ANATOMY 35 LAB UNIT 1 STUDY GUIDECLAVICLE

1. sternal end –flat end2. acromial end –rounded end3. conoid tubercle (“cone shaped”) –near round end4. Acromioclavicular joint

SCAPULA Right or left scapula?1. Superior border (superior margin)2. Medial border (vertebral margin) 3. Lateral border (axillary margin)4. Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)5. Infraglenoid and supraglenoid tubercles6-7. inferior angle, superior angle 8. Scapular spine9. Acromion process10. Coracoid process (“hook shaped”)11. Scapular notch (suprascapular notch)12-14. supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa

HUMERUS. Right or left?1. Head2. Greater tubercle 3. Lesser tubercle 4. Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) 5. Anatomical neck6. Surgical neck7. Deltoid tuberosity 8. Medial epicondyle9. Lateral epicondyle (skip)10. Capitulum 11. Trochlea 12. Supracondylar ridges (medial and lateral)13. Coronoid fossa14. Radial fossa15. Olecranon fossa

ULNA. Right or left?1. Olecranon process2. Coronoid process (“crow’s beak”)3. Semilunar notch (trochlear notch)4. Radial notch (or groove)5. Styloid process6. Head7. Ulnar tuberosity

RADIUS Right or left?1. Head2. Neck

3. Radial tuberosity4. Styloid process5. Ulnar notch6. Proximal and distal radioulnar joints

How to tell R and L Scapula:Hold the scapula by the spine and place the subscapular fossa behind you on top of your own shoulder blade (smooth side against your skin). The glenoid cavity should face laterally, not towards the vertebral column.

How to tell R and L Humerus:Hold the humerus on the anterior surface of your arm with the olecranon fossa touching your skin (facing posteriorly). What direction is the head facing? It should be should face medially towards the body.

How to tell R and L Ulna:Bend your elbow 90 degrees, then place the ulna on your forearm with the semilunar notch facing the ceiling. The radial notch should be on the thumb side, not the pinky side because the radius is on the thumb side.

Study Tip:Don’t get the conoid (“cone shaped”) tubercle of the clavicle mixed up with the coracoid (“hook shaped”) process of the scapula or the coronoid (“crow’s beak shaped”) process of the ulna and of the mandible!Scapula has a “c” and so does coraCoid.Ulna and Mandible have an “n” and so does coroNoid.

How to tell R and L RadiusPlace the radius on your forearm with the styloid process on the thumb side, facing laterally. The smooth side of the bone should be against your skin.

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CARPALS 1. TRAPEZIUM (by the thumb)2. TRAPEZOID (right beside thumb)3. CAPITATE (base of 3rd met)4. HAMATE (base of 4-5th mets)5. TRIANGULAR or triquetrum (lateral-most)6. PISIFORM (on palmar side, under triangular)7. LUNATE (the one next to scaphoid)8. SCAPHOID (the largest; near the thumb)

METACARPALS; They are numbered metacarpal 1-5 (write “2nd metacarpal, 4th metacarpal”, etc)PHALANGES: Proximal, intermediate, distal, (write “1st distal phalanx, 2nd intermediate phalanx”, etc)NOTE: The thumb is called the pollex The hand is called the manus

LOWER EXTREMITY

OS COXA (or Pelvic bone or Innominate bone): It looks like one bone but it is the fusion of 3 bones during childhood (ileum, ischium, and pubis):

1. Acetabulum2. Obturator foramen 3. Pelvic brim

ILIUM1. Iliac crest2. Iliac fossa 3. Anterior superior iliac spine 4. Anterior inferior iliac spine 5. Posterior superior iliac spine 6. Posterior inferior iliac spine 7. Greater sciatic notch8. Arcuate line9. Sacroiliac joint10. Auricular surface

ISCHIUM1. Ischial spine2. Ischial tuberosity3. Lesser sciatic notch

PUBIS1. Superior ramus2. Inferior ramus3. Pubic symphysis4. Symphyseal surface 5. Pubic crest6. Pubic arch

Mnemonic for carpals:“Physical Therapy Lots of Studying, Time

To Come Home”.Physical: pisiformTherapy: triangularLots: lunateStudying: scaphoidTime: trapeziumTo: trapezoidCome: capitatesHome: hamate

How to tell the difference between a male and female pevis:

The female pelvis (R) has a wide pubic arch; the pubic arch of a male pelvis (L) is shaped like a “V”.

How to tell R from L Os Coxa:Place the auricular surface against the clothing on your hip, with the pubis facing anteriorly. The acetabulum should point laterally.

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FEMUR (right or left?)1. Head2. Fovea capitis 3. Neck 4. Greater trochanter 5. Lesser trochanter 6. Intertrochanteric crest 7. Intertrochanteric line 8. Medial condyle 9. Lateral condyle10. Intercondylar notch 11. Medial epicondyle12. Lateral epicondyle (skip)13. Gluteal tuberosity14. Linea aspera15. Popliteal fossa 16. Medial and lateral supracondylar line

TIBIA (right or left?)1. Medial malleolus 2. Medial condyle 3. Lateral condyle 4. Intercondylar eminence5. Tibial tuberosity6. Anterior crest7. Fibular notch

FIBULA 1. Head2. Lateral malleolus

FOOT:TARSALS:

1. TALUSa. Facet for medial malleolusb. Facet for lateral malleolus

2. CALCANEUSa. Calcaneal tuberosity

3. NAVICULAR4. CUBOID5. CUNEIFORMS (MEDIAL, INTERMEDIATE, LATERAL)

METATARSALS (1-5). The 5th metatarsal has a STYLOID PROCESSPHALANGES (proximal, intermediate, distal)

PATELLA1. Apex2. Base3. Articular facet for medial condyle of femur4. Articular facet for lateral condyle of femur5. Medial and lateral border

How to tell R and L Femur:Place the femur on the anterior surface of your thigh, with the linea aspera touching your skin (facing posteriorly). What direction is the head facing? It should be should face medially towards the body.

How to tell R and L Tibia:Place the tibia on the anterior surface of your leg with the tibial tuberosity facing anteriorly (not touching your leg). What side is the medial malleolus on? It should be medial, towards the midline of the body.

How to tell head from malleolus on fibula:The head is flatter on top and the malleolus is pointy at the tip, and the malleolus has its smooth facet more on the side of the bone, instead of on the top.

How to medial from lateral facet on patella:Place the patella on the table, facets facing down. The bone will always fall on the side of the lateral facet, with the medial facet not touching the table.

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THE KNEE1. patellar ligament (or patellar tendon)2. quadriceps tendon3. lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament)4. medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament)5. lateral meniscus6. medial meniscus7. anterior cruciate ligament 8. posterior cruciate ligament

SKULLCranium (the whole skull except for mandible)Calvarium (lid of the cranium)Anterior, Middle, and Posterior cranial fossa

Frontal bone1. Coronal suture 2. Supraorbital foramen (supraorbital notch)3. Superior orbital fissure4. Inferior orbital fissure (actually, this is part of the sphenoid bone)5. Glabella6. Frontonasal suture

Parietal bones1. Sagittal suture2. Squamous suture (squamosal suture)

Occipital bone1. Lambdoidal suture 2. Foramen magnum (for spinal cord and vertebral arteries)3. Occipital condyles4. Hypoglossal canal (for hypoglossal nerve)5. Occipitomastoid suture6. Sutural bones (any tiny bone completely surrounded by a suture)7. Superior nuchal line8. Inferior nuchal line9. External occipital protuberance10. External occipital crest

Temporal bones1. External auditory meatus (eternal acoustic meatus)2. Mandibular fossa 3. Zygomatic process (don’t write “zygomatic” since that is another bone)4. Styloid process5. Mastoid process6. Squamous portion7. Petrous portion (contains the ear ossicles/bones)8. Jugular foramen (for jugular vein)9. Internal auditory meatus (internal acoustic meatus for vestibulocochlear nerve)10. Stylomastoid foramen 11. Tempomandibular joint (TMJ)

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Sphenoid bone1. Sella turcica (where the pituitary gland sits)2. Lesser wings 3. Anterior clinoid process4. Greater wings5. Optic foramen (for optic nerve) 6. Pterygoid processes (“wing-like”)7. Foramen ovale (for trigeminal nerve) 8. Foramen spinosum 9. Foramen rotundum (for trigeminal nerve)10. Carotid canal (for carotid artery; actually, this canal is part of the temporal bone)11. Foramen lacerum

Ethmoid bone1. Crista galli 2. Cribiform plate (area with holes in it for olfactory nerves)3. Olfactory foramina (the holes in the cribiform plate) 4. Ethmoid sinuses 5. Perpendicular plate6. Middle nasal conchae

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Foramen rotundum

Optic foramen

Foramen magnum

Carotid canal

Foramen lacerum

Internal auditory meatus

Jugular Foramen

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NOTE: Do not use the terms hammer, anvil, and stirrup on the exam!

Mandible1. Ramus2. angle 3. Body 4. Condylar process (mandibular condyle)5. Mandibular notch6. Coronoid process7. Alveolar process 8. Mental process9. Mental foramen10. Mandibular foramen11. Mandibular symphysis

Maxilla1. Alveolar processes 2. Maxillary sinuses 3. Zygomatic process4. Infraorbital foramen (for trigeminal nerve)5. Incisive foramen6. Frontal process of the maxilla7. Palatine process of maxilla8. Hard palate9. Palatine suture10. Anterior nasal spine

Palatine bones1. Horizontal portion2. Perpendicular portion3. Pyramidal process

EAR BONES1. Malleus (mallet shaped)2. Incus (anvil shaped)3. Stapes (stirrup shaped)

Other skull bones:1. Zygomatic bones 2. Nasal bones 3. Lacrimal bones Lacrimal canal4. Vomer bone5. Inferior nasal conchae

FETAL SKULL1. Anterior fontanel2. Posterior fontanel3. Mastoid fontanel4. Sphenoid fontanel5. Occipital bone6. Frontal bone7. Parietal bone8. Temporal bone9. Sagittal suture10. Metopic (frontal) suture

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BONES OF THE ORBITSuperior orbit: Frontal boneInferior orbit: MaxillaLateral orbit: Zygomatic boneMedial orbit: EthmoidPosterior orbit: Sphenoid

The zygomatic arch (cheek area) consists of three bones:1) Zygomatic bone2) Zygomatic process of the temporal bone3) Zygomatic process of the maxilla

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Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Zygomatic bone

Ethmoid bone

BONES OF THE ORBIT

Maxilla bone

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ATLAS (Don’t just call it C-1)1. Transverse process2. Transverse foramen3. Anterior tubercle4. Posterior tubercle5. Inferior articular facet6. Superior articular facet7. Facet for the dens of axis8. Vertebral foramen9. Transverse ligament of atlas

AXIS (Don’t just call it C-2)

1. Dens or odontoid process 2. Superior articular facet3. Inferior articular process4. Transverse process5. Transverse foramen6. Spinus process7. Vertebral foramen

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE1. Spinous process2. Transverse process3. Transverse foramen4. Lamina5. Pedicle6. Body7. Vertebral foramen8. Superior articular process

THORACIC VERTEBRAE1. Inferior facet for head of rib2. Superior facet for head of rib3. Facet for tubercle of rib4. Inferior articular process5. Superior articular process6. Transverse process7. Spinous process8. Pedicle9. Lamina10. Body11. Vertebral foramen

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE1. Spinous process2. Transverse process3. Lamina4. Pedicle 5. Body6. Vertebral foramen7. Inferior articular process8. Superior articular process

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SACRUM1. Sacral promontory (upper lip of sacrum on internal side)2. Transverse lines3. Apex (the apex of the sacrum touches the base of the coccyx)4. Sacral foramina5. Median sacral crest6. Ala7. Superior articular process8. Sacral canal9. Lateral sacral crest10. Sacral hiatus

COCCYX 1. Apex2. Base (the base of the coccyx touches the apex of the sacrum)

KNOW THE FOLLOWING ON A VERTEBRAL COLUMN:1. Intervertebral foramina 2. Intervertebral disc

STERNUMMANUBRIUM

Jugular notchClavicular notchesCostal notches

BODYCostal notches

XIPHOID PROCESS

RIBS: (Twelve ribs altogether)

Know the following on a full skeleton only 7 TRUE RIBS 5 FALSE RIBS (2 of these ribs are the floating ribs) 2 FLOATING RIBS COSTAL CARTILAGES

Know the following on a single rib1. Head2. Neck3. Articular tubercle4. Costal angle

HYOID BONE1. Body2. Greater horn3. Lesser horn

How to tell true from false rib:A true rib inserts directly into the sternum (by way of its costal cartilage).A false rib’s costal cartilage inserts into the costal cartilage of the rib above it.Two of the false ribs are floating ribs that have no costal cartilages and do not insert into the sternum at all.

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HISTOLOGY = “tissues”

EPITHELIUM: Simple squamous

Found in lungs (deep region), kidney glomerulus, and blood vessels

Simple cuboidal Found in kidney tubules, hepatocytes (liver), and thyroid follicles

Simple columnarFound in stomach and intestines (areas that secrete substances)Identify goblet cell (secretes mucous)

Pseudostratified columnarFound in trachea and bronchi (not the deep area of lungs)Identify goblet cell (secretes mucous) and cilia

Stratified squamousNon-keratinized: Found in oral cavity, esophagus, anus, vagina (moist skin areas)Keratinized: Found in dry skin areas (epidermis)

Identify stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, dermal papilla, and interpapillary pegStratified cuboidal

Found in sweat glands

Transitional Found in urinary bladder and ureter

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE)Adipose (fat)

Identify adipocyte, nucleus, lipid dropletReticular

Found in lymph node and spleenIdentify reticular fibers

Areolar (Loose)Found in upper dermis and visceral (organ) serous (watery secretion) membranesIdentify fibroblasts (dark nuclei), collagen fivers (wide, pale), elastic fibers (dark, thin)

Dense regular Found in tendons and ligamentsIdentify collagen bundles, fibroblast nuclei

Dense irregular (substitute this in place of dense elastic)Found in lower dermis

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SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Cartilage Types:

HyalineFound in most joints, trachea, nasal septum, costal cartilage, epiphyseal (growth) platesIdentify chondrocytes, lacunae

ElasticFound in outer ear and epiglottisIdentify chondrocytes, lacunae, elastic fibers

Fibrocartilage Found in vertebral discs, meniscus of knee joint, pubic symphysisIdentify chondrocytes

Bone

Compact boneFound in diaphysis (shaft) of long bonesIdentify osteon, central canal, lamellae, canaliculi, osteocytes

Cancellous (spongy) boneFound in epiphysis (ends) of long bonesIdentify trabeculae and bone marrow

BloodIdentify red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet (thrombocyte)

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