Classical Classical India India Chapter #3Chapter #3

AP World HistoryAP World History

TimelineTimeline

Key Events- Ancient IndiaKey Events- Ancient India Early River Valley Civilization Approx. 5000BCEEarly River Valley Civilization Approx. 5000BCE– River & tributaries are fed by seasonal monsoon rainsRiver & tributaries are fed by seasonal monsoon rains– Like the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers, the flooding Like the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers, the flooding

Indus River brought rich soil for agriculture. Indus River brought rich soil for agriculture.

By 3000BCE: By 3000BCE: – Irrigation key technology Irrigation key technology – Cultural Hearth developsCultural Hearth develops

Rise of cities & civilizationsRise of cities & civilizations– Indus/Harappan 2800-1800BCE Indus/Harappan 2800-1800BCE – Mohenjo-Daro Mohenjo-Daro

Mauryan BCE & Gupta Empires CE Mauryan BCE & Gupta Empires CE

Origin of major religions, Hinduism, Origin of major religions, Hinduism,

Buddhism, & Jainism Buddhism, & Jainism

Mohenjo-DaroUp to 100k!

““Political” : Political” : State Building , State Building , Expansion, & Conflict:Expansion, & Conflict:

structures & forms of governancestructures & forms of governance

Type of systemType of system– Indus/Harappan:Indus/Harappan: (Approx. 2800-1800 B.C.E.) Little (Approx. 2800-1800 B.C.E.) Little

is known, but city construction points to well-is known, but city construction points to well-organized government. organized government.

– Aryans:Aryans: (1500-500 B.C.E.) Warriors, Politically, (1500-500 B.C.E.) Warriors, Politically, fragmented, separate kinship groups, independent fragmented, separate kinship groups, independent groups, fought native Dravidians, Had a Chief called groups, fought native Dravidians, Had a Chief called “Raja” military/religious structure. “Raja” military/religious structure.

P: State Building , Expansion, P: State Building , Expansion, & Conflict cont….& Conflict cont….

– Mauryan:Mauryan: (322-185 B.C.E.) Chandragupta (322-185 B.C.E.) Chandragupta Maurya united most of India because of Maurya united most of India because of Alexander the Great’s invasion. He was a Alexander the Great’s invasion. He was a monarch who ruled with help of a large imperial monarch who ruled with help of a large imperial army, grandfather of Ashoka who conquered army, grandfather of Ashoka who conquered more and turned to Buddhism. Had a more and turned to Buddhism. Had a centralized government centralized government

– Gupta Empire:Gupta Empire: (320-480 C.E.) Samudraguptra (320-480 C.E.) Samudraguptra (ruled 335-375) and his son Chandragupta II (ruled 335-375) and his son Chandragupta II (375-415) Monarchy, but less centralized, (375-415) Monarchy, but less centralized, smaller regional government than Mauryan.smaller regional government than Mauryan.

The Indus/Harappan Civilization

2800 BCE - 1800 BCE

Aryan Migration

pastoral depended on their cattle.

warriors horse-drawn chariots.

The Mauryan EmpireThe Mauryan EmpireThe Mauryan EmpireThe Mauryan Empire

321 BCE – 185 BCE321 BCE – 185 BCE

AsokaAsoka’s ’s

EmpirEmpiree

AsokaAsoka’s ’s

EmpirEmpiree

Gupta Empire 320-480 C.E.Gupta Empire 320-480 C.E.

Creation, expansion, and interaction of Creation, expansion, and interaction of “Economic” systems“Economic” systems

Agricultural & pastoral productionAgricultural & pastoral production – Indus/Harappan:Indus/Harappan: Advanced system of wheat, rye, peas, (rice?) Advanced system of wheat, rye, peas, (rice?)

Cotton was cultivated, domesticated animals: chickens, cattle, goats, Cotton was cultivated, domesticated animals: chickens, cattle, goats, sheepsheep

– Aryans: Invading Greeks wrote, “good pastures & fruits.” Aryans: Invading Greeks wrote, “good pastures & fruits.” – Mauryan : Large state farms, granaries Mauryan : Large state farms, granaries – Gupta Empire: Gupta Empire: Cash Crops: sugar, cotton, pepper, & cinnamon Cash Crops: sugar, cotton, pepper, & cinnamon

Trade & CommerceTrade & Commerce– Indus/Harappan:Indus/Harappan: The agricultural success allowed cities like Mohenjo- The agricultural success allowed cities like Mohenjo-

Daro & Harappa to develop into major trading centers, (Small carts) Daro & Harappa to develop into major trading centers, (Small carts) Contacts in Mesopotamia, China, S.E. Asia, S. India, & Afghanistan! Contacts in Mesopotamia, China, S.E. Asia, S. India, & Afghanistan! Port of Lothal, important, 700 foot dock!Port of Lothal, important, 700 foot dock!

– Aryans: Great trade city of Taxila (As described by the Greeks) Aryans: Great trade city of Taxila (As described by the Greeks) – Mauryan: Large state farms, granaries, shipyards, and spinning and Mauryan: Large state farms, granaries, shipyards, and spinning and

weaving factories. weaving factories. – Gupta Empire: Gupta Empire: Busy trade route between Middle East & China came Busy trade route between Middle East & China came

under the protection of the Gupta Empire. under the protection of the Gupta Empire.

Creation, expansion, and interaction Creation, expansion, and interaction of “Economic” systems cont…of “Economic” systems cont…

Labor systemLabor system– Indus/Harappan:Indus/Harappan: Judging by the size of the cities, jobs Judging by the size of the cities, jobs

were extensive, but craftsman seemed inferior to were extensive, but craftsman seemed inferior to those in Egypt and Mesopotamia. those in Egypt and Mesopotamia.

– Aryans: Non-Aryans worked similar to slaves, plus Aryans: Non-Aryans worked similar to slaves, plus there were slaves too.there were slaves too.

IndustrializationIndustrialization – Indus/Harappan:Indus/Harappan: Casted tools, weapons in bronze, Casted tools, weapons in bronze,

but lacked swords, stone for arrowheads, tips of but lacked swords, stone for arrowheads, tips of swords were too tin to be effective swords were too tin to be effective

– Aryans: Great trade city of Taxila Aryans: Great trade city of Taxila – Mauryan : Capital city of Pataliputra, 22 miles of Mauryan : Capital city of Pataliputra, 22 miles of

wooden walls, 570 towers, & 64 gateswooden walls, 570 towers, & 64 gates

Development & Interaction of Development & Interaction of Cultures Cultures

““Religions” Religions” Founder, Sacred text, Key beliefs, Sacred Place, Sacred Founder, Sacred text, Key beliefs, Sacred Place, Sacred structure, Universal or ethnic, Diffusion/ spread, why? structure, Universal or ethnic, Diffusion/ spread, why? – Indus/Harappan:Indus/Harappan: Polytheism, Priests (ruling class) meditation btwn Polytheism, Priests (ruling class) meditation btwn

people & dods. Little known about gods, but one of the gods is depicted people & dods. Little known about gods, but one of the gods is depicted on seals naked with a horned head, in a posturing position (yoga) a on seals naked with a horned head, in a posturing position (yoga) a mother goddess alsomother goddess also

– Aryans: Aryans: ((Vedic and Epic agesVedic and Epic ages) brought to India distinctive religious ) brought to India distinctive religious ideas of early Brahman, which became Hinduism/Buddhism/Jainism ideas of early Brahman, which became Hinduism/Buddhism/Jainism

– MauryanMauryan: Buddhism became the main religion in India temporarily when : Buddhism became the main religion in India temporarily when Ashoka was king. Missionaries sent to other countries.Ashoka was king. Missionaries sent to other countries.

– Gupta:Gupta: Brought back Hinduism as the country’s ‘religion’ bought Brought back Hinduism as the country’s ‘religion’ bought tolerated all faiths.tolerated all faiths.

Belief systems, Philosophies, & ideologies-Belief systems, Philosophies, & ideologies- Hinduism, Jainism, Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism (Comparison) Buddhism (Comparison) Science & Key Technologies-Science & Key Technologies- Indus/Harappan: sophisticated sewage Indus/Harappan: sophisticated sewage system with canals, system with canals,

Development & Interaction of Development & Interaction of CulturesCultures cont… cont…

Science & Key Technologies-Science & Key Technologies- Indus/Harappan: sophisticated sewage system with Indus/Harappan: sophisticated sewage system with canals, house plumbing canals, house plumbing – Aryans: Fast 2-wheeled chariots, bronze swords & spears, later iron too defeat Aryans: Fast 2-wheeled chariots, bronze swords & spears, later iron too defeat

enemies, enemies, – Mauryan: Ashoka’s building of roads, with trees, and watering holes/wells for Mauryan: Ashoka’s building of roads, with trees, and watering holes/wells for

humans and animals alike.humans and animals alike.– Gupta- Arabic numerals were actually from India; “place-value” notation based on 10 Gupta- Arabic numerals were actually from India; “place-value” notation based on 10

system (Eurasia) system (Eurasia) Architecture/Buildings- Architecture/Buildings- Indus/Harappan: 34 foot wide streets! Huge Baths, well Indus/Harappan: 34 foot wide streets! Huge Baths, well organized cities & Fortified granaries, bricks throughout region 4x2x1. organized cities & Fortified granaries, bricks throughout region 4x2x1.

– Mauryan: Pillar Edicts w/ 3 Lions (Now the national symbol of India), 84, 000 stupas, Mauryan: Pillar Edicts w/ 3 Lions (Now the national symbol of India), 84, 000 stupas,

huge rock edicts (billboards) along roads/trade routeshuge rock edicts (billboards) along roads/trade routesArtArt -Indus/Harappan: Little art except for carved figurines of people & animals (fertility) -Indus/Harappan: Little art except for carved figurines of people & animals (fertility)– Aryans: Mostly Religious itemsAryans: Mostly Religious items– Mauryan : Pillar Edicts & Lions- 1Mauryan : Pillar Edicts & Lions- 1stst examples of Indian Art to survive since Indus examples of Indian Art to survive since Indus

Civilization. Civilization. – Gupta- Kings were patrons of the arts, Sanskrit preserved, Famous Poet Kalidasa Gupta- Kings were patrons of the arts, Sanskrit preserved, Famous Poet Kalidasa

(380-459), Wrote poems in verse, best works: (380-459), Wrote poems in verse, best works: ShakuntalaShakuntala andand The Cloud The Cloud Messenger.Messenger.

The Vedas 1200 BCE-600 BCE.

written in SANSKRIT.

Hindu core of beliefs:

hymns and poems.

religious prayers.

magical spells.

lists of the gods and goddesses.Rig Veda oldest

workRig Veda oldest work

Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism

Religion in India TodayReligion in India Today

Development & transformation Development & transformation of social structures “Culture” of social structures “Culture”

Gender Roles and relations (Women’s roles, status of Elite, Gender Roles and relations (Women’s roles, status of Elite, non elites)non elites)– Dravidian: Appeared to have a Matrilineal societyDravidian: Appeared to have a Matrilineal society– Aryans: A lot to do with social status, (early tribes shared Aryans: A lot to do with social status, (early tribes shared

leadership), seemed to have been treated favorably than leadership), seemed to have been treated favorably than later Indian society. When line of succession started to go later Indian society. When line of succession started to go throw the male line, women began losing their status. throw the male line, women began losing their status.

– Mauryan: Government controlled prostitution Mauryan: Government controlled prostitution Family & kinship (Clans) & Racial & Ethic Family & kinship (Clans) & Racial & Ethic constructions/Ethnic classesconstructions/Ethnic classes– Later Code of Manu & Hindu Caste system Later Code of Manu & Hindu Caste system

Social & Economics classesSocial & Economics classes– Indus/Harappan: Evidence points to the existence of social Indus/Harappan: Evidence points to the existence of social

classes (Houses different sizes, stories, larger had brick classes (Houses different sizes, stories, larger had brick ovens, courtyard & a well) ovens, courtyard & a well)

A priestly class ruled cities, A priestly class ruled cities,

Development & transformation Development & transformation of social structures “Culture” cont.. of social structures “Culture” cont..

Social & Economics classesSocial & Economics classes– Aryans: 1Aryans: 1stst came – 1) Raja, 2) Priest, 3) warrior came – 1) Raja, 2) Priest, 3) warrior

nobility, 4) common tribesman, then 5) non-aryans nobility, 4) common tribesman, then 5) non-aryans worked like slaves worked like slaves

22ndnd came the (Caste system, hereditary, came the (Caste system, hereditary, unchangeable) “Varna” (color) describes classes unchangeable) “Varna” (color) describes classes (See diagram) “Jati” further division in groups (See diagram) “Jati” further division in groups Purpose: to enforce rules about social behavior.Purpose: to enforce rules about social behavior.

– Mauryan : Under Buddhism, caste system wavered, Mauryan : Under Buddhism, caste system wavered, King and some officials, but after Mauryan failed- King and some officials, but after Mauryan failed- Code of Manu: laid down Family Caste system (150 Code of Manu: laid down Family Caste system (150 CE)CE)

– Gupta: Caste System returned with Hinduism & Code Gupta: Caste System returned with Hinduism & Code of Manu of Manu

ShudrasShudras

VaishyasVaishyas

Kshatriyas Kshatriyas

Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

BrahminsBrahmins

Varna (Social Hierarchy)

Highest- Priests &Highest- Priests & Scholars________________Scholars________________

Purusha’s Purusha’s Thighs, land-Thighs, land-Owners, _______Owners, _______Merchants,Merchants,ArtisainsArtisains

Feet, Feet, Peasants,_____Peasants,_____LaborersLaborers

– Purusha’s arms-Purusha’s arms-Warriors & gov’t Warriors & gov’t officialsofficials

Development & transformation Development & transformation of social structures “Culture” of social structures “Culture”Communication:Communication:– Language:Language: Indus??, Native Dravidian; Indus??, Native Dravidian;

Aryans: spoke an early version of Aryans: spoke an early version of Sanskrit – Writing system:Writing system:

Indus/Harappan:Indus/Harappan: (400+ symbols)(400+ symbols) Writing still Writing still Undecipherable!Undecipherable! Aryans:Aryans: Sanskrit writing, (Rigveda) earliest Indian Literature, consisted of epics and religious texts.

– Some Arabic writing came into India via Persian invasion Some Arabic writing came into India via Persian invasion 513 BCE. 513 BCE.

Mauryan:Mauryan: Ashoka’s Rock & Pillar Edicts Ashoka’s Rock & Pillar Edicts

Harappan Writing

Undecipherable to date.

Sanskrit

writing

““Interactions” between Interactions” between Humans and environment Humans and environment

Population Change (Demography) – Huge population increase over the Population Change (Demography) – Huge population increase over the Aryan, Mauryan, & Gupta civilizations. Aryan, Mauryan, & Gupta civilizations. Diseases- None noted, but possibly, something brought down the Diseases- None noted, but possibly, something brought down the Indus/Harappan.Indus/Harappan.MigrationsMigrations– Indus/Harappan: Came from? Went? Indus/Harappan: Came from? Went? – Aryans: Came from north of the Black Sea area around 1000BCE, by Aryans: Came from north of the Black Sea area around 1000BCE, by

500BCE they were Deccan Plateau at first were herders, farmers, 500BCE they were Deccan Plateau at first were herders, farmers, warriors, priestswarriors, priests

– Mauryan: This empire came about because of the Alexander the Mauryan: This empire came about because of the Alexander the Great’s invasion/migration, and setting up a country in Bactria, Great’s invasion/migration, and setting up a country in Bactria, Chandragupta defeated Seleucus one Alexander’s Lieutenants! Chandragupta defeated Seleucus one Alexander’s Lieutenants!

– Gupta Empire- started to fail because of the migration of central Gupta Empire- started to fail because of the migration of central Asian nomads called the (White) Huns (starting about 450 C.E.) into Asian nomads called the (White) Huns (starting about 450 C.E.) into the area. the area.

Settlement patterns: Native Dravidians Settlement patterns: Native Dravidians Technology (impact on environment) – Irrigation, building of cities and Technology (impact on environment) – Irrigation, building of cities and roads. Smelting of metals etc.. roads. Smelting of metals etc..

Continuity & Change-over-Time-Continuity & Change-over-Time- (C.C.O.T)(C.C.O.T)

Continuities: Continuities: – Early Cultural HearthEarly Cultural Hearth– Irrigation based Irrigation based

advanced, settled urban advanced, settled urban culturescultures

– Conflict between settled Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures and nomadic cultures

– Aryan and later slavery Aryan and later slavery similar to Egypt, but similar to Egypt, but could become freecould become free

Comparisons and Analysis-Comparisons and Analysis-Changes: Changes: – Increased % of people living in settled, agricultural, Increased % of people living in settled, agricultural,

culturescultures– Increased population in advanced, urban culturesIncreased population in advanced, urban cultures– Migrations of Aryans, Migrations of Aryans, – Diffusion of universalizing & ethnic religionsDiffusion of universalizing & ethnic religions– Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy in Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy in

agricultural based societies agricultural based societies – Increased local and later regional trade routesIncreased local and later regional trade routes

Gupta’s protection of Middle East/China Trade routesGupta’s protection of Middle East/China Trade routes

Indian Ocean Trade Indian Ocean Trade

– Rise and fall of empires Rise and fall of empires

Comparison EssayComparison EssayCompare the social and family structures of India Compare the social and family structures of India

and China in the classical period. What are the and China in the classical period. What are the main differences? The main similarities?main differences? The main similarities?

A comparison of classical China and India A comparison of classical China and India exposes the cultural variety of the era.exposes the cultural variety of the era.– Political - Both societies had radically different Political - Both societies had radically different

organizing forcesorganizing forcesIn India, it was the caste systemIn India, it was the caste system

– India's more varied and diverse political experience.India's more varied and diverse political experience.

In China it was Confucianism-influenced political In China it was Confucianism-influenced political structuresstructures

– China's greater emphasis on political structuresChina's greater emphasis on political structures

Comparison EssayComparison Essay– Religion and CultureReligion and Culture

Hinduism produced a sensual, Hinduism produced a sensual, otherworldlyotherworldly(ghostly, (ghostly, eerie), & monolithic (colossal) religious atmosphere in eerie), & monolithic (colossal) religious atmosphere in India India

While the more While the more secularsecular Confucianism and Daoism Confucianism and Daoism competed for the attention in Chinacompeted for the attention in China

– Economy- Though each had an agriculturally-Economy- Though each had an agriculturally-based economybased economy

Merchants were valued in India Merchants were valued in India

Merchants were looked down on in China Merchants were looked down on in China

Comparison EssayComparison Essay– Science and Mathematics Science and Mathematics

Indians were more theoreticalIndians were more theoretical

China emphasized practical findings China emphasized practical findings

The greatest similarity between the twoThe greatest similarity between the two– Culture- Culture- The civilizations were similar in their The civilizations were similar in their

extensive inequality and patriarchy;extensive inequality and patriarchy;Both cultures had the dominance of men.Both cultures had the dominance of men.

Differences existed in the tone of patriarchal culture Differences existed in the tone of patriarchal culture – In India showed more emphasis on beauty, cleverness, and In India showed more emphasis on beauty, cleverness, and

sexuality in women, sexuality in women, – While China displayed a more While China displayed a more stereotypicalstereotypical (an oversimplified (an oversimplified

standardized image of a person or group)standardized image of a person or group)emphasis on female emphasis on female deferencedeference ( (polite respect, especially putting another person's polite respect, especially putting another person's interests firstinterests first).).