out
First StageFirst StageNational Assembly (1789-1793)
3rd estate met in indoor tennis courtResolved to stay in session until constitution could be writtenKing couldn't get moneyKing instructed 1st and 2nd estates to meet with National Assembly3rd estate doubled their numbers1st and 2nd sat on right, 3rd sat on leftFormed municipal government
National Assembly (1789-1793)
3rd estate met in indoor tennis courtResolved to stay in session until constitution could be writtenKing couldn't get moneyKing instructed 1st and 2nd estates to meet with National Assembly3rd estate doubled their numbers1st and 2nd sat on right, 3rd sat on leftFormed municipal government
First StageFirst StageEvents at Bastille
July 14, 1789Municipal government trying to get arms
Revolts in the countryside
Events at Bastille
July 14, 1789Municipal government trying to get arms
Revolts in the countryside
Actions of the National Assembly
Actions of the National Assembly
Destruction of privilegeDeclaration of the Rights of ManSecularization of the churchNew constitution
Destruction of privilegeDeclaration of the Rights of ManSecularization of the churchNew constitution
Second StageRadical revolution
Second StageRadical revolution
Disillusionment of the lower class (inflation)Girondists (moderates) had no strong leaderFrance drawn into war with EuropeFailure in wars (1st coalition, 1792-1797)
Moderates removed as leaders of National Assembly Counter-revolutionsKing and queen arrested
Jacobins take control
Disillusionment of the lower class (inflation)Girondists (moderates) had no strong leaderFrance drawn into war with EuropeFailure in wars (1st coalition, 1792-1797)
Moderates removed as leaders of National Assembly Counter-revolutionsKing and queen arrested
Jacobins take control
Second StageReign of Terror (1793-1794)
Second StageReign of Terror (1793-1794)
Committee for Public SafetyFrance losing war with others in EuropeReforms
Metric systemNew calendarUniversal suffrageSlavery eliminatedParis communeLand redistributionDefaced churches
Guillotine20,000 dieKing and queen die
Committee for Public SafetyFrance losing war with others in EuropeReforms
Metric systemNew calendarUniversal suffrageSlavery eliminatedParis communeLand redistributionDefaced churches
Guillotine20,000 dieKing and queen die
Third Stage—Return of the moderates (1794-1799)
Third Stage—Return of the moderates (1794-1799)
Thermidorian reaction Counter-revolution
"Whiff of grapeshot"(1795)
Death of Marat, Danton, Robespierre
Moderates gained control of National Convention
Return of expatriate noblemen allowed (money)National Assembly re-electedAdoption of new constitution
Rule by the Directory
Thermidorian reaction Counter-revolution
"Whiff of grapeshot"(1795)
Death of Marat, Danton, Robespierre
Moderates gained control of National Convention
Return of expatriate noblemen allowed (money)National Assembly re-electedAdoption of new constitution
Rule by the Directory
Third Stage—Return of the moderates
Third Stage—Return of the moderates
The Directory governedSome military successes (Napoleon)Directory criticized for poor leadershipDirectory desperate for a popular leader
2nd Coalition (1799-1801) formedNapoleon invited to be consul
The Directory governedSome military successes (Napoleon)Directory criticized for poor leadershipDirectory desperate for a popular leader
2nd Coalition (1799-1801) formedNapoleon invited to be consul
You Went The Wrong Way, Old King Louieby Allan Sherman
You Went The Wrong Way, Old King Louieby Allan Sherman
Louis the Sixteenth was the King of France in 1789.He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth.He was worse than Louis the Fourteenth.He was worse than Louis the Thirteenth.He was the worst since Louis the First.King Louis was living like a king,
but the people were living rotten.So the people, they started an uprising which they called theFrench Revolution, and of course you remember their battle cry, which will never be forgotten:You went the wrong way, Old King Louie.You made the population cry.'Cause all you did was sit and petWith Marie AntoinetteIn your place at Versailles.And now the country's gone kablooie.So we are giving you the air.That oughta teach you not toSpend all your time fooling 'roundAt the Folies Bergere.If you had been a nicer king,We wouldn't do a thing,But you were bad, you must admit.We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,And shorten you a little bit.
Louis the Sixteenth was the King of France in 1789.He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth.He was worse than Louis the Fourteenth.He was worse than Louis the Thirteenth.He was the worst since Louis the First.King Louis was living like a king,
but the people were living rotten.So the people, they started an uprising which they called theFrench Revolution, and of course you remember their battle cry, which will never be forgotten:You went the wrong way, Old King Louie.You made the population cry.'Cause all you did was sit and petWith Marie AntoinetteIn your place at Versailles.And now the country's gone kablooie.So we are giving you the air.That oughta teach you not toSpend all your time fooling 'roundAt the Folies Bergere.If you had been a nicer king,We wouldn't do a thing,But you were bad, you must admit.We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,And shorten you a little bit.
You came the wrong way, Old King Louie.And now you ain't got far to go.Too bad you won't be here to seeThat great big Eiffel Tower,Or Brigitte Bardot.To you King Louie we say fooey.You disappointed all of France.But then what else could we expectFrom a king in silk stockingsAnd pink satin pants.You filled your stomach with chop suey.And also crepe suzettes and steak.And when they told your wife MarieThat nobody had bread, she said"Let 'em eat cake."We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,It's somewhere in the heart of town.And when that fella's throughWith what he's gonna do,You'll have no place to hang your crown.You came the wrong way Old King Louie.Now we must put you on the shelf.That's why the people are revolting, 'cause Louie,You're pretty revolting yourself!
You came the wrong way, Old King Louie.And now you ain't got far to go.Too bad you won't be here to seeThat great big Eiffel Tower,Or Brigitte Bardot.To you King Louie we say fooey.You disappointed all of France.But then what else could we expectFrom a king in silk stockingsAnd pink satin pants.You filled your stomach with chop suey.And also crepe suzettes and steak.And when they told your wife MarieThat nobody had bread, she said"Let 'em eat cake."We're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,It's somewhere in the heart of town.And when that fella's throughWith what he's gonna do,You'll have no place to hang your crown.You came the wrong way Old King Louie.Now we must put you on the shelf.That's why the people are revolting, 'cause Louie,You're pretty revolting yourself!
NOTNOT
V.
NOTNOTHEART vs. HEAD
EMOTION vs. INTELLECT
IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT KINDS OF EMOTIONS
Music of the Classical Era Music of the Classical Era
Began: death of BachEnded: Beethoven (mid-life)
Began: death of BachEnded: Beethoven (mid-life)
Music changes to meet Middle Class needs
Music changes to meet Middle Class needs
more music-making in the home creates needs:simpler music for less skilled musiciansmusic industry (instrument manufacture, publishing, performing organizations)music education (instrument & voice lessons, composition, appreciation)
opera: characters and plots revolve around commoners, not the aristocracy or mythology as in the Baroque era. Plots often ridicule the aristocracy.
more music-making in the home creates needs:simpler music for less skilled musiciansmusic industry (instrument manufacture, publishing, performing organizations)music education (instrument & voice lessons, composition, appreciation)
opera: characters and plots revolve around commoners, not the aristocracy or mythology as in the Baroque era. Plots often ridicule the aristocracy.
Music in the Classical EraMusic in the Classical Era
Austria (particularly Vienna) and Germany are the cultural centers.Patronage, an important music/economic institution in the mid-1700s breaks down by 1790. Why?Concert Halls and opera houses flourish providing entertainment for middle class audiences.Publishers influence what composers write.[Why? What is the connection to middle class music-making?]
Austria (particularly Vienna) and Germany are the cultural centers.Patronage, an important music/economic institution in the mid-1700s breaks down by 1790. Why?Concert Halls and opera houses flourish providing entertainment for middle class audiences.Publishers influence what composers write.[Why? What is the connection to middle class music-making?]
Music in the Classical EraMusic in the Classical Era
Much more secular music is composed and performed. The religious fervor of earlier Baroque composers such as Bach is gone.
Much more secular music is composed and performed. The religious fervor of earlier Baroque composers such as Bach is gone.
Music in the Classical EraMusic in the Classical Era
Function of Music: Entertainmentin the concert hall, opera hall, theater, estate drawing roomIn the home--filler of leisure time (Gebrauchmusik, i.e., “useful” music.)[Useful for what?]dancing is VIMP pastime
“Music must meet listeners where they are.”What are the implications of this statement?
Function of Music: Entertainmentin the concert hall, opera hall, theater, estate drawing roomIn the home--filler of leisure time (Gebrauchmusik, i.e., “useful” music.)[Useful for what?]dancing is VIMP pastime
“Music must meet listeners where they are.”What are the implications of this statement?
Ruminate on...Ruminate on...patronage and
HaydnMozartBeethoven
why the French Revolution and industrialization led to the demise of patronage.why less complex music is favored in classical culture.
patronage andHaydnMozartBeethoven
why the French Revolution and industrialization led to the demise of patronage.why less complex music is favored in classical culture.
Viennese Classical StyleViennese Classical Style
Characteristics of the Viennese Style
● Strong melody from Italy
● Dedication to form from Germany
Vienna
Classicism in MusicClassicism in Music
Viennesse School: Four ComposersFranz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Franz Schubert
Viennesse School: Four ComposersFranz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Franz Schubert
Patronage SystemPatronage System
Exchange of artistic services for A place to live
A Salary
Clothes
Rank in SocietyDepends on the patron.
Servant to aristocratic patronage.
Exchange of artistic services for A place to live
A Salary
Clothes
Rank in SocietyDepends on the patron.
Servant to aristocratic patronage.
Music of the Classical EraMusic of the Classical EraWritten for middle class
Non-sophisticated ListenerSimple and Melodic Themes
Bach: Fugue Mozart: Eine Kleine…
Large RoomBach: Air Beethoven: 9th
Movements have beginning, middle, endBach: Brandenburg Beethoven: 5th
Easier to playBach: Fugue Beethoven: Für Elise
Written for middle classNon-sophisticated ListenerSimple and Melodic Themes
Bach: Fugue Mozart: Eine Kleine…
Large RoomBach: Air Beethoven: 9th
Movements have beginning, middle, endBach: Brandenburg Beethoven: 5th
Easier to playBach: Fugue Beethoven: Für Elise
“I write my music in order that the weary and worn or the men burdened with affairs might enjoy a few minutes of solace and refreshment.”
— Haydn
“I write my music in order that the weary and worn or the men burdened with affairs might enjoy a few minutes of solace and refreshment.”
— Haydn
Structure of MusicStructure of Music
Melody carried the interest
Form still needed to give meaningNote power of the human voice
Instrumental music uses strong melody as power
Melody carried the interest
Form still needed to give meaningNote power of the human voice
Instrumental music uses strong melody as power
Style in Classical MusicStyle in Classical Music
Melody – singable symmetrical, lyrical.Harmony- diatonic, tonic to dominant relationshipsRhythm – regular and symmetricalTexture- Homophonic with some polyphony at times.Folk elements: national themes, folk themes, dances etc. used in instrumental works.
Melody – singable symmetrical, lyrical.Harmony- diatonic, tonic to dominant relationshipsRhythm – regular and symmetricalTexture- Homophonic with some polyphony at times.Folk elements: national themes, folk themes, dances etc. used in instrumental works.
“There can be no art
without form.”
Igor Stravinsky
“There can be no art
without form.”
Igor Stravinsky
Musical ObjectivesMusical Objectives
Explore major-minor system
Develop homophonic system
Focus on simple melody
Chords and cadences
Large structures
Cultivate human voice
Explore new instruments
Explore major-minor system
Develop homophonic system
Focus on simple melody
Chords and cadences
Large structures
Cultivate human voice
Explore new instruments
STYLISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS
STYLISTIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Introduction of a new instrument, the fortepiano
Contrasted with strings and winds
Favored by amateurs and rising middle class
Development of the “Accompanied Sonata”
Introduction of a new instrument, the fortepiano
Contrasted with strings and winds
Favored by amateurs and rising middle class
Development of the “Accompanied Sonata”
Music and Literary Analogy
Music and Literary Analogy
Musical notes
Musical phrases
Musical themes
Musical movements
Symphonies
Musical notes
Musical phrases
Musical themes
Musical movements
Symphonies
Letters
Words
Sentences
Chapters or short stories
Books
Letters
Words
Sentences
Chapters or short stories
Books
Forms of MovementsForms of Movements
Theme and Variation
Rondo
Minuet and Trio
Sonata-allegro form
Theme and Variation
Rondo
Minuet and Trio
Sonata-allegro form
Forms of Entire WorksForms of Entire Works
Concerto (expanded)
Symphony
Concerto (expanded)
Symphony
Classical Architecture and Music
Classical Architecture and Music
Music JournalismMusic JournalismCA 1790 Music Journalism exploded on the European scene.
“Intellect, intellect, intellect!” Herr Beethoven’s music is too complex. It isn’t musical entertainment; it’s intellectual
“mind games.” Once again Beethoven wrote something that no one wants to hear.
He is known to have replied to one reporter,
“Of course you don’t understand it. I wrote the piece for future generations. They will understand and
appreciate it.”
He was correct.
CA 1790 Music Journalism exploded on the European scene.
“Intellect, intellect, intellect!” Herr Beethoven’s music is too complex. It isn’t musical entertainment; it’s intellectual
“mind games.” Once again Beethoven wrote something that no one wants to hear.
He is known to have replied to one reporter,
“Of course you don’t understand it. I wrote the piece for future generations. They will understand and
appreciate it.”
He was correct.
Music of the Classical EraMusic of the Classical Era
Characteristics (Viennese style)
Dedication to form From the Germans
Strong melody From the Italians
Homophonic
Characteristics (Viennese style)
Dedication to form From the Germans
Strong melody From the Italians
Homophonic
Vienna
OverviewOverview
The SYMPHONY emerges
CHAMBER MUSIC emerges
OPERA continues & evolves
Three major composers:HAYDN
MOZARTBEETHOVEN
LIFE-TIME-LINESLIFE-TIME-LINES
BEETHOVEN 1770-1827
MOZART 1756-1789
HAYDN 1732-1809
1770 1820
Musical InfluencesMusical Influences
Influence of Turkish music (Janissary band) felt in Vienna and Berlin due to the amount of Turkish immigrants to Austria.
Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven wrote Turkish Marches.
Added percussion to orchestra
Bass drum, triangle, cymbals
Whirling dervish ceremony imitated in Beethoven
Influence of Turkish music (Janissary band) felt in Vienna and Berlin due to the amount of Turkish immigrants to Austria.
Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven wrote Turkish Marches.
Added percussion to orchestra
Bass drum, triangle, cymbals
Whirling dervish ceremony imitated in Beethoven
SUMMARY – 18TH CENTURYSUMMARY – 18TH CENTURY
IDEAS – Enlightenment & rationalist Criticism ART – 3 genres: Rococo, Neo-Classical, Bourgeois (Genre) MUSIC – Genres such as the SYMPHONY and the STRING QUARTET emerge, all emphasizing CLARITY of musical ideas and the organization of CONTRAST, exemplified by SONATA FORM key composers: HAYDN, MOZART & early Beethoven
IDEAS – Enlightenment & rationalist Criticism ART – 3 genres: Rococo, Neo-Classical, Bourgeois (Genre) MUSIC – Genres such as the SYMPHONY and the STRING QUARTET emerge, all emphasizing CLARITY of musical ideas and the organization of CONTRAST, exemplified by SONATA FORM key composers: HAYDN, MOZART & early Beethoven
NOTNOT
V.
HEART vs. HEAD
EMOTION vs. INTELLECT
NOTNOT
IT’S ALL EMOTIONS – IT IS A QUESTION OF WHAT
KINDS OF EMOTIONS