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8/7/2019 Clauses- sintaksa
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Finite ClausesFinite Clauses
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Types of Sentences� Simple
� Compound� Complex
� Compound Complex
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Clauses� Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence
� Clauses have a verb - one main verbper clause
� Finite Clauses - Verb inflected for tense
� Non-Finite
± Infinitive
± Participial, including Gerunds
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Types of Embedded Sentences
� Subordinate Clauses (Adverbial)
± Indicate time, place, manner, cause, or condition
± Usually preceded by a subordinator
� Relative Clauses (Adjectival)
± Relative Pronouns
± Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses
� Complement Clauses (Nominal)
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Complement Clauses
� Appear as an NP
� Can be the subject of the sentence[That you like bananas] is surprising.
� Can be an object
I know [that you like bananas.]
� Can be replaced by a pronoun
(It is surprising; I know it .)
� That is a complementizer.
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Direct
Discourse
� Direct discourse is when a person is quoted:H e said, ³You took my cheese.´
� IndirectDiscourse is when a person isparaphrased. H e said that you took my cheese.
� In direct discourse, time, place, and participants
are tied to the original utterance.She said, ³The treasure is buried here.´
H e said, ³Is your party tomorrow.´
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Interrogative Complement Clauses
� One of the NPs in the complement clause isreplaced by an interrogative pronoun
� Examples:
± I know [who stole my cheese].
± I heard [what you said].
± I wonder [how they did that].
� Notice that the WH-word appears at the beginningof the clause and that no question mark is used.
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NonNon--Finite ClausesFinite Clauses
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Non-Finite Clause: Infinitives� Introduced by to or for to.
± I want [to buy the cheese].
± [To err] is human.± [For him to err] is terrible.
� Can also appear without to:
± I heard him break the cookie jar.
± H e made me eat my spinach.
� Can be nominal, adverbial (I bought it [to surprise you].),or adjectival ( H e was the last person [to talk to me.]). Seepage 357.
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Chris wants (Chris) take my cheese
S
NP VP
MVP
MV
NP
S
NP VP
MV NP
N
N
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Chris wants
take cheese
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Chris wants Bill take my cheese
S
NP VP
MVP
MV
NP
S
NP VP
MV NP
N
N
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Chris wantstake cheese
Bill
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To and For/To Infinitives
� Sentences with infinitive clauses as subject usefor if the subject is part of the clause
± For you to say that is shocking.
± To say that is shocking.
� Sentences with for/to clauses as direct objects areless direct than those with to
± She sent him to buy supplies.
± She sent for him to buy supplies.
± She asked him to leave.
± She asked for him to leave.
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Bare vs. to Infinitives
� Tied to degree of likelihood that event took place
� She made him shave
She let him shave
--> He shaved
� She asked him to shave.
She wanted him to shave.
--> He might not have shaved.
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Types of Verbs Taking
Complement Clause
� Modality Verbs ± want, try, begin, fixing to
� Manipulative Verbs ± make, force, beg,order, let, ask, tell
� Perception ± see, hear, watch
� Cognition ± know, understand, hope, think
� Utterance ± say, reveal, announce
� P-C-U verbs tend to take that complements
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Reminder: Non-Finite Clauses
� Infinitives
± To-Infinitives
± For-To-Infinitives
± Bare Infinities
� Participles
± Present Participial Clauses± Past Participial Clauses
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Participial ClausesParticipial Clauses
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Present Participial Clauses
� Adverbial
± W alking to work, I spotted an eagle.
± W hile walking to work, I spotted an eagle. (ellipticalsubordinate clause)
± Many people having seen the eagle, I am now satisfied.
� Adjectival
± The people standing on the street were watching the
eagle.
� Gerund (Nominal)
± W atching the eagle was fun.
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Usage: Dangling Modifiers
� Dangling Infinitives
± E ager to work, my tools lay before me.
± To feel rewarded, a job must be well-paying.
� Dangling Present Participle
± Flying high in the sky, I spotted an eagle.
± Standing on a cliff, the ocean inspired me.
� Dangling Past Participle
± H ard boiled, I took the eggs out of the water.
± Fed well, the entertainment began.
± Sauced and seasoned, I tasted the entrée.
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Nominative Absolutes
� Actually Adverbials, but still called ³nominative´
� Tensed form of the verb or auxiliar y BE is deleted
� Examples: (pp. 395-396)± H is mind on the test, Bill entered the classroom.
± The children fed and put to bed, Pat and Chris relaxed.
± My hair a mess, I wandered into the classroom.
± E yes gleaming, they ran into the playground.
± They ran into the playground, their eyes ablaze.
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Practice: Adverbial, Adjectival, or Gerund
1. The children playing in the street should bewarned.
2. Visiting professors can be boring. (trick question)
3. W histling loudly, I walked into the dark.
4. E ducated as to the facts, the citizen voted.
5. My jumping into the lake amused my family.6. The test given to the students was easy.
7. Pumped, the kids began the contest.
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I spotted eagle
ng
work
Adverbial Present Participle
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I spotted eagle
ng
street
Adjectival Present Participle
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I spotted an eagle (eagle) walking on the street
S
NP VP
MVP
MV
ADJPS
NP
VP
MV PREPP
PRO NDET
NP
Adjectival Present
Participle
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We enjoyed
song
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We enjoyed he singing that song
S
NP VP
MVP
MV
NP
S
NP VP
MV NP
PRO
N
(his)