Classification Taxonomy Cognitive Learning Systems, Inc © 2008.

ClassificationTaxonomy

Cognitive Learning Systems, Inc © 2008

Organisms


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Classification

What is classification?

Why classify?


Classification Systems


The concept of classifying organisms dates back to 300 B.C.

Over the course of many centuries, different classification systems were used.

It was Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century that is credited with establishing the basic system of classification that we still use today.

He developed a system that classified organisms based on similarities and differences in physical features and characteristics of organisms. His system began by looking at individual organisms and grouping the organisms that appeared similar into a category called species. Different species had different characteristics.



Linneaus also noticed that there were species that shared some characteristics.

Species that shared some common characteristics were grouped together in a category called genus.

He continued this level of classification, creating larger and larger groups that were defined by shared traits. Examples of these larger groups were orders, classes and kingdoms.



Based on new research and new information, many scientists today use a system similar to the one proposed by Linnaeus.

One of the most frequently used systems has eight categories or groups.

The term taxonomy is used when classifying organisms based on this system. The eight categories are:

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

How is the taxonomic system organized?


The taxonomic system is based on physical phenotypes and characteristics. Although Linnaeus created it by looking at individual organisms, it is sometimes easier to understand by starting with the larger categories or taxa.

Organisms are grouped into large categories or taxa called domains.

Domains are divided into kingdoms.

Kingdoms are divided into phyla.

Phyla are divided into classes.

Classes are divided into orders.

Orders are divided into families.

Families are divided into genera (genus).

Genera are divided into species.

Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species



1. Does the diagram show all of the domains, kingdoms, phyla, etc. of the taxonomic system?

2. Does each category (taxa) of the taxonomic system have only two options?

3. Are there always the same number of taxa in each level of the taxonomic system?

Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species



1. Are there more species of organisms than kingdoms?

2. Does each taxa represent smaller and smaller groupings of similarities?

3. Would you find more differences than similarities in organisms from higher levels of taxa as compared to lower levels?

4. Is the taxonomic system a HIERARCHAL system?

Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species

Domains


Most scientists recognize THREE domains of organisms.

Eukaryota

Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes

Includes protists, algae, plants, fungi and animals

Range from microscopic to macroscopic.

Archaea

Unicellular prokaryotes that tend to live in HARSH conditions where other organisms CANNOT survive

Microscopic

Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes

Microscopic

Widespread, living in almost every environment, including in the gut of animals

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Domain: Bacteria


Classification of bacteriaUnicellular prokaryotesSome are grouped by shape.

Some are grouped by conditions under which they grow.

aerobic- require oxygen to growanaerobic- require NO oxygen for growth

Some are classified by similarity in DNA.

Some are classified by differences in their chemical make-up.

rods cocci (circular)

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Domain: Bacteria


Pathogenic

Some staphylococcus bacteria produce skin infections.

Some streptococcus bacteria can cause strep throat.

E.Coli and salmonella bacteria can cause food poisoning.

Beneficial

Some bacteria help ferment wine and cheese.

Some bacteria help produce yogurt.

Some bacteria help break up waste at water and sewage treatment plants.

Some bacteria produce antibiotics such as streptomycin.

Some bacteria live in our gut and breakdown food.

Domain: Archaea


Unicellular prokaryotes

Many live in harsh conditions in which other organisms would not survive such as hot springs, acidic water or high salinity water.

Not as much is known about these organisms as they were “discovered” as a separate domain of organisms about 25-30 years ago.

They are classified by differences in DNA and RNA structure and by the environment in which they live.

It is thought that they may have been some of the earliest organisms on the Earth.

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Check Understanding


1. One taxonomic system used by scientists begins by classifying organisms into domains. How is the rest of the taxonomic system organized?

2. Describe how organisms in the Bacteria Domain are different from organisms in the Eukaryota Domain.

ClassificationEukaryota Domain: Fungi and Plant Kingdoms


What Can You Recall?


1. Where would you find more differences than similarities in two organisms? In two organisms that share the same phylum or from two organisms that share the same genus?

2. How are the organisms in the Bacteria domain similar to the organisms in the Archaea domain? How are they different?


Domain: Eukaryota

Characteristics found in ALL Eukaryotes

Nucleus

DNA is found inside the nucleus

DNA is divided into pieces called chromosomes

Contain a cytoskeleton

Contain other organelles

Most eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis

Characteristics found in SOME Eukaryotic Cells

Flagella- a “tail” or “thread” that helps move the cell

Cell wall- a rigid structure outside the cell membrane.

Chloroplasts- organelles that contain pigments needed for photosynthesis nucleus

Domain: Eukaryota


One way of classifying the organisms within the Eukaryota domain is by grouping them into 4 kingdoms

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Protists


FungiExamples

Yeast, mold, mildew and many more

Common characteristics

Heterotrophic: They obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. They do NOT have chloroplasts and CANNOT make their own food.

They secrete digestive enzymes into the environment to break down organic matter. They then absorb the nutrients.

They have cell walls made of chitin. This is a different material from plant or bacterial cell walls.

Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mushrooms).

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Fungi Roles

Symbiosis with plants

Most plants have fungi which grow on their roots.

Fungi help to soak up water and nutrients and provide the nutrients to the plants.

The plant provides the fungi with sugar that it made during photosynthesis.

Many plants would not be able to sustain themselves without their fungal partner.

Other Uses

Yeast are used in baking and fermenting.

Mushrooms and truffles are used in/as foods.

Penicillin is produced by a mold.


PlantsExamples

Mosses, worts, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Common characteristics

Plants are photoautotrophic. They produce their own food utilizing light and carbon dioxide

Plants have cell walls made of cellulose. This is a different materials from fungi or bacterial cell walls.

Plants contain chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll and other pigments needed for photosynthesis.

Plants are multicellular.

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Plants

Plants in the Plant Kingdom can be divided into different groups.

In contrast to other kingdoms the next level of classification is sometimes called a DIVISION instead of a phylum.

Classification into divisions is based on differences in the structures, methods of reproduction and seed production of plants.


Classifying PlantsPlants

Non-vascular plants(seedless)

Vascular plants

Seedless plants Seed plants

Flowering plants “Naked seeds”


PlantsNon-vascular plants

They do NOT have xylem and phloem.

They have rhizoids which are similar to roots.

They have leaf-like structures.

They absorb water directly from the ground.

They tend to be small in height because of the difficulty in moving water over long distances.

They reproduce by spores

Examples: mosses and worts

Vascular plants

They have tubes (xylem and phloem) for carrying water and nutrients.

Xylem is a system of tubes that carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.

Phloem is a system of tubes that carries sugars and other nutrients from the leaves and stems to all other parts of the plant.

They have true roots and leaves.

They reproduce by either spores or seeds

Examples: all plants except mosses and worts

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Vascular Plants

Seed plants

They are vascular plants because they have a system of tubes.

They reproduce using seeds.

Examples: gymnosperms and angiosperms (pine trees, flowers, maple trees, evergreens, etc.)

Seedless plants

They are vascular plants because they have a system of tubes.

They reproduce using spores.

Examples: ferns, clubmosses, horsetails

Images courtesy: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck,www. Mbr-pwr.usgs.gov; and : Jennifer Anderson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database


Seed Plants

Angiosperms(Flowering plants)

Seeds develop in an ovary and are enclosed within a flower or fruit.

Examples: roses, maple trees, tulips

Gymnosperms(Naked seeds)

Seeds develop on the surface of reproductive structures. For example, seeds develop on the surface of cones in pine trees.

Examples: conifers (evergreens and pine trees), cycads, and ginkgos

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Check Understanding


1. Describe two ways in which fungi and plants are alike. Describe two ways in which fungi and plants are different.

2. Describe two different ways in which plants can be classified.

Classification:Eukaryota Domain: Animal and Protist Kingdoms


What Can You Recall?


1. How are plants, fungi, animals and protists all ALIKE?

2. Describe one way in which a non-vascular plant is different from and one way in which it is similar to a vascular plant.

3. Explain how you would classify a pine tree based on the following categories:

non-vascularvascularseedlessseedflowering non-flowering


Animal KingdomCharacteristics

Heterotrophic: Animals do NOT make their own food. They must ingest other organisms for nutrients.

Multicellular

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Animal Kingdom

The animal kingdom can be divided into phyla according to similarities and differences in DNA and RNA, body structures and symmetry.

As scientists continue to research organisms, the number of phyla and the organisms in them continue to be modified.

The diagram on the next slide shows ONE of the currently accepted divisions of the animal kingdom into phyla.


Animal Kingdom

Porifera (sponges)

Cnidaria (hydras, corals, sea anemones)

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Rotifera (rotifers)

Lophophorates

Nemertea (worms with a proboscis)

Mollusca (clams, snails, squids)

Annedlia (segmented worms)

Nematoda (roundworms)

Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)

Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins)

Chordata (lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates such as mammals)

Phyla of the Animal Kingdom


Animal KingdomIn addition to classification into phyla, scientists also use other groupings to help classify animals. These groupings are not part of the system of taxonomy, but they are a method of classification.

One way to classify animals is to divide them into vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone. Invertebrates do not.

Vertebrates

This group only includes animals in the Chordata phyla.

This group includes the following CLASSES: mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds

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Animal KingdomInvertebrates

Animals in all other phyla.

This group includes jellyfish, spiders, insects, sponges, crustaceans, etc.

Starfish

Sponges

Snails

Octupuses

Lobsters

InsectsSpiders

Jellyfish

Worms

Images courtesy: afsc.noaa.gov; http://images.fws.gov; and www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov

http://images.fws.gov/


Animal Kingdom

Another way to classify animals is by how they regulate their body temperature. Two groups of animals are ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) and endotherms (warm-blooded animals).

Ectotherms Have a body temperature regulated by their surroundings or environment.

“Warm up” by moving into sun on onto warm surfaces.

“Cool down” by moving into shady or cool places.

Examples: Reptiles, fish, amphibians and most invertebrates

Endotherms Have a body temperature regulated by their metabolism and other internal systems for cooling the body.

Can maintain a steady body temperature even when environmental temperature changes.

Examples: Mammals, birds, some fish, a few reptiles, and some insects.


Protists

Originally this kingdom was defined as eukaryotic organisms that did NOT have characteristics of plants, animals or fungi.

Research today that focuses on DNA and RNA structure is just beginning to define some of the characteristics of this kingdom.

Characteristics

Eukaryotes

Most are unicellular.

Most require a moist environment to live

Some can form colonies

Some can photosynthesize

Some use structures such as flagella to move

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Protists

The Protist Kingdom can be divided into phyla based on differences in how food is obtained, pigments, flagella, composition of a cell wall and environments in which the organisms live.

As with plants and animals, scientists have also created informal categories (not taxonomic categories) to help classify protists.

Algae

“Plant like protists”

Photosynthesize

May move

Example: green, red and brown algae

Protozoa

“Animal like protists”

Ingest food

May move

Example: amoebas, plasmodium (causes malaria)

Slime molds

“Fungi-like protists”

Absorb nutrients like fungi

Can move


Classification and Taxonomy You have just explored a portion of the three domains and four kingdoms used in one of the scientific classification and taxonomic systems.

Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species

Do you remember the following diagram?

What levels of the taxonomic system did you investigate?

Which levels did you NOT investigate?


Classification and Taxonomy

Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species

You did NOT investigate and memorize all of the organisms in the different phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species.

How could you look at the taxonomy of different organisms and draw conclusions about their similarities?


Binomial Naming System

Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species

One way to compare two organisms or to correctly identify an organism is to use the scientific name for an organism.

The scientific name comes from the Binomial Naming System.

“Binomial” means “two.”

An organism is given TWO names as its scientific name.

It is named with its genus and species.

This system was not discovered but was put into common practice by Carolus Linnaeus.



Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species

When using the scientific name, the first letter of the genus name is capitalized. All other letters of the genus and species names are lowercase.

The scientific name can either be underlined or put in italics.

Example: scientific name (binomial name) for “modern humans”

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens

If the name is used several times in a publication, it can be abbreviated after writing in full the first time. Examples

H. sapiens , E.coli, T. rex



Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

class class

order

family

genus

species

order

family

genus

species

Compare these two organisms.

Homo erectus

Homo sapiens

What conclusions can you make?

Are they the same species?

Are they from the same genus?

Are they from the same family?

Are they from the same order?

Are they from the same class?

Are they from the same phylum?

Are they from the same kingdom?


Using TaxonomyAnother way to compare organisms would be to look at the entire taxonomic classification of two organisms.

What conclusions can you make about the similarities that humans and armadillos may share?

Check Understanding


1. Describe two ways in which animals can be classified.

2. How are protists different from plants, fungi and animals?

3. Explain the type of information a scientific name can tell someone about an organism.

ClassificationMaking and Applying Connections


Making and Applying Connections1. In which of these animals is body temperature NOT regulated by

changes in its environment or surroundings?


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Making and Applying Connections2. The table below shows eight different animals. Which of the following

conclusions can you make?

A. All of the animals belong to the same phylum.

B. All of the animals that are NOT in the Chordata phylum are invertebrates.

C. All of the animals in the Chordata phylum are reptiles.

D. All of the animals are vertebrates.

Animal Phylum Vertebrate

Alligator Chordata Yes

Bee Arthropoda No

Frog Chordata Yes

Bear Chordata Yes

Starfish Echinodermata No

Salmon Chordata Yes

Spider Arthropoda No

Octupus Mollusca No


Making and Applying Connections

3. Madeline noticed that some types of organelles are not found in all protists. She plans to research the type of organelles in protists and whether the protists can photosynthesize or cannot photosynthesize.

Which of these questions is Madeline most likely trying to answer?

A. Does the type of organelles differ between protists that photosynthesize and those than do not photosynthesize?

B. Does the type of photosynthesis differ between protists?

C. Does the type of cell wall differ between protists that photosynthesize and those that do not photosynthesize ?

D. Does the type of organelles differ between protists with different flagella?


4. Which of the following diagrams BEST shows the organization of taxonomic levels from domain through species?



Species

GenusGenus

Family Family

Order Order

Class

Phylum

Kingdom

Domain

Class

Phylum

Kingdom

Domain

A KingdomDomain FamilyPhylum

OrderClass GenusFamily

Species

B

Domain

KingdomKingdom

Phylum Phylum

Class Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Order

Family

Genus

Species

D

Domain

Kingdom FamilyPhylum OrderClass Genus Species

C

Making and Applying Connections5. Which of the following describe the level of classification of

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota?

A. SpeciesB. GenusC. KingdomD. Domain

6. Which of these would be the best evidence that an organism should be classified at the taxonomic level of Eukaryota?

A. It is unicellular.B. It can survive in harsh conditions.C. It is microscopic.D. It has a nucleus.


Making and Applying Connections7. Griffin has been copying the information about the taxonomic classification of

two different organisms into a chart. He leaves for lunch before completing the chart. What would you expect the Class for Organism #2 to be?


A. AnimaliaB. MammaliaC. PlantaeD. Reptila

Making and Applying Connections8. Catherine has been researching organisms from the Amazon jungle. She has

recorded information about each in the table below. What conclusions can she make about the organisms?

A. Organisms 1, 2 and 3 are most likely fungi. B. Organisms 1 and 2 are most likely bacteria. C. Organisms 1 and 2 are most likely animals. D. Organism 1 is most likely a plant.

Organism Observations Nucleus Type of Organism

1 Has a cell wall made of chitin Yes Unicellular

2 Obtains nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients from a substance.

Yes Unicellular

3 Has a filamentous structure Yes Multicellular



9. Which of these explains how plants are different from animals and fungi?

A. Plants are multicellular. B. Plants have a cell wall. C. Plants are photoautotrophic. D. Plants have a nucleus.


Making and Applying Connections10.Juanita has collected the following information about a plant. What is the

scientific name of the plant?


A. Flowering-seed plant B. Vascular-seed plant C. Plantae magnoliophyta D. Pisum savitum

Domain Eukaryota

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Fabales

Family Fabaceae

Genus Pisum

Species Savitum

Non-vascular No

Vascular Yes

Seedless No

Seed Yes

Type of Seed Flowering

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