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CLASSIFICATION
Finding Order In Diversity
Linnaean Taxonomy. In Wikipedia [Web]. Retrieved 03/09/2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Definition of Taxonomy
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally
accepted name Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle
1
Why Classify?1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
2. Taxonomists are able to organize organisms into groups that have biological importance.
Why Classify?3. Classification makes life easier. What are
some ways we classify in our daily living?
Assigning Scientific Names
1. Using common names is confusing because manyorganisms may have several different common
names. 2. For example, the cougar is also known as the mountain lion, puma or catamount…thus the need for a scientific name.
Scientific name: Puma concolor
Assigning Scientific Names
3. A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-word naming system for naming all species on Earth.
4. This two-word naming system is called Binomial Nomenclature.
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Assigning Scientific Names
5. The first part of the scientific name is the genus name. This word is always written first with the first letter capitalized. This name appears in italics or is underlined.
6. The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second and is not capitalized. This name also appears in italics or is underlined.
Write the scientific name for humans:Genus name: Homo
Species name: sapien
Homo sapien or H. sapien
Linnaeus’ System of Classification1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system
of classification includes seven levels. They are, from largest to smallest, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
2. In taxonomic nomenclature, each level is called a taxon (plural: taxa) or taxonomic category.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Linnaeus’ System of Classification
3. The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories.
4. Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic categories.
5. The more taxonomic categories that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.
What do the scientific names of each bear tell you about their similarity to each other? Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Application of Linnaeus’ Classification System
Organism Cat Wolf FlyKingdom Animalia Animalia AnimaliaPhylum Chordata Chordata Arthropod
aClass Mammalia Mammalia InsectaOrder Carnivora Carnivora DipteraFamily Felidae Canidae MuscidaeGenus Felis Canis Musca
Species domesticus lupus domestica
Application of Linnaeus’ Classification Systmem
1. What type of animal is M. domestica?
2. Which two animals listed on the table are most closely related?
3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)?Family Level
Evolutionary Classification
1. Darwin’s theories on descent with modification have led to the study of phylogeny, which is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
2. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent or phylogeny and not just physical similarities.
3. Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history is called evolutionary classification.
Evolutionary Classification and Cladograms
1. Cladograms are tree-like diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Three Domains Cladogram
EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
A B C D E F
Clade orlineage
Speciation:formation of twoNew species from one
TIME
Evolutionary Classification and Cladograms
2. Cladistic analysis identifies and considers new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time.
3. Derived characters are those that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members.
4. When a derived characteristics appears ahead of an organism listed on a cladogram, the organism lacks that derived characteristics.
5. When a derived characteristics appears below, beneath, or before the organism, the organism possesses or has that derived characteristics.
CLADOGRAM
Hagfish
Fish FrogLizard
Mouse
Pigeon
Fur &MammaryGlands
Clawsor Nails
Chimp
Feathers
Lungs
Jaws
VENN DIAGRAMS
1. VENN Diagrams can be used to make models of hierarchical classification schemes. A Venn diagram is shown below:
C.
B.
A.
D.
• Four groups are represented by circular regions• Each region represents different taxonomic
levels.• Regions that overlap, share common members.• Regions that do not overlap do not have
common members.
C.
B.
A.
D.
Matching:
C.
B.
A.
D.
C
B
D
A
Mammals Animals with backbones Insects
All animals
Citations
1. In Wikipedia [Web]. Retrieved 03/09/2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetles
2. Carlolus Linnaeus. In Wikipedia [Web]. Retrieved 03/09/2007, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus