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7/29/2019 Clear Creek Presentation CEEN 482
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CEEN 482
Hydrology and Water
Laboratory
Fall 2013
Terri S. Hogue
Associate Professor
T.A.: Paul Micheletty
M.S. Student HSE Program
What is hydrology?
Study of the movement, distribution, and quality ofwater
on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic
cycle, water resources and environmental watershed
sustainability.
A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working
within the fields ofearth orenvironmental science,
physical geography, geology orcivil and environmental
engineering.
Subfields: hydrometeorology, surface hydrology,
hydrogeology, water resource management and water
quality, where water plays the central role.
What is a watershed?
Definition: Land area (or water area) defined by a boundary
(topographic high) that collects water, stores water, and
discharges water through 1 outlet
Cornerstorne of Hydrologic Studies:
Water Balance or Water Budget
Water Budgetaccounting system for hydrologic cycle
Use systems approach to formulate water budget
What is a control volume???
A conceptually defined region (control volume)
capable of receiving a sequence of inputs of a
conservative quantity, storing some amount of that
quantity, and producing outputs
What is a conservative quantity?
Can not be created or destroyed in system (mass, momentum,
energy)
I(t)O(t) = dS/dt
What are the inputs and outputs for our system??
a) Natural System?
b) Urbanized (altered) System?
IO = dS/dt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water7/29/2019 Clear Creek Presentation CEEN 482
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Water Budgets
Basic Components ofNatural System
Precipitation
Evaporation (Evapotranspiration)
Infiltration
Percolation
Recharge
Lateral Flow
Surface Runoff
Groundwater Flow
Water Budgets
Basic Components ofUrbanized System
Precipitation Evaporation (ET)
Infiltration Percolation
Recharge Lateral Flow
Surface Runoff Groundwater Flow
Pumping (GW out)
Imported water (irrigation!!)
Leaky infrastructure (pipes, canals, ditches)
Wastewater discharge
Others??
Precipitation
Flux of water from atmosphere to earth
Highly variable in space and time
Some precipitation evaporates before reaching earths surface
(remains in atmosphere as water vapor)
Evaporation
Vaporization / sublimation of water from lakes, rivers, land
(veg, soil), oceans
transferred back to the atmosphere
Majority of water evaporates over the oceans
and is re-precipitated (~90%)
Transpiration
Occurs through plants which take up infiltrated
water (and/or groundwater) and return
A portion of this to the atmosphere through
leaf stomata
Evapotranspirationlumped together in most
hydrologic applications
Infiltration
precipitated water that enters the soil zone may go to channel as
interflow (lateral flow) or may percolate (move to groundwater)
Groundwater
water discharged into rivers, oceans, springstypically
observed as baseflow in river systems
Surface Runoff
water that does not infiltrate due to:
- saturation excess (soil pores filled with
water/ water table rises)
- infiltration excess (ppt. rate > inf. rate)- impermeable surfaces
Importance of components varies temporally!
Intra-storm (during a storm event)
evaporation/transpiration minor componentsbaseflow sometimes minor (system dependent)
precipitation and surface runoff dominate
some infiltration usually occurring
Inter-storm (between storms)
no precipitation, no surface runoff
evapotranspiration major component
baseflow major component
12
Water Balance Equation
Re(t)R(t)ET(t)OWU(t)P(t)dt
dS(t)
Re(t)R(t)ET(t)OWU(t)P(t)
0dt
dS(t)termLong
Uncertainty
watershed
boundary
Storage
S(t)
Evapotranspiration
ET(t)
Runoff
R(t)
Precipitation
P(t)
Outdoor Water Use
OWU(t)
Recharge +
Re(t)
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Systems approach to formulate a water budget
Water Balance Solution
PE
Qin
Qout
G (?)
VariableConversions:
A = 3,716 m2
Qin = 6,307,200 m3/yr
Qout = 7,884,000 m3/yrP = 1022 m3/yr
E = 9439 m3/yr
Water Balance Equation:
I-O = s/t
Qin + PE - Qout + G = 0
G = -1.57 x 106 m3/yr in to the pond
Our Study System:
Clear Creek WatershedClear Creek Watershed
USGS Gaging Site Clear Creek Clear Creek Watershed
History
The creek is famous as the location of the most intense early mining
activity during the Colorado Gold Rush of 1859.
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Clear Creek Watershed
Water Supply
Clear Creek and its tributaries serve as the primary water supply
source for several upper-watershed towns (Silver Plume,
Georgetown, Empire, Idaho Springs, Black Hawk, Central City) and
industries, including Loveland Ski Area and Henderson Mine.
Clear Creek is the principal surface water source for numerous
lower-watershed entities as wellCoors Brewing Company, many
agricultural users, the City of Golden, Arvada and Standley Lake
Reservoir, which provi des potable water to more than 350,000
residentsin the cities of, Northglenn, Thornton, and Westminster.
Clear Creek Watershed
Parameter Value
6-hour, 100-year precipitat ion, in inches 2.62
Mean basin slope computed from 10m DEM, in
percent
39.3
Area that drains to a point on a stream in square miles 394
Mean Basin Elevation in feet 9950
Mean annual precipitat ion, in inches 24.44
Percentage of basin above 7500 ft elevation 94.1
Basin Characteristics (Calculated from StreamStats)
Clear Creek WatershedLandcover Map
Classification %
Open Water 0.19Perennial Ice/Snow 4.83
Developed, Open Space 1.49Developed, Low Intensity 0.93
Developed, Medium Intensity 0.15Developed, High Intensity 0.01
Barren Land 5.37Deciduous Forest 2.21Evergreen Forest 57.72
Mixed Forest 0.11Shrub/Scrub 7.10
Grassland/Herbaceous 18.66
Pasture/Hay 0.01Woody Wetlands 1.19
Herbaceous Wetlands 0.02
Clear Creek Watershed
Annual Streamflow
Patterns
Clear Creek Watershed
Annual Runoff
Clear Creek Watershed
Annual Runoff
Runoff vs. Precipitation
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Issues in Clear Creek Watershed???Urbanization
Increasing Impervious Surfaces AltersWater and Energy Cycles
Change in RUNOFF PATTERNS
Urbanization increases peak flow and runoff
volume
Source: Environment Canada
Clear Creek Watershed
100 year flood plain (FEMA)
Changes in Water QualityCopper concentrations (grams per day) at differentlocations along the length of Ballona Channel(urban system in LA)
Also Other Metals, Bacteria, Nutrients (Nitrates, Phosphates, etc.), Reduced
Oxygen, Trash, Toxins, Pharmaceuticals, etc
What is a healthy urban channel??
Physical/Chemical Changes
Acute loss of vegetation, decreased
soil cohesion, ash layer deposition,
hydrophobic layer formation
Hydrologic Consequences
Decreased: infiltration, ET demand,
water quality
Increased: erosion, overland flow,
flooding, sediment laden and debris
flow occurrence, dry season flow
Fire and Watershed Response
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1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Water Year
-
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
RunoffRatio
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Fire
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Water Year
-
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Precipitati
on[mm]
Fire
How long does altered flow regime last? How variable is seasonal response after fire? How does vegetation recovery affect response?
Devil Canyon City Creek
Kinoshita and Hogue, 2011
Rainfall-Runoff Response Environmental Concerns
Endangered
frogs
Tadpol
Water
Quality
Foa
mMelted metal
Wildfireoccurrence on the
Colorado FrontRange
(1992 to 2009)
Expressed as firestart locations by
final fire size
USDA Forest Service, RMRS-GTR-289 (2012)
Colorado WUI
Civil & Environmental Engineering | Hogue Research Gr oup
Pike National Forest
El Paso County
>18,000 acres
360 homes destroyed
Waldo Canyon Fire
Major watersheds affected:
West Monument Creek,
Lower Monument Creek,
Headwaters Fountain Creek,Cascade Creek, Garden of
the Gods
Todays Lab Introduction to GIS
Goal: learn basic GIS tools and functions
- Create elevation map of Clear Creekusing digital elevation map (DEM)
- Gather basic information from DEM
map that is produced
- Save map for Lab #2 (geomorphic
parameters) and future labs
- Turn in GIS worksheet with map prior
to leaving lab