Classification

Grizzly bear

Ursus arctos

Polar bear

Ursus maritimus

Giant panda

Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Binomial Nomenclature

Do Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the same species? To the same genus?

Linnaeus’s classification system

Kingdom

Phylum / Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Grizzly bear

Ursus arctos

Polar bear

Ursus maritimus

Giant panda

Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Binomial Nomenclature

Do Ursus arctos and Ursus maritimus belong to the same species? To the same genus?

Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification

Classifying organisms using dichotomous keys (field guide) A device that can be used to easily identify an

unknown organism. 

consists of a series of two part statements (describe characteristic of organisms). 

At each step the user is presented with two choices. 

As the user makes a choice about a particular characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key.  Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism that they are trying to identify.

Constructing Dichotomous Keys

Take a look at the group of objects and separate them into two groups based on a single distinguishing characteristic.

Then continue to separate each of the groups until each object has its own separate set of characteristics.  

Cladogram

Cladogram is a diagram that shows evolutionary relationship among group of organisms.

Cladistic analysis identifies and considers only those characteristics of organism that are evolutionary innovation-new characters that arise as lineage evolve over time.

Characteristics that appear in recent part of lineage but not in its older members are called derived characteristics. They are used to construct cladogram.

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/Trex/phyframe3.html

Classification based on visible similarities

Classification based on phylogeny Organisms share traits Have recent common ancestorShare Evolutionary history

Changing number of kingdoms

Six Kingdom Classification

BACTERIA– Eubacteria

ARCHAEA– Archaebacteria

EUKARYOTA– Protista– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia

Classification of living things

Kingdom Eubacteria Archae

bacteria

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell type prokaryote prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

Cell wall

Structure

Cell with peptidoglycan

Cell without peptidoglycan

Cell wall of cellulose in some, some have chloroplast

Cell wall of chitin

Cell wall of cellulose, chloroplast

No cell wall or chloroplast

Number of cells

Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular. Some multicellular

Most multicellular. Some unicellular

Multicellular Multicellular

Mode of nutrition

Autotroph or Heterotroph

Autotroph or Heterotroph

Autotroph or Heterotroph

Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

Example Streptococcus E. Coli

Cyanobacteria(blue green algae)

Extremeophiles

Methanogens, Halophiles

Protozoa, Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Mushroom, yeasts

Mosses, Ferns, flowering plants

Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals

Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

BACTERIA-Eubacteria

Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell wall with peptidoglycan Ecologically diverse Autotroph / Heterotroph E.g.Streptococcus, E.coli, Cyanobacteria

ARCHAEA-Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell wall without peptidoglycan Autotroph/Heterotroph Most live in very harsh climates

and extreme environments - extremophiles E.g. Methanogens,Halophiles,Thermoacidophiles

EUKARYOTA-Protista

Eukaryotic Unicellular, some are multicellular Autotroph/Heterotroph Some have cell wall with cellulose Some have chloroplast E.g.Amoeba, Paramecium, Slime mold

EUKARYOTA-Fungi

Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotroph Cell wall of chitin Mycelium : a mass of hyphae, No root, stem and leaf Reproduce by forming spores No chlorophyll

– Saprophytic or parasitic

E.g.Mushroom, Yeast

EUKARYOTA-Plantae

Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotroph Chloroplast Cell wall of cellulose Can be divided into two groups:

– Non-flowering plants (e.g. algae, moss, fern, gymnosperms– Flowering plants (e.g. angiosperms)

EUKARYOTA-Animalia

Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotroph No Cell wall, No chloroplast Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone:

– Invertebrates : without backbone– Vertebrates : with backbone