CLEAN INDIA MISSION“SWACHCH BHARAT MISSION”

(Rural)

OUTLINE

• Overview of Sanitation in India

• Achievements of Clean India Mission

• Policy Design

• Implementation

• Challenges

• Factors behind success

First Five Year Plan

1954

Central Rural Sanitation Program

1986

Total Sanitation Campaign

1999

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan

2012

Clean India Mission

2014 -Present

1% Rural

Sanitation

Coverage!

(1981 Census)

Journey of Sanitation

Programs in India

CHALLENGE OF SANITATION

• Linked to vicious cycle of poverty

• 1,20,000 children under the age of five died every year from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation in India (as of 2014, WHO Report)

• Open Defecation linked to malnutrition, stunting in children

• Threat to Female privacy and safety

• Environmental Pollution

• Toxins introduced into eco-system harm aquatic life

• Visual, Olfactory disturbance

• Lack of sewer/drainage system in rural areas

ACHIEVEMENTS OF CLEAN INDIA MISSION (RURAL)

Access to sanitation facilities for each and every person

Accomplished by 2019

150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi

38.7

50.85

64.92

84.19

98.28 100

0

25

50

75

100

2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020

Individual Household Toilet Coverage %

Coverage %

ACHIEVEMENTS OF CLEAN INDIA MISSION (RURAL)

• 61.27% increase in HHs with Toilet

• 102.8 million Toilets constructed

• 84,532 Community Sanitation Complexes

• 2,62,734 Villages declared Open-Defecation Free

• Significant reduction on diarrheal deaths observed in ODF Villages

• In the two years since Clean India Mission was launched, the percentage of

under-five children dying from diarrhea came down from 13% to 9% (Global

Health Observatory: WHO)

Sanitation

Health

Improved Productivity

Improved Earnings

Education Unhygienic Conditions

Diseases

Low Productivity

Poverty

Low Awareness

Clean India

Mission

NationalGovernment

State Governments

Districts

Blocks

Villages

Municipalities

Wards

CHALLENGE OF GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

o Population Pressure

o Multiple, overlapping tiers of supervision

o Bureaucratic red-tapism

o Regional variations in language, culture,socio-economic status, governance styles

o Decentralized governance in transition

“1 Unit of Money Spent –> 15% Realized?” 600000

villages!

Divisions

Sub-Divisions

7391.9

million

people!

29

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Base Unit

Prime Minister

Chief Minister

Of State

State Level Apex Committee

State SBM(G) Directorate

District SBM(G) Unit

District Magistrate

Block Program Management Unit

(BPMU)

Block Sanitation Officer

Village Water & Sanitation

Committee (VWSC)

Secretary, Ministry of Rural

Development

Secretary, Ministry of Drinking water and

Sanitation

National Scheme Sanctioning Committee

Monitoring and Evaluation Cell

(NSSO, Registrar-General)

National Resource Centre

Communication Cell

Ministry of I&B, DD, AIR, DAVP, NFDC

Money Given

Directly to

Individual

Clean India Mission Policy Design

Technical

Administrative

Human Resource

Financial

TECHNICAL

o Sustainable Design

o Easy to Build

o Versatile

o Local innovations

o Data analytics & Monitoring systems

FINANCIAL • Projected Total Requirement : USD 15.1

billion

• Resources pooled from multiple programs

• World bank USD 1.5 billion loan agreement

• Corporate donations

• “Swachch Bharat Cess” (till 2017)

• Clean India Fund (CSR donations)

• Three Expenditure Heads:

1. Administrative

2. Awareness Creation 5%

3. Construction Money

2500 2300 2850

6525

10500

13949

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

15000

Annual Allocation for Clean India

Mission (Rural)

(in INR Crore)

ADMINISTRATIVE• Flexibility to States

• Decentralized set-up

• Streamlined Institutional Mechanism

“PM:CM:DM:VM” model

• Rapid Action Learning Units (RALU)

• Compile and disseminate best practices

• Resolve issues/improvise

• Beyond “one size fits all”

• Synergy between government and NGOs

HUMAN RESOURCE

• Strong Focus on Training

• “CLTS Program”

• Financial incentives

• Special team of “Preraks”(consultants)

hired at National, State and District Level

to head PMUs

• Locally sourced Technical staff for District

PMU

• Data Operators

• Grassroot Volunteers

• Trained Masons

IMPLEMENTATION

VILLAGE LEVEL

Pre-triggering

• Awareness Creation

Triggering

• Money Transfer

• Construction

Post-Triggering

• Sustained Use

IMPLEMENTATION

Metric shifted from building toilets to ending open defecation – Behavioral Change

Motivate individuals to build their own

or

Village Elected Body to engage vendors

Mobilizing Local Teams

• Regular Meetings

• Financial Incentives

• Flexible Fund disbursal to villages

Supervision/Coordination

• “War Rooms” at district/block

level

• Village elected body held

accountable

Marketing

• Regular Workshops/Trainings

with stakeholders

• Inter-sectoral linkages established• Gender Empowerment and Female

Dignity

• Mother & Child Health

• Hand-wash educational campaigns in

Schools

• River Ganga revival campaign

IECINFORMATION, EDUC ATION, COMMUNIC ATION

• Stakeholder participation

• Women mobilised

• Recognition to local residents, NGOs, Companies

• Tax Incentives

• Behavior change guidelines, Mass Education guidelines

• Gender sensitive information

• Menstrual Management guidelines 2015

• Gender guidelines 2017

• Brand Ambassadors from various fields

• Commercially Successful Movies, popular songs, marketing campaigns

• Activities: Darwaza Band campaign, Swachch Iconic Places, Local Cleanliness Drives etc

• Large scale events

INDOSAN 2016, Women’s Conclave 2016, National IEC Convention 2016, Swachh Shakti 2017 for a cross section of stakeholders such as Village heads, sanitation workers, motivators, development partners

ISSUES(IMPLEMENTING ON THE GROUND)

• Idenitification of beneficiaries

• Multiple overlapping surveys

• Slow Behavioral Change – ending “freebie culture”

• Funds released in installments: difficult to sustain momentum

• Limited supply of construction material and skilled labor

• Over-Reporting

• Faulty construction

• Village Politics!

• Weak local government

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

• Individual Survey

• Name, Unique ID, Bank Account, Family Details, Contact number

• MIS based reporting

• 2 stage photo uploading

• Geo-Tagging

• Financial MIS

• Third Party random inspections

• Complaint Redressal

• Feedback

FACTORS BEHIND SUCCESS

• Strong leadership

• Dedicated Bureaucracy

• Bottom-Up planning

• Universal Coverage

• Effective IEC drive

• Inter-sectoral linkages

• Clear targets/deliverables

• Incentivizing good performance

ROLE OF DONORS/DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS

• “Development Management” Approach

• Sustainable Designs

• Idenitifying blockages in execution (Role of RALU)

• Capacity Building at local level

• Training of personnel

• Progress Evaluation

• Impact Assessment

• Health Indicators

• Women safety

CHALLENGES REMAIN…

• Sustainability

• Top-down monitoring needs to be replaced with self-regulation

• Towards Solid-Liquid Waste Management

• Waste Collection

• Waste Segregation

• Localized Treatment units

• Recycling

THANK YOU