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Clean, Affordable and User-friendly Cooking Energy based on Biomass Fuels: Experiences from India Priyadarshini Karve [email protected]
Clean,AffordableandUser-friendlyCookingEnergybasedonBiomassFuels:ExperiencesfromIndia
HistoryofCookingEnergyInterventionsinIndiaTR
ADITIONA
L Rural:Firewoodandagriculturalwastewithmudstoves–one,twoorthreepotholes.Urban:Charcoalandfirewood
1950
s LPGwithtwo/threeburnerstovesKerosenewithpressurisedkerosenestovesCookingfuelsubsidiesDungandfecalmatterbasedbiogasforrural
1980
s Subsidised LPGandkerosen establishedinurban.NationalBiogasandManureManagementProgramme(NBMMP)– subsidydriven,usinganimaland/orhumanfecalmatterasfeedstockNationalProgrammeonImprovedChulha(NPIC)– subsidydriven,mudstoveswithchimneyandfiregrate
HistoryofCookingEnergyInterventionsinIndia
Non-Government
• ShellFoundationsponsoredtwoprojectsforcommercialisation ofimprovedbiomassenergycookingdevices
• Severalmultinationalcompaniesenteredtheimprovedstovesmarket
• SeveralIndiancompanieswithinternationalinvestmentsellingimprovedstoves
• CarbonfinanceusedforpushingbiogasforcookingbyNGOsandsocialenterprises
• Severalindustryassociations
Government
• NationalBiomassCookstovesInitiative(NBCI)- householdandcommercial/institutionalstoves
• DevelopedIndiaspecificemissionsandefficiencystandards
• Establishedtestinglaboratoriesandstartedcertificationprocess
• Unnat Chulha Abhiyan (ImprovedStoveMission)– Subsidyforstovescertifiedaspernewstandards,Targetdriven,butdemonstrationprogramme
2000s
Officialstatistics• NPIC
– Numberofstovestill2002:Morethan30million– Theaveragelifeofthestoves:notmorethan2years– Noimprovedstovesavailableinopenmarket,subsidybenefitnotavailableto
thesamefamilytwice.
• NBMMP– Numberofbiogasplantsinstalledtodate:~5million– Estimatedpercentageofbiogasplantsoperational:lessthan30%– Serviceandmaintenancesupportnotadequate.
• UCA– Targetsfor2012-17: HH:2.4million,Commercial:120thousand,
Institutional:230thousands– Manyentrepreneurscertifiedunderthenewstandardsdonothavethe
reachortheproductioncapacitytocontributetoUCAoruseitasalaunchingpadforasustainablebusiness.
CleanandAffordable??
WoodBiomass
(Traditional)??
CharcoalBiogas
Briquette,Pellet(usedwithappropriatestoves)
Clean
Affordable
Smoky
Expensive
UserFriendliness?• Mostimprovedstovesareusedassecondarystoves,andnotfor
maincookingonadailybasis– Itisnotsuitableforcookingsomeofthetraditionalstapledishes– Firewoodasavailablefreelycannotbeusedorneedsfurtherprocessing– Thestoveisnotsuitedtothelargefamilysize
• Lessthan30%ruralbiogasplantsareoperationalandmostlyvaluedformanurethanforcookingenergy.– Cowdungisnot‘free’asithassaleablevalue.– Notimesavingforwoman,asdailyoperationofthebiogasplantisas
tediousassourcingbiomassfuels.– Gasgenerationdependentonambientweatherconditions– Serviceandmaintenancesupportisnoteasilyavailable
HowCleanisClean?
• WHOairqualitystandardsarenotbeingmetbyanyofthesolidbiomassstovescurrentlyavailableinthecountry.
• Forceddraftgasifiers comeclosesttotheWHOairqualitystandards.– Needelectricity,fan/blower,battery,etc.– Mustuseprocessedfuelsforconsistentperformance– nolongerfreefuel
Challengesforbiogas
• Limitationofambientconditions• Dwindlingnumberoffamily-ownedcattle• Waterscarcity• Increasingsellablevalueofcowdung• Culturaloppositiontohumanwastebasedbiogas• Serviceandmaintenancechallenges
CanBiomassprovideClean,AffordableandUserFriendlyCookingEnergy?
• CurrenttechnologydevelopmentistargetedatmeetingtheemissionandefficiencystandardsONLY.
• Needtobringtheuser’srequirementsintofocus.
• Userisrural,poor,andgenerallyweakestsectionofsociety.
• Itisthestate’sdutytolookaftertheuser’sintereststhroughpolicyinterventions.
• Thereisnotechnologicalbarrier!
CookingEnergyServiceParameters• Versatility_1:Boilingperformance,Roastingperformance,Frying
performance• Versatility_2: Abilitytomodulateheatinputtocookingpot,Ability
tocookmultipleitemssimultaneously,Abilitytodelivernon-cookingthermalenergyservices
• Economics:Operatingexpense,Capitalcost,Possibleearningfromuse
• Safety: Smokeandsootemissions,Stability,Temperatureofouterbody
• DeviceSupply&Support:Durabilityasexpectedlifeinyears,Supportprovidedornot,Manufacturingcapacity
• EnvironmentalImpacts: Energyefficiency,Carbonemissionreductionpotential,CarbonFootprintoverlifecycle
• Fuel/EnergySource:Multi-fuelornot,Availabilityoffuel/energysourcelocally,Fuelprocessingrequiredbyuserornot
AIRECCookingEnergyServiceDecisionSupportTool
AssessmentofcookingenergyproductsonthecombinedbasisofperformanceAND
regionalpreferences,inacomparableway.
Identificationofpreferencesof
serviceparametersfortheregion.
Markingofproductsonperformance
againstallserviceparameters.
Designacertificationprocessbasedonmatchingofpreferencesandperformance.
Samuchit SteamCooker• StainlessSteelSteamCooker.
• Needsonly100-125gcharcoal/charbriquettes.
• Canbeusedonotherstovestoo.
• Slowcooking=tastierandhealthierfood.
• Cookdoesnotneedtopayattention=timesavingforcook.
• Cooksthreeitemsatatime–steamingandboiling.
WasteBiomassto‘Charcoal’• Localproductionunitsfor
convertingwastebiomassintochar– Portablecharringkilns– Handormotoroperated
briquettingmachineforconvertingcharpowderintobriquettes
– Feedstock(forcharpowder):Leaflitter,dryweeds,drygrass,drybushes,agri waste,etc.
– Feedstock(forcharcoal):deadwood,woodwaste,bamboowaste,etc.
ELFDSampada SmokelessStove• Forceddraftstovewithoutelectricity
drivenblower.
• ForbulkcookinginestablishmentlikeMess,Canteen,Restaurant,Caterers,Dininghalls,Roadsideeateries
• Fuelsused:firewood,biomassbriquettes,woodyagro-wasteorforestrywaste,coconutshells,etc.
• Steampowerisusedforcreatingthedraftrequiredforgasification.
• FuelcostsavingcomparedtocommercialLPG:60-85%.
Samuchit HouseholdBiogasPlant
Instructionalvideo
Locallypurchasedtanks
andpipes
BalconyModel:
Size: 0.3m3 digester,0.3m3 gasholder
Capacity: upto2kgkitchenwaste,daily.
Quantityofgasproduced:upto300g
biogas,capableofreplacing100gof
LPG,daily.
TerraceModel:
Size: 1m3 digester,0.75m3 gasholder
Capacity:upto5kgkitchenwaste,daily.
Quantityofgasproduced:upto1kg
biogas,capableofreplacing300gof
LPG,daily.
