Classification of Classification of Living ThingsLiving Things

_______________ = _______________ = branch of biology that branch of biology that names and groups names and groups organisms according to organisms according to theirtheir _________________________ _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? Flippers?

____________________________________________________ How has organism changed in fossil How has organism changed in fossil record?record? What other organisms is it related What other organisms is it related to?to?

TAXONOMY

CHARACTERISTICS

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago.

(300 B.C.)

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle 384 B.C.E. Aristotle 384 B.C.E. (Before Common Era)(Before Common Era)

Classified organisms as either plants or animals

He developed the first two kingdoms

Today we now have six identified kingdoms

Animal, plant, protist, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi

4

Aristotle’sAristotle’s Classification Classification SystemSystem

1616thth Century Classification Century Classification SystemSystem

1717thth Century Century

Problems?Problems? Common names (popular name)can be misleading

Sea cucumber sounds like a plant

but… it’s an animal!

Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is!

Problems?Problems?Common names vary from place to place

Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal

Problems?Problems? Same organisms have different names in different countries.

ChipmunkStreifenhornchen (German)Tamia (Italian)Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Solution?Solution?Some early scientists devised

scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN.

RED OAK

Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

PROBLEMS?Names too hard and long to remember!

“oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair like bristles”

Names don’t show relationships between different animals

Carolus Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!comes to the rescue!

Devised a new classification system based on _________________

(Organism’s form and structure)

(1707-1778)

MORPHOLOGY

Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

Carolus Linnaeus 1707-Carolus Linnaeus 1707-17781778Classification systemTaxonomic groups of

related organismsCame up with the

scientific name (two names)

Homo sapiensAlso known as

binomial nomenclature

14

Linnaeus’s SystemLinnaeus’s System

Grouped in a _____________

of 7 different levels

Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________

HIERARCHY

SCIENTIFIC NAME

17

SpeciesSpecies

Organisms that can only reproduce with their own kind.

18

??

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrder

Family Genus

SpeciesEach is called a taxa or taxon.

KingdomPhylum

Class Order

Family Genus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Panthera

leo

Scientific NameScientific Name

Vampire batDesmodus rotundus

Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus

Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg

Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

Our Scientific Our Scientific NameName

Humans

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

Classification of ManClassification of ManKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies Homo sapiens

24

Modern TaxonomyModern Taxonomy

Kidspiration by Riedell

Hint for 6 Kingdoms:Hint for 6 Kingdoms:Aunt = ArchaebacteriaPatty = ProtistEats= EubacteriaPizza = PlantAnd = AnimalFruit = Fungi

Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

Single celledProkaryoticMake or absorb

foodCell wall

◦ peptidoglycan

27

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria

Single celledProkaryoticMake or absorb

foodDNA

◦ Similar to EukaryoticCell wall

◦ Pseudopeptidoglycanor protein only

28

Kingdom ProtistKingdom Protist

Single celledEukaryoticIngest or produce

food

29

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

MulticellularEukaryoticCell wall

◦ ChitinAbsorb food

30

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

MulticellularEukaryoticCell wall

◦ CelluloseProduce food

(autotroph)◦ photosynthesis

31

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaMulticellularEukaryoticHeterotrophMovement for

surviveSexual

Reproduction

32

MODERN TAXONOMYMODERN TAXONOMYorganizes living things in the context of _________________Evolution

http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

How the organism has changed over time…years.

CladogramCladogram

Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms

Each clad (group) share something in common

Ancestral traits are the oldest

Derived traits evolved later

34

Cladogram for Cladogram for TransportationTransportation

Wheels are the most ancestral

Wings are the most derived

35

Construct a CladogramConstruct a Cladogram

36

GorillaGorilla

Four limbsFurLost tail

37

TigerTiger

Four limbsFurTail

38

LizardLizard

Four limbsTail

39

FishFish

Tail

40

ChimpanzeeChimpanzee

Four limbsFurLost tail

41

Clad With 4 LimbsClad With 4 Limbs

42

Clad With FurClad With Fur

43

Clad With No TailClad With No Tail

44

Gorilla Tail?Gorilla Tail?

How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?

45

Gorilla’s Vestigial TailGorilla’s Vestigial Tail

46

Gorilla Human

47

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds Mammals

MODERN TAXONOMYMODERN TAXONOMY

Fossil recordMorphology

Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms:1. ___________________2. ____________________3. ______________________4. ______________________5. ______________________

Embryology: development in womb

ChromosomesDNA

How organisms have changed over time

Shape and function

Embryology= zygote, embryo, fetus

1. FOSSIL 1. FOSSIL RECORDRECORD

Evolutionary history = _____________

PHYLOGENY

We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record.

http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

2. MORPHOLOGY2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function

 Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

Bat wing and human armdevelop from same embryonic structures

 Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

Bird wing and butterfly winghave evolved with similar function BUTdifferent structureinside.

Insects and birds NOT closely related!

ANALOGOUSSTRUCTURES

http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html

http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg

3. 3. EMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY

Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related

Kidspiration by RiedellImage sources: see end of show

Image SourcesImage Sources

 http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif

http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/

http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html

http://www.gifs.net

 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif

http://www.drtoy.com/news/

http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif

http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

http://www.gifs.net

 http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc

http://www.animationlibrary.com

http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg