Classification of Organisms

Campbell’s Biology

Chapters 26-34

TAXONOMYthe study of the classification and scientific naming of living things.

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Binomial Nomenclature

Musca domestica

Homo sapiens

Gorilla gorilla

Quercus rubra

Canis familiaris

Felis domesticus

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

Prokaryotic Wide range of feeding mechanisms

Heterotrophs: - Autotrophs• Saprophytes Chemosynthetic• Parasites Photosynthetic • Commensals• Mutualists

Range of Respiratory Mechanisms:AerobesFacultative AnaerobesObligate Anaerobes

Range of Morphology:CocciBacilliSpirillaStrepto-Staphylo-

Range of Reproductive Mechanisms:TransformationTransductionConjugationBinary Fission

Kingdom Archaebacteria

OLD! Cell Wall is NOT made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Well adapted to HARSH

environments!Halophiles (in Salton Sea)Methanogens (in sewers, soil,

swamps,dig.tracts)Thermoacidophiles (HOT / Acidic )

Kingdom Eubacteria

Associated Structures: Peptidoglycan cell wall Plasmids Capsules Flagellen Endospores

Gram NEGATIVE vs. Gram POSITIVE

Gram Negative:

thin cell wall

retains saphranin stain

ex: Enterobacteria (E. coli)

Spirochetes (T. pallidum)

Cyanobacteria

etc. see notes

Gram PositiveThick peptidoglycan cell wallRetain crystal violet stainAll heterotrophic!Ex: lactic acid bacteria (dairy products) Streptococci (strept throat, scarlet fever) Staphylococci (skin infections) Clostridia (tetanus, gangrene, botulism)

Actinomycetes (leprosy / tuberculosis)

Bacterial Infection and disease

See Prokaryotes and Disease

(Chapter 27)

Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Tuberculosis air droplets Syphilis sexual

transmission Mononucleosis air droplets Tetanus injury Pneumonia air droplets

The Others

Viruses * chapter 18 Kingdom Protista chapter 28 Kingdom Fungi chapter 31

The Endosymbiont Theory

Paramecium caudatum

Entamoeba histolytica

Trypanosoma

Candida albicans

http://www.med.sc.edu:85/mycology/thrush.jpg

http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/fungi.htm

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

Protista Animalia

Evolution of Animals: Protozoans

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular Heterotrophic Reproduce sexually Lack cell walls Motile @ some stage in development Rapid response to external stimuli

Invertebrate Animal Phyla Porifera sponges Cnidaria jellyfish Platyhelminthes flatworms Nematoda roundworms Annelida earthworms Mollusca snail,clam,octopus Arthropoda insects, spiders,

shellfish Echinodermata seastars

VertebrateAnimal Phylum

Chordata!

Chordate Classes Agnatha jawless fish Chondricthyes sharks, rays Osteicthyes bony fish Amphibia frogs, salamanders Reptilia snakes, turtles, lizards Aves birds Mammalia mammals!

Mammalian Characteristics Endothermic (warm blooded) Body Hair Mammary Glands!

Mammalian Orders

Monotremes Marsupials Placental Mammals

Body Symmetry

Radiata

- exhibit radial symmetry

- Diploblastic-

2 layers of tissue form during embryonic development

ex: phylum Cnidaria

phylum Ctenophora

Bilateria Bilateral Symmetry

Triploblastic –

3 layers of tissue during embryonic dev.

ectoderm (nervous, integ systems,eye)

mesoderm (skeletal,muscle,blood,kidney)

endoderm (GI / resp. tracts)