Clauses, Conjunctions, and Sentence Structures 7th Grade Grammar

Conjunctions

Conjunctions • You are going to watch a

video about the different types of conjunctions. • Coordinating • Correlative • Subordinating

• While you watch the video, take copious notes

• Leave a space in your notes after each type of conjunction. We will be adding approximately 1/3 of a page of information to each type.

• http://www.brainpop.com/english/grammar/conjunctions/

Coordinating Conjunctions • Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

consectetur adipiscing elit. • Cras bibendum vestibulum dolor vel

ullamcorper. Nullam sit amet placerat purus.

• Pellentesque habitant morbi

Correlative Conjunctions • tristique senectus et netus et

malesuada fames • ac turpis egestas. Sed non • enim at lectus pharetra fringilla.

Conjunctions

• A CONJUNCTION connects words or groups of words.

• There are three types of conjunctions: • Coordinating

• Correlative

• Subordinating

Conjunction Junction (You do not have to take notes): http://safeshare.tv/w/apZodWAIyX

Coordinating Conjunctions • A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION connects similar

words or groups of words. • For

• And

• Nor

• But

• Or

• Yet

• So

Practice Coordinating Conjunctions

DIRECTIONS: try to fill in the blanks using the appropriate conjunction. Use commas if necessary. 1. My dad _______ I are going fishing this afternoon. 2. The old man doesn’t have much money _____ he

always seems to have nice things. 3. I don’t have much time _____ hurry up! 4. He wasn’t a popular king _____ all of his country

men hated him. 5. I want to get there early ____ we should leave

soon. 6. We don’t like red ____ do I like blue. 7. I ran after the cat _____ could not catch her. 8. We played very well ____ we still lost the game.

Correlative Conjunctions • Pairs of words that connect similar kinds of words

or groups of words.

• FYI: A correlation is a mutual relationship or

connection between two or more things • For example, there is a strong correlation between the

times Billy pretends not to hear his parents and the times when he is sent to his room.

Correlative Conjunctions

• Both…and

• Either…or

• Neither…nor

• Not only…but also

• Whether…or

Correlative Conjunctions Practice 1. You should either study for your test or finish your homework. 2. Neither Rory nor Amy plays the trombone. 3. The girl not only won the game but also received a prize! 4. "Education is not the filling of a pail but the lighting of a fire.“

(William Butler Yeats) 5. "To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but

also dream; not only plan, but also believe." (Anatole France)

6. "Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." (Benjamin Franklin)

7. "It is difficult to produce a television documentary that is both incisive and probing when every twelve minutes one is interrupted by twelve dancing rabbits singing about toilet paper." (Rod Serling)

8. "Either you decide to stay in the shallow end of the pool or you go out in the ocean." (Christopher Reeve)

Correlative Conjunctions Practice 1. You should either study for your test or finish your homework. 2. Neither Rory nor Amy plays the trombone. 3. The girl not only won the game but also received a prize! 4. "Education is not only the filling of a pail but also the lighting of a

fire.“ (William Butler Yeats) 5. "To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but

also dream; not only plan, but also believe." (Anatole France)

6. "Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." (Benjamin Franklin)

7. "It is difficult to produce a television documentary that is both incisive and probing when every twelve minutes one is interrupted by twelve dancing rabbits singing about toilet paper." (Rod Serling)

8. "Either you decide to stay in the shallow end of the pool or you go out in the ocean." (Christopher Reeve)

Be Careful!!!!!

• "A rule of traditional grammar limits the use of correlative conjunctions to two elements. Sentences using three or more correlative conjunctions are widely viewed as erroneous in their construction. Thus sentences like the following are widely viewed as mistakes: Both her mother, her father, and her sister are great public speakers. The team has neither the talent, discipline, nor stamina to win the championship."

• The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton Mifflin, 2005

Subordinate Conjunctions

• A subordinate conjunction • Provides a necessary transition between the two ideas in

a sentence. This transition will indicate a time, place, or cause and effect relationship

• Reduces the importance of one clause so that a reader understands which of the two ideas is more important

• A subordinate conjunction is essential for creating a subordinate clause

Subordinate Conjunctions

Until

When

Whenever

Whereas

Where

Whenever

Where

Wherever

While

Conjunctions

If

In order that

Since

Still

So that

Than

Though

Unless

Rather than

In order to

Subordinating

After

Although

As

As if

As long as

As though

Before

Even though

Common

Practice Subordinating Conjunctions 1. He behaves ___ _________ he rules the world.

2. We started moving _____ he took his foot off the brake.

3. ___________ _____ kill living animals for food, I am going to become a vegetarian.

4. I waited ________ my mom paid for the groceries

5. I ran _____________ I was scared.

6. We will go running ______ we tie our shoes.

7. We can eat lunch ___________ you like.

8. ______________ I get happy I smile.

9. I’m not leaving ________ you say you’re sorry.

10. We cannot go skiing __________ we have skis.

11. I turned the key __ _______ __ start the car.

12. I want to go ________ money grows on trees.

Practice Subordinating Conjunctions 1. He behaves as though he rules the world.

2. We started moving after he took his foot off the brake.

3. Rather than kill living animals for food, I am going to become a vegetarian.

4. I waited while my mom paid for the groceries

5. I ran because I was scared.

6. We will go running after we tie our shoes.

7. We can eat lunch if you like.

8. As I get happy I smile.

9. I’m not leaving until you say you’re sorry.

10. We cannot go skiing unless we have skis.

11. I turned the key in order to start the car.

12. I want to go where money grows on trees.

Be Careful! • Sometimes what appears to be a subordinating

conjunction is actually a preposition.

• To differentiate between the two, decide if the word is a part of a prepositional phrase or a clause • The changes made in the budget will not take place until next year.

Preposition

• Until she learns how to play the banjo, Amy must play the guitar. Subordinating conjunction

• The depletion of the forests for grazing land is affecting the climate worldwide. Preposition

• Amy decided not to go to the mall, for she had not finished her homework. Coordinating conjunction

• Before answering this question, consider the consequences. Preposition

• Maybe Alicia will stop here before she leaves for Paris. Subordinating conjunction

Conjunctive Adverbs • Recognize a conjunctive adverb when you see one.

• Conjunctions have one job, to connect. They join words, phrases, or clauses together to clarify what the writer is saying. Their presence provides smooth transitions from one idea to another.

• When the job of an adverb is to connect ideas, we call it a conjunctive adverb. Here is the list:

accordingly

also besides

consequently conversely

finally furthermore

hence

however indeed instead likewise

meanwhile moreover

nevertheless next

nonetheless otherwise similarly

still subsequently

then therefore

thus

Conjunctive Adverbs A conjunctive adverb can join two main clauses. In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves like a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a semicolon, not a comma, to connect the two clauses:

• The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty calculus problems to solve for her morning class.

• Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.

• The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair.

Conjunctive Adverbs A conjunctive adverb will also introduce, interrupt, or conclude a single main clause. In this situation, you will often need commas to separate the conjunctive adverb from the rest of the sentence.

• Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her to dinner one night soon.

• After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, however.

If the break is weak, do not use comma(s).

• Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.

• The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.

Review DIRECTIONS: Find the conjunction (or conjunctive adverb) and decide if it is: Coordinating Conjunction, Correlative Conjunction, Subordinating Conjunction, or Conjunctive Adverb?

1. The drivers left the deserted station and headed for the next stop.

2. Without a map to guide her, Susan pushed through the jungle after her plane crashed.

3. The governor works harder than anyone on his staff does.

4. Ted thinks that idea is good; nonetheless, you will still need to persuade the boss.

5. Because most of the contributions were made this month, the organization is able to pay the rent.

6. Chris is excited, but Anthony is absolutely hysterical.

7. Either you need to leave or they will be forced to call security.

8. As fair as the system is, it is not perfect.

9. Theo said that he wanted to go with us to the movies.

10. Not only the Mets but also the Yankees are in the World Series.

11. The test is offered tomorrow; otherwise, you will need to wait until next term.

12. Does the coordinator know when the plane leaves?

13. Tess can take the money or risk everything on the next question.

Review DIRECTIONS: Find the conjunction (or conjunctive adverb) and decide if it is: Coordinating Conjunction, Correlative Conjunction, Subordinating Conjunction, or Subjunctive Adverb?

1. The drivers left the deserted station and headed for the next stop. Coordinating

2. Without a map to guide her, Susan pushed through the jungle after her plane crashed. Subordinating

3. The governor works harder than anyone on his staff does. Subordinating

4. Ted thinks that idea is good; nonetheless, you will still need to persuade the boss. Conjunctive Adverb

5. Because most of the contributions were made this month, the organization is able to pay the rent. Subordinating

6. Chris is excited, but Anthony is absolutely hysterical. Coordinating

7. Either you need to leave or they will be forced to call security. Correlative

8. As fair as the system is, it is not perfect. Subordinating

9. Theo said that he wanted to go with us to the movies. Subordinating

10.Not only the Mets but also the Yankees are in the World Series. Correlative

11. The test is offered tomorrow; otherwise, you will need to wait until next term. Conjunctive

12. Does the coordinator know when the plane leaves? Subordinating

13. Tess can take the money or risk everything on the next question. Coordinating

Clauses

Take Notes

• Watch the following video and take copious notes.

• http://www.brainpop.com/english/grammar/clauses/

• Leave a space under each section of notes. You will be adding more information later.

• You will learn about • Subordinate (dependent) and independent clauses

• Simple and complex sentences

• Noun, adjective, and adverb clauses

Clauses • There are two kinds of clauses 1) Independent • An independent clause has a subject and a predicate

(verb) and can stand alone as a sentence. • This stand-alone sentence is called a simple sentence.

S V My lovely llama loves lollypops.

S V Every day, I give him a new flavor.

Clauses • There are two kinds of clauses: 2) Subordinate (dependent) • A dependent clause has a subject and a predicate but cannot

stand alone as a sentence. • After reading a dependent clause, the reader is left with a

question, not a complete thought. • When left to stand alone, a dependent clause is a fragment. • Subordinating Conjunctions are used to begin most dependent

clauses.

S V When they heard the banjo music.

S V After he played a song.

Grammar Tip

•All clauses are either independent or subordinate (dependent).

Google Docs Practice- Highlight each independent clause and make each dependent clause red. Underline the subordinating conjunction.

1.Jason took a nap before he left for his friend's house.

2. You can keep your privileges as long as we continue to see progress.

3.Hannah wasn't feeling well, which Dad noticed immediately.

4. Although you may disagree, I still say Sheila is the best person for the job.

5.There would be less tension between them if they could just see eye to eye.

6.I'm bringing my homework along even though we don't plan to stay long.

7.George, whom I've never met before, seemed like a pretty nice guy.

8.In order that we may be respectful of the presenters, please turn off your cell

phones.

9.I knew this was going to be an exciting game when Andrew took his first swing.

10.Margaret, whose earrings I borrowed last week, told her dad that she was

tired and wanted to go home.

Dependent Clauses are in Bold:

1.Jason took a nap before he left for his friend's house.

2. You can keep your privileges as long as we continue to see progress.

3.Hannah wasn't feeling well, which Dad noticed immediately.

4. Although you may disagree, I still say Sheila is the best person for the job.

5.There would be less tension between them if they could just see eye to eye.

6.I'm bringing my homework along even though we don't plan to stay long.

7.George, whom I've never met before, seemed like a pretty nice guy.

8.In order that we may be respectful of the presenters, please turn off your cell

phones.

9.I knew this was going to be an exciting game when Andrew took his first swing.

10.Margaret, whose earrings I borrowed last week, told her dad that she was tired

and wanted to go home.

Sentences

Simple Sentences • A simple sentence is a sentence with one independent

clause. • Note what the definition does not say. It doesn't say

that a simple sentence is short or easy to understand.

• It doesn't say anything about phrases.

• A simple sentence can have forty-seven phrases, but only one independent clause.

• Let's look at an example: I love simple sentences. • (That's easy enough. It is obviously one independent

clause.)

• But look at this: Being an English teacher with a penchant for syntactical complexity, I love simple sentences.

Simple Sentences Just like the last examples showed you, simple sentences can take many forms:

• One subject and verb – The siren sounded.

• Compound subject – Cats and dogs ran down the street.

• Compound verb – My sister acts and sings in the play.

• Compound subject and verb – Art and archaeology reflect and explain Jerusalem’s history.

• Compound direct object – He opened the letter and the box.

• Compound prepositional phrase – It can rain from the east or from the west.

• Practice: WB page 83, Exercise 1

Compound Sentences • A compound sentence contains two or

more independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction OR a semi-colon. • I love chocolate ice cream, but my

sister loves vanilla. • I love chocolate ice cream; my sister

loves vanilla. • Sometimes a compound sentence

contains more than two independent clauses. • I love chocolate ice cream, but my

sister loves vanilla, and my brother likes strawberry.

• Sometimes the independent clauses are joined by a conjunctive adverb and a semi-colon. • I have an ice cream machine at my

house; therefore, my friends love to visit me!

• Practice: WB page 83, Exercise 2

Complex Sentences • A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or

more dependent clauses.

• If the dependent clause comes first, it DEPENDS on a comma and an independent clause to be a complete sentence. • EX: When the fog lifted, we continued our trip.

• If the independent comes first, no comma is necessary before the

dependent clause. • EX: We continued our trip when the fog lifted.

• The dependent clause could also split up the independent clause.

• EX: The person who will speak last is my sister.

Example: The man, who was wearing a bow-tie, and the woman, who was wearing red shoes, began to dance the tango after the music began.

The independent clause is in blue, the dependent clauses are green, red, and yellow.

Practice: WB page 85, Ex. 1 & page 86 Ex. 1

Identifying Sentence Structures – Identify each sentence as simple, compound, or complex.

1. Johann Sebastian Bach came from a musical family, and several of his sons also became composers.

2. He lived in Germany and served as a violinist, organist, and choir director.

3. Back wrote hundreds of compositions, but he did not gain fame during his lifetime.

4. Most of Bach’s compositions were ignored until long after he died.

5. When they are played today, Bach’s compositions please audiences.

Source: Prentice Hall Writing & Grammar Grade 7

Identifying Sentence Structures - Practice

Write a sentence of each type (3). Underline each

subject and verb.

Identifying Sentence Structures – Practice

Write a sentence of each type (3).

Underline each subject and verb.

1. Simple: I like pie.

2. Compound: I like pie, and I also like ice cream.

3. Complex: When I eat pie, I like to eat ice cream.

Identifying Sentence Structures – More Practice Identify each sentence as simple, compound, or complex.

1. The Beatles consisted of four musicians in their twenties. 2. Because they were quite poor, they struggled at first. 3. They could not afford music lessons, so they taught

themselves to play and sing. 4. They had been playing together for several years before

they had their first hit record. 5. They listened to many American recordings, and then they

added new ideas to their music. 6. Because the group’s voices blended so well, many of their

songs feature strong harmonies. 7. The Beatles had long hair, but they wore suits on stage. 8. Others, such as the Rolling Stones, had a different image. 9. They wore casual clothes and sang more raucous songs. 10.Whereas the Beatles sang a lot of love songs, the Rolling

Stones focused on blues. Source: Prentice Hall Writing & Grammar Grade 7, Page. 451

Identifying Sentence Structures – More Practice Identify each sentence as simple, compound, or complex.

1. Asian musicians use different instruments from those used by Western musicians, so their music sounds different.

2. While most Western music has harmony, traditional Chinese music has no harmony.

3. Two Chinese stringed instruments, the quin and the pipa, are very popular.

4. Bamboo grows extensively in Japan, and many Japanese instruments are made from bamboo.

5. One bamboo flute, which is called the shakuhachi, can be found in every Japanese orchestra.

Source: Prentice Hall Writing & Grammar Grade 7, Pg. 451, Ex. 41

Identifying Sentence Structures – More Practice • Write your own simple sentence. • Write your own compound sentence using a comma and coordinating conjunction.

• Write your own compound sentence using a semi-colon and a conjunctive adverb.

• Write your own complex sentence with the dependent clause coming first.

• Write your own complex sentence with the independent clause coming first.

Identifying Sentence Structures – More Practice

• Write your own simple sentence. • I love shoes.

• Write your own compound sentence using a comma and coordinating conjunction. • I love shoes, and I love shopping.

• Write your own compound sentence using a semi-colon and a conjunctive adverb. • I love shoes; however, I only buy them on

clearance. • Write your own complex sentence with the

dependent clause coming first. • After I shop for shoes, I am happy.

• Write your own complex sentence with the independent clause coming first. • I am happy when I shop for shoes.

Adjective Clauses

• An ADJECTIVE CLAUSE is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun (dependent clause acting like an adjective)

• The koala, who was climbing a tall tree, decided to rest.

• The koala that is resting winked at me!

• The eucalyptus tree, which is the koala’s favorite food, grows best in Australia.

(more examples on next page)

Adjective Clauses

1. The student whom I asked for help turned pages of music for me. (which student?)

2. By pushing the pedal that is connected to the drum, you will make sound. (which pedal?)

3. In the centuries that followed, other instruments with strings were invented. (which centuries?)

4. The piano, whose strings were hit by hammers to produce sound, can be mad louder or softer by the foot pedals. (what kind of piano?)

5. At the moment when the pedal is pushed, the damper inside the piano changes the tone. (which instrument?)

Adjective Clauses- Tips

An adjective clause

• Usually follows the noun or pronoun that it modifies

• Often begins with a relative pronoun (that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why)

• May begin with an adverb but function as an adjective clause • This is the house where I

used to live.

Underline the Adjective Clause in Each Sentence (Docs) 1. Mike, whose ancestors came from Ireland, marched in

the St. Patrick's Day parade. 2. The woman who lives next door is a registered nurse. 3. Williamsburg, Virginia, is a place that I'd like to visit. 4. Math, which is Dave's favorite subject, has always been

easy for him. 5. There is the house that I'd like to buy. 6. Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here in

another week. 7. We live just twenty miles from O'Hare Airport, which is

the world's busiest airport. 8. Newton, Iowa, is the town where Barbara was born. 9. That dog that you found belongs to the Olsons. 10. Mr. Hartman is a history teacher who also coaches track. 11. For dinner, we had chicken fried steak, which is my

favorite dish.

Practice Adjective Clauses 1. Mike, whose ancestors came from Ireland, marched in

the St. Patrick's Day parade. 2. The woman who lives next door is a registered nurse. 3. Williamsburg, Virginia, is a place that I'd like to visit. 4. Math, which is Dave's favorite subject, has always been

easy for him. 5. There is the house that I'd like to buy. 6. Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here in

another week. 7. We live just twenty miles from O'Hare Airport, which is

the world's busiest airport. 8. Newton, Iowa, is the town where Barbara was born. 9. That dog that you found belongs to the Olsons. 10. Mr. Hartman is a history teacher who also coaches track. 11. For dinner, we had chicken fried steak, which is my

favorite dish.

Adverb Clauses

• A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb

• Answer the questions: • Where? When? In what way? To what extent? Under

what conditions? Why?

• Always introduced by a subordinating conjunction • The subordinating conjunction will usually appear at

the • Beginning (when an adverb clause begins a sentence) • In the middle (if the adverb clause is at the end or the

middle of the sentence).

(examples on the next page)

• Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached. (How did Tommy scrub?)

• Josephine’s three cats bolted from the driveway

once they saw her car turn the corner. (When did they bolt?)

• After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet. (Why did Danielle cook an omelet?)

Adverb Clauses

Underline the Adverb Clause in Each Sentence (Docs) 1. Vince becomes nervous when he speaks in public. 2. Nero fiddled while Rome burned. 3. If the jacket is too big for you, I can alter it. 4. Mother took a nap while Amy and I went bicycling. 5. Phone us when you arrive in town. 6. Take a walk until dinner is ready. 7. The movie was just beginning as we bought our tickets. 8. When we arrived in Seattle, we took a taxi to our hotel. 9. Since I'll be late for dinner, I will get a sandwich

downtown. 10. Whenever you make a promise, you must keep it. 11. She can swim better than Bob can. 12. Since they left Cleveland, the Smiths have lived in three

other cities. 13. When you listen to music on the radio, do you hum along

with it?

Adverb Clauses - Practice 1. Vince becomes nervous when he speaks in public. 2. Nero fiddled while Rome burned. 3. If the jacket is too big for you, I can alter it. 4. Mother took a nap while Amy and I went bicycling. 5. Phone us when you arrive in town. 6. Take a walk until dinner is ready. 7. The movie was just beginning as we bought our tickets. 8. When we arrived in Seattle, we took a taxi to our hotel. 9. Since I'll be late for dinner, I will get a sandwich

downtown. 10. Whenever you make a promise, you must keep it. 11. She can swim better than Bob can. 12. Since they left Cleveland, the Smiths have lived in three

other cities. 13. When you listen to music on the radio, do you hum along

with it?

Adjective & Adverb Clauses – Practice (Docs) Underline and identify the adjective and adverb clauses. Highlight the word each clause modifies.

1. The arts, which differ greatly in each Indian state, have been highly developed in India for thousands for years.

2. Indian music is based on a different scale from the one Western culture uses.

3. Its harmonies, which have different sounds as a base, are distinctive.

4. Even though the music is different, the instruments are similar to those of the Western world.

5. In India, some stringed instruments look like long guitars, although they have many more strings.

Source: Prentice Hall Writing & Grammar Grade 7 Pg. 451, Ex. 40

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